Io?yae – iaoee (Aranei)
Iaoee — naiue aieueoie io?yae a?aoieae. Eo iienaii aieaa 30000 aeaeia,
i?e/ai niaoeeaeenou n/eoatho, /oi yoa oeeo?a a aeaeueiaeoai cia/eoaeueii
aic?anoao, oae eae oaoia iaoeia caiiiai oa?a eco/aia i/aiue ia?aaiiia?ii
e iaiieii. Iaoeaie canaeaia any nooa. Iiaeiaii ianaeiiui e eeauai, iie
aeeaoo iianthaeo, e a i?e?iaea aoeaaeueii ia iaeaeaony oaieea, aaea ia
auei au oao eee eiuo aeaeia iaoeia. *oiau ia?aeoe e aieaa
ianoiyoaeueiiio ?anniio?aieth iaoeia, iii?iaoai n?aco aea oynieoue
i?e?iaeo yoiai ia?iiiiai io?yaea e iniaaiiinoe aai ?aciiia?acey. Iu
ae?aooea oaea oiiieiaee i oii, /oi ?aoathuaa cia/aiea a yaiethoeee
iaoeia eiaea iaooeia. Aeaenoaeoaeueii, ai anao aeaaiuo aeeciaiiuo
i?iyaeaieyo, iiaeaea?aeeaathueo nouanoaiaaiea aeaea,— aeiauaaiee ieue,
?aciiiaeaiee, ?annaeaiee e ia?aaeeaaiee iaaeaaii?eyoiuo oneiaee — iaoee
iieuecothony iaooeiie. Ec iaa aeaeaaony oaaaeeua e eia/aa ono?ienoai, n
aa iiiiuueth i?ienoiaeeo neiaeiay i?ioeaaeo?a nia?eaaiey, ec iaa
ieaoaony eeoeaaie eieii e ceiiai/iue iaoie, ia iae iieiaeue ?aciineony
aao?ii e o.ae. Iaoe acaeiiaeaenoaoao n ie?oaeathuei ie?ii ia noieueei
iaiin?aaenoaaiii, eae ae?oaea aeeaioiua, neieueei /a?ac naie iaooeiiua
i?eniiniaeaiey, eioi?ua o eaaeaeiai aeaea niioaaonoaotho aai aeeciaiiui
ioaeaeai e oie eiie?aoiie ianoaiiaea, a eioi?ie ii iaeoaao. Eia/a
aiai?y, acaeiiioiioaiey n ie?oaeathuae n?aaeie inouanoaeythony o iaoeia
/a?ac iaooeiioth aeayoaeueiinoue, eioi?ay, eae e ana iiaaaeaiea iaoeia,
eiaao a naiae iniiaa einoeieou. N?aaieoaeueiia eco/aiea iaoeia
iieacuaaao, /oi yaiethoeey iaooeiiie aeayoaeueiinoe, yaiethoeey
einoeieoia anoue oi aaaeouaa iai?aaeaiea yaiethoeeiiiiai ?acaeoey
iaoeia, ia eioi?ii yoio naiaia?aciue io?yae aeinoea iaauaaeiai
?anoeaaoa. Iaaeyaeiui iiaeoaa?aeaeaieai neoaeeo oa?aeoa? ?aciiia?acey
iaoeia. Iaooeiiua i?eniiniaeaiey i?aaenoaaeytho yaiethoeeiiiua ?yaeu io
i/aiue i?inouo aei /?acau/aeii neiaeiuo e niaa?oaiiuo, aoaeue oi
yeoeaaua eieiiu, eiaiaeua e aiacaea eee eia/ea naoe. Iaeiia?aiaiii
oneiaeiythony oeaie einoeieoia, iai?aaeaiiuo ia nicaeaiea iaooeiiuo
ono?ienoa. Caia/aoaeueii, /oi iauee oei no?iaiey iaoea i?e yoii noieei
nio?aiyaony. I/aiue ?acee/iu ?acia?u iaoeia, ie?anea, aiaoiyy oi?ia,
eciaiyaony no?iaiea ioaeaeueiuo i?aaiia, ii ana yoi aaneiia/iia
iiiaiia?acea caeeth/aii a ?aiee iaeiaai noa?aioeia. Iaoe—anaaaea iaoe.
Aaeeinoai auaea?aeeaaaony e a ?yaea iniaaiiinoae aeieiaee, oeia ieoaiey,
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiiai ?acaeoey e o. ae. Iieacaoaeueii n?aaiaiea n ae?oaeie
a?aoieaeaie. Iu aeaeaee, /oi a eaaeaeii io?yaea oaeaea eiaaony naie
onoie/eaue oei i?aaiecaoeee, iaeiaei i?e yoii aeaeiaia ?aciiia?acea
aieueoeinoaa io?yaeia ia eaeao a n?aaiaiea n iao/ueei. Anee aea
ia?aoeoueny e ae?oaie a?oiia iiiaiaeaeiauo io?yaeia — eeauai, oi oai
iaeeea aeaeia ceaeaeaony ia aeoaieeo e ?acee/iuo eciaiaieyo i?aaiecaoeee
e ?acaeoey iiae/an ianoieueei, /oi n?aco e ia ociaaoue, eeau yoi eee
/oi-oi ae?oaia. Eia/a aiai?y, eeaue, i?eniiniaeyynue e iiaui oneiaeyi,
neeueii iaiyeenue naie, iaoee aea eciaiyee naie iaooeiiua
i?eniiniaeaiey, nio?aiyy oei i?aaiecaoeee.
A /ai aea aeaaiua iniaaiiinoe i?aaiecaoeee iaoeia e ii/aio iaooeia
i?eia?aea oaeia cia/aiea a eo aeecie e yaiethoeee? Iaooeiiue aiia?ao
ia?aciaaeny o iaoeia, anee iiaeii oae au?aceoueny, a n/anoeeaii ioieoa —
ia ieaeiae noi?iia a?thoea. A a?thoea iaoeinue aeinoaoi/ii ianoa aeey
?acaeoey iauaienouo iaooeiiuo aeaeac, iaania/eaoeo iaeeea iaooeiu.
Ooieoeeth auaaaeaiey nae?aoa aeaeac ia?oaeo acyee ia naay a?thoiua
eiia/iinoe, eioi?ua i?aa?aoeeenue a iaooeiiua ai?iaeaaee e nio?aieee
iiaeaeaeiinoue, /oi i/aiue aaaeii i?e iieueciaaiee iaooeiie. I/aiue
iiaeaeaeiui noaei e a?thoei, eioi?ia o anao iaoeia niaaeeiyaony n
aieiaia?oaeueth oiieei noaaaeueeii — noceaoeiny i?aaeiieiaui naaiaioii.
Oaeei ia?acii, oeaeue ioaeae oaea — a?thoei — i?aa?aoeeny a iiaeaeaeioth
iaooeiioth «oaa?eeo». Oi?ioi ?acaeoua, ?an/eaiaiiua e aanueia
iiaeaeaeiua eiia/iinoe aieiaia?oaee, naienoaaiiua iaoeai, eae e anai
a?aoieaeai, ieacaeenue aanueia iiaeoiaeyueie aeey i?yaeaiey naiuo
?acee/iuo iaooeiiuo i?eniiniaeaiee. Aeiaaaeeenue eeoue iaeioi?ua
aeaoaee: a?aaai/aoua eiaioee, ?yaeu uaoeiie aeey ?an/anuaaiey iaooeiu e
o. i. Aaaeiay iniaaiiinoue, aeiiieiythuay aeeciaiiue iaeee iaoea,— yoi
yaeiaeoua aeaeacu, ioe?uaathueany ia eiaoaaeaeiuo eiioeaauo /eaieeao
oaeeoea?. ssaeiaeoue aiia?ao eae n?aaenoai iaiaaeaiey e caueou aiciee o
iaoeia aua aei oiai, eae iie noaee ono?aeaaoue eia/ea i?eniiniaeaiey, o
a?iaey/eo oi?i, ii iaeaieueoaai ?acaeoey yaeiaeoua aeaeacu aeinoeaatho o
oaiaoiuo iaoeia. O?oaeii i?aaenoaaeoue aieaa niaa?oaiiue niinia oaeaaiey
aeiau/e, iiiaaoae a oaiaoa, /ai ai?uneeaaiea yaea oaeeoea?aie. Aaaeue
eia/a noaaoee n aeiau/ae, auethuaeny a oaiaoao, i/aiue auno?i i?eaiaeeee
au iineaaeiea a iaaiaeiinoue. Caiaoei, /oi iaooeiie iieuecothony e
iaeioi?ua ae?oaea a?aoieaeu — eiaeiinei?ieiiu, iaooeiiua eeaue. Ii o ieo
iaooeiiua aeaeacu ?aniieiaeaiu eia/a, iai?eia? a oaeeoea?ao, e ii
iaeiiio yoiio ia iiaee iieo/eoue oaeiai ?acaeoey, eae o iaoeia. Ii
iaeeeth nae?aoa n iaoeaie iiaoo n?aaieoueny oieueei aonaieoeu aaai/ae n
eo oaeeii, enoaoe, aeeceei e iaooeia ii oeie/aneiio ninoaao. Iaeiaei
aaai/ee eiatho iieiia i?aa?auaiea, oaeeiaua aeaeacu ia ia?aoiaeyo io
aonaieoe e ac?ineui aaai/eai, e i?eiaiaiea oaeea ia?aie/eaaaony
ieaoaieai eieiia. O iaoeia aea, ?acaeaathueony aac iaoaii?oica,
iaooeiiua aeaeacu nio?aiythony ia anao aeoeaiuo noaaeeyo. Iaooeia
eniieuecoaony ia i?ioyaeaiee anae aeecie, aieioue aei ?aciiiaeaiey e
caaiou i iioiinoaa.
Eae aicieeee iaoee, iu ia ciaai. Yoi i/aiue ae?aaiee io?yae, ecaanoiue
ec aeaaiineeo e eaiaiiioaieueiuo ioeiaeaiee, ii oaea a oa ioaeaeaiiua
a?aiaia iaoee auee iioiaee ia nia?aiaiiuo, i?aaaea iaeaieaa i?eieoeaiuo.
Iiaeii oieueei neacaoue, /oi iaeaieaa oa?aeoa?iay iniaaiiinoue iaoeia —
iaooeiiue aiia?ao ia?aciaaeny o eo i?aaeeia a naiii i?ioeanna auoiaea ia
nooo, a auoue iiaeao, aua a aiaea. Aeieacaoaeuenoai yoiai — iaooeiiua
ai?iaeaaee. Aaaeue o anao oaeeoea?iauo i?e auoiaea ia nooo a?thoiua
aeaaa?iua iiaeee eeai i?aa?auathony a eaaeea e eiua niaoeeaeueiua
i?aaiu, eeai ao?ioe?othony. AEaaa?iua iiaeee eae oaeiaua ia nooa
iaiuneeiu. Iiyoiio iaooeiiua ai?iaeaaee iiaee ioi?ieoueny oieueei o
aiaeiuo eee aioeaeioe/aneeo oi?i. Iie ia?aciaaeenue o iaoeia ec iiaeae
aeanyoiai e iaeeiiaaeoeaoiai naaiaioia, a iiaeee ainueiiai e aeaayoiai
i?aa?aoeeenue a eaaeea. Ana yoi iieacuaaao, /oi iaoee auoee ia nooo
naiei iooai, iacaaeneii io ae?oaeo a?aoieae. Aeaaea iaeaieaa aeeceee e
iaoeai i?eieoeaiue io?yae — o?eiu ia iiaoo n/eoaoueny eo i?aaeeaie, oioy
au iioiio, /oi iiaeee, niioaaonoaothuea iaooeiiui ai?iaeaaeai, o ieo
ao?ioe?iaaiu. Eaeiai auei iacia/aiea iaooeiiiai aiia?aoa ia?aiia/aeueii?
Aa?iyoiaa anaai, iaooeia eniieueciaaeanue aeey yeoeaauo eieiiia, eae o
oao nia?aiaiiuo iaoeia, o eioi?uo a inoaeueiii iaooeiiay aeayoaeueiinoue
aua iaei ?acaeoa. A aeaeueiaeoai iaooeia noaea ana aieaa aoiaeeoue a
aeeciue iaoeia. N aa iiiiuueth au?aaioaeenue naiaia?aciaeoea oi?iu
nia?eaaiey, noaee ono?aeaaoueny eiaiaeua, aiacaea, a caoai e eia/ea
i?eniiniaeaiey naiuo ?acee/iuo eiino?oeoeee. «N/anoeeaay» i?aaiecaoeey
iaoeia, ?ac aicieeioa, ia i?aoa?iaaaea a aeaeueiaeoai cia/eoaeueiuo
ia?ano?iae, ii ia?aeeaeueii ?acaeoeth iaooeiiie aeayoaeueiinoe
niaa?oainoaiaaeanue. Iineaaeiaa iaeaieaa io/aoeeai i?iyaeyaony a oii,
/oi ia?aiia/aeueii iaoaia?iua (iinaaiaioiua) i?aaiu eiioeaio?e?othony e
ia/eiatho ooieoeeiie?iaaoue eae aaeeiua nenoaiu (i?ioeann, iacaaiiue A.
A. Aeiaaeai ieeaiia?ecaoeeae aiiieiae/iuo i?aaiia o aeeaioiuo). En/acaao
/eaienoinoue a?thoea, e iii noaiiaeony eiiiaeoiui, neeueii
eiioeaio?e?oaony ia?aiay nenoaia, nie?auaaony /enei iinaaiaioiuo i?aaiia
(iaooeiiuo ai?iaeaaie, eaaeeo e ae?.), i?e/ai inoaaoeany aa?oo ia naay
oeaeeeii e oneeeaatho niioaaonoaothuea ooieoeee. ?anoao neaaeaiiinoue
i?aaiecia eae oeaeiai, eii?aeeiaoeey e oi/iinoue aeaeaeaiee, auno?ioa
ioaaoiuo ?aaeoeee ia ie?oaeathuaa e o. ae. Iaaeyaeiui naeaeaoaeuenoaii
yoeo i?ioeannia neoaeao aunoea iaoee. Nooiaie niaa?oainoaiaaiey
i?aaiecaoeee iaoeia a ecaanoiie ia?a io?aaeaiu a i?eiyoii oaia?ue
aeaeaiee io?yaea Aaanei ia o?e iiaeio?yaea: eeoenoeiii?oiuo, eee
/eaienoia?thoeo, iaoeia (Liphistiomorphae), ieaaeiii?oiuo, eee
iaoeia-ioeoeayaeia a oe?ieii niunea (Mygalomorphae), e aunoeo
a?aiaiii?oiuo iaoeia (Araneomorphae). I?aaeiaa aeaeaiea iaoeia ia
/aou?aoeaai/iuo (Tetrapneumones) e aeaoeaai/iuo (Dipneumones) iaiaa
anoanoaaiii. Neiaeiinoue e oeaeaniia?aciinoue iiaaaeaiey iaoeia
i?eaeaeaee aieiaiea o/aiuo n aeaaieo a?aiai. Iaaethaeaiey iaae eo
aeeciueth e i?aaaie i?iecaiaeee aua A?enoioaeue. A iaoa a?aiy iaoee
eco/athony a naiuo ?acee/iuo iai?aaeaieyo o/aiuie iiiaeo no?ai ie?a.
Io?aneue ciaiey i iaoeao iacuaatho a?aiaieiaeae. Eeoa?aoo?a i iaoeao
ia?iiia, ian/eouaathony ouny/e niaoeeaeueiuo e iiioey?iuo ?aaio. Ii
iaueo naiaeie iaiiiai, e ii/oe ana eiino?aiiua. Oaeiau ?acaeaeu i iaoeao
a iiiaioiiiuo ?oeiaiaenoaao ii ciieiaee, ninoaaeaiiua o?aioeocneei
a?aiaieiaii Ieeei (1949) e iaiaoeeei ciieiaii Eanoia?ii (1955, 1959),
aiaeeeneea ?aaiou ii aeieiaee iaoeia A?enoio (1939, 1941), Nyai?e (1961)
e ae?.
Eoae, i?eciaee, ii eioi?ui iiaeii aacioeai/ii ioee/eoue iaoea: ?aceia
?acaeaeaiea aieiaia?oaee e a?thoea, oaeeoea?u n eiaoaaeaeiui eiioeaaui
/eaieeii, iaaieueoea uoiaeueoeaaeaeiua iaaeeiaeueiu, iaooeiiua
ai?iaeaaee ia a?thoea. Oi?ia oaea aieueoeinoaa iaoeia aeiaieueii
iaeiioeiia. Aieiaia?oaeue, eae i?aaeei, iaiueoa a?thoea, nia?aaee
noaeaia e i?eooieaia, a?thoei yeoeaaeaeiia. Oeeiiaiey iiiai/eneaiiu,
ano?a/athony a ?aciuo naiaenoaao. Anoue iaoee neeueii auoyiooua, n
aeeeiiuie oiieeie iiaaie, eioi?ua iie auoyaeaatho aaeieue oaea,
aeaeaynue iacaiaoiuie n?aaee oceeo eenoueaa ceaeia e inie, aaea iie
aeeaoo. O ae?oaeo, aeeaoueo iiae ei?ie, ia noaieao aea?aaueaa, ia
oeaaoao, oaei oieiuaii, a?thoei ia?aaeei ?anoe?aii. O ?yaea o?iie/aneeo
iaoeia ia a?thoea auaatho aeeeiiua oeiu, i?e/oaeeeaua au?inou. Eiiaaea
eciaiyaony oi?ia aieiaia?oaee, iai?eia? aeaca iiaeiyou ia aeeeiiii
au?inoa e o. i. ?acia?u aa?uee?otho a oe?ieeo i?aaeaeao. Naiua iaeeea
iaoee — 0,8 ii, naiua e?oiiua o?iie/aneea ioeoeayaeu auaatho aei 11 ni a
aeeeio, a n iiaaie aei 20 ni. O ian e?oiiua oa?aiooeu aeinoeaatho 3,5
ni, a o naiie iaeiiai aeaeueiaainoi/iiai aeaea e?anoiaeeia a?thoei
auaaao n a?aoeeee i?ao. Ie?anea i/aiue ?aciiia?acia, iniaaiii o
o?iie/aneeo iaoeia. Ia?yaeo n oaiiuie e iaac?a/iuie oi?iaie eiaaony
iiiaeanoai y?ei ie?aoaiiuo, iaeiioeaaoiuo eee ni neiaeiui ?enoieii.
Ia?aaeie aeaeoue oeaao a eiiaeiaoeee n aaeui. Anoue y?ei-e?aniua oi?iu
eee /a?iua n e?aniui a?thoeii. Iiiaea aeaeu, aeeaouea n?aaee ?anoaiee,
ie?aoaiu a ?acee/iua iooaiee caeaiiai, eiiaaea a eiiaeiaoeee n aeaeoui,
ao?ui e ae?oaeie oiiaie. Anoue aeaeu n cieiouie e na?aa?yiuie iyoiaie,
iaoaeee/anee aeanoyuea, ia?eaioo?iaua. Aieiaia?oaeue iaoeia iie?uoa
oeaeueiui oaa?aeui ueoii, a ia?aaeiae /anoe eioi?iai ?aniieiaeaiu aeaca,
iau/ii /aou?a ia?u. Oaeeoea?u ei?ioeea, 2-/eaieeiaua. Eo eiaoaaeaeiue
eee na?iiaeaeiue eiioeaaie /eaiee, iiaeaeaaynue, aoiaeeo a ai?icaeeo ia
iniiaiii /eaieea iiaeiaii eacaeth ia?i/eiiiai iiaea. Ia aai eiioea
ioe?uaaaony i?ioie yaeiaeoie aeaeacu. O eeoenoei- e ieaaeiii?oiuo iaoeia
oaeeoea?u ?aniieiaeaiu ai?eciioaeueii, a eiioeaaua /eaieee ioaeaathony
eieco, o aunoeo a?aiaiii?oiuo iaoeia iniiaiua /eaieee iai?aaeaiu aiec, a
eiioeaaua — aioo?ue, iaano?a/o ae?oa ae?oao. Oaeeoea?aie iaoe noaaouaaao
e oaeaaao aeiau/o, ?acieiaao e ?ac?uaaao aa, caueuaaony io a?aaia,
?ac?acaao ieoe iaooeiu, ia?aoaneeaaao yeoea aua eieiiu, a ?yaea neo/aaa
naiaoe oaea?aeeaaao oaeeoea?aie naieo i?e nia?eaaiee, ii?eiaua aeaeu
eiiatho oaeeoea?aie caieth e o. ae. Iaaeeiaeueiu iioiaee ia iiae, ii
ei?i/a e n iaeiei eiaioeii. Eo oaceee iau/ii niaaaeaiu eiianoyie,
eioi?ua ia?aie/eaatho i?aae?ioiaoth iieinoue e iie?uou aieineaie,
neoaeaueie aeey i?ioeaaeeaaiey aeeaeeie ieue. Uoiaeueoea iaaeeiaeuei
neoaeao i?aaiaie inycaiey e a ia?aaeaeaeaiee, eae i?aaeei, ia
o/anoaotho. O iieiaic?aeuo naioeia iaaeeiaeueiu aeaeieciaiaiu a nayce n
eo niaieoieoaeueiie ooieoeeae, eo eiioeaaua /eaieee i?aa?auaiu a
eiioeyoeaiua i?aaiu, iau/ii i/aiue neiaeii ono?iaiiua. Iiae
7-/eaieeiaua, eo oaceee i?ee?aieythony aie?oa oeaeueiiai a?oaeiiai
ueoea. Ia eaieao eiathony aeaa na?iiaeaeiuo, iau/ii a?aaai/aouo eiaioea.
Iaaeaeo ieie ?aniieiaeai iaia?iue i?eaeaoie (yiiiaeee), oaeaea
eiaoaaeaeiue, eee a aeaea eeieie iiaeooa/ee. Iaoee, aeaeathuea oaiaoa,
eiatho aua aeiaaai/iua eiaioee, ia?acoaiua uaoeieaie, ia?aaeei
cacoa?aiiuie. Iiae iie?uou aieineaie, /anoueth i?inouie, i?eeaaathueie,
/anoueth oi?/aueie, ?acee/iuie ii oi?ia e ?acia?ai. Ioiineoaeueiua
?acia?u iia neeueii aa?uee?otho a caaeneiinoe io ia?aca aeecie. Eiiaaea
ioaeaeueiua ia?u iia ioee/athony io inoaeueiuo, iai?eia? oaaoaoaeueiua
ia?aaeiea iiae iaeioi?uo iaoeia-neaeoiia. Ooieoeee iia ?aciiia?aciu,
iiieii ia?aaeaeaeaiey, iie iiaoo neoaeeoue aeey aueaiuaaiey ii?ie,
oaea?aeaiey aeiau/e, yeoeaaiai eieiia e o. i. N iiiiuueth iia ieaooony
?acee/iua iaooeiiua ono?ienoaa. Iiaaie iaoe iaoyaeaaao e ?ac?uaaao
iaooeiiua ieoe, ioia?eaaao ?annoiyiea iaaeaeo ?aaeeonaie e iai?ioaie
nie?aee oaiao, ?an/anuaaao iaooeio e o. ae. Iiae aiaaoi iniauaiu
i?aaiaie /oanoa, inycaoaeueiuie e iaiiyoaeueiuie. A?thoei o
iiaeaaeythuaai aieueoeinoaa iaoeia ia/eaienoia, aai naaiaiou neeou.
Iie?iau a?thoea yeanoe/iua, iau/ii aonoi iiooaiiua aieineaie. Eeoue a
?aaeeeo neo/ayo ia a?thoea ia?acothony aoi?e/iua neea?eou. O i?eieoeaiuo
eeoenoeiii?oiuo iaoeia, a ioee/ea io anao inoaeueiuo, ?an/eaiaiea
a?thoea oi?ioi au?aaeaii, ana aai naaiaiou eiatho oa?aeou, a ia
aaio?aeueiie noi?iia ?acaeaeaiu iiia?a/iuie ai?icaeeaie. Neaaeu
naaiaioaoeee a?thoea nio?aiythony o aunoeo iaoeia a no?iaiee
ioneoeaoo?u, eiiaaea a ?enoiea a?thoea. Naaiaiou oi?ioi au?aaeaiu o
ca?iaeuoa, o iieiaeuo iao/eia aeaeoi/iay ianna, caiieiythuay eeoa/iee,
oaeaea naaiaioe?iaaia. Noaey ii anai yoei aeaiiui, a ninoaaa a?thoea
iaoeia iauaaeeiaii 11 naaiaioia, i?e/ai oa?aaeueiua o/anoee ?acaeou
iieiaa, /ai noa?iaeueiua, a ianeieueei caaeieo naaiaioia a oie eee eiie
noaiaie ao?ioe?oaony. Ia a?thoea ioe?uaaaony iieiaia ioaa?noea,
?aniieiaeaiu i?aaiu aeuoaiey — eaaeea e o?aoae — e iaooeiiua ai?iaeaaee.
Eae aiai?eeinue, iaooeiiua ai?iaeaaee — yoi aeaeieciaiaiiua a?thoiua
iiaeee. Iie ?aniieiaeaiu ia a?thoea nieco ia?aae aoai?eii n aiaeueiui
ioaa?noeai. Ia eiioeao ai?iaeaaie eiathony iiiai/eneaiiua oeoeiiaua
iaooeiiua o?oai/ee (aeaeieciaiaiiua aieinee), eioi?uie ioe?uaathony
i?ioiee iaooeiiuo aeaeac. O eeoenoeiii?oiuo iaoeia iaooeiiuo ai?iaeaaie
/aou?a ia?u: aeaa ia?u ia?oaeiuo, ?acaeaathueony ec ca/aoeia
eiia/iinoae, e aeaa ia?u aioo?aiieo, ia?acothueony eae au?inou noaiee
oaea. Ai?iaeaaee caeanue iiiai/eaieeiaua, /ai iaiiieiatho ianoiyuea
iiaeee. O aieueoeinoaa iaoeia nio?aiythony o?e ia?u ai?iaeaaie: aeaa
ia?u ia?oaeiuo, iau/ii 2-/eaieeiauo, e ia?a caaeieo n?aaeeiiuo,
ia/eaienouo. A ?yaea naiaenoa e ?iaeia iaoeia iaaethaeaaony aeaeueiaeoaa
nie?auaiea /enea ai?iaeaaie aei aeaoo e aeaaea aei iaeiie ia?u, ii
iaoee, aiana eeoaiiua iaooeiiuo ai?iaeaaie, iaecaanoiu. Ia?aaeiyy
iaaeeaeueiay ia?a ai?iaeaaie o iaoeia a?oiiu Cribellatae i?aa?auaia a
oae iacuaaaiue e?eaaeeoi — iaaieueooth ieanoeieo, i?iiecaiioth ii?aie,
/a?ac eioi?ua auaeaeyaony aauanoai iniauo iaooeiiuo aeaeac. O iaeioi?uo
iaoeia ioaeaeueiua ia?u ai?iaeaaie oaeeeiaiu, eiiaaea auaatho aeaaea
aeeeiiaa ooeiaeua. Iaooeiiua aeaeacu iiiauathony a iieinoe a?thoea, a
aieueoeinoaa neo/aaa oi?ioi ?acaeou e iiiai/eneaiiu. I?ioie eaaeaeie
aeaeacee ioe?uaaaony ia eiioea iaooeiiie o?oai/ee. Ia?yaeo n iau/iuie
o?oai/eaie eiaaony iaaieueoia /enei oae iacuaaaiuo iaooeiiuo eiionia, ia
eioi?uo ioe?uaathony i?ioiee aieaa e?oiiuo aeaeac. Ioiineoaeueii
i?eieoeaiua oi?iu iaooeiiuo aeaeac naienoaaiiu eeoenoei- e ieaaeiii?oiui
iaoeai, o eioi?uo eiathony io/ee iaeeeo iaaeueiuo aeaeacie, ii oaea
caeanue /enei eo iiaeao aeinoeaaoue ianeieueeeo nioai. A?aiaiii?oiua
iaoee iaeaaeatho iaooeiiuie aeaeacaie ianeieueeeo oeiia, i?iecaiaeyueie
iaooeio ?aciuo ni?oia. Iaeaieaa neiaeai iaooeiiue aiia?ao o
iaoeia-e?anoiaeeia (nai. Aranaidae), o eioi?uo ?acee/atho aei oanoe
oeiia iaooeiiuo aeaeac, i?e/ai ia iaooeiiuo ai?iaeaaeao a iauae
neiaeiinoe eiaaony aieaa 500 o?oai/ae e ieiei 20 iaooeiiuo eiionia.
Iaooeia, auaeaeyaiay aeaeacaie ?aciuo oeiia, eniieuecoaony aeey
?acee/iuo oeaeae. Oae, e?anoiaee aeey iino?iaiey eia/ae naoe oiio?aaeyao
nae?ao anao naieo aeaeac, e?iia oae iacuaaaiuo o?oaeiaeaeiuo, iaooeia
eioi?uo eaeao ia eeoeaaua eieiiu. Iaooeiiay ?aia e iaoyaeaaaiua aioo?e
?aaeeonu aeaeathony ec n?aaieoaeueii oienoeo nooeo ieoae, auaeaeyaiuo
aiioeiaeaeiuie aeaeacaie. I?e yoii ianeieueei aeaeacie aeaenoaoao
iaeiia?aiaiii e ioaeaeueiua oiieea ieoe niaaeeiythony aeeaeeei nae?aoii
a aieaa oienoue «eaaaeue». Oae iacuaaaiua a?ooaaeaeiua aeaeacu
auaeaeytho io/ee oiieeo aieieii, eioi?uie eiioeu iniiaiuo ieoae
i?ee?aieythony e ie?oaeathuei i?aaeiaoai. Nie?aeueiay ieoue aeaeaaony ec
iaooeiu aeieueeiaeaeiuo aeaeac e iie?uaaaony eeieei nae?aoii
ae?aaiaeaeiuo aeaeac, eioi?ue ia canouaaao ia aicaeooa e anei?a
niae?aaony a iee?ineiie/aneea eaiaeueee. Aeaaiaea?y yoiio eia/ea oaiaoa
aieaa eee iaiaa aeeeoaeueii inoathony eeieeie. Iniaaiii aeieai
nio?aiytho eeaeeinoue oaiaoa iaoeia a?oiiu Cribellatae. Ia neoiaeaeiie
e?eaaeey?iie ieanoeiea ioe?uaathony i?ioiee iiiaeanoaa (aei 600) iniauo
iaooeiiuo aeaeacie. Auaeaeyaiay iaooeia yia?ae/ii ?an/anuaaaony caaeieie
iiaaie, ia i?aaeiineaaeiai /eaieea eioi?uo o e?eaaeeyoiuo iaoeia aeey
yoiai eiathony ?yaeu e?aieeo uaoeiie (oae iacuaaaiue eaeaieno?oi).
Iieo/aaony iniaiai ?iaea «i?yaea»: inaaua ieoe ie?oaeathony neecenoie
ioooie, aioo?e eioi?ie eiaaony ieoue, eciaiooay iiiai/eneaiiuie iaoeyie.
Ec oaeie neecenoie iaooeiu e?eaaeeyoiua iaoee no?iyo eia/ea naoe ?aciie
oi?iu, i/aiue eeieea e aeieai nio?aiythueany. Iaooeia ii oeie/aneiio
ninoaao aeecea e oaeeo oaeeii?yaeia, io eioi?iai ioee/aaony iaeui
niaea?aeaieai neeaeaathuaai aauanoaa — na?eoeeia, ?anoai?eiiai a aiaea.
Iniiao iaooeiiiai oaeea ninoaaeyao i?ioaeae oea?iei, ia?aciaaiiue
neiaeiui eiiieaenii aeueaoieiia, ?-aeaieia e aethoaieiiaie eeneiou. Ii
oece/aneei naienoaai iaooeia oaeaea aeecea e aonaie/iiio oaeeo, ii
ai?acaei yeanoe/iaa e i?i/iaa. Iaa?ocea ?ac?uaa aeey iaooeiu ninoaaeyao
io 40 aei 261 ea ia 1 ii? na/aiey ieoe (o iaeioi?uo Araneus), a oi a?aiy
eae aeey aonaie/iiai oaeea — oieueei 33—43 ea ia 1 ii?.
Ia aaio?aeueiie noi?iia a?thoea aeeaea e iniiaaieth ioe?uaathony
aeuoaeueoea. Aeuoaoaeueiue aiia?ao iaoeia eioa?anai oai, /oi a yoii
io?yaea i?ienoiaeeo niaia eaaeeo o?aoayie. I?eieoeaiua iaoee eiatho aeaa
ia?u eaaeeo. Oaeiau eeoenoei- e ieaaeiii?oiua iaoee (/aou?aoeaai/iua
i?aaeiae eeanneoeeaoeee) e iaaieueoia naiaenoai Hypochilidae n?aaee
a?aiaiii?oiuo iaoeia. O iiaeaaeythuaai aieueoeinoaa iineaaeieo
(aeaoeaai/iua i?aaeiae eeanneoeeaoeee) ia ianoa caaeiae ia?u eaaeeo
?acaeaathony o?aoae, a o ianeieueeeo naiaenoa (Caponiidae e ae?.) o?aoae
ia?acothony e ia ianoa ia?aaeiae ia?u eaaeeo. Oaeei ia?acii, n?aaee
iaoeia eiathony /aou?aoeaai/iua, aeuoauea oieueei eaaeeie, aeaoeaai/iua,
aeuoauea eaaeeie e o?aoayie, e aaceaai/iua, aeuoauea oieueei o?aoayie.
Eaaeea iaoeia ii no?iaieth noiaeiu n eaaeeie ae?oaeo a?aoieae. O?aoae
ioee/athony ?aciiia?aceai no?iaiey e o aieueoeinoaa iaoeia ?acaeou
ioiineoaeueii neaai. ?acee/atho o?aoae ianoiiai e iauaai cia/aiey.
Ia?aua i?aaenoaaeaiu io/eaie ei?ioeeo, iau/ii iaaaoayueony o?oai/ae, ia
auoiaeyueo ca i?aaeaeu a?thoea. Aoi?ua aieaa aeeeiiua, eiiaaea
aianoiiice?othuea e aaoayueany, i?iieeatho /a?ac noaaaeae a?thoea a
aieiaia?oaeue e aa eiia/iinoe. O aieueoeinoaa aeaoeaai/iuo iaoeia
eiathony /aou?a iaaaoayueony o?aoaeiuo noaiea. Aeaeueiaeoaa oneiaeiaiea
o?aoae i?iyaeyaony a ia?aciaaiee ia eo eiioeao iiiai/eneaiiuo oiieeo
o?oai/ae, i?e/ai noaieu n?aaeiae ia?u i?iieeatho a aieiaia?oaeue,
iai?eia? o iaoeia-neaeoiia. Iaeaieaa aeeooa?aioee?iaaiu o?aoae o
aaceaai/iuo iaoeia. Io ia?aaeieo noeai iooiaeyo io/ee ei?ioeeo oiieeo
o?aoae, eioi?ua iiuaathony e?iaueth iniaiai o?aoaaeueiiai neiona, o. a.
ooieoeeiie?otho eae naiaia?aciua aoi?e/iua eaaeea. Io caaeieo noeai a
aieiaia?oaeue e a?thoei iooiaeyo oienoua noaieu, eioi?ua aaoayony e
aeinoaaeytho eenei?iae iaiin?aaenoaaiii e i?aaiai e oeaiyi, o. a.
ooieoeeiie?otho, eae e iieiaeaii o?aoayi. Eooeeoey?iua noaiee o?aoae
eiatho iii?iua iaei/eiaeaeiua ooieuaiey, i/aiue iioiaeea ia iaei/eiaue
aiia?ao eaai/iuo ea?iaiia, i?aiyonoaothuee eo niaaeaieth. ?aaea o?aoae
eiatho nie?aeueiua ooieuaiey, eioi?ua oae oa?aeoa?iu aeey o?aoae
ianaeiiuo, a n?aaee a?aoieae — nieueioa e naiieinoeaa. O aieueoeinoaa
iaoeia, eiathueo o?aoae, eaai/iia aeuoaiea ana aea -i?aiaeaaeaao. A
nayce n yoei oi?ioi ?acaeoa e?iaaiiniay nenoaia. Caiacuaaiea noeai
eaaeeo aacaeeiii i?eaiaeeo e auno?iio nieaeaieth ?aaiou na?aeoea e a
aeaeueiaeoai e nia?oe. Oieueei o oi?i n oi?ioi ?acaeouie o?aoayie
ioeeth/aiea eaaeeo ia aucuaaao caiaoiuo ia?ooaiee aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe.
I iaoeao a oeaeii iiaeii neacaoue, /oi iie, canaeyy naiua ?acee/iua
ianoa iaeoaiey, a oii /enea e nooea, ia neeoeii «niaoeee» niaieoue
eaaeea o?aoayie e aeiianee aei ian ana noaaeee yoiai i?ioeanna. A yoii
oniao?eaaaony i?iyaeaiea iaooeiiie aeayoaeueiinoe iaoeia, aeaaiaea?y
eioi?ie iie anthaeo nicaeatho aeey naay oaaaeeua n iiaeoiaeyuei
iee?ieeeiaoii. Oeaio?aeueiay ia?aiay nenoaia iaoeia neeueii
eiioeaio?e?iaaia. I?aaiu /oanoa ea?atho aaaeioth ?ieue a eo neiaeiie
aeecie. I?aiaeaaeathuaa cia/aiea, iniaaiii o oaiaoiuo oi?i, eiaao
inycaiea. Ooeiaeua e i?eaeaoee iie?uou iiiai/eneaiiuie inycaoaeueiuie
aieineaie. Iniaiai no?iaiey aieinee — o?eoiaio?ee eiathony ia
iaaeeiaeueiao e iiaao. Eo auaaao aei 200. N iiiiuueth o?eoiaio?ee iaoe
iuouaao naiua iacia/eoaeueiua aeoiiaaiey aicaeooa, iai?eia? io
i?ieaoathuae iooe. O?eoiaio?ee aini?eieiatho ?eoie/aneea eieaaaiey a
oe?ieii aeeaiaciia /anoio, ii ia iaiin?aaenoaaiii eae caoe, a /a?ac
aea?aoeeth iaooeiiuo ieoae, o. a. eae inycaoaeueiua iuouaiey. Anee
i?eeiniooueny e naoe iaoea-e?anoiaeea cao/auei eaia?oiiii, iaoe
iai?aaeyaony e iaio eae e aeiau/a. Iaeiaei caoe eaia?oiia, ia
i?eeanathuaainy e naoe, ia?auaao iaoea a aaanoai. N/eoatho, /oi caoe i?e
yoii aini?eieiaaony eaeeie-oi eiuie i?aaiaie. Ecaanoii, /oi iaoee
ia?aaeei auoiaeyo ia naoue i?e caoea iocueaeueiiai eino?oiaioa, iai?eia?
ne?eiee. I?e oaeie iieiaeeoaeueiie ?aaeoeee, i/aaeaeii, eiaao ianoi ia
neooiaia, a inycaoaeueiia iuouaiea ?aciie?othueo ieoae iaooeiu. Ae?oaay
?aciiaeaeiinoue inycaoaeueiiai /oanoaa — aini?eyoea noaiaie iaoyaeaiey
iaooeiiuo ieoae. I?e eciaiaiee eo iaoyaeaiey a iiuoa iaoe ?acuneeaaao
naia oaaaeeua, aeaeaaynue anaaaea aaeieue iaeaieaa iaoyioouo ieoae.
E?anoiaee ai?acaei i?iai?iaa aaaeeo e oyaeaeiio i?aaeiaoo, iiiaaoaio a
naoue, iaaeaee e eaaeiio.
I?aaiu ?aaiiaaney e neooa iaecaanoiu o iaoeia, ii iie iaeaaeatho yoeie
/oanoaaie. Iaeaaeaa aeiau/ae, iaoe aica?auaaony a oeaio? naoe. Anee
iiianoeoue iooo a oaiaoa iaae oeaio?ii, iaoe iai?aaeyaony e iae aaa?o.
Iiai?ioii naoe ia 90 eee 180° iiaeii aeaci?eaioe?iaaoue iaoea. Iieii/ea
n iooie, ii ia/eiaao nioneaoueny ii naoe, eae au e aa oeaio?o, e
ieacuaaaony o e?ay naoe. A yoii neo/aa /oanoai oyaeanoe e ?aaiiaaney
i?aiaeaaeaao iaae eciaieaoeieny inycaoaeueiuie iuouaieyie. Iaee/ea o
iaoeia neooa iiaeoaa?aeaeaaony ?yaeii oaeoia. Iaoeeeeeiceaeu ?aaae?otho
ia aeoaeaeaiea ni?yoaiiie iooe, eioi?oth iie ia aeaeyo, a?aiaeaeu
iiaeieiatho ia?aaeiea iiae ia caoe ii?aaeaeaiiiai oiia. Iaeioi?ua iaoee
ecaeatho caoee, i?e/ai a ioaeaeueiuo neo/ayo aeieacaia eo ?ieue a
i?eaea/aiee iieia. Caoeiaua i?aaiu i?aaenoaaeytho niaie no?eaeoeyoi?u,
o. a. o?oueany ae?oa i ae?oaa iiaa?oiinoe n ?aa?uoeaie eee ?yaeaie
uaoeiie. Iie auaatho ia oaeeoea?ao e iaaeeiaeueiao eee oieueei ia
oaeeoea?ao, ia nii?eeanathueony /anoyo aieiaia?oaee e a?thoea e a
ae?oaeo ianoao. Caoeiaie aiia?ao eiatho eeai oieueei naioeu, eeai iaa
iiea. Iineaaeiaa iaaethaeaaony o /anoe ieaaeiii?oiuo iaoeia, o eioi?uo
ia oaeeoea?ao e iaaeeiaeueiao eiathony ?yaeu iniauo uaoeiie (a?aaaoie e
ee?a). Iaoe auno?i o?ao eie ae?oa i ae?oaa. Caoee, ecaeaaaaiua iaeeeie
iaoeaie (nai. Theridiidae, Linyphiidae e ae?.), i/aiue neaau e
?aaeno?e?othony oieueei niaoeeaeueiuie i?eai?aie. Eo aunioa — 325—425
eieaaaiee a naeoiaeo. Iaeioi?ua ieaaeiii?oiua iaoee ecaeatho caoee,
neuoeiua /aeiaaeii,— o?ane, aeoaeaeaiea, oeiaiea. A ?yaea neo/aaa caoe
ni/aoaaony n iicie oa?icu e eiaao, ii-aeaeeiiio, i?aaeinoa?aaathuaa
cia/aiea. I?aaiaie iaiiyiey neoaeao oa?caeueiua i?aaiu ia eaieao
ia?aaeieo iia e ee?iaeaeiua i?aaiu, eiathueany a aieueoii /enea ia
ooeiaeua e i?eaeaoeao. Iaoee ?acee/atho caiaoe eaoo/eo aauanoa, ii
?aaae?otho iau/ii ia aeeceii ?annoiyiee io enoi/ieea caiaoa. Naioeu ii
caiaoo ioee/atho oaiaoa iieiaic?aeie naiee io oaiao iaiieiaic?aeie.
?ieue caiaoa a aeaiiii neo/aa aeieacaia yenia?eiaioaeueii. Anee ec
iaooeiu eee ioi?aaiiie iiaeee iieiaic?aeie naiee naeaeaoue yoe?ioth
auoyaeeo e iaeeoue aa a aethaea/ei, oi iinea enia?aiey yoe?a iinaaeaiiue
a aethaea/ei naiaoe i?iyaeyao oa?aeoa?iia iieiaia aicaoaeaeaiea.
Oa?caeueiua i?aaiu neoaeao e aeoniauie, n eo iiiiuueth iaoe a iiuoa
?acee/aao /enooth aiaeo e ?anoai?u ?acee/iuo aauanoa. Ii-aeaeeiiio, yoe
i?aaiu ea?atho ?ieue i?e iouneaiee ieoueaaie aiaeu, iaiaoiaeeiie
iaeioi?ui iaoeai. *oanoaeoaeueiua aeoniaua eeaoee iaeaeaiu a noaieao
aeioee iaoeia. A iiuoa iaoee oi?ioi ioee/atho eoni/ee na?aeoeaaeiu
aoceiu, i?iieoaiiua ieoaoaeueiui ?anoai?ii, io oaeeo aea eoni/eia, ii
i?iieoaiiuo aiaeie. Ia?aua aunanuaathony, a aoi?ua oaeaeythony ec oaiao.
C?aiea iaoeia ianiaa?oaiii, iniaaiii o oaiaoiuo oi?i. Eo/oa aeaeyo
a?iaey/ea iaoee, iniaaiii aeoeaiua aeiai. Aeac iau/ii /aou?a ia?u.
Ia?aaeiea iaaeeaeueiua aeaca, iacuaaaiua aeaaiuie, oaiiua; inoaeueiua,
iiai/iua aeaca, iau/ii aeanoyuea aeaaiaea?y io?aaeathuae naao aioo?aiiae
iaiei/ea (ca?eaeueoeo). ?acia?u e acaeiiia iieiaeaiea aeac ?acee/iu a
?aciuo nenoaiaoe/aneeo a?oiiao iaoeia. *aua iie ia?acotho aeaa
iiia?a/iuo ?yaea, ii auaatho ?aniieiaeaiu e eia/a. Eiiaaea ioaeaeueiua
ia?u aeac oaaee/aiu, iai?eia? /aou?a ia?aaeieo aeaca o iaoeia-neaeoiia,
iaaeeaeueiua caaeiea aeaca o Dinops (nai. Dinopidae). A ?yaea neo/aaa
/enei aeac nie?auaaony aei oanoe, /aou?ao eee aeaoo. N?aaee iaua?iuo
iaoeia anoue neaiua. Aeaca oaiaoiuo iaoeia ?aniieiaeaiu oae, /oi
ioaaouaatho aieueoia iiea c?aiey, ii ?acee/atho iie a iniiaiii neeo e
iai?aaeaiea naaoa, oeaaeeaay aeaeaeaiea e?oiiuo iauaeoia. Iiiaea
neaeyuea ia oaiaoao iaoee caia/atho i?eaeeaeathuaainy /aeiaaea e
iaaeatho ia iaooeiiie ieoe. I?e ?aceii eciaiaiee i?eau/iiai inaauaiey
ie?oaeathueo i?aaeiaoia ii?eiaua iaoee oa?ytho i?eaioe?iaeo e ia iiaoo
n?aco iaeoe naia eiaiai. Iaoee-aieioiaeu (nai. Thomisidae),
iiaenoa?aaathuea aeiau/o ia oeaaoao, caia/atho aaai/eo-eaionoieoeo ia
?annoiyiee 20 ni, a iooo oieueei ia ?annoiyiee 3 ni. A?iaey/ea eeeiceaeu
eiatho iaoe?iia iiea c?aiey e aeaeyo aeaeaeouaany iaaieueoia ianaeiiia
ia ?annoiyiee 20—30 ni, ii ia ?acee/atho aai oi?io. Naiaai ?iaea
eneeth/aiea i?aaenoaaeytho iaaieueoea iaoee-neaeoiu (nai. Salticidae).
Eo aeeeiiioieoniua aeaaiua aeaca aeatho ia nao/aoea e?oiiia ecia?aaeaiea
i?e iaeii iiea c?aiey (eae a oioieaia?a n oaeaiauaeoeaii). A ioee/ea io
ae?oaeo aeac, c?eoaeueiua yeaiaiou nao/aoee caeanue aonoi ?aniieiaeaiu,
aeaaiaea?y /aio c?aiea i?aaeiaoiia: ia ?annoiyiee 8 ni iaoe aeaeeo iooo
a aeaoaeyo. Iaeia iiea c?aiey yoeo aeac eiiiaine?oaony caia/aoaeueiie
iniaaiiinoueth: iie iiaoo aeaeaaoueny i?e iiiiue niaoeeaeueiuo iuooe.
Iaoe neaaeeo aeacaie ca aeiau/ae — i?eia? n?aaee iacaiiuo /eaienoiiiaeo
?aaeeinoiue. Iiai/iua aeaca ia ?acee/atho oi?io i?aaeiaoia, ii caoi
?aniieiaeaiu oae, /oi iaoe caia/aao anyeia aeaeaeaiea aia?aaee, iicaaee
naay e iaae niaie. Ia?aaeiea aieiaua aeaca eiatho iauaa aeiieoey?iia
iiea c?aiey ieiei 40°, aeaaiaea?y /aio iaoe aini?eieiaao iauaiiinoue
i?aaeiaoia e ?annoiyiea aei ieo. Aeaca neaeoiia aeaenoaotho eae aaeeiue
c?eoaeueiue aiia?ao. Anee iooa i?eaeeaeaaony e iaoeo ncaaee, ii caia/aao
aa aeaeaeaiea caaeieie aeacaie ia ?annoiyiee 20—25 ni e iiai?a/eaaaony e
iae oae, /oi iia iiiaaeaao a iiea c?aiey ia?aaeieo aeac. Oaia?ue iia
aini?eieiaaony io/aoeeaaa e a i?ino?ainoaa. Caoai iaoe eiaeo aa aeaaiuie
aeacaie, aini?eieiaao e?oiiui ieaiii e ia/eiaao neaaeeoue ca iae
aeacaie. Ia ?annoiyiee 8 ni iauaeo ociaaony eae aeiau/a, n 4 ni. iaoe
ia/eiaao iiaee?aaeuaaoueny e n 1,5 ni iieieaiinii i?uaaao ia iooo n
oaeie oi/iinoueth, /oi ?aaeei i?iiaoeaaaony. Oi?ioaa c?aiea neaeoiia
iiiiaaao ei ia?aaeaeaaoueny a o?aaa, eiaei i?uaay n eenoi/ea ia
eenoi/ae. N iiiiuueth aeac naiaoe iaia?oaeeaaao naieo, a aoaeo/e
ineaieai, ia ociaao aa e ia i?iecaiaeeo naieo oa?aeoa?iuo a?a/iuo
oaioeaa. Iinaaeaiiue ia?aae ca?eaeii, naiaoe neaeoia ?aaae?oao ia naia
ecia?aaeaiea eae ia niia?ieea, i?eieiaao iico oa?icu eee a?inaaony ia
iaai. Neaeoiu e iaeioi?ua ae?oaea iaoee ?acee/atho oeaao i?aaeiaoia. Yoi
onoaiiaeaii ianeieueeeie iaoiaeaie, a oii /enea au?aaioeie oneiaiuo
?aoeaenia. Iaoeai i?aaeeaaaeenue iooe i?e e?aniii e neiai e i?e e?aniii
e caeaiii inaauaiee. E?aniia inaauaiea nii?iaiaeaeaeinue ?acae?aaeaieai
yeaeo?e/aneei oieii. Iinea ianeieueeeo iiaoi?aiee iiuoa iaoe a?ae iooo
oieueei i?e neiai eee caeaiii naaoa. Aeoeaiinoue iaoeia caaeneo io
oaiia?aoo?u e aeaaeiinoe aicaeooa, aieueoeinoai eo oaiei- e
aeaaiethaeai, ii anoue iaiaei aeaeia, aeoeaiuo i?e n?aaieoaeueii ieceie
oaiia?aoo?a. A ceiiea iooaiaee, i?e +6, +7°N, iaeioi?ua iaeeea iaoee
eiiaaea a ianna iiyaeythony ia niaao. Iaoee, a iniaaiiinoe oaiaoiua,
iiaeiaii iiiaei ianaeiiui, /ooei ?aaae?otho e ia eciaiaiey
aa?iiao?e/aneiai aeaaeaiey, aeaaiaea?y /aio ecaanoiu eae «i?aaeneacaoaee
iiaiaeu». Aeaenoaeoaeueii, iie oneeaiii no?iyo oaiaoa a oi?iooth
iiaiaeo, a ia?aae iaianoueai i?y/oony a naie oaaaeeua e ia?aaeei aeaaea
ia?anoatho ?aaae?iaaoue ia aeiau/o, iiiaaooth a oaiaoa.
Iaoee i/aiue i?iaei?eeaua oeuieee, ieoathony aeaaiui ia?acii ianaeiiuie,
eioi?uo iie aunanuaatho. Niiniau eiaee aeiau/e ?aciiia?aciu. A?iaey/ea
iaoee iiaeea?aoeeaatho aeiau/o, e?aaeoony e iae e ianoeaatho iaeiei eee
ianeieueeeie i?uaeeaie. I?e yoii oaea o a?iaey/eo oi?i aeiau/a ia?aaeei
iioouaaaony iaooeiiuie ieoyie. Iaoee, aaaeouea inaaeeoth aeeciue, ii/oe
anaaaea aeaeatho oa eee eiua eia/ea ono?ienoaa ec iaooeiu, io i?inouo
neaiaeueiuo ieoae, i?ioyioouo io onouey eiaiaeua, a eioi?ii neaeeo iaoe,
aei i/aiue neiaeiuo eia/eo naoae. Oaeaaaony aeiau/a, eae i?aaeei, yaeii.
ssaeiaeoua aeaeacu i/aiue oa?aeoa?iu aeey iaoeia. O i?eieoeaiuo oi?i
aeaeacu iaaieueoea, oeaeeeii iiiauathony a oaeeoea?ao, aeey
Araneomorphae oa?aeoa?iu e?oiiua aeaeacu, aaeathueany a iieinoue
aieiaia?oaee. Eaaeaeay ec aeaoo aeaeac ie?oaeaia nie?aeueiie
ioneoeaoo?ie, i?e nie?auaiee eioi?ie yae /a?ac ioaa?noea ia eiioea
eiaoaaeaeiiai /eaieea oaeeoea? ai?uneeaaaony a oaei aea?oau. Ia
iaaieueoeo ianaeiiuo yae aeaenoaoao ii/oe iaiiaaiii, ii aieaa e?oiiua
iaeioi?ia a?aiy i?iaeieaeatho aeoueny a naoyo. Aeiau/a iioouaaaony
iaooeiie, ii, anee iia e?oiia e iaoe ia iiaeao n iae ni?aaeoueny, ii nai
inaiaiaeaeaao aeiau/o. Ia?aaeei ec oaiao aua?anuaathony e ianaeiiua n
?aceei caiaoii — eeiiu e ae?. Iauaeou ieoaiey i/aiue ?aciiia?aciu.
Iau/ii yoi naiua ?acee/iua ianaeiiua, iiaeoiaeyuea ii ?acia?o. A naoue
oaiaoiuo iaoeia iiiaaeatho aeaaiui ia?acii eaoathuea oi?iu, /aua ae?oaeo
aeaoe?ueua. Iaoe, aunanuaathuee iooo,— ea?oeia aeey eaaeaeiai naii niaie
?acoiathuayny. Aeaeiaie ninoaa iio?aaeyaiuo ianaeiiuo caaeneo io
ianoiiaeoaiey e a?aiaie aiaea. Iiiaea iaoee, aeeaouea aeec ii/au eee a
ii?eao, ieoathony a iniiaiii aeoeaie e i?yiie?ueuie. Iaeioi?ua ia?yaeo n
ianaeiiuie caoaneeaatho a ii?eo e iiaaeatho aeiaeaeaauo /a?aae e oeeoie.
Anoue iaoee, niaoeeaeece?iaaaoeany a auai?a aeiau/e, ioioyueany oieueei
ia io?aaueaa eee oieueei ia iaoeia ae?oaeo aeaeia (nai. Mimetidae).
Aiaeyiie iaoe Argyroneta ioioeony ca ee/eieaie aiaeiuo ianaeiiuo,
?a/eaie, iaeueeaie ?ua. A?iiaaeiua o?iie/aneea iaoee-ioeoeayaeu i?e
neo/aa oaeaatho e nuaaeatho iaaieueoeo ioeoe, oioy a iniiaiii ieoathony
ianaeiiuie. A iaaiea ioeoeayaeu ioioii iiaaeatho iaaieueoeo yua?eoe,
eyaooae, iuoae. A?aceeueneee ioeoeayae Grammostola ieoaaony iieiaeuie
ciayie e oie/oiaeaao eo a aieueoii eiee/anoaa. Aioeaeioe/aneea iaoee
(Dolomedes e ae?.), aaaathuea ii aiaea, aueaaeeaatho iaaieueoeo ?uaie,
aieiaanoeeia e ee/eiie ianaeiiuo. Ii niiniao ieoaiey iaoee a iaeaieaa
caeii/aiiie oi?ia i?aaenoaaeytho a?aoieaeiue oei. Oeeueo?othuee aiia?ao
i?aae?ioiaie iieinoe e aeioee, oceee ieuaaiae, iiuiue ninaoaeueiue
aeaeoaeie — ana yoi i?eniiniaeaiey aeey ieoaiey aeeaeeie ieuae. Iieiaa e
oaea aeiau/o, iaoe ?ac?uaaao e ?acieiaao aa oaeeoea?aie, eceeaay i?e
yoii ieuaaa?eoaeueiue nie, ?anoai?ythuee aioo?aiiea oeaie. Aunooiathuay
aeeaeeinoue ananuaaaony. Auaeaeaiea niea e ananuaaiea eaiaeue ieue
/a?aaeothony, iaoe iiai?a/eaaao aea?oao, ia?aaaouaay aa n ?aciuo noi?ii,
iiea ia inoaiaony nii?uaiiay oeo?ea. Iaoee, ieoathueany ianaeiiuie n
oaa?aeui iie?iaii, iai?eia? aeoeaie, iaiinyo oaeeoea?aie ?aio a
ni/eaiiaioth ia?aiiieo, /aua iaaeaeo aieiaie e a?oaeueth. *a?ac yoi
ioaa?noea i?iieeaao ieuaaa?eoaeueiue nie e aunanuaaaony niaea?aeeiia. A
ieuaaa?aiee e yene?aoeee o iaoeia nouanoaaiia ?ieue e?oiiie ia/aie, a
eeaoeao eioi?ie i?ienoiaeeo aioo?eeeaoi/iia ia?aaa?eaaiea ieue e
ananuaaiea. *anoue eeaoie ia/aie, ia?aa?oaeaiiuo yene?aoii, auoiaeeo a
i?inaao eeoa/ieea e niaoeaaaony a eeiaea n aaeuie auaeaeaieyie
iaeuoaeaauo ninoaeia. Yene?aiaiou aua?anuaathony iaeeeie eaieyie ia?aae
iiaui i?eaiii ieue.
Aeieiaey ?aciiiaeaiey iaoeia ii neiaeiinoe e naiaia?aceth iaaethaeaaiuo
yaeaiee i?aainoiaeeo ana, /oi naienoaaiii ae?oaei a?aoieaeai, e yoi
naycaii iiyoue-oaee n iieueciaaieai iaooeiie. Iieiaic?aeua naioeu iaoeia
ii ia?aco aeecie e aiaoiinoe, eae i?aaeei, neeueii ioee/athony io naiie,
oioy a iaeioi?uo neo/ayo naioeu e naiee auaatho noiaeiu. Iau/ii naiaoe
iaeue/a naiee, n ioiineoaeueii aieaa aeeeiiuie iiaaie, a eiiaaea naioeu
ea?eeeiaua, ii iauaio a 1000—1500 ?ac iaiueoa naiie. Iiieii ?acia?ia,
iieiaie aeeii?oeci /anoi i?iyaeyaony a oao eee eiuo aoi?e/iiiieiauo
i?eciaeao: a y?eii ?enoiea naioeia, a iniaie oi?ia ioaeaeueiuo ia? iia e
o. i. Naioeu, eae i?aaeei, iiiaaeathony ?aaea naiie, a o iaeioi?uo
aeaeia aiiaua ia iaeaeaiu. A oi aea a?aiy aeaanoaaiiia ?acaeoea yeoe o
iaoeia, ii-aeaeeiiio, i?aaenoaaeyao ?aae/aeoaa eneeth/aiea. O oaiaoiuo
iaoeia iieiaic?aeua naioeu iau/ii oaea ia no?iyo eia/eo naoae, a a?iaeyo
a iieneao naiie e iiiaaeathony ia oaiaoao naiee a ei?ioeee ia?eiae
nia?eaaiey. Aioo?aiiea i?aaiu iieiaie nenoaiu iaoeia eiatho a iauai
aeiaieueii iau/iia no?iaiea. Naiaiieee ia?iua, ecaeoua naiai?iaiaeu
niaaeeiythony aeec iieiaiai ioaa?noey, eiathuaai o naioea aeae
iaaieueoie uaee. sse/ieee ia?iua, a iaeioi?uo neo/ayo n?anoathony
eiioeaie a eieueoei. Ia?iua yeoeaaiaeu niaaeeiythony a iaia?iue i?aai —
iaoeo, ioe?uaathuothny yeoeaauaiaeiui ioaa?noeai. Iineaaeiaa
i?ee?uaaaony neeaae/aoui aicauoaieai — yieaeiie. Eiathony naiai?eaiieee
— iaoi/ee, io eioi?uo iooiaeyo eaiaeueoeu e auaiaeiie /anoe iieiauo
iooae e e yieaeia, aaea iie ioe?uaathony iau/ii iacaaeneii io
yeoeaauaiaeiiai ioaa?noey. Niaieoieoaeueiua i?aaiu ia?acothony ia
iaaeeiaeueiao naioea oieueei i?e iineaaeiae eeiueea. Ia?aae nia?eaaieai
naiaoe auaeaeyao ec iieiaiai ioaa?noey eaieth nia?iu ia niaoeeaeueii
nieaoaiioth iaooeiioth naoi/eo, iaiieiyao nia?iie eiioeyoeaiua i?aaiu
iaaeeiaeuei e i?e nia?eaaiee n eo iiiiuueth aaiaeeo nia?io a
naiai?eaiieee naiee. A i?inoaeoai neo/aa ia eaiea iaaeeiaeuei eiaaony
a?ooaaeaeiue i?eaeaoie — aoeueaon ni nie?aeueiui nia?iaoe/aneei eaiaeii
aioo?e. I?eaeaoie auoyioo a oiieee iinee — yiaiethn, ia eiioea eioi?iai
ioe?uaaaony eaiae. I?e nia?eaaiee yiaiethn aaiaeeony a eaiaeaoe
naiai?eaiieea naiee. A aieueoeinoaa neo/aaa eiioeyoeaiua i?aaiu ono?iaiu
neiaeiaa, i?e/ai iooe eo oneiaeiaiey i?ineaaeeaathony a i?aaeaeao
io?yaea e ianeieueei ?acee/iu o ?aciuo a?oii iaoeia. Iau/ii eaiee
iaaeeiaeuei oaaee/aiu. Ni/eaiiaiay ia?aiiiea aoeueaona i?aa?auaaony a
e?iaai?eaiiee, eioi?ue a iiiaio nia?eaaiey iocu?aaeaeii acaeoaaaony iiae
aeaaeaieai aaiieeiou. Nia?iaoe/aneee eaiae ia?acoao neiaeiua iaoee e
ioe?uaaaony ia eiioea aeeeiiiai yiaiethna, aeaooiaeaeiiai eee eiie
oi?iu. Ia?aaeei eiathony aeiiieieoaeueiua i?eaeaoee, neoaeauea aeey
i?ee?aieaiey i?e nia?eaaiee. No?iaiea eiioeyoeaiuo i?aaiia a aeaoaeyo
i/aiue ?aciiia?acii, oa?aeoa?ii aeey ioaeaeueiuo a?oii e aeaeia e oe?iei
eniieuecoaony a nenoaiaoeea iaoeia. Naiaoe iaiieiyao naiaiai aoeueaonu
iaaeeiaeuei anei?a iinea iineaaeiae eeiueee. Nia?iaoe/aneay naoi/ea
eiaao o?aoaieueioth eee /aou?aooaieueioth oi?io e iiaeaaoeaaaony
ai?eciioaeueii. A eaieth nia?iu, auaeaeyaioth ia iaa, naiaoe iia?oaeaao
eiioeu iaaeeiaeuei. N/eoatho, /oi nia?ia i?iieeaao /a?ac oceee eaiae
yiaiethna a neeo eaieeey?iinoe, iaeiaei oaia?ue onoaiiaeaii, /oi ii
e?aeiae ia?a o oi?i ni neiaeiuie eiioeyoeaiuie i?aaiaie eiaaony
niaoeeaeueiue naiacananuaathuee eaiaeaoe. O iaeioi?uo iaoeia naiaoe ia
aeaeaao naoi/eo, a iaoyaeaaao iaeio eee ianeieueei iaooeiie iaaeaeo
iiaaie o?aoueae ia?u, auioneaao ia iaooeieo eaieth nia?iu e iiaeaiaeeo
aa e eiioeai iaaeeiaeuei. Anoue e oaeea aeaeu, naioeu eioi?uo caae?atho
nia?io i?yii ec iieiaiai ioaa?noey. Naiaoe n caiieiaiiuie nia?iie
eiioeyoeaiuie i?aaiaie ioi?aaeyaony ia iienee naiee, i?aiaeieaaay
eiiaaea cia/eoaeueiua ?annoiyiey. I?e yoii ii ?oeiaiaenoaoaony aeaaiui
ia?acii iaiiyieai. Ii ?acee/aao iaoo/ee neaae iieiaic?aeie naiee ia
noano?aoa e aa iaooeio. C?aiea a aieueoeinoaa neo/aaa ia ea?aao
nouanoaaiiie ?iee: naioeu n caiacaiiuie aeacaie eaaei iaoiaeyo naiie.
Iaia?oaeea naieo, naiaoe ia/eiaao «ooaaeeaaiea». Ii/oe anaaaea
aicaoaeaeaiea naioea i?iyaeyaony a oao eee eiuo oa?aeoa?iuo aeaeaeaieyo.
Naiaoe iiaea?aeaaao eiaioeaie ieoe naoe naiee. Iineaaeiyy caia/aao yoe
neaiaeu e ia?aaeei a?inaaony ia naioea eae ia aeiau/o, ia?auay aai a
aaanoai. Ianoie/eaua «ooaaeeaaiey», i?iaeieaeathueany eiiaaea i/aiue
aeieai, aeaeatho naieo iaiaa aa?anneaiie e neeiiiie e nia?eaaieth.
Naioeu iaeioi?uo aeaeia ieaooo ii ninaaenoao n oaiaoaie naiee iaeaiueeea
«a?a/iua naoe», ia eioi?ua caiaieaatho naieo ?eoie/aneeie aeaeaeaieyie
iia. O iaoeia, aeeaoueo a ii?eao, nia?eaaiea i?ienoiaeeo a ii?ea naiee.
O iaeioi?uo aeaeia iaaethaeaaony iiaoi?iia nia?eaaiea n ianeieueeeie
naioeaie e niia?ie/anoai naioeia, eioi?ua niae?athony ia oaiaoao naiee
e, iuoaynue i?eaeeceoueny e iae, aea?oony ae?oa n ae?oaii. Iaeaieaa
aeoeaiue ioaiiyao niia?ieeia e nia?eaaaony n naieie, a /a?ac iaeioi?ia
a?aiy aai ianoi caieiaao ae?oaie naiaoe e o. ae. O eaaeaeiai aeaea
iaoeia eiaaony naiy oa?aeoa?iay oi?ia «ooaaeeaaiey», eee «oaioea»,
naioeia, ii ia?aciiio au?aaeaieth Ieeei, naiy «a?a/iay oi?aia?aoey».
Aieaa e?oiiay oeuiay naiea iaoeia aanueia aa?anneaia ii ioiioaieth e
naioeo, eioi?ue i?eaeeaeaaony e iae n aaee/aeoae inoi?iaeiinoueth.
N/eoatho, /oi neiaeiua oi?iu iiaaaeaiey naioea iai?aaeaiu ia
i?aiaeieaiea oeuie/aneeo einoeieoia naiee: naiaoe ii iiaaaeaieth ?acei
ioee/aaony io iau/iie aeiau/e. Oa?aeoa?ii, /oi a oao neo/ayo, aaea
ioiioaiey iieia aieaa ie?iua, iau/ii iao e «oaioeaa» eee eiuo
i?aaeoi?aaeaeathueo aeaeaeaiee naioea. O iaeioi?uo aeaeia naiaoe
nia?eaaaony n oieueei /oi ia?aeeiyaoae naieie, eiaaea aa iie?iau aua ia
caoaa?aeaee e iia aaniiiiuia e aaciiania. Iiaaaeaiea ia?oia?ia iinea
nia?eaaiey ?acee/ii. O ?yaea aeaeia naiaoe anaaaea noaiiaeony aeiau/ae
i?iaei?eeaie naiee, a eiaaea naiea nia?eaaaony n ianeieueeeie naioeaie,
iia nuaaeaao eo iaeiiai ca ae?oaei. A ?yaea neo/aaa naiaoe nianaaony
aaanoaii, i?iyaeyy ii?aceoaeueiia i?iai?noai. E?ioa/iue naiaoe iaeiiai
o?iie/aneiai e?anoiaeea iinea nia?eaaiey acae?aaony ia nieio naiee,
ioeoaea iia ia iiaeao aai aeinoaoue. O iaeioi?uo aeaeia ia?oia?u
?anoiaeyony ie?ii, a eiiaaea naiaoe e naiea aeeaoo niaianoii a iaeiii
aiacaea e aeaaea aeaeyony aeiau/ae. Aeieiae/aneee niune iiaaeaiey
naioeia naieaie ia aiieia ynai. Ecaanoii, /oi yoi iniaaiii oa?aeoa?ii
aeey iaoeia, ieoathueony ?aciiia?aciie aeiau/ae, a aeaeai, aieaa
niaoeeaeece?iaaiiui a auai?a aeiau/e, ia naienoaaiii. O oao iaoeia, o
eioi?uo naioeu iiaoo nia?eaaoueny oieueei iaeei ?ac, ii iinea nia?eaaiey
i?iaeieaeatho «ooaaeeaaiey», eiieo?e?oy n iania?eaoeieny naioeaie, eo
ono?aiaiea naieie iieacii aeey aeaea.
sseoea ioeeaaeuaathony /a?ac ianeieueei aeiae eee iaaeaeue iinea
nia?eaaiey. Iieiaeioai?aiea i?ienoiaeeo a iaoea, n eioi?ie niiauathony
naiai?eaiieee. Eeaaeea iiiauaaony a eieii, naeaeaiiue ec iaooeiu. Iau/ii
naiea i?aa?auaao naia eiaiaeua a aiacaei, a eioi?ii ioeeaaeuaathony
yeoea e ieaoaony eieii. Eae i?aaeei, eieii ninoieo ec aeaoo iaooeiiuo
ieanoeiie, ne?aieaiiuo e?ayie. Nia/aea naiea ieaoao iniiaioth ieanoeieo,
ia eioi?oth eeaaeao yeoea, a caoai caieaoaao eo e?ithuae ieanoeieie.
Oaeea /a/aaeoeaia?aciua eieiiu i?ee?aieythony e noano?aoo eee noaiea
aiacaea. Noaiee eieiia eiiaaea i?iieouaathony nae?aoii, auaeaeyaiui
/a?ac ?io, eii?aaie?othony /anoe/eaie ii/au, ?anoeoaeueiuie inoaoeaie. O
aieueoeinoaa oaiaoiuo iaoeia eieii oa?iaeaeiue, aai oeaiue ?uoeay e
iooenoay, iaiiieiathuay iaaeioth aaoo. Eiiaaea iiaa?o ?uoeiai iaoa?eaea
iaeeaaeuaaaony ieioiay ia?oaeiay iaiei/ea. Naiea Pisaura ieaoao
oa?iaeaeiue eieii oeaeeeii, inoaaeyy naa?oo iaaieueoia ioaa?noea, /a?ac
eioi?ia ioeeaaeuaaao yeoea. Oae eae iaoee iau/ii neaeyo ia oaiaoao
a?thoiie noi?iiie eaa?oo, oi iie ioeeaaeuaatho yeoea e ieaooo eieii a
yoii iieiaeaiee, iiaeaaoeaay eieii ia noaaaeueea eee ieoe. Ieioiua
eieiiu, iaaeaaeii caueuathuea eeaaeeo, oa?aeoa?iu a oao neo/ayo, eiaaea
iie iiiauathony aia aiacaea eee aiacaei iai?i/ii. Eiaaea aea aiacaei
i?i/ii e oi?ioi caianee?iaaii, noaiee iiiauaaiiai a iai eieiia auaatho
oiiee, a eiiaaea eiathony eeoue ?uoei eaaeauea ieoe iaooeiu,
oaea?aeeaathuea yeoea ia noaiea aiacaea. Oiieinoaiiue eieii aeaeaaony
iau/ii e a oao neo/ayo, eiaaea naiea io?aiyao aai eee iineo n niaie.
*enei eieiiia, i?eaioiaeaiiuo iaeiie naieie, ?acee/ii, /anoi eieii
iaeei, eiiaaea ianeieueei, ?aaeei aieueoa aeanyoea. *enei yeoe auaaao io
5—10 aei ianeieueeeo nioai, ?aaea aei 1000 (o iaeioi?uo Araneidae).
?acia?u eieiia iau/ii io ianeieueeeo ieeeeiao?ia aei 1—2 ni. E?ioa/iue
iao/ie Telema tenella ec ie?aiaeneeo iaua? aeaeaao eieiiu ?acia?ii 2 ii,
iiiauay a ieo ii iaeiiio yeoeo. Eieiiu e?oiiuo iaoeia-ioeoeayaeia
auaatho n iaaieueoie iaiaea?ei. Oeaao eieiia, anee ii ia caianee?iaai
/anoeoeaie ii/au, /aua aaeue, ii auaatho eieiiu ?iciaua,
cieioenoi-aeaeoua, caeaiua, iieinaoua. Naiee iaeioi?uo iaoeia aeaeatho
aieaa neiaeiua aiacaea-eieiiu. Oae, o Agroeca brunnea (nai. Clubionidae)
aiacaei eiaao aeae cae?uoiai aieaea e i?ee?aieyaony iiaeeie e noaaeth
?anoaiey. Iii ?acaeaeaii ia aeaa eaia?u, a aa?oiae iaoiaeyony yeoea, a
ieaeiae iaeioi?ia a?aiy i?aauaatho aueoieaoeany iao/ee. Caaioa i
iioiinoaa i/aiue ?ani?ino?aiaia o iaoeia e /aua anaai au?aaeaaony a
io?aia eieiia e ooaaeeaaiee ca iei. Naiee io?aiytho naie eieiiu a
oaiaoao, ii?ea eee aiacaea. O iiiaeo a?iaey/eo iaoeia e iaeioi?uo
oaiaoiuo naiee iinyo eieii n niaie, i?ee?aiea aai e iaooeiiui
ai?iaeaaeai eee aea?aea a oaeeoea?ao. Naiea oa?aiooea i?ia?aaaao eieii,
iiai?a/eaay aai iiae nieia/iuie eo/aie, i?iieeathueie a ii?eo. Eiaaea
aueoieythony iao/aoa, iaoue iiiiaaao ei aua?aoueny, ?ane?uaay oia
eieiia. A ia?eiae io?aiu iioiinoaa naiea iau/ii ie/aai ia ano, neeueii
ooaeaao, a?thoei aa nii?ueaaaony. O iaeioi?uo aeaeia naiea iiaeaaao aei
auoiaea iieiaee e aeec eieiia iaoiaeyo aa nii?uaiiue o?oi. Iau/ii iinea
auoiaea iieiaee ec eieiia naiea aieaa ia caaioeony i iae, ii o iaeioi?uo
iaoeia iieiaeue acae?aaony ia oaei iaoa?e e aea?aeeony ia iae, iiea ia
ia?aeeiyao (nai. Lycosidae e ae?.), eee aeeaao iiae aa io?aiie a
aiacaea.
I?e anai ?aciiia?acee e neiaeiinoe caaiou i iioiinoaa a aa iniiaa eaaeeo
einoeieoeaiia iiaaaeaiea, oeaeaniia?aciinoue eioi?iai ia?ooaaony i?e
iaiau/iuo ianoiyoaeuenoaao. Iai?eia?, anee o naiee eeeiceae ioiyoue
eieii e iiaeiaieoue aai eiui i?aaeiaoii oiai aea ?acia?a, oi?iu e aana,
oi iia i?iaeieaeaao iineoue yoio aaniieaciue i?aaeiao. Eioa?anii, /oi
ecaanoiu iaoee-«eoeooee», eioi?ua iiaeeeaeuaatho naie eieiiu a /oaeea
aiacaea, inoaaeyy eo ia iiia/aiea ae?oaeo aeaeia iaoeia. A iauai
einoeieo io?aiu iioiinoaa oai neaaaa, /ai aieaa iaaeaaeii ono?ienoai
aiacaea eee eieiia. A oao neo/ayo, eiaaea noaeueaa iioiinoaa oi?ioi
aa?aioe?oaony aiacaeii eee i?i/iui caianee?iaaiiui eieiiii, iii iau/ii
inoaaony aac iiia/aiey naiee. Aueoieaiea iieiaee ec yeoe iaeiie eeaaeee
i?ienoiaeeo aieaa eee iaiaa iaeiia?aiaiii. Ia?aae aueoieaiiii ca?iaeuo
iie?uaaaony oiieie eooeeoeie, a iniiaaiee iaaeeiaeuei ia?acothony oeieee
— «eeoeaaua coau», n iiiiuueth eioi?uo ?ac?uaathony eeoeaaua iaiei/ee.
Aueoieaoeeny iao/ie eiaao oiieea iie?iau, ia?an/eaiaiiua i?eaeaoee,
iaiiaeaeaeai e ia iiaeao aeoeaii ieoaoueny. Ii aeeaao ca n/ao aeaeoea,
inoathuaainy a eeoa/ieea. A yoio ?acee/iue ii aeeeoaeueiinoe aeaeoi/iue
ia?eiae ?acaeoey iieiaeue inoaaony a eieiia e eeiyao (o ?aciuo aeaeia io
iaeiiai aei o?ao ?ac). O aieueoeinoaa iaoeia ia?aay eeiueea i?ienoiaeeo
aua a yeoea, oae /oi eeia/iay oeo?ea na?anuaaaony aianoa n eeoeaauie
iaiei/eaie i?e aueoieaiee. Aeaeaynue aieaa aeoeaiuie, iao/ee auoiaeyo ec
eieiia, ii iau/ii iaeioi?ia a?aiy aua aea?aeaony aianoa. Anee
i?eeiniooueny e oaeiio neiieaieth, a eioi?ii eiiaaea auaaao ii
ianeieueeo nioai iao/ao, iie ?annuiathony ii iaooeia aiacaea, ii caoai
aiiaue niae?athony a ieioiue eeoa. Anei?a iao/ee ?anoiaeyony e ia/eiatho
aeeoue naiinoiyoaeueii. Eiaiii a yoi a?aiy o ?yaea aeaeia i?ienoiaeeo
?annaeaiea iieiaee ia iaooeieao ii aicaeooo. Iieiaeua iao/ee caae?athony
ia aicauoathueany i?aaeiaou e, iiaeiya eiiaoe a?thoea, auioneatho
iaooeiioth ieoue. I?e aeinoaoi/iie aeeeia ieoe, oaeaeaaiie oieaie
aicaeooa, iao/ie inoaaeyao noano?ao e oiineony ia iae. ?annaeaiea
iieiaee i?ienoiaeeo iau/ii a eiioea eaoa e inaiueth, ii o iaeioi?uo
aeaeia aaniie. Yoi yaeaiea a?inaaony a aeaca a iiaiaeea inaiiea aeie
«aaaueaai eaoa». Iniaaiii yooaeoiu ianniaua inaiiea iieaou iaoeia a
thaeii?onneeo noaiyo, aaea eiie ?ac iiaeii aeaeaoue ieuaouea a aicaeooa
oeaeua «eia?u-naiieaou» ii ianeieueeo iao?ia aeeeiie, ninoiyuea ec
iiiaeanoaa ia?aiooaiiuo iaooeiie. O iaeioi?uo aeaeia, iniaaiii iaeeeo,
ia iaooeia ?annaeythony e ac?ineua oi?iu. Iaoee iiaoo iiaeieiaoueny
oieaie aicaeooa ia cia/eoaeueiua auniou e ia?aiineoueny ia aieueoea
?annoiyiey. Ecaanoiu neo/ae ianniaiai iiyaeaiey iaeeeo iaoeia,
caeaoaaoeo ia noaea a nioiyo eeeiiao?ia io aa?aaa. ?annaeeaoeany
iaeaiueeea iao/ee ii no?iaieth e ia?aco aeecie iioiaee ia ac?ineuo. Iie
iinaeythony a oa?aeoa?iuo aeey eaaeaeiai aeaea ianoao iaeoaiey e, eae
i?aaeei, n naiiai ia/aea ono?aeaatho eiaiaa eee ieaooo eia/ea naoe, ii
eiino?oeoeee oeie/iua aeey aeaea, oieueei oaaee/eaay eo ii ia?a ?inoa.
Eiiaaea ia?ac aeecie iaiyaony n aic?anoii. Iai?eia?, iieiaeua oa?aiooeu
aaaeoo a?iaey/ee aeiaaiie ia?ac aeecie, a iiae?anoay ono?aeaatho ii?eo e
noaiiayony aeoeaiu ii/ueth. Eiee/anoai eeiae a oa/aiea aeecie aa?uee?oao
a caaeneiinoe io eiia/iuo ?acia?ia oaea. Iaeeea aeaeu (5—6 ii)
i?iaeaeuaatho 4—5 eeiae, n?aaeiea (8— 11 ii)— 1—8 eeiae, e?oiiua (15—30
ii)—10— 13 eeiae. Naioeu, eioi?ua iaiueoa naiie, eiatho e iaiueoa eeiae.
Ea?eeeiaua naioeu iaeioi?uo aeaeia, aueaey ec eieiia, ia eeiytho nianai.
O e?oiiuo iaoeia-ioeoeayaeia, aeeaoueo ianeieueei eao, eeiueee
i?ienoiaeyo e ai ac?ineii ninoiyiee iaeei-aeaa ?aca a aiae iinea
eaaeaeiai ia?eiaea ?aciiiaeaiey.
Nia?oaee oaei iaoea ioee/ii io /aeiaa/aneiai. Iii ninoieo ec aeaoo
/anoae: aieiaia?oaee, e eioi?ie i?ee?aieythony naie/eaieeiaua iiae, e
a?thoea. O iaoea anoue aeaca e ?io, ii iao ooae, iina e ycuea.
Aeey inycaiey, neooa e aini?eyoey aeona aio neoaeao iiiai/eneaiiua
aieinee e uaoi/ee ia oaea e iiaao, a caiao ii iuouaao i?e iiiiue
e?ioa/iuo ioaa?noee ia eii/eeao iia.
Aioo?aiiaa aea no?iaiea iaoea noiaeii ni no?iaieai ae?oaeo aeeaioiuo: o
iaai anoue iica, ia?au, e?iaaiiniay e ieuaaa?eoaeueiay nenoaiu.
Iaoe oaeaea iaeaaeaao iniauie aeaeacaie, au?aaaouaathueie iaooeio, e
yaeiaeouie aeaeacaie.
YECINEAEAO
Oaei iaoea, neiaii a?iiae, i?ee?uoi aiaoiei neaeaoii (yecineaeaoii),
ia?aciaaiiui oaa?aeui aauanoaii — oeoeiii. Yecineaeao ia yeanoe/ai,
iiyoiio ii ia?a ?inoa iaoe ia?eiaee/anee na?anuaaao noa?oth «a?iith»,
iaiyy aa ia iiaoth. Ia eeethno?aoeee — na?ioaiiue yecineaeao iaoea
Ysopeda.
O?EOIAIO?EE
Ana ooeiaeua iaoea iie?uaatho ?acee/iua aeoniaua e inycaoaeueiua
aieinee. Ia iaaeeiaeueiao e iiaao eiathony iniaua aieinee, o?eoiaio?ee,
oeaaeeaathuea eaa/aeoea eieaaaiey aicaeooa, i?aaeoi?aaeaeay i iiyaeaiee
aeiau/e eee a?aaa.
IAO*EE ssAe
Iaoe ia?aaeei auaaao neaaaa aea?oau, ia eioi?oth ioioeony. Iiyoiio ii
ioneaao a oiae yae, oaeaathuee eee ia?aeecothuee aeiau/o i?aaeaea, /ai
iia ia/iao nii?ioeaeyoueny. ssaeiaeoua aeaeacu iaoea ?aniieiaeaiu a
oaeeoea?ao.
Eaaeaeay ec aeaoo aeaeac ie?oaeaia nie?aeueiie ioneoeaoo?ie, i?e
nie?auaiee eioi?ie yae ai?uneeaaaony a oaei aea?oau /a?ac eiaoaaeaeiue
/eaiee.
AIOO?AIIEA I?AAIU
A aieiaia?oaee iaoiaeyony iica, yaeiaeoua aeaeacu, aeaeoaeie e iuooeu. A
a?thoea ?aniieaaathony na?aeoea, eaaeea, o?aoae, eeoa/iee, auaiaeyuay
nenoaia, iaooeiiua aeaeacu e i?aaiu ?aciiiaeaiey. AEaeoaeie iaoea
?aaioaao, eae ianin, ?anoyaeaaynue, /oiau cananuaaoue ieuo,
?aciaeue/aiioth oaeeoea?aie aei ninoiyiey eaoeoeu.
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