Eaeoeey Aano?aeeeneia oea?noai
1.Ninoaa Aano?aeeeneiai oea?noaa.
2.Iniaaiiinoe oei?u.
3.Iniaaiiinoe oaoiu.
Aano?aeeeneia oea?noai eiaao aunieiyiaeaie/ioth oei?o. Caeanue ?anoao
12049 aeaeia ninoaeenouo ?anoaiee, ec eioi?uo 75% yiaeaieee. Ii/oe aanue
?iae yaeaeeioia (600 aeaeia), oeeeiaeeeiua aeaoeee (280 aeaeia),
eacoa?eiu (ieiei 25 aeaeia), aaienee (46 aeaeia), oae iacuaaaiua
o?aayiua aea?aauey e iiiaea ae?oaea ia ano?a/athony ca i?aaeaeaie
Aano?aeeeneiai oea?noaa.
A Aano?aeee ii/oe iao ?anoaiee n ni/iuie ieiaeaie. Aano?aeeeneay oei?a
eeoaia aeeei?anooueo, iaiaaoeaoeo eoeueoo?ioth oei?o oeaiiuie ieuaauie
?anoaieyie. Aianoa n oai Aano?aeey ?iaeeia aieueoiai eiee/anoaa
canooionoie/eauo aea?aaueaa e eonoa?ieeia, ?ani?ino?aiaiiuo ionthaea a
eoeueoo?ao ii anaio naaoo (yaeaeeiou, aeaoeee, eacoa?eiu e ae?).
N?aaee oeaaoeiauo ?anoaiee iaeaieaa oe?iei i?aaenoaaeaiu naiaenoaa
aiaiauo e ie?oiauo, a eaaeaeii ec eioi?uo ian/eouaaaony aieaa 1000
aeaeia. Ec naiaenoaa ie?oiauo caneoaeeaaao aieiaiey ?iae yaeaeeioia,
ian/eouaathuee oieueei a iaoa?eeiaie iaeanoe aieaa 400 aeaeia.
N?aaee aiaiauo auaeaeyaony ?iae aeaoeey, ian/eouaathuee ii/oe 500
aeaeia. Oa?aeoa?iui ii?oieiae/aneei i?eciaeii yoeo aeaeia yaeythony
?acaaoaeaiiua /a?aoee, i?eieiathuea iaeee eenoiaie ieanoeiee e
iacuaaaiua oeeeiaeeyie. Aeiee neiaeiiai eenoa aeaoeey n ianooieaieai
canooe auno?i iiaaeatho, oeeeiaeee aea inoathony ia noaaea e e iei
ia?aoiaeeo ooieoeey anneieeyoeee.
Eacoa?eiu oeie/iu aeey ?anoeoaeueiiai ie?a Aano?aeee.
Enaioi?ay, eee «o?aayiua aea?aauey» yiaeaie/iia ?anoaiea oei?u
Aano?aeee. Ioiineony e naiaenoao eeeaeiuo. Oe?iei ?ani?ino?aiaii
(iniaaiii a iaoa?eeiaie iaeanoe) naiaenoai i?oeaeiuo, i?aaenoaaeaii
ii/oe 400 aeaeaie. Iiieii yieoeoiuo i?oeaeae, caeanue i?iec?anoaao iiiai
iacaiiuo oi?i. Ec 26 aeaeia iaeuei ii/oe ana ?ani?ino?aiaiu ii
ainoi/iiio e naaa?iiio iiaa?aaeueyi iaoa?eea.
Ceaee a ninoaaa o?aayiiai iie?iaa nouanoaaiioth ?ieue ea?atho ceaee,
iiiaea ec eioi?uo yiaeaieee. Oaeiau, iai?eia? iaiiiai/eneaiiua aeaeu
o?aaeey, ecaanoiie iiae iacaaieai «ieo/aeiaie o?aau». Aeaaiaea?y naiei
aunieei ei?iiaui naienoaai e aieueoie canooionoie/eainoueth ieo/aeiaa
o?aaa oeaieony eae ianoaeuiia ?anoaiea.
Naiie aaaeiie /a?oie aano?aeeeneie oaoiu yaeyaony aa ino?iaiie oa?aeoa?:
oaoia yoie iaeanoe, ai-ia?auo, aaaeia, a ai aoi?uo, ioee/aaony
ae?aaiinoueth e aeoaieei yiaeaieciii. Aeaaiaea?y ino?iaiiio iieiaeaieth
iaeanoe a aa oaoia nio?aieeenue ?aeeeoiaua a?oiiu oaeeo aeeaioiuo, eae
iaeiii?ioiaeiua (yeoeaeeaaeouaa). Oieueei a yoie iaeanoe noi/aoua
i?aaenoaaeaiu eneeth/eoaeueii aiaaoi, i?e/ai aieueoie iiaeio?yae
aeao?acoeiauo noi/aouo – yiaeaie/ai. Yiaeaie/iu io?yae aano?aeeeneeo
no?aoniauo, e eioi?ui ioiinyo yio e eacoa?u, a oaeaea ec aeaiyeiaeuoaueo
?ua – ?iaicoaiia?aciuo.
Ia?aicaa?e i?aaenoaaeytho niaie yiaeaie/iue iiaeeeann n iaeiei io?yaeii
iaeiii?ioiaeiuo, a ninoaaa eioi?iai 2 naiaenoaa: ooeiiinu e aoeaeia.
Ooeiiinu ianaeytho tha Aano?aeee e Oaniaiee, a 2 ?iaea aoeaei
ano?a/athony ia Iiaie Aaeiaa e ii anae Aano?aeee, e?iia ionouiue.
Iaeaieaa oeie/iay /a?oa oaoiu yoie iaeanoe – ?aciiia?acea e aiaaonoai
io?yaea noi/aouo aeeaioiuo: caeanue eo ian/eouaaaony 8 naiaenoa, ieiei
50 ?iaeia (162 aeaea).
A ianoiyuaa a?aiy oaoia ieaeiieoathueo Aano?aeee neeueii eciaiaia
/aeiaaeii a ?acoeueoaoa naaaeaiey eania, auaeeaaiey ca?ineae,
aeeeeiaoecaoeee aa?iiaeneeo aeaeia. A oeaeii a Aano?aeee ian/eouaaaony
ia iaiaa 230 ieaeiieoathueo aai?eaaiia, ec eioi?uo ia aeieth aunoeo
(a?ucoiu e ?oeie?ueua) i?eoiaeeony ii/oe iieiaeia aeaeia.
Ioeoeu Aano?aeeeneiai oea?noaa i?aaenoaaeaiu aieueoei (ieiei 600)
eiee/anoaii aeaeia, aieaa 400 ec ieo – yiaeaieee. Ec e?oiiuo iaeaoathueo
ioeoe caeanue i?aaenoaaeai io?yae eacoa?iia?aciuo. Ia iaoa?eea e ia
Oaniaiee – naiaenoai yio, eioi?ia iaeoaao a noaiyo e naaaiiao. Eacoa?u
(3 aeaea) – iacaiiua ianneaiua ioeoeu, ?ani?ino?aiaiu a iniiaiii ia
Iiaie Aaeiaa e /anoe/ii a naaa?i-ainoi/iie /anoe iaoa?eea.
Ee?ioainou. Eonoa?ieeiaua ioeoeu. ?aeneea ioeoeu. Oaeaoieee, eee
aanaaeeiaua ioeoeu. Ni?iua eo?u. Iiioaae: eaeaaeo; ?icaeea, aieienoue
iiioaae/ee. Ceii?iaeee.
Oaoia i?aniueathueony eiaao ino?iaiie oa?aeoa?. Ieiei 400 aeaeia
?aioeeee ianaeythueo yoi oea?noai, yua?eoeu-240 aeaeia, ciae-140 aeaeia,
aei 10 aeaeia /a?aiao e 3 aeaea e?ieiaeeeia.
Oaoia caiiiaiaeiuo oa?aeoa?ecoaony iieiui ionoonoaea oainoaouo aioeaee,
a n?aaee aanoainouo auaeaeythony i?aeiouanoaaiii naenooiu, eaaeoa e
aeaau. Naenooiia ian/eouaaaony 56 aeaeia eaaeo a Aano?aeee e iiaie
Aaeiaa – 44 aeaea.
A Aano?aeee, oae aea eae a Ao?eea nio?aieeanue ae?aaiyy ?aeeeoiaay
a?oiia aeaiyeiaeuoaueo ?ua n aaeeinoaaiiui i?aaenoaaeoaeai- ?iaicoaii.
Yoa e?oiiay (aei175ni, aei 10ea) ?uaa ianaeyao iaaeeaiii oaeouea ?aee
naaa?i-ainoiea iaoa?eea.
Aaniicaiii/iua aeeaioiua Aano?aeeeneiai oea?noaa iaiaa ?aciiia?aciu /ai,
iai?eia?, a THai-Ainoi/iie Acee. Iaeiaei caeanue eiathony naiua e?oiiua
aeiaeaeaaua /a?ae ec naiaenoaa iaaaneieaoeeae (aei 2,5 i), oe?iei
?ani?ino?aiaiiua a o?iieeao n?aaee ianaeiiuo naiaia?aciu caeaiua
io?aauee-ii?oiua, eioi?ua aeey noeaaiey aiacaea ec eenoueaa a ea/anoaa
«eaieie» eniieuecotho nianoaaiiuo ee/eiie. Eae e a ae?oaeo canooeeauo
?aeiiao, caeanue ano?a/athony iaaeiaua io?aauee. Aaeeeieaiiu aeiaaiua
aaai/ee (eaaaea?u e ae?.) ano?a/athony eeoue ia naaa?i-ainoiea iaoa?eea.
I/aiue iiiai /aooae?ueuo ec naiaenoaa iiee. Io?yae i?yiie?ueuo
i?aaenoaaeai iiiaeie aeaeaie, iniaaiii na?ai/iauie.
Eaeoeey A?aaeu
1.A?aae
2.Oeiu a?aaeia
3. Einiiiieeou, yiaeaieee, ?aeeeou
A?aae-/anoue caiiie iiaa?oiinoe eee aeaaoi?ee, a i?aaeaeao eioi?ie
ano?a/aaony aeaiiue aeae i?aaiecia.
I?e oeiecaoeee a?aeia neaaeoao o/eouaaoue eo ?acia?u, iai?a?uaiinoue
(eiioeioaeueiinoue) e i?a?uaenoinoue (aeecuthieoeee). O iacaiiuo
i?aaieciia auaeaeythony a?aaeu 4 o?iaiae ?acia?iinoe:
– eiioeiaioaeueiua,
– i?iaeioeeaeueiua,
– ?aaeiiaeueiua e
– eieaeueiua.
Aeaeu, ?ani?ino?aiaiiua ia anao eiioeiaioao, iacuaatho einiiiieeoaie
(«?ani?ino?aiaiiua ii anaio ie?o»): iaii?ioiee i?eye, iiiaea ni?iyee,
naycaiiua a naiai ?ani?ino?aiaiee n aeayoaeueiinoue /aeiaaea: iie?eoea,
e?aieaa, iaeoaai/ee. Iaeiaei, no?iai aiai?y, eiio?anoiinoue
yeieiae/aneeo oneiaee ia Caiea ia iicaieyao ie iaeiiio aeaeo ?anoaiee
eee aeeaioiuo, e?iia /aeiaaea, eiaoue eiaiii einiiiieeoe/aneia
?ani?ino?aiaiea.
?aeeeou –aeaeu nio?aieaoeany aei iaoeo aeiae n i?ioeuo aaieiae/aneeo
yiio. ?acee/atho eeeiaoe/aneea ?aeeeou, oi?iaoeeiiiua e yaeaoe/aneea
Yiaeaieee- yoi aeaeu, naienoaaiiua oieueei aeaiiie oa??eoi?ee
(aeaaoi?ee). Yiaeaieee iiaoo eiaoue eieaeueiue a?aae – ano?a/aoueny
oieueei ia ia?aie/aiiie oa??eoi?ee (a iaaeai?iie eioeiaeia, a aannaeia
?aee e o.i.), iaeiaei oa??eoi?ey a?aaea yiaeaieea iiaeao caieiaoue e
aieueooth ieiuaaeue. Iai?eia?, nouanoaotho yiaeaieee THaeiie Aia?eee,
Aano?aeee.
Aiciiaeii aeaa iiaeaee oi?ie?iaaiey yiaeaiecia: ?aeeeoiaue yiaeaieci e
iieiaeie yiaeaieci. I?eioeeieaeueiua ?acee/ey iaaeaeo a?aaeaie
?aeeeoiaiai e iieiaeiai yiaeaieeia eeethno?e?oao noaia:
Iai?aiaiiia oneiaea nouanoaiaaiey e nio?aiaiey yiaeaiecia – ecieyoeey. E
/ai aeieueoa nio?aiyaony ecieyoeey, oai auoa noaiaiue yiaeaiecia ai
oei?a e oaoia, oai naiaia?aciaa aeioa. Iiyoiio iauynieia aeiey
yiaeaiecia ia ino?iaao, e a aunioiuo iiynao ai?:
Eaaeac- 25%
Ai?u n?aaeiae Acee -30%
ssiiiey- 37%
Eaia?neea ino?iaa -45%
Iaaeaaanea?-68%
Iiaay Caeaiaeey-81%
Aano?aeey-80%
Aaaaeneea ino?iaa-82%
Eaeoeey Aieaioa?eoe/aneia oea?noai
Nia?aiaiiay oei?a aiea?eoe/aneiai oea?noaa aeeth/aao 10 yiaeaie/iuo
naiaenoa, 1600 aeaeia ninoaeenouo ?anoaiee, ec eioi?uo 1200, o.a.
i?eia?ii 75% yiaeaie/iu. Oaeiau, iai?eia?, ieciaeaiae?iaua
(ia?aceo=iiaea), aeaeu thaeiiai aoea, oeoe?ie, a?aoea?ee, ae?eeena,
o?aaa oonnie e ae?. Oa?aeoa?iie iniaaiiinoueth oei?u yaeyaony
aeiiey?iinoue- iaee/ea ?yaea ?iaeia e aeaeia ?anoaiee, iaeoathueo a
oia?aiiuo e aunieeo oe?ioao naaa?iiai iieooa?ey, ii ionoonoaothuea a
o?iie/aneeo iiynao. Oaeiau iai?eia?, aeaeu noaaioia, e?aniay aiaeyieea,
a oaeaea eoaiaee ecaeeenoue, oeiioaaaea aeueieeneay, yneieea, e ae?.
THaeiay iiey?iay a?aieoea ?ani?ino?aiaiey oeaaoeiauo ?anoaiee:
aioa?eoe/aneiai eoaiaeea e eieiaaoa i?ioiaeeo =640 th.o. Aeaeaa e thao
ano?a/athony oieueei ioe (5 aeaeia), eeoaeieee (ieiei 90aeaeia) e
aiaei?inee. Eeoaeieee ioee/athony naiae ie?aneie: y?ei-i?aiaeaaua,
naaoei-caeaiua, aeaeoua, na?ua e /aua anaai /a?iua, a /ai au?aceeanue
i?eniiniaeyaiinoue ?anoaiee e ianoiui oneiaeyi – iiaeiuaieth
iaeneiaeueiiai eiee/anoaa nieia/iiai oaiea.
A i?aaeaeao aioa?eoe/aneiai oea?noaa iiaeii ?acee/eoue 3 ciiaeueiuo
oeia eaiaeoaooia e niioaaonoaaiii 3 iiaeiaeanoe, eaaeaeay ni naiae
oa?aeoa?iie oei?ie.
1. eaniay noaaioa?eoe/aneay iiaeiaeanoue io 40-480 th.o. ?aniieiaeaia a
oneiaeyo aeaaeiiai e oia?aiiiai eeeiaoa (+140 eaoii, +80 ceiie). Neeiiu
Aiae iie?uou nu?uie eanaie – yoi oae iacuaaaiua aaeueaeeaeeneea eana.
Eana i?aaenoaaeaiu a?iiaaeiuie aa/iicaeaiuie aea?aaueyie – oaieiuie
oeoe?ieyie; eo nii?iaiaeaeatho aioa?eoe/aneea aoee, yae?eoee. Ai aoi?ii
y?ona yoeo eania iiiai iaaiieeaauo, iai?eia? ae?eien, iiiai
iaii?ioieeia, ca?inee aaiaoeia. Ec o?aa caia/aoaeueia /eeeeneay aoiia?a,
n aieueoeie eenoueyie.
2.iiaeiaeanoue noaaioa?eoe/aneay aaceaniay. Aeey yoie iaeanoe oa?aeoa?ai
no?iaue eeeiao: iinoiyiiua aeaaeiua aao?u, ooiai e oieiae iaaeaaii?eyoiu
aeey eaniie ?anoeoaeueiinoe. Iaeeueiu iioiaua aieioa n aeiiey?iuie
aeaeaie e naiaia?aciuie iiaeooeiia?aciuie ciioe/iuie aci?aeea.
Aioa?eoe/aneea ceaee (iai?eia?, o?aaa oonnie) ia?acotho a?iiaaeiua ei/ee
e aeinoeaatho 2i auniou. Ia Iaiaiiie Caiea iaeeueiu aa/iicaeaiua
ie?oiaua eonoa?ieee, ia?aaeee aioa?eoe/aneea i/aiee e a?iiaaeiua ei/ee
aieaen. Anaai ai oei?a ino?iaia -135 aeaeia oeaaoeiauo ?anoaiee (20%).
Ia Ea?aoeaineeo ino?iaao ainiiaenoaoao aaceaniay ?anoeoaeueiinoue –
iaeaieaa iau/iu caeanue aci?aeea, ea?aoeaineay eaionoa
3.iiaeiaeanoue Aioa?eoe/aneeo iiey?iuo ionouiue. A ninoaa iaeanoe
aoiaeeo oei?a nianoaaiii Aioa?eoeaeu. Iineaaeiyy iaoiaeeony a ninoiyiee
iie?iaiiai ieaaeaiaiey. Ec ?anoaiee oai ecaanoiu i?aeiouanoaaiii
eeoaeieee (aeaaiui ia?acii ianeaeueiua iaeeiiua) e ioe (iai?eia?,
yiaeaie/iua ioe na?eiiao?ii).
Oaoia ioee/aaony aaaeiinoueth aeaeiaiai ninoaaa. Caeanue i/aiue iaei
iacaiiuo aeeaioiuo, iao eaoathueo ianaeiiuo, nooiiooiuo ieaeiieoathueo,
i?aniiaiaeiuo ?ua. AEeciue iicaiii/iuo aeeaioiuo iieiinoueth naycaia n
ieaaiii. E /eneo iaiiiaeo naycaiiuo n nooae ioeoe i?eiaaeeaaeeo 3
yiaeaie/iuo aeaea: ec eoeeeia – aaeay ?aeaiea eee ooiey?iiin,
iiaaeathuay yeoea ieiaaeiia, naiaia?aciue eiiae e iaaieueoay ooea,
iaeoathuay ia i-iaa THaeiay Aai?aey. Naiuie oeie/iuie ioeoeaie
Aieaioa?eoe/aneiai oea?noaa neaaeoao n/eoaoue ieiaaeiia. Anaai ieiaaeiia
ieiei 20 aeaeia. Eaoii i/aiue iiiai/eneaiiu ao?aaanoieee
(aioa?eoe/aneee, eaineee, niaaeiue) ia?aaeei ano?a/athony aeueaao?inu,
/aeee, e?a/ee e iiii?ieee.
Eeann ieaeiieoathueo i?aaenoaaeai eanoiiiaeie e eeoaie. O aa?aaia
Aioa?eoe/aneiai iaoa?eea, a iiyna ae?aeoothueo eueaeia, iaeoaao 5 aeaeia
ianoiyueo otheaiae, ec eioi?uo oaniaa anaai naycai n nooae ii?neie neii.
A ciia iaiiaeaeaeiuo eueaeia iaeoaao otheaiue Oyaeaeaeea e /anoe/ii
otheaiue ?inna, otheaiue – e?aaiaae e ii?neie eaiia?ae. Aeiaieueii
iiiai/eneaiiu a thaeiii iieooa?ee ooanoua otheaie, i?aaenoaaeaiiua a
Aieaioa?eoe/aneii oea?noaa ii?neeie eioeeaie. Iaeoaoaeyie aioa?eoe/aneeo
aiae a eaoiaa a?aiy, eiaaea nicaeathony iaeaieaa aeaaii?eyoiua oneiaey
aeey ioei?i, yaeythony eeou: ec onaouo eeoia-neiee eeo, oeiaae, ai?aa/,
ec coaaouo eeoia-eaoaeio, aooueeiiin e eanaoea.
Eaeoeey Eiaei-Iaeaeneia (I?eaioaeueiia) oea?noai
I?eaioaeueiia oea?noai iiae?acaeaeyaony ia 4 iaeanoe:
*Eiaeeeneoth
*Eiaeieeoaeneoth
*Iaeaeneoth
*Oeoiieaaineoth.
v Iaeaieueoaa aiaaonoai, ?aciiia?acea e yiaeaieci i?iyaeyaony a
Iaeaeneie iaeanoe;
v Iaeaieueoaa aeeyiea aiea?eoe/aneiai oea?noaa iaaethaeaaony a
Eiaeeeneie e Eiaeieeoaeneie iaeanoe;
v oaoia Oeoiieaaineie iaeanoe iineo ino?iaiie oa?aeoa?
Oei?a I?eaioaeueiay oei?a i?aaenoaaeyao niaie iaeaieaa ianuuaiioth eae
ae?aaieie, oae e aieaa nia?aiaiiuie aeaeaie, aeioo caiiiai oa?a. Ia
iieoino?iaa Iaeaeea ?aniieiaeai oeaio? ?aciiia?acey iaii?ioieeiia?aciuo,
eioi?ua i?aaenoaaeaiu aeeciaiiuie oi?iaie aea?aaueaa, eeai, yieoeoia. A
yoii aea ?aaeiia iaeaieaa ?aciiia?aciu i?aaenoaaeoaee naiaenoa
Iaiaioania. I?eaioaeueiia oea?noai ioee/aao iaeeea iaeuei – oieueei ia
Iaeaeeneii iieoino?iaa eo aieaa 100 aeaeia. ?aciiia?acia e aiaaoa
yiaeaie/iuie oi?iaie oei?a Aieueoeo Ciiaeneeo ino?iaia. Oieueei ia
Eaeeiaioaia ioia/aii aieaa 11 oun, ia ssaa- aieaa 6 oun, aeaeia aunoeo
?anoaiee. Yiaeaie/ai aeey Iaeaeneie iaeanoe ?iae ?aooeacey,
iauaaeeiythuee 12 aeaeia ia?aceoe/aneeo ?anoaiee. Iaeaieaa ecaanoia
n?aaee ?aooeacee – aeaaioneay.
Iiiai/eneaiiu ia Eaeeiaioaia e i?aaenoaaeoaee naiaenoaa I?oeaeae. N?aaee
ieo iaiaei yiaeaie/iuo ?iaeia e aeaeia iniaiai oiiieiaiey caneoaeeaaao
aeaaioneay yieoeoiay oea?iaay i?oeaeay.
Oaoia. Oaoia ianaeiiuo ioee/aaony eneeth/eoaeueiui ?aciiia?aceai.
Caeanue iaeoaao aieaa 4 oun. ?acee/iuo ?iaeia, n?aaee ieo ieiei 40%
yiaeaieee. Iaeaieaa ?aciiia?aciu io?yaeu aiaiiieiauo e iaei/ieeia,
aeoeia e aaai/ae. Aiaaoa e naiaia?acia oaoia iaoeiia?aciuo a
I?eaioaeueiii oea?noaa. Ec io?yaea nei?ieiiia caeanue iaeoaao ieiei 100
aeaeia. N?aaee yiaeaie/iuo aeaeia I?eaioaeueiiai oea?noaa caneoaeeaaao
oiiieiaiey aeaaioneay aaai/ea naiaenoaa naoo?ieae, aeinoeaathuay a
?aciaoa e?ueueaa 25 ni. Yiaeaie/iu oaeaea eenoiaeaeiua aaai/ee ec
naiaenoaa ieioaeeae. A Eiaeee ?ani?ino?aiaia ciaiaieoay aaai/ea eaeeia
iaeaaeathuay neiaeiie ieiee?eae.
I?aniiaiaeiua ?uau i?aaenoaaeaiu 4 yiaeaie/iuie naiaenoaaie. A oi aea
a?aiy I?eaioaeueiia oea?noai yaeyaony oeaio?ii ?aciiia?acey oaeeo oe?iei
?ani?ino?aiaiiuo ?ua, eae ea?iiaua, niiiia?aciua. ?aciiia?aciu caeanue e
eaae?eioiaua ?uau, niiniaiua aeuoaoue aoiinoa?iui aicaeooii (aiaaan a
ia?eiae canooe iieeaeaao ia?anuoathuea aiaeiai e iiaeao iie?uaaoue
cia/eoaeueiua ?annoiyiey ii nooa a iieneao aiaeu).
Yiaeaie/iuo naiaenoa caiiiaiaeiuo a I?eaioaeueiii oea?noaa iao, ii ia
o?iaia ?iaeia iaiaei yiaeaieeia. Eaoathuea eyaooee oe?iei i?aaenoaaeaiu
caeanue, eae e ocei?ioua. Eaoathuea eyaooee aeeaoo a eanao ia
Eaeeiaioaia, Noiao?a e iaeioi?uo Oeeeiieineeo ino?iaao. Ianeieueei
aeaeia /a?aya ?ani?ino?aiaii ia iaoa?eea e ia Aieueoeo Ciiaeneeo
ino?iaao. Ec oainoaouo aioeaee ?ani?ino?aiaiu ne?uoiaeaaa?ieee e
naeaiaiae?u.
Eiaei-Iaeaeneay iaeanoue aiaaoa i?aniueathueieny. N?aaee i?aniueathueony
yiaeaie/iu naiaenoaa aieueoaaieiauo /a?aiao n iani?acia?ii ia?iiiie
iaaoyaeiie aieiaie (aaeeinoaaiiue aeae iaeoaao a Eiaeinoaia), aacooeo
aa?aiia (aaeeinoaaiiue aeae ia ino?iaa Eaeeiaioai), ueoioainouo ciae,
naiaenoai aaaeaeia (aaeeinoaaiiue aeae – aaianeee aaaeae iaeoaao a
?a/iuo nenoaiao Eiaea, Aaiaa, A?aoiaioo?u). Iniaaiii iaeeueiu a iaeanoe
aaaau aaeeiiu,
A i?ieoioaoia I?eaioaeueiiai oea?noaa eeoue iaeii yiaeaie/iia naiaenoai
– eenoiaeiauo. Eenoiaeiaua oe?iei canaeytho ana iaeanoe yoiai oea?noaa.
?yae naiaenoa ioeoe eiaao a I?eaioaeueiii oea?noaa oeaio? ?aciiia?acey
e, aa?iyoii, aicieeiiaaiey. Oaeiau oacaiiaua, ?iaieethaua, ieooiaua,
aaeiaeaceiaua. Iaeioi?ua naiaenoaa, oioy e oe?iei i?aaenoaaeaiiua
caeanue, eiatho, iaeiaei, oeaio? aeaeiaiai ?aciiia?acey a Yoeiineii
oea?noaa. Oaeiau ioeoeu – iini?iae, iaeoa?ieoeu, oea/eeiaua.
Ec ieaeiieoathuea eioa?anai eaaoai (io?yaea a?ucoiia) eee oa?noie?ue
ianaeiiiyaeiue caa?ue. Ecaanoii 2 aeaea eaaoaiia: oeeeiieineee e
iaeaeneee, eioi?ua iaeoatho a ai?iuo eanao Eiaeieeoay, ia ino?iaa ssaa,
Noiao?a, Eaeeiaioai.
Io?yae i?eiaoia caeanue i?aaenoaaeai oe?iei, e 3 naiaenoaa yoiai io?yaea
ia?aie/aiu a naiai ?ani?ino?aiaiee i?aaeaeaie oea?noaa. Yoi ooiaee,
aeieaiiyoiaua e aeaaiiiaua.
Ia ino?iaao Noiao?a e Eaeeiaioai iaeoaao i?aiaooaia ec naiaenoaa
/aeiaaeiia?aciuo iaacueyi
N?aaee eioae (ieiei 10 aeaeia) oeie/iu iaeaieaa e?oiiua: oea?, eaiia?ae,
aaia?ae, a oaeaea aieaa iaeeea aeaeu, iai?eia?, ?uauey eioea-yiaeaiee
iaeanoe. Iaeiaei iiiaea e?oiiua eioee noaee ?aaeeeie ai anao iaeanoyo.
Aceaineee neii- i?aaenoaaeoaeue io?yaea oiaioiuo. O aceaoneiai neiia 4
iiaeaeaea: eiaeeeneee neii (naiue iiiai/eneaiiue), oeaeeiineee,
iaeaeneee, noiao?aineee. Auei aua 4 iiaeaeaea: ianiiioaineee,
ia?neaeneee, eeoaeneee e yaaineee. Ii iie eno?aaeaiu a ae?aaiinoe e a
n?aaeiaaaeiauea.
N?aaee eiiuoiuo iiiai oaeeo e?oiiuo, eae aao?, aaye, eoi?ae e aaioaia.
N?aaee iaia?iieiiuoiuo yiaeaie/iu 3 aeaea iini?iaia -eiaeeeneee,
noiao?aineee (aeao?iaee aceaoneee) e yaaineee.
Eaeoeey Iaaeaaanea?neia oea?noai
Oei?a. Ai oei?a oeaaoeiauo ?anoaiee Iaaeaaanea?neiai oea?noaa
ian/eouaaaony io 6 aei 9 yiaeaie/iuo naiaenoa, ia aeaeiaii o?iaia
yiaeaieci aeinoeaaao 85%. Ec oe?iei ?ani?ino?aiaiiuo naiaenoa
iaeaieueoaai aeaeiaiai ?aciiia?acey aeinoeaatho i?oeaeiua,
neiaeiioeaaoiua e iiei/aeiua, /ai oei?a Iaaeaaanea?a i?eioeeieaeueii
ioee/aaony io oei?u Ao?eee. Eneeth/eoaeueii aiaaoi i?aaenoaaeaii a
Iaaeaaanea?neii oea?noaa naiaenoai iaeuei. Ia Naeoaeueneeo ino?iaao
i?iec?anoaao yiaeaie/iay naeoaeueneay iaeueia, aeinoeaathuay auniou 30i,
n ieiaeaie aeeaiao?ii aei 0,5 i e iannie aei 25ea e oaeei ieiaeia ia
iaeueia aei naieaeanyoe. Iyeioue i?aoa iioiaea ia aeaea; iia aanoeaaoia,
aacaeonia, eeoue n iaaieueoei i?aoiaui i?eaeonii, nei?i oaa?aeaao,
oieioiyaony, e iieo/aaony ec iaa ianna, iioiaeay ia «neiiiaoth einoue».
A naiaenoaa aaiaiiauo iniaiai oiiieiaiey caneoaeeaaao iaaeaaanea?neia
«aea?aai iooaoanoaaiieeia». «Aea?aai iooaoanoaaiieeia» eiaao noaie
aunioie aei 10i, ieiae-yaiaeo, ii oi?ia iaiiieiathuee iao?aoe, eenouey
e?oiiua, ?aniieiaeaiiua aaa?iia?acii. A aeeeiiuo aeaaaeeuao eenoueaa ai
a?aiy aeiaeaeae neaieeaaaony aiaea.
Ainoi/iua neeiiu ino?iaa iie?uou aonouie aeaaeiuie eanaie, i/aiue
aiaaouie ii aeaeiaiio ninoaao, n oeaiiuie aeaeaciui, /a?iui,
iaeenaiae?iaui aea?aaueyie. Anoanoaaiiay ?anoeoaeueiinoue ia 4/5
ieiuaaee ino?iaa naaaeaia ?an/enoeie iiae ieaioaoeee ?ena, eioa, eaeai,
aaieee e aaicaeeee. Ia caiaaeiuo aieaa nooeo neeiiao ino?iaa
i?aiaeaaeatho naaaiiiaua ?aaeeieanuey e naaaiiu n iaeueiaie e aaiaaaaie.
Ia canooeeaii thai-caiaaea eo niaiytho ca?inee ena?ioeoiuo eonoa?ieeia.
Oaoia. Yioiiioaoia iineo a iniiaiii yoeiineee oa?aeoa?, ii ia ?iaeiaii e
aeaeiaii o?iaia iiiai yiaeaieeia. A /anoiinoe, aiaaoi i?aaenoaaeaiu
yiaeaie/iua oi?iu aaai/ae naiaenoaa Papilionidae. A?iiaaeiua oaiaoiua
iaoee ?iaea Nephila iauaaeeiytho iaaeaaanea?neoth oaoio n i?eaioaeueiie
e aano?aeeeneie. Ec iacaiiuo iieethneia aeey oaoiu Iaaeaaanea?a
oa?aeoa?iu e?oiiua, aei 10 ni, eeaaaoi?u,
I?aniiaiaeiua ?uau aanueia iaei/eneaiiu – iaiaa 20aeaeia, a iniiaiii yoi
aeaeu yoeiineiai i?ienoiaeaeaiey.
Aanueia naiaia?acia aa?iaoioaoia Iaaeaaanea?neiai oea?noaa. Oe?iei
i?aaenoaaeaiu aaeeiiu, noeeiee, i/aiue ?aciiia?aciu oaiaeaiiu; iaeoatho
i?aaenoaaeoaee 2 ?iaeia naiaenoaa eaoai; ec /a?aiao oa?aeoa?iu
i?aniiaiaeiua iaeiiaaeocu, iacaiiua /a?aiaoe.
Ec ioeoe yiaeaie/ii naiaenoai ianoooeiauo eo?iiaoie, 2 iiaenaiaenoaa
neciai?iiie, naiaenoai aaiaiauo e eno?aaeaiiay a 17a. aeaaioneay
ioeoea-yiei?ien.
Ec ieaeiieoathueo yiaeaie/iu naiaenoai ianaeiiiyaeiuo oai?aeia, 3
naiaenoaa eaio?ia, iiaenaiaenoai oiiyeia e ae?. Eaio?ia ian/eouaaaony
anaai 32 aeaea ec ieo 21 aeae iaeoaao oieueei ia Iaaeaaanea?a: e?oiiua
ei?ioeioainoua eiae?e e aeeeiiioainoua iaeaee, ieineiaieiaua eaio?u
ae-ae eee ?oeiiiaeea, aaaeoueo ii/iie ia?ac aeecie. Naiaia?acea auniei
yiaeaie/iiai aeeaioiiai ie?a ino?iaa iineoaeeei iaeiie ec i?e/ei
iiyaeaiey iiiaeanoaa aeiioac i a?aiaie e iooyo aai canaeaiey. Ia
iniiaaiee noiaenoaa eneiiaaiuo eaio?ia Iaaeaaanea?a e Eiaeinoaia
auaeaeaaeinue i?aaeiieiaeaiea i Eaio?ee – iaoa?eea, nouanoaiaaaoaai a
caiaaeiie /anoe Eiaeeeneiai ieaaia a iacicia e iaeaicia.
Oaoia ino?iaa aeeaea anaai e auia?oae oaoia Ao?eee, n eioi?ie
Iaaeaaanea? yieciaee/anee niaaeeiyeny /a?ac Eiii?neea ino?iaa a
iaeaiaaia e iaiaaia. Yoe nayce aeaee aiciiaeiinoue i?iieeiooue ia ino?ia
ioaeaeueiui a?oiiai aeeaioiuo, eioi?ua e noaee i?aaeeaie nia?aiaiiuo
oi?i.
Eaineia oea?noai
Eaineia oea?noai caieiaao thaeioth ieiia/iinoue Ao?eee, aeaaiui ia?acii
i?ea?aaeioth iieino oe?eiie ieiei 100ei. Yoi naiia iaeaiueeia ec
aeioe/aneeo oea?noa, auaeaeaiea eioi?iai ia aucuaaao niiiaiee,
aeaaiaea?y yiaeaiecio e naiaia?aceth aeiou. Ii oeceei-aaia?aoe/aneei
oneiaeyi e iauaio oa?aeoa?o ?anoeoaeueiiai iie?iaa ?acei ioee/aaony io
niaaeiuo oa??eoi?ee.
Oei?a eiaao ieiei 7000 aeaeia, aeeth/aao 7 yiaeaie/iuo naiaenoa.
?anoeoaeueiinoue iaiiieiaao aaceaniua eaiaeoaoou aa?aneiauo ionoioae. Ia
eaiaienouo ieineiai?ueyo ainiiaenoaotho aa/iicaeaiua
eonoa?ieee-iieoena?ioeou, ec?aaeea a aeieeiao e ouaeueyo n iaiiiaeie
ae?aaaniuie oi?iaie. Yoa ?anoeoaeueiinoue (oeiaio ii-ianoiiio)
iaiiieiaao n?aaeecaiiiii?neee iaeaen, ii niaa?oaiii i?eaeiaeueia ii
oei?a. Cia/eoaeueiia eiee/anoai naiaenoa oeacuaaao ia iaee/ea ae?aaieo
naycae n thaeiuie iaoa?eeaie a ninoaaa Aiiaeaaiu. Ianeaaeieeaie
Aiiaeaaiu yaeeenue i?aaenoaaeoaee naiaenoa i?ioaeiuo e ?anoeiiiauo.
E?iia yoeo naiaenoa oe?iei ?ani?ino?aiaiu aa?aneiaua (460 aeaeia),
oa?aaeioiaua, enoiaeiaua, eenee/iua, ?ooiaua. Ec i?ioaeiuo aeey Eaineiai
oea?noaa oa?aeoa?iu: i?ioay, aeaeu eaoeaaeaiae?ii, ec eioi?uo iaeaieaa
oeie/ii na?aa?yiia aea?aai. ?yae ae?oaeo ?anoaiee yaii aiiaeaaineiai
i?ienoiaeaeaiey, aeaeeii, i?iieeee a eaineia oea?noai iinea ?aniaaea
Aiiaeaaiu: eoiiiey (1 aeae a THaeiie Ao?eea, 16 –a Iiaie Eaeaaeiiee),
iao?ineaea?in- THaeiay Ao?eea, Ainoi/iay Iaeacey, Aano?aeey, Iieeiacey;
oeaiey-2 aeaea a THaeiie Ao?eea, 1 –ia Iaaeaaanea?a, 7 –a Aano?aeee,
Oaniaiee, Iiaie Aaeiaa; iaii?ioiee oiaeay- aeae iauee aeey THaeiie
Ao?eee, Aano?aeee, Oaniaiee e Iiaie Caeaiaeee. Ia?yaeo n ?anoaieyie yaii
thaeiiai i?ienoiaeaeaiey a Eaineii oea?noaa iiiai aeaeia, oeacuaathueo
ia naycue n aieaa naaa?iuie ?aaeiiaie – o?iie/aneeie ?aeiiaie Ao?eee e
N?aaeecaiiiii?uey. Eaineay oei?a-enoi/iee aeaei?aoeaiuo ?anoaiee, a oii
/enea eoeiae/iuo e eeoaiaiiniuo iaeiiaeieueiuo -aia?eeeenia, eeeaee,
aeaaeeieonia e ae?.
?yae aeaeia oaoiu eaineiai oea?noaa, aeaaiui ia?acii ec aaniicaiii/iuo
(iai?eia?, ia?ae/iio?aoaeiua Peripatidae), yaeythony ?aeeeoaie. Oaoia
iicaiii/iuo ioiineoaeueii iaaiaaoa.
N?aaee i?aniueathueony neaaeoao ioiaoeoue ianeieueei iaeeeo aeaeia
(aeeeiie aei 12 ni)- yoi aeac/aoay e oeoeiaaoay /a?aiaoe. Ciae caeanue
aeinoaoi/ii ?aciiia?aciu, n i?aiaeaaeaieai iacaiiuo e ?ithueo oi?i –
iano?ua anieaeu, ueoeiaua eia?u. Ii oieueei io/eia?iaiay e ea?eeeiaay
aaaethee yiaeaie/iu. Caeanue aea iaeoatho oii?oeaaay e aieinaoay
eyaooee. Oaoia ioeoe aeiaieueii aiaaoa, ii yiaeaieeia iaiiiai (ieiei 5%
io iauaai /enea ?iaeia), yiaeaie/ii iiaenaiaenoai Promeropinae; iiiai
aeaeia ?yaeia e ae?io. Ionoonoaotho oeie/iua aeey Yoeiineiai oea?noaa
naiaenoaa iieioiaeaaia, ieoo, e iaeioi?uo ae?.
Ec ieaeiieoathueo oa?aeoa?iu e /anoe/ii yiaeaie/iu ceaoie?iou,
iieo/eaoea naia iacaaiea ca iaoaeee/aneee aeane cieioenoi-caeaiiaaoiai
oeaaoa, aeieaiiyou e o?oaeicoau. Eiiuoiua i?aaenoaaeaiu oeaeui ?yaeii
noayiaeaie/iuo aeaeia: yoi aioeeiia oiie, aiioaie, aaeioainoue aio,
eaineee i?een, einoeuey aioeeiia. Oeuiua aeeaioiua yiaeaie/iu eeoue ia
aeaeiaii o?iaia -yoi /aou?aoiaeua no?eeaou ec aeaa??iauo, i/aiue ?aaeeee
nae/an e iaoiaeyueeny iiae iaaeaeoia?iaeiie io?aiie caieyiie aiee e
ao?ay aeaia iaa aeaea ec iaaieueoiai naiaenoaa aeai.
Eaeoeey Yeieiae/aneea oaeoi?u
1.Caeiiu aicaeaenoaey yeieiae/aneeo oaeoi?ia ia aeeaua i?aaieciu.
2. Eeanneoeeaoeey yeieiae/aneeo oaeoi?ia.
3.Oa?aeoa?enoeea aaeioe/aneeo oaeoi?ia: eeeiaoe/aneea, yaeaoe/aneea
4.Oa?aeoa?enoeea aeioe/aneeo oaeoi?ia
Yeieiae/aneea oaeoi?u- eiiiiiaiou n?aaeu, aeeythuea ia i?aaieciu
Auaeaeytho aaeioe/aneea, aeioe/aneea e aio?iiiaaiiua oaeoi?u.
Aaeioe/aneea oaeoi?u – yoi naienoaa iaaeeaie i?e?iaeu, eioi?ua i?yii eee
einaaiii aeeytho ia aeeaua i?aaieciu.
Aeioe/aneea oaeoi?u – yoi ana oi?iu aicaeaenoaey aeeauo i?aaieciia ae?oa
ia ae?oaa.
Aio?iiiaaiiua oaeoi?u – yoi ana oi?iu aeayoaeueiinoe /aeiaa/aneiai
iauanoaa, eioi?ua i?eaiaeyo e eciaiaieth i?e?iaeu eae n?aaeu iaeoaiey e
ae?oaeo aeaeia e iaiin?aaenoaaiii neacuaathony ia eo aeecie.
Caeiiu aicaeaenoaey yeieiae/aneeo oaeoi?ia ia aeeaua i?aaieciu
Eeieoe?othuee oaeoi?.
Caeii ieieioia: auiineeainoue i?aaiecia ii?aaeaeyaony naiui neaaui
caaiii a oeaie aai yeieiae/aneeo iio?aaiinoae
Caeii oiea?aioiinoe: eeieoe?othuei oaeoi?ii i?ioeaaoaiey iiioeyoeee
(i?aaiecia) iiaeao auoue eae ieieioi, oae e iaeneioi yeieiae/aneiai
aicaeaenoaey, a aeeaiacii iaaeaeo ieie ii?aaeaeyao aaee/eio auiineeainoe
(i?aaeae oiea?aioiinoe) eee yeieiae/aneoth aaeaioiinoue i?aaiecia e
aeaiiiio oaeoi?o
Aeaaii?eyoiue aeeaiacii aeaenoaey yeieiae/aneiai oaeoi?a iacuaaaony
ciiie iioeioia (ii?iaeueiie aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe). *ai cia/eoaeueiaa
ioeeiiaiea aeaenoaey oaeoi?a io iioeioia, oai aieueoa aeaiiue oaeoi?
oaiaoaao aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoue iiioeyoeee. Yoio aeeaiacii iacuaaaony
ciiie oaiaoaiey.
Ana oneiaey n?aaeu, iaiaoiaeeiua aeey iiaeaea?aeaiey aeecie, ea?atho
?aaioth ?ieue e ethaie oaeoi? iiaeao ia?aie/eaaoue aiciiaeiinoe
nouanoaiaaiey i?aaieciia – yoi caeii ?aaiicia/iinoe anao oneiaee aeecie.
Oeiieiaey yeieiae/aneeo oaeoi?ia.
1.Eeeiaoe/aneea: oaiia?aoo?a, naao, iniaaiiinoe oaeaaeiaiey.
2. Yaeaoe/aneea: oece/aneea e oeie/aneea naienoaa ii/au, i?ia?aoe/aneea
3.Aeioe/aneea: neiaeic,
4.Aio?iiiaaiiua
Eeanneoeeaoeey aaeioe/aneeo oaeoi?ia
Eeeiaoe/aneea Oaeoi?u aiaeiie n?aaeuYaeaoe/aneea
(ii/aaiiua)Oiiia?aoe/aneea
(?aeueao)oaiia?aoo?aieioiinoueieia?aeueiay no?oeoo?aaanie.
aunioaeiee/anoai inaaeeiai?ic?a/iinoueieia?aeueiue ninoaayeniiceoeey
neeiiiaaeaaeiinoueoa/aieai?aaie/aneee ninoaae?ooecia neiiiaeceo/aiea
Nieioeaoaiia?aoo?aeeneioiinoueeiiece?othuaa eceo/aieaniaea?aeaiea
ieia?aeueiuo aau-aaeaaeiinoueaaciaue ninoaaaaciaue ninoaaaaciaue ninoaa
i?ic?a/iinoueoaiia?aoo?aaaoa?aoi.aeaaeiaiea
Aeioe/aneea ioiioaiey e ?ieue aeaeia a yeinenoaia
A?aaeu ?ani?ino?aiaiey e /eneaiiinoue i?aaieciia eaaeaeiai aeaea
ia?aie/eaathony ia oieueei oneiaeyie aiaoiae iaaeeaie n?aaeu, ii e eo
ioiioaieyie n i?aaieciaie ae?oaeo aeaeia. Iaiin?aaenoaaiiia aeeaia
ie?oaeaiea i?aaiecia ninoaaeyao aai aeioe/aneoth n?aaeo, a oaeoi?u yoie
n?aaeu iacuaathony aeioe/aneeie. I?aaenoaaeoaee eaaeaeiai aeaea niiniaiu
nouanoaiaaoue a oaeii ie?oaeaiee, aaea nayce n ae?oaeie i?aaieciaie
iaania/eaatho ei ii?iaeueiua oneiaey aeecie.
Eiieo?aioeey yaeyaony a i?e?iaea iaeaieaa anaioaaouaathuei oeiii
ioiioaiee, i?e eioi?ii aeaa iiioeyoeee eee aeaa iniae a ai?ueaa ca
iaiaoiaeeiua aeey aeecie oneiaey aicaeaenoaotho ae?oa ia ae?oaa
io?eoeaoaeueii.
Eiieo?aioeey iiaeao auoue aioo?eaeaeiaie e iaaeaeaeiaie. Aioo?eaeaeiaay
ai?ueaa i?ienoiaeeo iaaeaeo iniayie iaeiiai e oiai aea aeaea,
iaaeaeaeiaay eiieo?aioeey eiaao ianoi iaaeaeo iniayie ?aciuo aeaeia.
Eiieo?aioiia acaeiiaeaenoaea iiaeao eanaoueny aeeciaiiiai i?ino?ainoaa,
ieue eee aeiaaiiuo yeaiaioia, naaoa, ianoa oe?uoey e iiiaeo ae?oaeo
aeeciaiii aaaeiuo oaeoi?ia. I?aeiouanoaa a eiieo?aioiie ai?ueaa
aeinoeaathony aeaeaie ?acee/iuie niiniaaie. I?e iaeeiaeiaii aeinooia e
?ano?no iauaai iieueciaaiey iaeei aeae iiaeao eiaoue i?aeiouanoai ia?aae
ae?oaei ca n/ao aieaa eioaineaiiai ?aciiiaeaiey, iio?aaeaiey aieueoaai
eiee/anoaa ieue eee nieia/iie yia?aee, niiniaiinoe eo/oa caueoeoue naay,
aaeaioe?iaaoueny e aieaa oe?ieiio aeeaiaciio oaiia?aoo?, inaauaiiinoe
eee eiioeaio?aoeee ii?aaeaeaiiuo a?aaeiuo aauanoa.
Iaaeaeaeiaay eiieo?aioeey, iacaaeneii io oiai, /oi eaaeeo a aa iniiaa,
iiaeao i?eaanoe eeai e onoaiiaeaieth ?aaiiaaney iaaeaeo aeaoiy aeaeaie,
eeai e caiaia iiioeyoeee iaeiiai aeaea iiioeyoeeae ae?oaiai, eeai e
oiio, /oi iaeei aeae auoanieo ae?oaie a eiia ianoi eee aea canoaaeo aai
ia?aeoe ia eniieueciaaiea eiuo ?ano?nia. Onoaiiaeaii, /oi aeaa
iaeeiaeiauo a yeieiae/aneii ioiioaiee e iio?aaiinoyo aeaea ia iiaoo
ninouanoaiaaoue a iaeiii ianoa e ?aii eee iicaeii iaeei eiieo?aio
auoaniyao ae?oaiai. Yoi oae iacuaaaiue i?eioeei eneeth/aiey eee i?eioeei
Aaoca.
Ec i?eioeeia Aaoca neaaeoao, /oi eaaeaeue aeae a i?e?iaea caieiaao
ii?aaeaeaiiia naiaia?aciia ianoi. Iii ii?aaeaeyaony iieiaeaieai aeaea a
i?ino?ainoaa, auiieiyaiuie ei ooieoeeyie a niiauanoaa e aai ioiioaieai e
aaeioe/aneei oneiaeyi nouanoaiaaiey. Ianoi, caieiaaiia aeaeii eee
i?aaieciii a yeinenoaia, iacuaaaony yeieiae/aneie ieoae. Ia?acii aiai?y,
yeieiae/aneay ieoa – yoi i?ioanney, ?ieue i?aaiecia a ianoa aai iaeoaiee
Eiieo?aioiua ioiioaiey yaeythony iaeiei ec aaaeiaeoeo iaoaieciia
oi?ie?iaaiey aeaeiaiai ninoaaa niiauanoa, i?ino?ainoaaiiiai
?ani?aaeaeaiey aeaeia iiioeyoeee e ?aaoeyoeee eo /eneaiiinoe.
Iineieueeo a no?oeoo?a yeinenoaiu i?aiaeaaeatho ieuaaua acaeiiaeaenoaey,
iaeaieaa oa?aeoa?iie oi?iie acaeiiaeaenoaey aeaeia a o?ioe/aneeo oeaiyo
yaeyaony oeuie/anoai, i?e eioi?ii iniaue iaeiiai aeaea, iacuaaaiay
oeuieeii, ieoaaony i?aaieciaie (eee /anoyie i?aaieciia) ae?oaiai aeaea,
iacuaaaiiai aea?oaie, i?e/ai oeuiee aeeaao ioaeaeueii io aea?oau. A
oaeeo neo/ayo aiai?yo, /oi aeaa aeaea aiaea/aiu a ioiioaiey oeuiee –
aea?oaa.
Aua iaeei oei acaeiiaeaenoaey aeaeia – ia?aceoeci. Ia?aceou ieoathony ca
n/ao ae?oaiai i?aaiecia, iacuaaaiiai oicyeiii, iaeiaei a ioee/ea io
oeuieeia iie aeeaoo ia oicyeia eee aioo?e aai i?aaiecia ia i?ioyaeaiee
cia/eoaeueiie /anoe eo aeeciaiiiai oeeeea. Ia?aceo eniieuecoao aeey
naiae aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe ieoaoaeueiua aauanoaa oicyeia, oai naiui
iinoiyiii ineaaeyy, a ia?aaeei oaeaay aai.
Io ia?aceoecia ioee/aaony aiainaeeci, i?e eioi?ii iaeei aeae i?e/eiyao
a?aae ae?oaiio, ia ecaeaeay i?e yoii aeey naay ieeaeie iieuecu. *aua
anaai yoi oa neo/ae, eiaaea i?e/eiyaiue a?aae caeeth/aaony a eciaiaiee
n?aaeu. Oae iinooiaao /aeiaae, ?ac?ooay e caa?yciyy ie?oaeathuoth
n?aaeo.
Neiaeic – yoi aeeeoaeueiia, ia?acaeaeeiia e acaeiiauaiaeiia ioiioaiea
aeaoo eee aieaa aeaeia i?aaieciia. Iai?eia?, aeaa/iua aeeaioiua –
ei?iau, ieaie – ia?aaa?eaatho eeao/aoeo n iiiiuueth aaeoa?ee.
Ae?oaei aa?eaioii iieiaeeoaeueiuo ioiioaiee iaaeaeo aeaoiy aeaeaie
yaeyaony eiiiainaeeci. Ecaeaeay ec oicyeia cia/eoaeueioth iieueco (ieua,
oaaaeeua), aeaeu-eiiiainaeu ia i?eiinyo aio ieeaeie auaiaeu eee
caiaoiiai a?aaea. Iai?eia?, iiiai/eneaiiua aeaeu ianaeiiuo ano?a/athony
eneeth/eoaeueii a io?aaaeieeao, ii?ao a?ucoiia, aiacaeao ioeoe,
eniieuecoy eo eae ianoiiaeoaiea n aieaa aeaaii?eyoiui iee?ieeeiaoii.
Iaeo?aeeci – yoi oaeie oei ioiioaiee, i?e eioi?ii ie iaeia ec iiioeyoeee
ia ieacuaaao ia ae?oaoth ieeaeiai aeeyiey: ieeae ia neacuaaaony ia ?inoa
aai iiioeyoeee, iaoiaeyueony a ?aaiiaanee, e ia eo ieioiinoe. A
aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe auaaao, iaeiaei, aeiaieueii o?oaeii i?e iiiiue
iaaethaeaiee e yenia?eiaioia a i?e?iaeiuo oneiaeyo oaaaeeoueny, /oi aeaa
aeaea aaniethoii iacaaeneiu iaeei io ae?oaiai.
Iaiauay ?anniio?aiea oi?i aeioe/aneeo ioiioaiee, iiaeii naeaeaoue
neaaeothuea auaiaeu:
1) ioiioaiey iaaeaeo aeeauie i?aaieciaie yaeythony iaeiei ec iniiaiuo
?aaoeyoi?ia /eneaiiinoe e i?ino?ainoaaiiiai ?ani?aaeaeaiey i?aaieciia a
i?e?iaea;
2) iaaaoeaiua acaeiiaeaenoaey iaaeaeo i?aaieciaie i?iyaeythony ia
ia/aeueiuo noaaeeyo ?acaeoey niiauanoaa eee a ia?ooaiiuo i?e?iaeiuo
oneiaeyo; a iaaeaaii noi?ie?iaaaoeony eee iiauo annioeeaoeeyo
aa?iyoiinoue aicieeiiaaiey neeueiuo io?eoeaoaeueiuo acaeiiaeaenoaee
aieueoa, /ai a noa?uo annioeeaoeeyo;
3) a i?ioeanna yaiethoeee e ?acaeoey yeinenoai iaia?oaeeaaaony
oaiaeaioeey e oiaiueoaieth ?iee io?eoeaoaeueiuo acaeiiaeaenoaee ca n/ao
iieiaeeoaeueiuo, iiauoathueo auaeeaaiea acaeiiaeaenoaothueo aeaeia.
Eaeoeey Iaio?iie/aneia oea?noa
1.Ninoaa e iniaaiiinoe oi?ie?iaaiey oa??eoi?ee.
2.Iniaaiiinoe oei?u.
3.Oaoienoe/aneea iniaaiiinoe.
A i?aaeaeao Iaio?iie/aneiai oea?noaa auaeaeyaony 5 iaeanoae:
*Ea?eaneay;
*Aaeaineay;
*Aiaciineay;
*THaeii-A?aceeueneay iaeanoue
*Aiaeeeneay
A aeioa Iaio?iieeia auaeaeytho ianeieueei aaiaoe/aneeo yeaiaioia:
– iaio?iie/aneea, oa?aeoa?iua aeey anae o?iie/aneie ciiu;
– iaio?iie/aneea, naienoaaiiua oieueei o?iieeai e noao?iieeai THaeiie
Aia?eee;
– aioa?eoe/aneea, ano?a/athueany i?aeiouanoaaiii a THaeiuo Aiaeao;
– aiea?eoe/aneea, i?aaenoaaeaiiua a Aiaeao.
Aeey Iaio?iie/aneiai oea?noaa oa?aeoa?ii eneeth/eoaeueiia aiaaonoai
oei?u – ieiei 45 oun. aeaeia n i?aiaeaaeaieai iacioeeueiie eaniie
?anoeoaeueiinoe. Iaeaieaa aeaeiia ianoi a aa ninoaaa caieiatho
iaio?iie/aneea naiaenoaa (iiei/aeiua, eaa?iaua, ie?oiaua, iaeueiu,
i?oeaeiua e ae?.), a oaeaea einiiiieeoe/aneea naiaenoaa
(neiaeiioeaaoiua, ceaee, aiaiaua, aoaioeaaoiua e ae?.). Yiaeaie/iuo
naiaenoa iaiiiai, ii /anoue ec ieo (a?iiaeeaaua, eaeooniaua) i/aiue
oa?aeoa?iu aeey ninoaaa e iaeeea oei?u. Ec ieo ii/oe 1/4 – yiaeaie/ia
aeey A?aceeueneie iaeanoe.
A Ea?eaneie iaeanoe ia?iiiia ?aciiia?acea aaaa, ae?aaiaeaeiuo eeeaeiuo –
thee, eaeooniauo (1,5 oun. aeaeia .
Oaoia Iaio?iie/aneiai oea?noaa i?aaenoaaeyao niaie aaeeiue eiiieaen,
naycaiiue iauiinoue ?acaeoey. Aaeeinoai oaoiu, ianiio?y ia ?acee/ey a
eaiaeoaooao, iauyniyaony oai, /oi aeeaioiia ianaeaiea Iaio?iieeia a
oa/aiea i/aiue aeieaiai aaieiae/aneiai a?aiaie ?acaeaaeinue eciee?iaaii.
N?aaee ieaeiieoathueo noi/aoua i?aaenoaaeaiu iaeiei iiaeio?yaeii
iiiai?acoeiauo. Ecaanoii nauoa 70 aeaeia noi/aouo e?un, eee iiinnoiia.
Iaeaieaa e?oiiue aeae thaeiiaia?eeaineeo noi/aouo – aiaeyiie iiinnoi eee
ieaoi
Iniaaiii i?eieoeaiuie n/eoathony noi/aoua naiaenoaa oeaiieenoiauo, eo
nio?aieeinue anaai 6 aeaeia. Eae e aieueoeinoai noi/aouo e?un, iie iaei
ecaanoiu aneaaenoaea ne?uoiai ia?aca aeecie e ii/iie aeoeaiinoe. Ec
ianaeiiiyaeiuo, e?iia ioia/aiiuo anaeaioeaa – caiea?iae, iiaeii iacaaoue
iaeii ?aiaa ?ani?ino?aiaiiia yiaeaie/iia naiaenoai uaeacoaia.
?oeie?ueua i?aaenoaaeaiu 9 naiaenoaaie; ec ieo caeoea?ioua,
aeeneie?ueua, eenoiiinua, aeui/aoua eaoo/ea – yiaeaie/iu. Aieueoeinoai
oi?i ioiineony e eenoiiinui eaoo/ei iuoai. Ano?a/athony i?aeiouanoaaiii
a o?iie/aneeo ?aeiiao, ieoathony ianaeiiuie, iaeoa?ii e iueueoeie.
Aanueia eioa?ania a?oiia aeaniiaeiauo, n?aaee eioi?uo auaeaeyony
e?iaininu- aaiie?u, ?ani?ino?aiaiiua io A?aaioeiu e *eee aei Iaeneee.
Iaiieiicoaua yaeythony naiuie oa?aeoa?iuie ieaeiieoathueie
Iaio?iie/aneiai oea?noaa. Iie i?aaenoaaeaiu a?iiaiinoeaie, io?aaueaaeaie
e eaieaoeaie.
I?eiaou Iaio?iie/aneiai oea?noaa ana aac eneeth/aiey ioiinyony e
yiaeaie/iiio iaaenaiaenoao oe?ieiiinuo iaacueyi, a eioi?ii auaeaeytho 2
naiaenoaa – ea?oieiaua (4 ?iaea) e oeaieioainoua eee eaiooeeiu (11
?iaeia).
Ea?oiee. A?aae eo ?ani?ino?aiaiey io THaeiie A?aceeee aei Iaiaiu.
Eaiooeeiu eiatho a ninoaaa oaeea a?oiiu, eae ia?eeeiu, ?aaoiu, eiaou e
ae?
A?ucoiu Iaio?iieeia aanueia ?aciiia?aciu, i?e/ai yae?i eo oaoiu
ninoaaeyao 10 yiaeaie/iuo naiaenoa iiaeio?yaea aeeeia?aciuo, ia n/eoay
aieaa oe?iei ?ani?ino?aiaiiuo aaee/ueeo e iuoae. I?eaeiaeueiu ae?aaaniua
aeeeia?acu, naeieiaua, e eioi?ui ioiineony ii?neay naeiea,
aiaeinaeieiaua n naiui e?oiiui a ie?a a?ucoiii – eaieaa?ie, oeioeeeiaua
e ae?.
Oeuiua ieaeiieoathuea. Ec e?oiiuo eioa/ueeo oeie/iu aeey yoiai oea?noaa
yaoa?, ioia, e iaiueoaai ?acia?a ioeaeio. Yiaeaieee: iaoaaiineee
iaiianiue eio e yaoa?oiaee. Aaeeinoaaiiue iaaeaaaeue yoiai oea?noaa –
i/eiaue iaaeaaaeue, iaeoaoaeue naaa?i-caiaaeiuo Aiae. Oe?a i?aaenoaaeaiu
aiioiaua. Oieueei a Iaio?iieeao iaeoatho eeieaaeo e iaeay iinooa, a
oaeaea ianeieueei aeaeia eoiueeo (neoinu). A naaaiiao ano?a/athony
iaeeea eeneoeu, aeeeiiiiiaee aeieaia?eaue aiee n iaiau/ii ?uaeei iaoii.
Eiiuoiuie Iaio?iieee i/aiue aaaeiu. Caeanue ionoonoaotho eioaaee,
aioeeiiu, auee. Ec iaia?iieiiuoiuo- 3 aeaea oaie?ia, eioi?ua aeeaoo a
aeaa?yo aieioenouo o?iie/aneeo eania io Oeaio?aeueiie Iaeneee aei
Ia?aaaay e A?aaioeiu. Ia?iieiiuoiua i?aaenoaaeaiu naiaenoaii iaea?e.
Oe?iei ecaanoiu aia?eeaineea aa?aethaeu (iicieaiiaea), eaiu e aeueiaea
(iaeiiaoiaiiua aeaeu) e aeaa aeaea aeeeeo: aoaiaei e aeeoiuey.
Ioeoeu ii naiaio aeaeiaiio ninoaao iaeaieaa iiiai/eneaiiu (aieaa 2,5
oun. aeaeia). Ieiei 90% aeaeia – yiaeaieee. E eo /eneo ioiinyony
iaeaieaa e?oiiua ioeoeu Iaio?iieeia – iaiaeo. Naiaenoai oeiaio
yiaeaie/ii, e ian/eouaaao 43 aeaea, ?acia?aie e aiaoiinoueth iaiiieiatho
eo?iiaoie. Yiaeaie/ii naiaenoai nieia/iuo oeaiaeue.
Eo?eiua i?aaenoaaeaiu naiaenoaaie e?aenia (ae?aaaniuo eo?) e
aiaoeeiaie.
E aonaia?aciui ioiinyony: iaeaiaaeae – aeiaieueii e?oiiua e a?ociua
ioeoeu aaee/eiie n eaaaaey, aac ieaaaoaeueiie ia?aiiiee iaaeaeo
iaeueoeaie ia naeaa e?uea eiatho aeaa oii?u, ec-ca eioi?uo iaeaiaaeae
iieo/eee iacaaiea oii?oeaauo aonae.
Ec eiciaeiaa a yoii oea?noaa iaeoaao aoaoa?i. Aaaeao eieiieaeueiue ia?ac
aeecie, aiacaeiauey ono?aeaatho a iaua?ao. Niiniaiinoue e yoieieaoeee
iicaieyao ioeoeai ia?aaeaeaaoueny a iaua?ao a oneiaeyo iieiaeoae
oaiiiou.
Iaeaieaa ecaanoiua ioeoeu Iaio?iieeia – eieea?e (aieaa 320). Caeanue eo
?iaeeia. Yoi naiua iaeeea ioeoeu (ianna 1,6 – 20a).
Eneeth/eoaeueiiai ?aciiia?acey a Iaio?iieeao aeinoeaatho iiioaae.
Oieueei caeanue ano?a/athony ei?ioeioainoua aiaciiu e e?oiiua a?u n
i/aiue aeeeiiuie eeeiiaeaeiuie oainoaie.
Caiiiaiaeiua. I/aiue iiiai aeaeia iaueo aeey Iaa?eoeee e Iaio?iieeia:
aiaenoiiiaua e aaceaai/iua naeaiaiae?u.
Eioa?aniay ?aciiaeaeiinoue ae?aaaniuo eyaooae iaeoaao a oeaio?aeueiie e
THaeiie Aia?eea- oeeeiiaaeocu. Iie aeeaoo a e?iiao aea?aaueaa. Naiee
oeeeiiaaeocu ioeeaaeuaatho ee?o ia a anoanoaaiiua aiaeiaiu, a
caai?a/eaatho aa a eenouey, neeaeaathueany aeaaiaea?y eeieie iaiei/ee
ee?eiie.
Naiaenoai aeaa i?aaenoaaeaii a Iaio?iieeao yiaeaie/iuie ?iaeaie iaeeeo
eenoiauo eyaooae (ieiei 200aeaeia), ?iaaoie (aeeeiie aei 20ni),
naenooiia (aeeeiie io 2 aei 20 ni). *?acau/aeii ?aciiia?aciu a
Iaio?iieeao eaaeoe.
Naiaenoai /a?aiao i?aaenoaaeaii eaeiaiiauie e eeiauie /a?aiaoaie. A yoii
aea oea?noaa iaeoatho nooiiooiua e i?aniiaiaeiua /a?aiaoe.
Iaeiiaaeociaua /a?aiaoe iiaeoaa?aeaeatho nayce Iaio?iieeia n Yoeiineei
oea?noaii, a ciaeiioaeiua – n Aano?aeeeneei. A Ea?eaneie iaeanoe
?ani?ino?aiaii naiaenoai yaeicoaia. Iii aeeth/aao anaai 2 aeaea e?oiiuo
aei 90 ni yua?eoe, o eioi?uo ieaeia/aethnoiua nethiiua aeaeacu
auaeaeytho iae?ioiene/aneee yae. ?aciiia?aciu a Iaio?iieeao aaeeiiiaua,
iaoe?ii naiaenoai eaoaiiauo.
I?aniueathueany. ?aciiia?aciu a Iaio?iieeao oe?iei ?ani?ino?aiaiiua
naiaenoaa noeeieiauo, aa?aoaieoeaauo, oaeiauo. E naiaenoao eiaeiiiiaeo
ioiineony aiaeiiaea- e?oiiaeoay a ie?a ciay, iaeoathuay a Aiaciineie
iaeanoe, aeinoeaathuay a aeeeio 5-6, ?aaeei 11i.
Anieaeiaua i?aaenoaaeaiu anaai 3 ?iaeaie. Iaeia ?iaeiaia ?aciiia?acea
anieaeiauo naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i iaaeaaiai i?iieeiiaaiee yoie a?oiiu a
Iaio?iieee. ssieiaieiaua ciae eiatho a Iaio?iieeao iaeaieueoaa aeaeiaia
?aciiia?acea (ieiei 40 aeaeia). ssieiaieiaua i?aaenoaaeaiu aooiaenoa?aie
( aei 3,6i)
Oa?aeoa?iua aeey Iaio?iieeia aeeeaaoi?u i?aaenoaaeaiu caeanue 3 ?iaeaie
e 5 aeaeaie.
A ninoaaa eooeioaoiu eiathony ae?aaiea aeaeu, oeacuaathuea ia
aiiaeaaineia i?ienoiaeaeaiea. A A?aceeueneie iaeanoe iaeoaao
eaieaeine?ai, aeeeiie aei 125ni, ioiinyueeny e naiaenoao /aooe/aoieeia.
Iaeii ec ae?aaiaeoeo naiaenoa i?aniiaiaeiuo einoenouo ?ua- a?aaaiiaua.
Yoi aeaaioneay a?aiaeia, aeinoeaathuay a aeeeio aei 2,4 i e iannu aei
90ea. Ec ae?oaeo a?oii ?ua iaiaoiaeeii oiiiyiooue iiaeio?yae
aeiiioiaeaeiuo, yiaeaie/iuo iaioee?iuo niiia, a oaeaea ?aciiia?aciuo a
Iaio?iieeao oa?aoeeieae, coa/aouo ea?iia e oeeoeeae.
Iieiaeia iaio?iie/aneeo ?ua i?eiaaeeaaeeo e niiiia?aciui. Iaeiaei
ianoiyueo niiia caeanue iao. Aoi?ia ianoi ii iaeeeth caieiatho
oa?aoeeiiaeaeiua (800aeaeia). N?aaee ieo oe?ieoth ecaanoiinoue i?eia?aea
ie?aiuey . Iaeeea oa?aoeeiiaua- e?aneaua ?uaee, eioi?uo ioioii
niaea?aeao a aeaa?eoiao ( oao?u, iaiiu e ae?). Yiaeaie/ii naiaenoai
yeaeo?e/aneeo oa?ae n aaeeinoaaiiui aeaeii, ianaeythuei ?aee
naaa?i-ainoiea THaeiie Aia?eee e i?eoieia Aiaciiee. Eo ?ac?yae niiniaai
ii?aceoue aeaaea e?oiiuo ieaeiieoathueo.
Aiaaoaeoay yioiiioaoia Iaio?iieeia ioee/aaony aunieie noaiaiueth
yiaeaiecia e iaeeeai aeaaioneeo oi?i n?aaee i?aaenoaaeoaeae
Eaeoeey Yoeiineia oea?noai
A i?aaeaeao Yoeiineiai oea?noaa auaeaeythony iaeanoe: 1) Noaeaineay
2) Eiiaieacneay
3) Eaeaoa?e-iaieaneay
Oei?a Yoeiineiai oea?noaa eiaao ianeieueei i/aaia aeoaieiai yiaeaiecia
(anaai ian/eouaaaony ieiei 40 yiaeaie/iuo naiaenoa). Iniaiai aieiaiey
caneoaeeaaao eiioeiaioaeueiue i/aa, ?aniieiaeaiiue a Eiiaieacneie
iaeanoe. Caeanue eiaaony 5 yiaeaie/iuo naiaenoa.
Eaeaoa?e-iaieaneay iaeanoue oa?aeoa?ecoaony iaee/eai yiaeaieeia aunieiai
?aiaa. Naiia oaeeaeoaeueiia ?anoaiea yoie iaeanoe –aaeueae/ey,
i?iec?anoathuay a ionouia Iaiea.
Aaiaaa. Ec 15 aeaeia aaiaaaia eeoue iaeei oe?iei ianaeyao Noaeaineoth
iaeanoue, inoaeueiua eiatho ia?aie/aiiua a?aaeu a i?aaeaeao yoie
iaeanoe, a oaeaea ia Iaaeaaanea?a
Ianee/iay iaeueia-aea?aai naaaii caiaaea yeaaoi?eaeueiie Ao?eee,
anoanoaaiiue a?aae aa iaaaeee. A naaaiiiauo niiauanoaao Ao?eee iia
i?iec?anoaao aianoa n aaiaaaii, aeaoeeyie.
Aooe?inia?ioi oae aea eae e ianee/iay iaeueia, aeaao ieuaaia ianei,
niaea?aeauaany a naiaiao. Aea?aai oe?iei ?ani?ino?aiaii a nooeo naaaiiao
Noaeaia.
Eioe?a e?ueaoay – eaaei i?ioeainoieo iiaea?ai. Iaianoieeinoue eioe?u
iauyniyaony, ai-ia?auo, iaee/eai oienoie ei?ee ia ieaeiae /anoe
iaaunieeo noaieia, ai-aoi?uo, /?acau/aeii iiuiie ei?iaaie nenoaiie,
inoathuaeny aeeaie, aeaaea a neo/aa iaai?aiey. I?e aaeaaiaeiii iaai?aiee
eioe?a i?aa?auaaony ii/oe a iiiaieaoiaa o?aayienoia ?anoaiea.
Iaeueia aeoi iau/ia a iionouiaiiuo oi?iaoeeyo naaaiiiaiai oeia. Iia
oa?aeoa?ecoaony oai, /oi aa noaie aaoaeony.
Aeaoeee oe?iei ?ani?ino?aiaiu a naaaiiao. Iaaunieea aea?aaoea,
aicauoaynue iiiaeeii/ea iaae y?onii o?aa, i?eaeatho aanueia oa?aeoa?iue
iaeee oi?iaoeeyi, eiaioaiui «aeaoeeaaua naaaiiu». Aeey ao?eeaineeo
naaaii iau/iu aeaoeey naiaaaeueneay, aeaoeey nie?aeaieiaeiay, aeaoeey
aee?aoa, aeaoeey aaeiaaoay. Ii/oe ana aeaoeee – aea?aauey, ia
aeinoeaathuea aieueoeo ?acia?ia. Aeey ao?eeaineeo aeaoeee oa?aeoa?iu
e?iiu niethniooie oi?iu, io/aai yoe ?anoaiey iieo/eee iacaaiea
ciioe/iuo.
Ao?eea yaeyaony ?iaeeiie eioa. Ioe?uoea eioa ioiineony i?eaeeceoaeueii e
850a.i.y. Eioaeiia aea?aai-yoi aa/iicaeaiua aea?aauey eee eonoa?ieee
aunioie aei 12 i aunioie. Eo aaeua oeaaoee iaiiieiatho aeeiieinoue, a
ieiaeu, iioiaeea ia e?oiiua aeoie, niaea?aeao ii aeaa ca?ia. Eioaeiua
?anoaiey ieiaeiiinyo aei 50 eao. Iaeii aea?aai aeaao a n?aaeiai aei 3 ea
eioa a aiae.
A aeiaeaeaauo eanao iiiaeanoai yieoeoia. Iaii?ioiee ieaiee ?ia ia?acoao
aeaiyeiai oeia eenouey: iaeie –caeaiua, anneieee?othuea e nii?iiinyuea,
naenathuea a aeaea ?iaia, ae?oaea- oeaeueiua, ii/eiaeaeiua i?eaeaoua e
noaieo aea?aaa a naiae ieaeiae /anoe e neaaea ionoathuea aaa?oo, –
ia?acotho ieoo, aaea neaieeaathony aiaea, i?aaie/aneea inoaoee.
Iaeueia ?ioaia- iaeaieaa e?oiiay ec ae?aaiaeaeiuo eeai. Noaie, aeaeee e
i?i/iue eae iaoaee, ianao iiuiua ia?enoua eenouey, /a?aoee eioi?uo
i?iaeieaeathony a aeeeiiua oeunou, onaaeaiiua e?th/eaie. E?th/ee anoue e
ia aa?oieo /anoyo noaaey, e ia naiii eenoa. Oaeeie e?th/eaie eeaia eaaei
caoeaieyaony ca ninaaeiea noaieu e ia?acoao ieioioth o?oaeiii?ioiaeeioth
naoue iaoaeue e oceia.
Ae?aeiiiai aea?aai.
Oaoia I?eia?ii ec 2000 aeaeia oa?ieoia ie?iaie oaoiu ieiei 700 aeaeia
ano?a/aaony a yoii oea?noaa. Ec iau/iuo ao?eeaineeo ?iaeia iiaeii
ioiaoeoue Ianrotermes, no?iyueo aaoiaaeaeiua iaaecaiiua nii?oaeaiey
aunioie aei 6i.
N?aaee naiaenoa aeanoeie?ueuo iaeaieaa ?aciiia?aciu /a?iioaeee e
nea?aaae. Ec ieo ii?aaeatho naieie ?acia?aie (aeeeiie aei 10ni)
aeoee-aieeaou ec iiaenaiaenoaa a?iiciaie.
Ec ia?aiii/aoie?ueuo ioiaoei iaeei aeae io?aauey-ii?oiiai. Iniae yoiai
aeaea no?iyo naie aiacaea, neeaeaay eenouey iaooeiie, auaeaeyaiie
ee/eieaie. Oa?aeoa?iu oaeaea aeaeu ec a?oiiu a?iaey/eo io?aaueaa.
A oaoia aeaoe?ueuo eioa?anai ?iae iooe-oeaoea, 20 aeaeia yoiai ?iaea
ianaeytho Eiiaieacneoth e Noaeaineith iaeanoe.
I?aniiaiaeiua ?uau Yoeiineiai oea?noaa i?aaenoaaeaiu aieueoei /eneii
yiaeaie/iuo naiaenoa. I?aaeaea anaai, caeanue yiaeaie/ai io?yae
eethai?ueuo, eee ii?ie?oniia?aciuo (150aeaeia). Naiaenoai oa?aoeeiiauo
?ua i?aaenoaaeaii a oea?noaa aieaa /ai 100 aeaeaie. Yiaeaie/ai io?yae
iiiaiia?uo, ?ani?ino?aiaii 3 aeaea aeaiyeiaeuoaueo ?ua i?ioiioa?on,
?iaenoaaiiuo thaeiiaia?eeaineiio eaieaeine?aio e aano?aeeeneiio
iaioea?aoiaeo. Eioa?anai yeaeo?e/aneee nii. Ii/oe ana iao?iaia oaei,
neiaii a oienooth naeioth eiaeo iaeaoi: yoi aeeoioeyoi? – yeaeo?e/anoeee
i?aai. ?ac?yaeiue aai oie-360aieueo.
Oeeyiey. Naiea oeeyiee auiaoeaaao iieiaeioai?aiioth ee?o, a caoai e
ee/eiie ia?aua aeie aeeaoo ai ?oo.
O?aayiie iie?ia naaaii iaania/eaaao i?ioeaaoaiea aiaaoiio ie?o eiiuoiuo.
Iauaa /enei aeaeia eiiuoiuo, iaeoathueo a naaaiiao, i?aauoaao 70,
aieueooth /anoue eo ninoaaeyao aioeeiiu. Naiua oa?aeoa?iua a?oiie?iaee
eiiuoiuo a naaaiia- yoi aieueoea noaaea aioeeii aio, niaa?oathuea
aaeaaiaeiua iea?aoeee ia aeanyoee e nioie ei. Aianoa n aio iea?e?oao e
caa?a, iaeeea aioeeiiu-aacaee Oiiniia e A?aioa.
Iaeaieaa e?oiiua ec aioeeii-eaiiu, iaeaaeaoaee i?yiuo, aeeeiiuo (aei
120ni) ?iaia, naiay iaeeay aioeeiia aeee-aeee, iaeoaao a ca?ineyo.
Aeaiaiu.
Aaeue iini?ia a ianoiyuaa a?aiy i/aiue ?aaeie e , eae iiiaea ae?oaea
aeeaioiua Ao?eee caianai a E?anioth eieao Iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai Nithca
io?aiu i?e?iaeu.
Aaaaiiou.
Ao?eeaineee neii.
AEe?aou yaeythony yiaeaie/iui naiaenoaii, aeeth/athuei anaai 2 aeaea,
ioiinyueany e 2 ?iaeai: ieaie, iaeoathuee a Eiiai (aunioie aei 2i) e
aee?ao- iaeoaoaeue naaaii e ?aaeeieanee (aei 7 i a aunioo).
Oa?aeoa?iu aeey ao?eeaineeo naaaii e?oiiua auee -ao?eeaineea aoeaieu e
naeiuee ai?iaeaai/ieee
Oeuiua ieaeiieoathuea ei/otho ca noaaeaie eiiuoiuo, niaa?oay aianoa n
ieie naciiiua iea?aoeee. Eueau. Aeaiu.
Iaiaieei
O?oaeicoa
Ioeoeu
Ioeoea –iini?ia.
Ao?eeaineee no?aon.
Iaaeioeac/ee
Iiiaeanoai ioeoe naiaenoaa oacaiiauo: o?aieieeiu, oeana?ee.
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