?a??o
«I?? ???a e y???. A????
I?? ?u?? y?y?ny ???i, ?????i ????i ??? ????a. N???ue ?i ???o a ??iy??
??? ????? ??o ????? e ???e ???.
AE???a ????u ??ath?y a ??iy?? ???a ????a, ???o ?????? ?????: ???, ??a e
????a, a ??a ?????o ??e, ????a e ??. A ????a ????? ????yo ?????a, ?????
e ????? ????o ???? e ??e???? ????. A??????a, ??? (????a), ???? ???a
????, ?????a a ?? ???? ????ny ????i ???ey?e. I?????i n ?i ????? ???n
????y?e — ?????a, ??? ???a, ??y?o a ??? ???. I? y?i ???th?y ???? ?i??u
???a NI2, I2I e NH3 (???), ???a ??yth?y ? ????a. N?????ue ?? ?????
?????e a ????a, o. a. ????a ???ey?e e ????y?e, ???tho ???i ???a.
I. I?? y???
Aeey ???ay????e ????a ????? y???y. I? ??????y a ?i??a ????y?e ???o
?????? ?????: ???, ??a e ?e???, ??????y y??ey ???o ?e y?i ????o a
?????ea ?? y???, a ???? a ???oth, ?????oth e ???? a y?????oth. ?????? ??
?o? ??????y ????a — ????y. I? ????e 1 a ?? a ???c? ??ey?ny 9,3 ?? ??a, 1
a ????a — 4,1 ??, 1 a ??a — 4,1 ??. Oi ????? ??a, ???a ??ey?ny ?e ????e
a ????a 1 a ????, i????y ???? ???ey. *?? ????ath??y y??? ?????ny ?y
??????o ????a — ??????ey ?????? e ?????y ??o ??? e ???, ??ue ???ey?ny a
???? ???????ey ???a e ???: ????ey ??, ????ey ???o ????a, ???a ????a e
???? e ?. A??ay ??ue ????? y??? ????o a ??i, ???a ?? ? ?????a ??iy??
?????u ??.
I???e ??i. I?? y??? ????, ?e ?e ????? ??e ??i, ?????ny ? ????i ??? e
???e ????. A?e ???e ????y a ??iy?e ????? ???i ????i ??y: ?? n ??????e
??????, ???e (??c 14 / ??a ????? ??? ??), ?e ?????a ???? (18—22°N), ?
??? y??? ???ey? ???? 1700 ?? a ??e e ????ny ???? ???i. A ???yo ????i ???
y??ey ?????y ? ?????a ???ay????e ????a, ??? ????? ???a (???, ?????e ????
e ?.), a ??a ? ?????a ?????u ??. I???e ??i ??????o ??????ue ????a ????y,
?????? ???o ???c?. A???a ?i ???o ? ??, ????, ??u ?? e ??a. O ??? ?i??e
??i ? 5—10% ??, ?i o ??? ?o ? ??u e ??a. O ??e ? ??, /? o ????. E ????
???? ??i ????y.
I???e ??i ????ny ?e ?????e y????? ??c. I? ?????? u????e ??? (???? ???ue)
? ??o ????ny ? 150%, ?e y?i ?e?? ??i ?o, ? ????? ???; ?e ???????e ????
??a?e ??i ????ny — ????o ?????? ????. Ia ???? ??i ?eytho ??a ???a ???u;
??a ???ey ???o ??c (????, o ???a) ?????y ????a ??.
A ???a ?y ?????y ????i ??? ???th?y ???i e ???i ???? E??. O? ?e ??????
y??? ????? ?e ????e ????? ???, ??a e ????a, ? ????? ???????y ??a
???????i ??? ?????? ????a. A ??? ?????i, ?i ?e ?????e 1 e I2 a ????a
???? e ???? ??????y 4,8 ?? ??a. Y? ????? ??a y?y?ny ?????? ?y????? I2.
A?e ????? ??i ??????i ????? I2, ?, ???? ?i ? 4,8 (?????? ?y???? I2), ??i
????? ??? y??? ? 1 ?i, ? 1 / e ? ??e.
???ay ????. I???? y??????? ??? ??o ????i ??ia ???tho ???e ????e. O????,
???th?? ??? y???, y?yth?y ??i ??, ??ay ?e ???y (?? 30°N) ??iyy ???a ?? e
???ay ???.
I?? ?? ?????o ??? y??? a ??a a ???i ? 2200 ?? (??e ? 30%, ???? e ?? ?
4—15%). Y? ?????ue ?? ?a??ue y?????? ????ny ?????? ?????? ????i i?e.
I???i ?i ? ?o ?? ?y?i, ??? ?i ??cy ?uy??ue ??? ???e ???????? ???.
I? ????e ???th?e ?????u ????? ?????a ?? e ??????? ??????y ????a ??a,
?????? ?y ????ey ??iy??a ?????u ??. A?e ???th?y ?????a ?? 30°N, y??ey
?????y ? ????? ?? (????e??, ???? ???i ??????ey). I???y ??? ?????i ?a????
??? y???.
O????e ?? ? ??????ny ???e ???? y???. A?e ???? ???? ???? ????ue ??? a ?a
??i? ??????? ???, ? ??? y??? ????o ??i ? ????i ????a. O?? ???i, ??e ???
y??? ???o ? ????e ???? e ????a ?i ??? (?iy?y ???i, ????). Eth? ????i?
??a ???otho ??i 3000 ?? a ??e, a ???yth?a oy??th ???oth ???o (????,
????) — ??a 4000 ??. I? ????? ??y??yo (?e???, ????) ??? y??? ??o ????ue
7000 ??.
II. I?? ???a
Aeey ??ae??ey ?????e ???? a ?????o ????o ??atho ?i ??i ???a. Y? ??o ???a
????, ?e ?e ??ue ????y (a ??e, ???o ????eyo, ????yo, ??o ???, ????o)
????y ? ??ae????? ?????e e ??? ???? ?a ?????a ????, ?i? ?? ????, ????
???e ????????ueth, ???e ???e?y???th e ???eyi e ??iyth??y ???yi ???e ??u.
Aeey ???ey ??? ???a ????? ??ue, ?i?? ???, ??a e ????a ????i a ???? e
???i ? ???o?ny, o. a. ?? ???? ??? ???a e ???a ???a. I??ae ?????o ???a
???eytho ????? ???? ??. A?e ? ??e ??u (a a???) ??y?o n ??e ???, ??a e
????a ???ue ??o ???a?? ???a, ????? n ??i, ? ???a ???o ???? ??? ?u??.
???ae ???a o ???? ?e ???? ???eytho a ??? O?????. I?? ???y? ????? ? ??e
??i ???ey??i I2, ????? NI2 e N2 (n ??e). Ii y?i ??? ??i ????? ??? ???,
??a e ????a.
A??n ??o ?? ??????i, ??????i ?e ????ny a ??iy?e ????ey. A ??? ??a ???
??? ???a ??? ??? ??????i, ?e ?e ??????y ??a ??. I?????? ??? ??th??ny ?
??y ????? ???e e ????y, ??? a ????. A y? ??y ???? ???ey? ???a ???, ?i
???? n ??e. O ?????a ???? eth?e ?????y ?????? ??i??a ??o ?????? e ????
???a e y???. I? ??o ???y?ny ? ??y??e ??? ?o, e ??a ?? ???ny ??iy??.
I?? ???. A?? — y? ???a ??????ey?? ????ey, ????? a ???a ? ??a e ????a ??.
I? ??iyo ? 20 ????o ?????o, ? ???th?o ??a? ??????ueth. Ec ?????y a ????a
?????o ??y?y ?a????? ?y ???i ?????a ??e.
A?????u ?ey?y ? ????a e ?????a. C???? ?????? (????, ???, ???i e ?.) ??o
???????y a ????a. Ae?y? ?????o ?????o (???i, ???, ??i, ????i e ?.) ?
????oth?y a ????a e ?y???? ??? ????ue n ??e. I???a ?????? ? ???????o
???o ????? y?yth?y ??e y?a, ???, iy?. A?? ??????i ??????y ?????? ??a
?????, ?e ?e a ?o ?? ?? ????o ??i??? ?????o, ?? ?e ????otho. A ???y??e
????a ??? ?? ?a ?????? a ?????? ?????e e ?????, ??a ??e ? ??o ?? ??????.
A?? y?yth?y ???? ?????? ?????, o. a. ???? ??ueth ???. I????, a ????o ???
????ny 20 % ??a. A?? ??yo a ??? ????a, ?????th?o (???yth?o) ?a ?????
???e a ????a. I? ???atho ???a a ?????e ?????a ???e ????a. O?, ?????
????o I2 e NI2, ????? ??????o ?????a ??e, ??????? ?????tho ???? ?????i?o
????a. A??i ???? ??? a ??? ???. O. Y??? ???eye ??ue ?e ??o ??????y ????
?e, ???????e ??? ???e y?y?ny ??i ???a.
A ????? ??? ????? ????yo ????? e ??? ???. A?? ? ??e o ????, ? ???ath??
??, ?????y ???? 23 a ??a e ??ey?ny ?e y?i 3,7 a ??a (100 a ??a ???? a
???i 16 a ??a). O ????, ???th?? n ??e ??e, ??ey?ny ??a ?????i ???, ???
?i ??? ???ny ??a, ?i ??? ?i ?????y. Y? ?uy?y?ny ?i, ?i a ???a ? ??a e
????a ??e ? ??o ??????y a ??n. Aeey ??????? ????i ??? e ???a ??????
????a a ??a ??? ???th?y ?????? ????? ???a, ?y ?? ????? ??ue ????? ??????
??a e ????? ??????i a ????a, o. a. ????? e ?????ue ??? e ??? ??a.
A?? ????o n ??e, a ?????y ?i ??ue ????y n ??i. N??????, ?? ? ????? ??a a
?? ???ue a??, ?????ny a ??, ? ???? ???? ??? ??a.
E????i ??a, ?????ny a ????a, ??ae?ytho ? ????eth ??a a ??. E???i, ?i a
6,25 a ??a ????ny 1 a ??a. O??ay ????? ??a a ?? ? 6,25, ?????tho ???
??a. I?i??? ????y ??a ??iy?a ????i ???, ??a ???a ??o ?????i ??a, ??y?i n
??e e ????? n ??i, ??a ????eth ??a a ??, o. a. ??a ????? ????? ??a
??????o ?n? ??a, ?????ny a ????a. O?? ??iy?a ????ny ????i ?????i. I?
???????y a ?i ???, ?? a ?? ????ny ia ??a 60—70 a ??a. Y? ?????a ?????
??a, ?e ????e ???i, ??? ?i ? ?????? ???e ????????e e ???i ?i??y. Aeey
y?? ????? ???? 100 a ??a a ??e — y? ???? ?o??. I????? a ??? ?????i ??? o
????i ????a, ?e ??????, a ??a ??a oy??e ???e. I????? a ??? ??n? ??a ?
????e e ??????o ???e.
Aeey ????i ?????ue a ??a ???ey? 1,5 a ia 1 ? ??u ??, ?y ???a ???? ???? —
3,0—3,5 a, ?y ???a 10 ?o —2,5 a.
Oe????ay ???y ???a ????? ???? ??i, ?eyy ? ?????a e ????a a ??ue ????. Ia
???? ??i ???atho ?ey?a ??????e ???, ??????e ???? ??e ????, ??? ????? ???
???? e ?th?????? ????i ???? ??????a.
I?? ????a. O???u ae?y?y ? ???a e ???a. N ??e ???atho ???i ???i ???a
o???u: ?????? — ???e, ???? e ??o?e? — ????, ??????, ?????? e ??? ???. I?
? ?????e a ???????i ??? ???th?y ?i?? ??????: ?th??, ???? e ????a, ?ath?a
???o N6I12I6, ???a ???ath?y ? ????a a ??ue.
A ???? ???? ???atho ???i ???i n ??????e ??e (??, ??u, ??e, ???). I?
????? ???e ???? ????th?y a ?? e ????ath?y a ??????? ?????o a ???o ??:
????e ????a, ???? e ?.
A ??e ???? ????ny a ?? ?th?? (4,44— 6,66 ??ue/e, ?e 80—120 ? %); a ??? e
??? — a ?? ????o ???a ????a. N??y?a, ??a ???ue ??? a ??e ????ny ?? 4,44
??ue/e, ???tho ??????e, ?? 6,66 ??ue/e — ???????. I? ?????? ?????y
??????? ??iy?a ???o ??? e ?y?yth?y ????, ???i ???, ????ny ????????ue.
A?e ?????ey ??i???y ????? ??y, ? ???e ??y? ???? e ??o ????ue n??ue. A
???, ?? ???e ??? ??????a 150—200 a ????iy?? ????a (???, ???u), ????o ?e
????ay ?????ay (???y) ??????y, ???y ??????ny ?th???? — ?y???i ??? a ??;
???e ??? ????y ???e.
A????ny a ????a ?????? n ??i ??e ??c ???oth ?? ???tho a ???. C?? ??ue ?
?????ny a ???? e ??????y ?i ??n. E?? ???, ???? ??????y a ????o ???. A??
a ??? ????a ???y ??i 350 a ????a. A?e a ??e, ????, ? ??y ??? ?e ????y
????ny ???ue n??a, a ??o ????? ?????a ????a a ??? e ?????a a? a ??ue.
I??? ?????y e ????y ????a ?????ny ???? ??????e ??? ????i. I??? ?????y
????a ????? ?ae ?ey?? ???i ???a ????i?? ??? — ?th???.
I? ?????e ??????e ??? ?????a ????a ?????y, ?????y e ???? ?th?? ????
??i??, a ????? ?? ?????i ????ny ???ue ??? a ??e e ???a ????? ?i ????y n
??e. O?? ?????a ????ny ????, ?i ??o ????i ????.
N????a ??? a ??e, a ??a ??? ????a ????th?y ?????e ???e ????. A??? y? ??
???i o????? ??? E??i A???i. Ii ??? ???o ?? a ?i IV ????a (??????e ??) e
????e ??a y?? ????a ??iy ??? a ??e e ?y??ea ?i a ??. O?? ???i ???a ??
???? ???a a ??????i ??a ???o ???a, ????th?o ???? ??oth ????o ??e — ???ue
???. A ??iy?a ??y ??? ?? ??? ????? ??a a ?ae ???? ???e (a ?i????? ??a).
A??a ??? ??aey?y a ?? ????e ???? ?c?.
I??? ?ey?y ? ???a ?????i ??? ?i?aey?y e ???i ? ?????? ???e ???a. A
????e, ????, ??? ? ???a ? ??????i ???, ???????i ???atho ?????? ????a a
??? e ???, a ??a ????a ???a ????i ???? ??????a — ?????. A???? ??????
?????th ????a a ?th?? e ????o ??????a ???? a ??e?. A ??ey?e ?????i ???
???atho ???a ??a ???u ?? ??????a, ???? ?? ????, a ??a ????? ???.
I?? ??a (???a). I? ???? ???tho ???a ?????? ????, e ???i ??ny?y ?????a
??, ??iy?a ? ????a e ??? ???, e ???a e ?i ? ???-????? ??n?? ???u (???i,
?????). A ??? ????, ??a ??? ???, ??yo ?????? ???, ???u e ????a ????ey.
AE? a ????a ??? ?????oth e y??????th ??. E? ?????? ???? ? ??? a ??? ????
e ????? ???. *?? ??a ??????y a ???o ???e ??e ?e ??n?e ??, ????? ????
???ey? 10—30 % ? ??u ??, a ?e ????yo ??? ???a ??o ????ue ???? ???i.
AE? a ????a ?????ny e ?e y??????e ????. I? ????e 1 a ?? ??ey?ny 9,3 ??
??a, o.a. a 2,2 ?? ???, ?i ?e ????e 1 a ????a ?e ??a.
I?? ?i?? ??i ?y?i n ???i ??? e ????a. I????, ?e ????? ?????e ??? e ????a
a ???? ?e ??o ?????ny a ??. A ???yo ????y ? ??a ???th?y ????, ???a
????th?y ?e y??????e ????.
A ??ey?e ???? ??? ?????oth ?? ??tho ?????y ??iay ???a, a ??a ??? ???
????? ???? (???a e ???ae?y ???, ???c, ??????).
A??e e ?????e ??i. O?i ???? ? 2/c ???o ? ??. I? y?y?ny ?????e ????e
??ueth ??? ???, ???y a ?????? ??i?e, ???ey? ??oth ??? ??e e ??u. A ????i
????? ?? ????ny ?e ????e ?????o ???a. I???i ??i ?? ??ey?ny ?e ????e
??a—118 a ?e ????e 100 a ??. I??i a ???? ?a ????o ??a a ?? ??y e a ???a
??. Ec ????a ?? ??ey?ny ???i ???i n ??e (1,5 e), ???e n ????? ???? (500
?), a ??a ???y?ny n ?????e ?? (500 ?). I??y?? ?????a ?? a ???? ????
?????: ?a ???y? ??? ??? ?? ????a. A?e ???? ???ny ??? ??e ??e e ? ????
??, ? ?i ??c ????i ??e ????.
Ae????a ????a ???? ??? ?e ???e ?????y a ???? ?????? ????? ?? e ?????o
?e?. A ????a ??????ny ??iy?? ???ue ??, ?e ?e ?? y?y?ny ??????i ??? ???a,
??aey??y a ????a, e a ?e ?i??tho ?a ???-????? ???e. A?a ??? ??oth ?? a
????? ???a.
I????? ???? ???atho a ???? n ??a?e ????? e ??e. I????? ????a a ????o
?????o n?yo ?????a. I????, a ??e ????y ? 10 a ????? ?? (??? ??ey), 1 a
??y, 0,3 a ??ey, 1,5 a ???a, 0,8 a ???y, 0,012 a ???, 0,001 a ??, 0,0003
a ???? e 0,00003 a ??. A ????o ??yo e ???o ?? ?????? ?????i. N?? ??ey
??? a ??? e ?????? ????; ??e ?eey a ???o ????ny ???, ?i a ??? ??? ????a.
A??? ????? ???y e ???a ???y a ??yo; ?? e ??? — a ????e?, ?ae ??? a ???
???a ????? ???. I????? ???? ??iy?i ??aey?y ? ????a n ??e e y??????, ?y??
?e ??? ????? ????ue a ???? a ?????, ??? ?????o.
A?e a ???i ???a ????otho ?????a ??, ? y? ???? e ??? ???a, ?i ??? ????a.
I???i ??oay ?????ue a ????? ?? ?????a ?i, ?i ???? ? ??? ???th ?? a ????
e ?????e ??????i ???ey. A ??e e ??? ???oyo ????a ????ny ??i 1 % ??e, ??e
???o ???? 0,9 % ????ny ? ????oth ??. N?e y?yth?y ????? ?????? ???????o
??a, ???a, ?e ????, ??eyth?y a ???o ?????o. E?u ??ey, ???y, ??y, ??a
??tho ?? a ????o ?????y e ????ey, ????i ????ey, ?????y ??e.
I???i y???i ????o ??. O?, ??e ?a ??, ??eyth??y a ???a ??a a ???????e
??o, ???ath?y ???i a ??ue. A??oth ?? a ??ey?e ????ey ????? ?? ??tho ??e.
N???y ?????ue a ????? ?? ???ey?ny ? ???ii. I? ????? oy??e ????? ???,
???? ?e ???e ?????a ???th?e ??u, ???? a ??y?o ??o, n ??i ??y?ny ??e???a
????? ??e. Aeey ?????y ??? ??????y ?? ?????th ??.
Oa y???u, ?????ue a ???o ??ue ??, ???tho ??iy????e. E ?i ??ny?y ???o,
??y?e a ??? ???? A12; ??, ?????ny a ???? ???????; ?i?, ?????ath?e ?????
??a, e ?.
I??? ???. ??????a ???a ??? ????th ????ue ?????e ???? a y??? e ??????
????o e ??????? ?o???th ???uey, ???e ????????, a ?oyi ?????? ??e??a ?? e
????.
A ???? ???e ??? ????, ? ???th?a?y ????? ??? (????, ??e, ????), ??? ???ue
91 a ??a, 103 a ?? e 378 a ????a. A ??a y? ???ey? 2800 ??. E?? ??, n ??e
ae??u ????ue ?????a ??, ???? e ??. I? ??????i ?a??? ???e, ????? ????
????i (iy?, ????a ??i, ???) e ?n????? (??e, ???, ?????? ??i) ??????y, ?
????ny ????? ????ny i ???? ????a e ??????? ??e. A? ?e ????ny a ?? a
???ae?? ?????o. E?eth??a ???ey? ????ay ??, ???e ??o?ny ???y? ??i 5 a a
??e.
I? ????? ??? ????? ?????ue a yi??e e ?????? ????o, ?y?? ?? ?????ue ?????
a ae?? ? ??? ??a e ????a, ? e ???.
Aeey ?????y e ???a ???o ???? ???th?y ?????? ????e, a ???o ???u ??? ???o
????a e ? y??????y ???? (??????). ??????ny ??i 50% ??? e ??a ????ue a ??
????a ????i ??????y, ?e ??e??e y??????e ???? ?? ???y? ?????a ???, ??a e
????a 1:1:4. Y? ?????? ????th ??y??? ???a. I??a??? ???a, ????? ???a
????? ??? (??a 200 a) ?e ??a (??a 150 a), ???????i, ?e ?e ???? ????
?????y e ??? ???a. A?e ????? ???ue ??o ??, ?? ????? ????? ????a. I?
oy??e ???? ??? ?????y ??i ???, ?y?? ????y ????a? ? ??o.
III. O????ey?y
A ??i ????a ????y ?????? ??? a??? ??iy?i ????ny ??i. I?????i n ?????e ??
?i???o ??iy?ay ??? ??a a ???th?th ??o. N??????, ?????a ?? Ae??a ???? ?
?????y ?? ????a — ???????ey e ?????e.
AE???a a ?????e ? ?????e ?????? ?????o ?? ?ey?y ? ?????? e ???????.
A???n?i ???? ?????o e ???????. O?????? y?yth?y ?e?i ??u e ????ath?a. O
?????? ?????a ?? ???y?ny ??iy?? ????? ? ????e ?????u ???th?e ??u.
O?i???a ?? ??????? ???iy?a. I? ????ny ?e ????ee ?????u ???e ??u e ????ny
?e ? ????. I??i ??o i????i ???i ??? ???a ?????a ?? ??????? ???? ? ?ny?a
?? ???a ?? ???th?e, a ?e ?????e ???? ?y????e, ???? o ???, ??o ?????i
????ue ?. I? ?ae?? ?????u ???th?e ??u o ??????? ???? ????y ??????ue ??
???e: ??? ?????y ??, ??u — ????a, ????ny ??i ???a. I????, ey??e, ??,
????u ???a ???y?y ???????, a ??i ? ?????ay ????? ????th ?????ny.
O?????a ???? ???? ???y? ??iy??i ?????u ??, a ??????i, e ??iy??i ????
???y ?? ???????o ????a. O?, ??e ???ue ???y? ????o? ?? + 41°N ?e ???
—50°N, o. a. ?e ???? ?????u ??a 90°N.
A ????a ??i ????ny ???i ???i a ???, ???eyth?o ??i 35% ? ??u ??. I? ???
?? ???????ea ????? ? ??i ?c. Ec ???i?o ???a ???? ????? ??i ????ny a ???,
???th ???tho ? ?????? e ????ue ???ath?o a ?e ????? i???? ????? ??????
????a.
I??a ??a ????? ????? ??c ??, ??? e ??????i n ??e e ??i.
I???y ??ue, ????o e ?? ? ?? e ????? ???a, ???? ??i, a ???? ? ?? ?????y.
*?? ?? ?i? ???ny ?-???o: 1) ??i ????ey — ???ath?y ???, ?? ?e ???th?a
????, ????ath??y n ??i; 2) ??i ????y — ??a?a ?? ???? ??i (a ?? ??????
??e); 3) ??i ????y — n ?????e ?? ???yth?y ?? e ?o; ????a 1 ? ?? ??????ny
???e 0,58 ?? ??a. A ??? ????yo ????? ?????i ???a e ????a ?? n ?????e
???e.
???y?y ??iy??a ?????u ?? ????ey?ny ???i e ?????i ??i. A ?? ?ath?y ????a
e ???? ????u — ???????, ????th?a ????y ???th?e ?????u. A ?????? (?ae
???ay ???ue ??a) ??aey?y ???????, ?????th?a ?????o ??e. A????? ? ????? ?
?????????i ??? i????y a ?????th ???th ???o e ????o ??? a ????i?? ??a, a
??? ? y????? ??? — e ????i ???i, ??iyy ???? ?????e e ??????a?y. O?, ?e
????e ?????u ???e ??u ????? ?????a ????o ?????. I??? ???? ? ????? ???y?y
e ?i??? ???, a ? ?? ? ?????? ??? — e ???. A ??? ??o??y ??n ?e ????o
«???ay ???, ?i ?????i ???? ??i ???a e ??????eth. I?????i n y?i ?????
???a ??? ?????o ???a, ?????ath?a ????? ?????e.
I? ????e ???th?e ?????u ???th?y ???? ??? ???a e ????? ?????o ???a ??, ?i
?????? ?????a. A?e y?? ??????, ? ????yo ????e?? e ????a ?? n ?????e ??.
A ???yo ???i ???a ?e ??? a ??y?o ??o, ??a ???????a e ??????? ???o?tho,
???i ????i ????ey ?? y?y?ny ????a ??. *??ae ??o a ??e ??y? n ??i ? 9—15
e ??, a ?e ?e ????a 1 ? ?? ?i??o 0,58 ??, ? ???e ?e y?i ??? 5000— 9000
?? ??a. A ???yo ??i?i ???a, ??a ?o ???o ??y?, ? ???yy?, ???? ????a?a ??
— ???? ??. A ??a ?e ?????a ?? 45°N ???e ?? au ??c ????i ??o, ?e ?e o ??
????ue ? ??th???e ?a ?oe ?????e: ?????, ????a e ????a. I? ???? ????eo
??ue ???y ?????a ????y ???e ???????? ??, iiy?? o ???a ????ny ??ue ???e
??? y???.
I? ????e ?????u ???e ??u ?????i ??iy?ny ??? ??c ????? ????: ????? e
??????e ??c, ??????a. Eo ???u ???atho ??????a ???nu. A??? ???? ???eth
???a ????? ???, ???o ??i ???a e ?????o ??.
O????? ?? ????, ??? ???y?ay a ?????e ???a, a ???i ??a 36,6°N (? 36 ?
37°N), o ??e ???? ???? ?????o ???ytho a ?y?e ??a, ?i ?a ????i ??
(36,5—37,5°N).
O????? ????o ???? ?? ???iy?a e ?????a. I? ???o ? ??? ????: ??????ey,
????o? ???th?? ???a, ?i ????e e ???ey, ?????? ???e. O ???? ??? ??iy??
???y?ny ??? ?????a ??a e ????? ???a.
O????? ?????e ?? e ???iy?a, ?y?? ?y ???????a ??a ?c??a, ???th?y ?????o e
?????? ?? e ???th?y ???a ???????o ????a.
Ia ??y??e ??e ?????a ?? ????ny a ???? 1°N, ?i ?????i ????y? ??????e ???
???a. N?ay ??ay ?????a ?? a 2—4 / ??, ??y ???y — a 16—19 /.
Any?a ????a ?????u ?? ????? ???? ???? ??????, ????a ??????i ???ey e
?????? ?????e ???e ???u. I? ?????a ?? 40°N ????o ?????? ???ey — ??, a ??
43°N — ???. N???a ?????u ??a ? 2—3° N ???? e ??? ???ey.
Ai ??y ???o ??????o ???? n ??????i ???????i ????? ??atho ???y ?????
?????u — ????? (28—30°N), ??u ???ue ??????a ???? e ?i n?? ??????ue
?????ue ?????? ????y ??a, ???a ??o e ?????i ????yi ?i ???e.
C?????. I???u ?????y?e ?????ath?y e 2 1/2—3 ??i. O?i??? (????ey)
?????y?? ????a — ????? ???e e i???o ????a — ??i ????o ??ey?? ?????o
????i? (???a, ?o, ???? ????a) ???? ????ey??? ????? ?????yi, ???y? ????.
IV. A???u
A 1880 a. ???e ??? I. E. E?? ????e, ?i ?? i??atho, ?? ? ???ue ??????e
???e ??ueth ? ????o ????a. A?e e ???o ???y? 1 ? ???, ? ?e ??th?y ????e.
O?? ???i ?????, ?i ?y ??????e ???? ???a, ?????i ???? ?????a ???? e
?????a ??, ????? ??a-? ??????? ???u. Eo ???e ????? (? ?o. vita — ??ue).
A ??iy?a ??y ?????i ????a ???ii a ??? ?? ?e ??????i, ?i ???y? ???y? ? ?e
??????a ????u. A???u ?ey?y ? ?a ???: ???????a (???? ??? A, N, ??, ?) e
???????a (???? A, D, E, A).
I?? ???. A???u ????oth?y a ???? ????y?. AE???a, ??y? ?????? ??e,
????atho ???? a ??o ???o e ??yo. E????i ????a ?y ???? ??? ?e ?n????y, ?e
e ???ay ??. A???u ??? A e ???? E e I ????oth?y ??????e ??? ????a, ?y??
?e ???e ?????a? e ????????e ?????e, ??ath?? ???oth ??o, ???ae?i ??????
????ue ????.
A???u ? ???eytho y??eth e ? ???y?y ??iy?? ????e ??ueth ????a. A?????
????a ??? a ??? ????a ?e y?yth?y ??????, o. a. ?????? ????a, e ???otho a
??????? ???yo, ?y?? ?e ???? ?????. I????? ????a a ?o ???y?ny ??????e, ?
?e ????i??? ????a ???atho ????a ????y ??? ???a. A??e? a ?????i ?????
???? ????? ????, ????o ????o, a ?????ue a ?o ????i ???? ???o ? ??? ????.
I????, ?a ????? ?e ?????? ???? ??y??yo, ?e ??? a ???yo ???e e ???
?????u, ?????i ?e ???i?? ???????? ???ey, ?e ??????.
A???u ???ath?y ?e ????? ???? ???o ????a e ?e ?????. Ai ????a ???
????otho ??e????oth ??o ?? n ?????? ???a ????a (?ae ???e). Ia ??????y
?????ny ??? e ?th???? ???e, ?e ?e ??e? ???ytho ????a e ????? ????a.
I? ????? ????? a ?? ???-??? ???? ????o ?????a, ????? ??????. A?e ????i?
???? ?? ???e ?????e, ? ?????y ??iy?a ???o???a. A????c ??o ?????a ???? e
??? ???? ??a ??? ?????oth?? ???? ?e ???o ? ???o ????a.
A??????? ????. A??? N (?????ay ???a) ? ??????y a ????a ????, ? ????o
???i ???i n ?????? ??e. I???i ??i ?i a y??o ????a, ??? ????a, ???o.
I? ????? ???? N a ?? ????o ??a, ????? ???e y?yth?y ??y ????, ??ey???,
????ay n????y??? ???eyi, ?????? ????e ?y????e. I????y ???y ????ue
???y?a, ?i ???? e ????ey?yi ?ae e?o e a ???u; ????ny ???? ??? e ??a. O
????i ??th?a?y ??????? ??i, ???u?th?y e ???tho ??. A???? ???? ????? ????
a ?? 50—100 ? ????? ???u.
A??? A (???) ??? a ??? ????a, ???oth?o a ?????, ???i e ???? ???. I?
????? ???? A[ ???y?ny ?????a ??????, ???e ??? ?? ????a a ???? ?????y a
????. N????e ??????? y?yth?y a??ay ??ey???, ???y ????, ????. I? oy??o
??? ??c? ????ny ?????y ???, ?????th?yny ?ey? e ???y?y e ???e ?? e, ?e
????a, e ????i; ??i ??????ny ?y????ue ????-????? ???u e ????i-????i ???.
Y? c????? ????ny ??-??. A??? ?i ?? ????? ?e ????e ?? e ???e ?????? ??i.
E? ?y???ue, ???i B ????ny a ??? ??, ???th ?e ?i ????a ??ytho.
I?? ???? A, ????ny a ??? ???o, ???, ???a, ???, ???o ??? ???o ???, a ???
y?a. A ????? ?? ?????, ?i a y?o ????o ????ny ?a ??i 10 ???iy???o ????a
??? A: A2, A3, A6, A12 e ?. E??e ? y?o ????a ???? ??????i ????i. N???y
?????ue ???? a ???? A ???ey? 14—24 ?.
A??? A2 (?????) ????ny ? ?? ???o ????a e ?????? ??????-????????a ????.
I? ?i ???????e ????ny ??i ???a, ???atho ????y ??, ???? ??, ???u a ??o
?a. I??????? ?????a a y?????a ?iy?y?ny a ????a ??a ????i, ????e ???,
???? ????, ????? ??. N???y ?????ue ???? a ???? A2 ??a 2—3 ?.
?????i ??? ??????i a ???a. A? ??i a ???, ???, ???o e ??? ???? e ??????
????o.
A??? A3 (??) (?????y ???a) ?????????, ??? a ??aa ????? ???, ?????th?o
??????-????????a ????. I???i ??i ?i a ???o, ??? ???, iy?. I? ?????i??
???? ?? ?????y ???? — ?????a, ?e ???i ??/ath?y ?????e ???? (????? ??),
??n e ????a ???e. N???y ?????ue ??a?y? 14—15 ?.
A??? A6 (?????) ????o a ??? A?????. I? ?i ????? ??th?th?y ???y ????,
???a, ????, ??????? ??ae?ey ?? e ???. N???y ?????ue a ???? 1,5— 3,0 ?.
I???i ?a?u ?????? ???a ???, ??, ???, ??e, ???, iy?.
A??? A12 (???i??i?) —???????e ??i?, ????o ?ey?a ? ???th ??????y, ???y?ny
?y ???y ????ey. A ???i ????? ????ny a ??? ???? ??a e ??yo. Aeey ????ey
?i ? ????a ????i ????????ae (????? ??? E??), ???e ????y a ????? ??e. A?
?? ???i A12 ? ?????y e ?????y ???????y ??ey. N???y ?????ue —2 ?a.
A??? An (???ay ???a) ?ey? ? ??? ?????o ??? e ?????o; ????y a ????? e ???
??? ???? ?????y ???. N????? e ????? ??????a. N???y ?????ue a ???? —400
?. A??u y?i ????i ??o, ???a, ???, ???, ???ue, ???a, ??, ???, ??e, iy?,
y?a.
A??? ? (??? ???a ?????, a ?i ??a ??i) ????o ??????ue e ???? ???y?a,
????o ???? ???? N e ?????? ?i ????eth a ????a. I? ?-?????a ???atho ??y
????, ?? a ??o, ????ey?y. N???y ?????ue — ??i 50 ?. I???a ??? ????i ?
???, ????y ??a, ???y ????a, ?????ay ?y??, ??u ????a.
AE??????? ????. A??? A (???e) ????ny a ????o ????i ??????y. I?a?? ??? ?
??e ?? e ??? ??? e ???a. A ???eyo ????y ????? A — ???i, ???e a ????a
???? ?????ny a ?o?? A. N???y ?????ue a ?i ???? 1,0—1,5 ?. I????? a ???ia
????ny ?e ?????? ?????yo, ????o ??y??yo ?a?y (???, ???? e ?.).
I???a ?????? ????? A-?????a y?yth?y ?????a ?????, ????a ????? y???y ??,
??, ???????? ??? e ?????o ??e. ?????ny ???ue ?? — ?????iey. I??a??oth?a
?????a ???? e ??????? ???o ???? — e????y?e.
E?? ??, ????o ?e ????ay ???y ???a; ???e ??o ?? e ? ??o a ????, ?e ???
??a. C????ea ?????i ????? ???a ?????i ???a, a ??? ???ai ??? ???i A.
C????e ??? ????ny a ????? ???? a?? — ????, ? ????i ?y ?????i ??ey.
A??? D (?????e — D2, ????????) ????ny a ???? ??a, ??? y?; ???? ??o ? ??e
??. N???y ?????ue a ???? ????i ???? 0,025 ?, ???a 0,07 ?. O?????e ????ie
D-?????a — ??? — y?y?ny ????a ??? ???y e ???a a ????a. O ??i? ??y?ath?y
??e e ?ae ?ey?? oy??e ?? ???eyth?y, ??a ??, o ??e ????????i ???y ???.
C????? ?????o ?y??? ??? ??a; ??u ???y?y ay??.
A ???eyo e ?? ???? ???y ??? ???? — y????i, ???a ?ae ?ey?? ???????? ??e
?????ny a ???i D. I?? ???o ?c ???? D ??o e oy??? ??e??eth, ???a ???????y
????? ???? ????? ???y a ???o e ??yo (???, ???). Iiy?? ???i D ???o ????ue
??? ? i????th ??a.
A??? E (?????) ??a ???tho ?????a???? (????ey — ??????). I? E-?????a
????ny ??o????ue ??e a ????? ????y ????e a ??? ?????a, ??th?th?y
????ey?y. Aeey ????ey ???? ????? ??ue. E????i ???? E y?yth?y ???a ??uey
???a, ???, ???u, ???u; ??i ?i a ???o, y??o ?y??. Ec ???? ????a ???i
????ny a ???. N??iay ?????ue a y?i ??i?a ??a 1—2 ?.
A??? A (????e) ??? ??oth ?? a ?????a ???e ?????y. I? ?i ????? ???th?y
???? e ??e??? ????, ??th??ny ?????? y????. A ?????? ???a ????? ?????y
??, ???ath?y ???ay ????, ?????u e ???y ???y. A??? A ????ny a ???i ?????
a n??a, ????, ?????? ??a, ?ny?e ??, ????. N???y ?o???? a ?i ???ey? 10—12
?.
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