?aoa?ao
Ia oaio: Aieacie na?aea/ii – ninoaeenoie nenoaiu.
O/aieoea 11-A.
Iiaee Aeaia
Aieacie na?aea/ii-ninoaeenoie nenoaiu.
Eoaie/aneay aieaciue na?aeoea (EAN) eiaao ianeieueei eeeie/aneeo oi?i:
n?aaee ieo ?acee/atho noaiiea?aeeth, eioa?eo ieiea?aea, iinoeioa?eoiue
ea?aeeineea?ic, ?acee/iua ia?ooaiey na?aea/iiai ?eoia.
Ii/oe ana i?iyaeaiey EAN, a oii /enea iaeaieaa ?ani?ino?aiaiiay
noaiiea?aeey, iaoneiaeaiu ia?aciaaieai a ieiea?aea (na?aea/iie iuooea)
i/aaa eoaiee, oi anoue o/anoea, iaaeinoaoi/ii niaaaeaaiiai e?iaueth.
E?iainiaaaeaiea oiai eee eiiai o/anoea ieiea?aea ia?ooaaony /aua anaai
aneaaenoaea ii?aaeaiey a?oa?ee aoa?ineea?icii. Oi?ie?iaaiea
aoa?ineea?ioe/aneie aeyoee a ninoaea – i?ioeann aeeeoaeueiue,
caieiathuee iiae/an iiiaea aiaeu. Aia/aea iiyaeyaony aaeaa caiaoiia
i?enoaii/iia neiieaiea eeieaeia, a oii /enea oieanoa?eia. Iinoaiaiii iii
oaaee/eaaaony, i?inaao ninoaea noaeeaaaony aieioue aei aai iieiie
caeoii?ee.
*aua anaai no?aaeatho EAN ethaee, o eioi?uo aunieia niaea?aeaiea
oieanoa?eia a e?iae. E yoiio i?eaiaeeo ecauoi/iia iio?aaeaiea
aunieieaei?eeiie ieue, aeaaiui ia?acii ianuuaiiuo aee?ia aeeaioiiai
i?ienoiaeaeaiey. Oaeoi?ii ?enea yaeyaony oaeaea iaee?aiea.
I?ioyaeaiiinoue ninoaeia o oo/iiai /aeiaaea aieueoa e na?aeoeo
i?eoiaeeony i?ioaeeeaaoue e?iaue n oaeaiaiiie neeie. ?acee/atho
noaiiea?aeeth iai?yaeaiey, eiaaea aiee aicieeatho i?e oece/aneie
iaa?ocea, iai?eia? ai a?aiy oiaeueau, e i?ae?auathony, eiaaea aieueiie
inoaiaaeeaaaony, e noaiiea?aeeth iieiy, eiaaea i?enooi aicieeaao /aua
anaai ii/ueth a oneiaeyo iieiiai iieiy. E niacio aaia/iuo a?oa?ee
i?aae?aniieaaatho oaeea oaeoi?u ?enea, eae eo?aiea, aeeiaieue,
yiioeeiiaeueiue no?ann. Ii anee ieeioei e aeeiaieue aeaenoaotho
iaiin?aaenoaaiii ia ninoaeu, oi ai a?aiy no?anna i?e/eiie niacia
ei?iia?iuo ninoaeia noaiiayony eaoaoieaieiu, ii?aae?aiaeei e aae?aiaeei.
Aneaaenoaea ?aceiai aua?ina iaaeii/a/ieeaie a e?iaue eaoaoieaieiia
iiauoaaony naa?ouaaaiinoue e?iae, aua aieaa oneeeaaaony niaci aaia/iuo
a?oa?ee.
Noaia iaoaiecia ia?aciaaiey o/anoeia eoaiee ieiea?aea aneaaenoaea
oi?ie?iaaiey aoa?ineea?ioe/aneie aeyoee a ei?iia?iii ninoaea (ni?aaa) e
niacia ei?iia?iiai ninoaea (neaaa).
Eioa?eo ieiea?aea – ino?ia caaieaaaiea, iaoneiaeaiiia ?acaeoeai iaeiiai
eee ianeieueeeo i/aaia iia?oaaiey a na?aea/iie iuooea e i?iyaeythuaany
ia?ooaieai na?aea/iie aeayoaeueiinoe. A ?acoeueoaoa ia?ooaiey ieoaiey
iuoa/iay oeaiue ia ianoa eioa?eoa iinoaiaiii ia?a?iaeaeaaony,
iae?ioece?oaony e caiauaaony niaaeeieoaeueiie oeaiueth, eioi?ay
aiineaaenoaee i?aa?auaaony a ?oaaoe. Iaiin?aaenoaaiiie i?e/eiie,
aucuaathuae eioa?eo ieiea?aea, iiaoo auoue neeueiia ia?aiia
aicaoaeaeaiea, oece/aneia iai?yaeaiea, io?aaeaiea ieeioeiii, iaeeueiay
aaea ia?aae niii, ceioiio?aaeaiea aeeiaieueiuie iaieoeaie.
Aeaaiui neiioiiii eioa?eoa ieiea?aea iau/ii yaeyaony ino?i aicieeathuay
?aceay aieue a iaeanoe na?aeoea. A oyaeaeuo neo/ayo aiee a na?aeoea
iiaoo aea?aeaoueny 2-3 nooie. E aieaaui iuouaieyi a ia?aua aeie
caaieaaaiey i?eniaaeeiyaony iiauoaiea oaiia?aoo?u, eiiaaea aei 39
a?aaeonia. Ea/aiea ia/eiatho n nicaeaiey aieueiiio iieiiai oece/aneiai e
ineoe/aneiai iieiy, eo/oei aoaeao ea/aiea a oneiaeyo noaoeeiia?a.
A?eoiee-ia?ooaiey na?aea/iiai ?eoia eee ia?ooaiey oaiia na?aea/iuo
nie?auaiee, aicieeathuea a ?acoeueoaoa ?acee/iuo ooieoeeiiaeueiuo eee
i?aaie/aneeo ii?aaeaiee i?iaiaeieeiaie nenoaiu e na?aea/iie iuooeu.
A?eoiee iiaoo au?aaeaoueny ia oieueei a eciaiaiee ?eoia, ii e a
ia?ooaiee oaiia na?aea/iuo nie?auaiee.
Ia?ooaiea ?eoia na?aea/iie aeayoaeueiinoe – aeieaaea na?aeoea. Iia
iiaeao auoue /anoe/iie e iieiie. A ?acoeueoaoa caiaaeeaiiiai
i?ioiaeaeaiey eiioeuena aicieeaao iaiieiay aeieaaea, eiaaea
i?ioiaeaeaiea eiioeuena i?a?uaaaony iieiinoueth – iieiay aeieaaea.
Iaiieiay aeieaaea ii?aaeaeyaony oieueei yeaeo?iea?aeeia?aoe/anee.
Iieioth aeieaaeo iiaeii onoaiiaeoue eeeie/anee. Aa iniiaiie neiioii –
i/aiue ?aaeeee ioeuen, 30-40 oaea?ia a ieiooo. Aieueiua eniuouaatho i?e
yoii aieiaie?oaeaiey.
A?eoiey aeuoaoaeueiay (neioniaay). A?eoiey, naycaiiay n aeoii aeuoaiey
(o/auaiea ?eoia na?aea/iuo nie?auaiee i?e aaeioa e caiaaeeaiea i?e
auaeioa), ano?a/aaony a aeaoneii e thiioaneii aic?anoa e ?anoeaieaaaony
eae oeceieiae/aneia yaeaiea.
A?eoiey ia?oeaoaeueiay. Aanii?yaei/iay, aaniethoiay a?eoiey, a eioi?ie
iao ieeaeie caeiiiia?iinoe. A iniiaa aa eaaeeo o?aiaoaiea eee ia?oeaiea
i?aaena?aeee, o.a. /?acau/aeii aieueoia /enei nie?auaiee a ieiooo, ?eoi
nie?auaiee aeaeoaei/eia iai?aaeeueiue. Iaeaieaa /anoie i?e/eiie
ia?oeaiey yaeyaony ?aaiaoe/aneee ii?ie na?aeoea. Aieueiua aeaeothony ia
na?aeoeaaeaiey, iai?eyoiua iuouaiey a na?aeoea, iaeuoeo,
aieiaie?oaeaiey.
A?eoiey yeno?anenoiee/aneay. Ia?ooaiea ?eoia, eioi?ia i?iyaeyaony
aiai/a?aaeiui (i?aaeaeaa?aiaiiui) nie?auaieai na?aeoea n iineaaeothuae
eiiiainaoi?iie iaocie.
Aoa?ineea?ic – o?iie/aneay aieaciue a?oa?ee, i?eaiaeyuay iinoaiaiii e
noaeaieth i?inaaoa a?oa?ee, e ia?ooaieth eo ooieoeee. Yoi icia/aao, /oi
e?iaioie ii a?oa?ee ,niaaaeathuae eenei?iaeii e ieoaoaeueiuie aauanoaaie
eioaineaii ?aaioathuee i?aai, a ?acoeueoaoa aoa?ineea?ica noaiiaeony
iaaeinoaoi/iui. A ?acoeueoaoa ooieoeeiiaeueiua aiciiaeiinoe yoiai i?aaia
nieaeathony, eiiaaea cia/eoaeueii.
Iniiaiie i?e/eiie ?acaeoey aoa?ineea?ica yaeyaony ia?ooaiea eeieaeiiai
iaiaia. Eiaao oaeaea aieueoia cia/aiea iiauoaiea a?oa?eaeueiiai
aeaaeaiey e iaeeiiiinoue ninoaeia e /anoui niaciai. Aeey i?ioeeaeoeee
aoa?ineea?ica aieueoia cia/aiea eiatho i?aaeeueiue ?aaeei aeecie,
o?oaea, ieoaiey, ?aaoey?iua caiyoey oeceoeueoo?ie. Iniaaiii aaaeiui
yaeyaony niaethaeaiea ii?aaeaeaiiiai oa?aeoa?a ieoaiey ethaeueie iinea
40 eao, n iaeeiiiinoueth e iaee?aieth.
Iaaeinoaoi/iinoue e?iaiia?auaiey. I?e iaaeinoaoi/iinoe e?iaiia?auaiey
ia?ooaaony aeinoaaea i?aaiai e oeaiyi aauanoa, iaiaoiaeeiuo aeey
aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe. Iaaeinoaoi/iinoue e?iaiia?auaiey iaoneiaeaia
oiaiueoaieai nie?aoeoaeueiie neeu ieiea?aea e iuoa/iie iaiei/ee
ninoaeia. Niioiioaiea na?aea/iiai e ninoaeenoiai eiiiiiaioia i?e
?acee/iuo caaieaaaieyo auaaao ?aciui. Neaaeoao auaeaeeoue
i?aeiouanoaaiii na?aea/ioth e i?aeiouanoaaiii ninoaeenoua oi?iu
iaaeinoaoi/iinoe e?iaiia?auaiey. Na?aea/iay iaaeinoaoi/iinoue iiaeao
auoue ino?ie e o?iie/aneie.
Ino?ay na?aea/iay iaaeinoaoi/iinoue iiaeao ianooieoue o aieueiuo n ino?i
?acaeaoeieny na?aea/iuie caaieaaaieyie: i?e eioa?eoa ieiea?aea, ino?ii
ieiea?aeeoa, ?aceii oece/aneii ia?aiai?yaeaiee e ae?oaeo caaieaaaieyo.
Iniiaiui i?eciaeii na?aea/iie iaaeinoaoi/iinoe yaeyaony ?aceay iaeuoea.
Caoai a caaeneiinoe io oiai, eaeie i?aeiouanoaaiii ineaaaaaao
aeaeoaei/ae na?aeoea, ?acaeaaaony eee anoia e ioae eaaeiai (eaaue
aeaeoaeie), eee iaaooaao ia/aiue, iiyaeythony ioaee, oeeaiic (i?aaue
aeaeoaeie).
O?iie/aneay na?aea/iay iaaeinoaoi/iinoue. ?acaeaaaony o aieueiuo n
eeaiaiiuie ii?ieaie na?aeoea, i?e ainiaeeoaeueiuo i?ioeannao a
ieiea?aea. O aieueiuo ioia/athony iaeuoea, na?aeoeaaeaiea, oeeaiic,
ioaee. Eeeie/aneea i?iyaeaiey o?iie/aneie na?aea/iie iaaeinoaoi/iinoe
i?eiyoi aeaeeoue ia o?e noaaeee. Ia?aay noaaeey oa?aeoa?ecoaony
i?eciaeaie iiieaeaiiie i?eniiniaeyaiinoe na?aeoea e oece/aneie iaa?ocea
e au?aaeaaony a iiyaeaiee iaeuoee e na?aeoeaaeaiey i?e auno?ie oiaeueaa,
iiaeuaiao e o.ae. Aoi?ay noaaeey aeaeeony ia aeaa ia?eiaea.
Iaaeinoaoi/iinoue e?iaiia?auaiey 2A noaaeee oa?aeoa?ecoaony iiyaeaieai
iinea oece/aneie iaa?ocee ioaeia ia iiaao, auno?ie ooiieyaiinoueth,
aeeeoaeueiuie na?aeoeaaeaieyie. Iaaeinoaoi/iinoue e?iaiia?auaiey 2A
noaaeee au?aaeaaony iinoiyiiie iaeuoeie, aeaaea a iieia, cia/eoaeueiui
oaaee/aieai ia/aie, canoieiuie yaeaieyie a eaaeeo, ii/eao, ioaeaie anaai
oaea. O?aouey noaaeey oa?aeoa?ecoaony iaia?aoeiuie eciaiaieyie a i?aaiao
a ?acoeueoaoa o?iie/aneeo canoieiuo yaeaiee a ieo.
Ia naiii ?aiiai yoaia ?acaeoey na?aea/iie iaaeinoaoi/iinoe ioaeii ?acei
ia?aie/eoue nieue aei 2,5 a?aiiia a nooee. Yoi iicaieeo aieueiiio
na?aeoeo ia?aea/eaaoue iaiueoee iauai e?iae, niaaeoo ioaee, nieceony
aeaaeaiea a eaieeey?ao, oiaiueoeony eiee/anoai canoieiie aeeaeeinoe a
i?aaiao.
Ino?ininoaeenoay iaaeinoaoi/iinoue i?iyaeyaony neiae?iiaie iaii?iea,
e?aoeia?aiaiiie iioa?e niciaiey, eieeaina, ia?ooaiey ?aaoeyoeee
ninoaeenoiai oiiona, oiea. I?e iaii?iea neaaeoao iiaeiyoue iiae
aieueiiai /ooue auoa aieiau, niinianoaoy oeo/oaieth e?iaioiea a iicaa.
Aieueiiai inaiaiaeaeatho io oaniie iaeaaeaeu, aai neaaeoao ii?uniooue
oieiaeiie aiaeie, aeaoue aaeioiooue ?anoai? aiieaea. O?iie/aneay
ninoaeenoay iaaeinoaoi/iinoue i?iyaeyaony aeiioiieae, oi anoue
iiaeiyoeai a?oa?eaeueiiai aeaaeaiey.
Ii?iee na?aeoea – iaoieiae/aneea eciaiaiey a no?iaiee na?aeoea e
iooiaeyueo io ieo ninoaeia, ia?ooathuea aeayoaeueiinoue na?aeoea.
?acee/atho a?iaeaeaiiua ii?iee na?aeoea, aicieeathuea a ia?eiae
aioo?aiiaai ?acaeoey ieiaea e i?eia?aoaiiua, eioi?ua iiyaeythony iinea
?iaeaeaiey a ?acoeueoaoa ii?aaeaiey eeaiaiia eee ia?aai?iaeie eaia?
na?aeoea i?e ?acee/iuo caaieaaaieyo. Aieueiie ii?ieii na?aeoea iiiaea
aiaeu iiaeao ia caia/aoue naiaai caaieaaaiey, /oanoaiaaoue naay oi?ioi,
auiieiyoue iau/ioth ?aaioo. Yoi iauyniyaony oai, /oi na?aeoea iaeaaeaao
?aca?aiuie aiciiaeiinoyie, eioi?ua iicaieytho eiiiaine?iaaoue eiathueeny
ii?ie na?aeoea ca n/ao oneeaiey ?aaiou niioaaonoaothueo ioaeaeia.
Einoeueo – ino?ia iaino?aiea ia?ooaiey iicaiaiai e?iaiia?auaiey n
iia?aaeaeaieai oeaiae iicaa e ?anno?ienoaii aai ooieoeee. Iniiaiua
i?e/eiu einoeueoa – aeia?oiie/aneay aieaciue e aoa?ineea?ic ninoaeia
aieiaiiai iicaa. Einoeueo iiaeao aicieeiooue oaeaea i?e ae?oaeo
caaieaaaieyo ninoaeia – ?aaiaoecia, aieaciyo e?iae e ae?. ?acee/atho
aaii??aae/aneee einoeueo e eoaie/aneee. Aaii??aae/aneee einoeueo
i?ienoiaeeo a ?acoeueoaoa ?ac?uaa a?oa?ee (e?iaieceeyiey a iica) i?e
eieaaaiee a?oa?eaeueiiai aeaaeaiey. Aai iiaoo ni?iaioee?iaaoue
ineoe/aneea ia?aaeeaaiey, oece/aneea iai?yaeaiey, eaoaeue, ?aioa,
eiiaaea eaaeay o?aaia aieiau. Aaii??aae/aneee einoeueo /aua i?ienoiaeeo
aeiai. O aieueiiai ianooiaao ia?aee/ ?oe e iia iau/ii iaeiie noi?iiu
(iai?eia?, i?aaay ?oea e iiaa i?e e?iaieceeyiee a eaaia iieooa?ea
iicaa), ia?ooaaony ?a/ue. Iiiaea aieueiua oa?ytho niciaiea, ia
?aaae?otho ia ie?oaeathueo; a ia?aua /anu auaatho ia?ooaiea aeuoaiey,
noaei?iae e ?aioa.
Eoaie/aneee einoeueo ?acaeaaaony /aua a iiaeeeii aic?anoa, aicieeaao
aneaaenoaea cao?oaeiaiey iinooieaiey e?iae e oiio eee eiiio ioaeaeo
iicaa. I?iaioee?othueie iiiaioaie yaeythony ooiieaiea, eioaeoeeiiiua
aieacie, yiioeeiiaeueiua ia?aiai?yaeaiey. Eoaie/aneee einoeueo iiaeao
i?iecieoe a ethaia a?aiy nooie, eiiaaea ?acaeaaaony iinoaiaiii,
iai?eia?, nia/aea “iaiaao” ?oea, caoai iieiaeia uaee, a a aeaeueiaeoai
ia?ooaaony ?a/ue. I?ioeeaeoeea einoeueoia caeeth/aaony a naiaa?aiaiiii
auyaeaiee ninoaeenouo caaieaaaiee. Aieueoia cia/aiea eiaao i?aaeeueiay
i?aaiecaoeey o?oaea e ioaeuoa, ?aoeeiiaeueiia ieoaiea.
Iaa?icu na?aeoea – ?acaeaathony ia ii/aa iauaai iaa?ica, a ?acoeueoaoa
eioi?iai ia?ooaaony ia?aiay ?aaoeyoeey ooieoeee NNN. *aua anaai yaeyaony
neaaenoaeai ineoe/aneeo o?aai, ?acee/iuo eioaeoeee e eioieneeaoeee,
ia?aooiieaiee aneaaenoaea /?acia?iie iaa?ocee. ?acee/atho
ea?aeeieiae/aneee iaa?ic e aeaeaaoaeueiue iaa?ic. I?e ea?aeeieiae/aneii
iaa?ica ia?eiaee/anee aicieeatho “iieaeuaaiey” a iaeanoe na?aeoea. Yoe
aiee aicieeatho aia nayce n oece/aneie iaa?oceie. I?e aeaeaaoaeueiii
iaa?ica na?aeoeaaeaiea e ia?aaie a iaeanoe na?aeoea oyainoii ia?aiinyony
aieueiuie. Yoiio caaieaaaieth niioonoaoao /oanoai iinoiyiiie o?aaiae,
aaniieienoaa, ieaeneainoue, aanniiieoea, aieiaiua aiee, iuouaiea
iaoaaoee aicaeooa, auno?ay ooiieyaiinoue.
?aaiaoeci – caaieaaaiea, oa?aeoa?ecothuaany ?ani?ino?aiaiiui ainiaeaieai
niaaeeieoaeueiie oeaie n i?aeiouanoaaiiui aiaea/aieai a yoio i?ioeann
na?aeoea, nonoaaia. Iau/ii ?aaiaoeci ?acaeaaaony iinea ia?aianaiiie
no?aioieieiaie eioaeoeee (aiaeia, oiiceeeo, oa?eiaeo e ae?.)
Ii?aaeaiea na?aeoea auyaeyaony a ?acee/iuo oi?iao: a aeaea i/aaiaiai eee
aeeooociiai ieiea?aeeoa, yiaeiea?aeeoa, ia?eea?aeeoa, iaiea?aeeoa.
I/aaiaue ieiea?aeeo i?iyaeyaony ia?eiaee/anee aicieeathueie
na?aeoeaaeaieyie, aieyie eee iai?eyoiuie iuouaieyie a na?aeoea,
ia?ooaieai na?aea/iiai ?eoia, iauae neaainoueth, ooiieyaiinoueth.
Aeeooociue ieiea?aeeo i?ioaeaao aieaa oyaeaei, iiaoo auoue aeaeiau ia
iaeuoeo, na?aeoeaaeaiey iinoiyiiiai oa?aeoa?a, ?aceoth neaainoue,
eiiaaea iaii?i/iua ninoiyiey.
Aieueiua auaeyaeyo aeaaeiuie, oeeaiioe/iuie, iaaethaeathony ioaee,
canoieiua yaeaiey a ia/aie, eaaeeo.
Yiaeiea?aeeo (ainiaeaiea aioo?aiiae iaiei/ee na?aeoea) aieueoae /anoueth
aaaeao e ia?aciaaieth aeaoaeoa eeaiaia e ?acaeoeth aneaae ca yoei
ii?ieia na?aeoea.
Ia?eea?aeeo. Aieueiua aeaeothony ia aicieeiiaaiea ?aceie iaeuoee,
neaainoe e aieiaie?oaeaiee. Na?aeoea cia/eoaeueii oaaee/eaaaony a
?acia?ao, oiiu na?aeoea ieioi auneooeaathony, ioeuen /anoue. Oaiia?aoo?a
oaea iau/ii auaaao aunieie.
Iaiea?aeeo – ainiaeaiea anao o?ao iaiei/ae na?aeoea, /oi iaoneaaeeaaao
iniai oyaeaeia ninoiyiea aieueiiai.
Oaeoi?u ?enea na?aea/ii-ninoaeenouo caaieaaaiee.
*oiau oniaoii ai?ioueny n aieaciueth, neaaeoao eco/eoue i?e/eiu
iaoaiecia aa ?acaeoey. Iaeiaei a iniiaa aieueoeinoaa caaieaaaiee eaaeeo
ia iaeia, a oeaeue eiiieaen aa ?acee/iuo oaeoi?ia. *oi eanaaony a
/anoiinoe eoaie/aneie aieacie na?aeoea, o/aiua ia iiaoo iacaaoue iaeio
i?e/eio, n eioi?ie iiaeii naycaoue ?acaeoea aoa?ineea?ica e eoaie/aneie
aieacie na?aeoea, o.e. i?e/ei iiiai. Nouanoaoao aeeeiiay oeaii/ea
oaeoi?ia, eioi?ua, aeaenoaoy iiiaeeii/ea e ana aianoa, i?eaiaeyo e
aieacie. I?e yoii o iaeiiai /aeiaaea i?aeiouanoaaiiia cia/aiea eiaao
iaeia eiiaeiaoeey oaeoi?ia, a o ae?oaiai – ae?oaay. Iiiai/eneaiiua
enneaaeiaaiey iicaieeee auaeaeeoue oaeoi?u ?enea NNC. Eo iiaeii
?acaeaeeoue ia aeaa a?oiiu: oaeoi?u, eciaieoue eioi?ua iaaiciiaeii, e
oaeoi?u, ia eioi?ua iiaeii iiaeeyoue. E ia?aui ioiinyo iie, aic?ano,
ianeaaenoaaiiinoue. Ecaanoii, /oi ioae/eiu aieatho EAN /aua e
caaieaaaiea o ieo ?acaeaaaony a aieaa iieiaeii aic?anoa, /ai o aeaiuei.
?ene caaieaoue EAN oaaee/eaaaony n aic?anoii e aeey ioae/ei e aeey
aeaiuei. Ethaee, o eioi?uo aeeaeaeoea ?iaenoaaiieee no?aaeatho
na?aea/ii-ninoaeenouie caaieaaaieyie (iniaaiii, anee ia?aianee eioa?eo
ieiea?aea a aic?anoa aei 50 eao), eiatho iaaeaaii?eyoioth
ianeaaenoaaiiinoue e iiauoaiiue ?ene caaieaoue EAN.
Ei aoi?ui oaeoi?ai ?enea, eioi?ua iiaeii eciaieoue, ioiinyony eo?aiea
neaa?ao, ecauoi/iay ianna oaea, iaoia?aiiia iio?aaeaiea aeeiaiey, ieceay
oece/aneay aeoeaiinoue.
A?aae eo?aiey iauaecaanoai, iaeiaei aeaeaei ia ana i?aaenoaaeytho, eaeia
eiie?aoiue aeeaae yoie ?ani?ino?aiaiiie i?eau/ee a caaieaaaaiinoue e
nia?oiinoue ianaeaiey aiiaua e io NNC a /anoiinoe. Ii aeaiiui
aia?eeaineie noaoenoeee, i?e/eiie 25% nia?oae io EAN yaeyaony eo?aiea.
Ieeioei, iinooiathuee a e?iaue i?e eo?aiee, oaaee/eaaao niiniaiinoue
e?iayiuo ieanoeiie (o?iiaioeeoia) e neeiaieth, /oi iiaeao i?eaanoe e
ia?aciaaieth naonoeia e?iae (o?iiaia) a ninoaeao. Noeioee?oy aua?in
aae?aiaeeia, ieeioei ?acei oaaee/eaaao iio?aaiinoue na?aea/iie iuooeu a
eenei?iaea, /oi aanueia iianii i?e ooieoeeiiaeueii iaiieiioeaiiuo
ei?iia?iuo a?oa?eyo. Iaeia aueo?aiiay neaa?aoa ia?aaeei oaaee/eaaao
/anoioo nie?auaiee na?aeoea ia 8-10 oaea?ia a ieiooo. O/aiuie
onoaiiaeaii, /oi o /aeiaaea n aieueoei noaaeai eo?aiey ninoaeu
eciaoeaathony ia 10-15eao ?aiueoa.
I?eau/ea eo?aiey oe?iei ?ani?ino?aiaia a yeiiiie/anee ?acaeouo no?aiao,
oae e a ?acaeaathueony. Aucuaaao icaai/aiiinoue e oi, /oi e eo?aieth
ia/eiatho aeoeaii i?eiauaoueny aeaoe oeieueiiai aic?anoa. I?iaeaia
eo?aiey ia ia?aie/eaaaony oieueei eeoeaie, aeoeaii e nenoaiaoe/anee
eo?yueie. I?aaiu cae?aaiio?aiaiey iiiaeo no?ai nae/an aieioao i?iaeaia
oae iacuaaaiiai ianneaiiai eo?aiey. Onoaiiaeaii, /oi 70% aeuia ai?yuae
neaa?aou e auaeuoaaiiai eo?eeueueeaie aicaeooa iiiaaeaao a ie?oaeathuoth
n?aaeo, caa?yciyy aa niieaie, ieeioeiii, ieenueth oaea?iaea e ae?oaeie
a?aaeiuie aeey /aeiaaea aauanoaaie. Iniaaiii aieueoie a?aae ie?oaeathuei
iaiineo eo?aiea a cae?uouo iiiauaieyo. Oae, i?aauaaiea iaeo?yueo a
oa/aiea /ana a cae?uouo naeiiao, aaea eo?yo ae?oaea eeoea, niioaaonoaoao
“aueo?eaaieth” /aou?ao neaa?ao. Niaoeeaeenoaie ?aciuo no?ai iiaen/eoaii,
/oi iaeia aueo?aiiay neaa?aoa nie?auaao aeeciue ia 5-15iei. Ia
oaeeaeoaeueii iiyoiio, /oi eo?aiea noaee iacuaaoue “naiioaeenoaii
caiaaeeaiiiai aeaenoaey”. Ii iiaieth Anaie?iie I?aaiecaoeee
Cae?aaiio?aiaiey: ”Nouanoaotho aannii?iua iao/iua aeieacaoaeuenoaa oiai,
/oi eo?aiea oaaaea yaeyaony iaeiie ec aaaeiaeoeo i?e/ei o?iie/aneiai
a?iioeoa, yioecaiu e ?aea eaaeeo, a oaeaea aaaeiaeoei oaeoi?ii ?enea
caaieaaaiey eioa?eoii ieiea?aea”.
Aeieacaii, /oi i?aiaeieaiea yoie i?eau/ee aeaao iieiaeeoaeueiue yooaeo
iacaaeneii io aeaaiinoe eo?aiey e eiee/anoaa aueo?eaaaiuo neaa?ao.
A ianoiyuaa a?aiy ai?ueaa n eo?aieai a oie eee eiie oi?ia i?iaiaeeony ai
iiiaeo no?aiao e a iniiaiii iai?aaeaia ia i?aaeioa?auaiea ia/aea eo?aiey
iaeo?yueie, eeeaeaeaoeeth ianneaiiai eo?aiey, nieaeaiea yaeiaeouo
naienoa oaaa/iuo ecaeaeee, ioeac io eo?aiey e ea/aiea eeoe, aeaeathueo
ecaaaeoueny io yoie a?aaeiie i?eau/ee. Aeey oniaoiie i?iiaaaiaeu ai?ueau
n eo?aieai ioaeia iinoiyiiay e oa?iaeeaay i?iiaaaiaea, i?e/ai a
iineaaeiaa a?aiy ana aieueoaa aieiaiea oaeaeyaony ia ?acuyniaieth
a?aaeiuo iineaaenoaee eo?aiey, a iieiaeeoaeueiui aniaeoai ioeaca io
eo?aiey (oeo/oaiea naii/oanoaey, en/aciiaaiea caiaoa eci ?oa, oeo/oaiea
oeaaoa eeoea e coaia e ae?.)
A ai?ueaa n eo?aieai aaaeioth ?ieue ea?atho ana iaaeeoeeineea ?aaioieee,
ii iniaaiii i?aeoeeothuea a?a/e, /aua anaai eiioaeoe?othuea n
ianaeaieai. Ethaee /aua anaai i?ae?auatho eo?eoue iiae aeeyieai niaaoa
a?a/a. Ianiiiaiii aaaeai ee/iue i?eia? a?a/a.
Aua aei oiai, eae aieacie NNN noaee iaoeeiiaeueiie i?iaeaiie a
yeiiiie/anee ?acaeouo no?aiao, ecauoi/iay ianna oaea a ethaii aic?anoa
annioeee?iaaeanue n iiauoaiiie nia?oiinoueth. Oiaiueoeoue ianno oaea
aaaeii ia oieueei aeey oiai, /oiau nieceoue iaa?oceo ia na?aeoea.
Onoaiiaeaii, /oi i?aaieci /aeiaaea, eiathuaai ecauoi/ioth ianno oaea,
iio?aaeyao eenei?iaea ai a?aiy oiaeueau, aaaa, iiaeuaia ia eanoieoeo,
auiieiaiey ethaie oece/aneie ?aaiou, aieueoa, /ai i?e aaeaeaaoiie
iaa?ocea i?aaieci /aeiaaea n ii?iaeueiie iannie oaea.
Aeey iiaeaea?aeaiey ii?iaeueiie iannu oaea ?aeiiaiaeoaony:
1.ia aeaeaoue aieueoeo ia?a?uaia iaaeaeo i?eaiaie ieue, i?eieiaoue ieuo
4-6 ?ac a aeaiue, anoue iaaeeaiii e iaaieueoeie ii?oeeyie;
2.aieueoa oiio?aaeyoue ieceieaei?eeiuo i?iaeoeoia n aunieie ieoaoaeueiie
oeaiiinoueth (o?oeou, iaiue, ca?iiaua i?iaeoeou);
3.iaiueoa oiio?aaeyoue aee?ia e aee?iuo i?iaeoeoia, naoa?a e ae?oaeo
neaaeinoae;
4.ia oiio?aaeyoue aeeiaieue;
5.oaaee/eoue aaeaaeiaaioth oece/aneoth aeoeaiinoue.
Ethaeyi, no?aaeathuei NNN e ecauoi/iui aanii, iiaeii aeaoue neaaeothuea
?aeiiaiaeaoeee:
A ia?aoth i/a?aaeue eo oneeey aeieaeiu auoue iai?aaeaiu ia nieaeaiea
o?iaiy oieanoa?eia a e?iae. Aeey yoiai ioaeii ?acei ia?aie/eoue a
?aoeeiia aee?iua ni?oa iyna e ?uau, neeai/iia ianei, naei, neeaee,
niaoaio, a oaeaea ye/iua aeaeoee e noai?iaeoeou (ia/aiue, iicae,
ii/ee).Aieueoa anoue iaiuae e o?oeoia. A ieo iiiai aaeeanoiuo aauanoa
(eeaoi/iua iaiei/ee, iaeoei), eioi?ua caoaaouaatho a eeoa/ieea
oieanoa?ei e auaiaeyo aai ec i?aaiecia. Iaycaoaeueii eaaeaeue aeaiue
ioaeii aeiaaaeyoue a aethaea 30 a?aiiia ethaiai ?anoeoaeueiiai ianea,
iineieueeo niaea?aeaueany a iai iieeiaianuuaiiua aee?iua eeneiou
ii?iaeecotho aee?iaie iaiai.
E aua iaeia ?aeiiaiaeaoeey a ioiioaiee ieoaiey – ia?aie/eoue nieue! Iia
aucuaaao ioae oeaiae, a oii /enea e oeaiae noaiie ninoaeia, io/aai eo
i?inaao noaeeaaaony. Iniaaiii aaaeii ia?aie/eaaoue nieue oai, o eiai
noaiiea?aeey ni/aoaaony n a?oa?eaeueiie aeia?oiieae.
Aeeiaieue. O?iie/aneia oiio?aaeaiea aeeiaiey ia?aaeei nii?iaiaeaeaaony
ia?aaaeaieai, /oi i?eaiaeeo e iaee?aieth ni anaie auoaeathueie ionthaea
iineaaenoaeyie a ioiioaiee na?aea/ii-ninoaeenouo caaieaaaiee. Iiieii
yoiai, n?aco aea iinea i?eaia aeeiaiey a aieueoeinoaa neo/aaa aicieeaao
iiaeuai a?oa?eaeueiiai aeaaeaiey, nicaeathuee ia?aa?ocee aeey na?aea/iie
iuooeu e oaaee/eaathuee oai naiui aa?iyoiinoue ei?iia?iuo ineiaeiaiee.
Nia?aii iiiaeanoai aeieacaoaeuenoa i?yiiai oiene/aneiai aicaeaenoaey
aeeiaiey ia na?aeoea. A /anoiinoe onoaiiaeaii, /oi aeeiaieue oiaiueoaao
neeo na?aea/iuo nie?auaiee, a i?e aeeeoaeueiii oiio?aaeaiee aucuaaao
no?oeoo?iua eciaiaiey a na?aea/iie iuooea, eioi?ua iiaoo i?eaanoe e
ia?ooaieth ?eoia na?aea/iuo nie?auaiee e ae?oaei ia?ooaieyi na?aea/iie
aeayoaeueiinoe, iieo/eaoei iacaaiea aeeiaieueiie ea?aeeiiaoee.
Aeeiaieueiay ea?aeeiiaoey – oaeae aeeiaieeeia.
Oece/aneay aeoeaiinoue – iieacaia anai ethaeyi iacaaeneii io aic?anoa.
Aeieacaii, /oi aeice?iaaiiua a?a/ii iaa?ocee niinianoaotho ii?iaeecaoeee
a?oa?eaeueiiai aeaaeaiey e ?eoia na?aea/iuo nie?auaiee,
aeaaii?eyonoaotho oi?ioaio iano?iaieth, anaeytho oaa?aiiinoue a naay.
Aeey iiauoaiey oece/aneie aeoeaiinoe oeaeaniia?acii eniieueciaaoue
?acee/iua neooaoeee a iianaaeiaaiie aeecie: oiaeeoue eee acaeeoue ia
aaeineiaaea ia ?aaioo e ia?aoii, ioeacaoueny io iieueciaaiey eeooii,
?aaioaoue ia naaeiaii o/anoea, aanoe aeiiaoiaa oicyenoai, oaioeaaaoue e
o.ae.
Iaeiaei, anee noaaeony caaea/a iiauneoue ooieoeeiiaeueiia ninoiyiea
na?aea/ii-ninoaeenoie nenoaiu, noaiaiue aa o?aie?iaaiiinoe, oi
iaiaoiaeeiu ?aaoey?iua oece/aneea iaa?ocee.
I?e caiyoeyo oece/aneeie oi?aaeiaieyie ?aeiiaiaeotho niaethaeaoue
neaaeothuea oneiaey:
1.Oaii (eioaineaiinoue) oece/aneeo oi?aaeiaiee aeieaeai auoue
aeinoaoi/iui, /oiau i?eaanoe e oaaee/aieth /anoiou na?aea/iuo nie?auaiee
(*NN) aei 50-75% io iaeneiaeueiie.
2.I?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoue auiieiaiey oece/aneeo oi?aaeiaiee, i?e eioi?ie
*NN aeinoeaaao 50-75% io iaeneiaeueiie, aeieaeia auoue 15-30 ieioo.
3.Oece/aneea oi?aaeiaiey neaaeoao auiieiyoue ?aaoey?ii, ia iaiaa 3 ?ac a
iaaeaeth.
Anee /aeiaae i?ae?auaao ?aaoey?ii caieiaoueny oece/aneeie oi?aaeiaieyie,
oi aeinoeaiooay ei noaiaiue o?aie?iaaiiinoe na?aea/ii-ninoaeenoie
nenoaiu aeiaieueii auno?i nieaeaaony e /a?ac iaeioi?ia a?aiy ii oaea
ie/ai ia ioee/aaony io /aeiaaea, iinoiyiii aaaeouaai iaeiiiaeaeaeiue
ia?ac aeecie. Neaaeoao eiaoue a aeaeo, /oi ana ia?a/eneaiiua
?aeiiaiaeaoeee i?aaeiacia/aiu aeey ethaeae aac eeeie/aneeo i?eciaeia
na?aea/ii-ninoaeenouo caaieaaaiee e aeaeathueo caieiaoueny oece/aneeie
oi?aaeiaieyie n oeaeueth oe?aieaiey caei?iauey e i?ioeeaeoeee
na?aea/ii-ninoaeenouo caaieaaaiee.
Oece/aneea o?aie?iaee iiaeii i?iaiaeeoue oo?ii eee iinea ?aaiou, ii ia
?aiaa /ai /a?ac 2-3 /ana iinea i?eaia ieue; aaaeii iiaeaea?aeeaaoue
oi?ioaa oece/aneia ninoiyiea, a ia no?aieaiea e nii?oeaiui ?aei?aeai.
I?ioeeaeoeea na?aea/ii-ninoaeenouo caaieaaaiee.
I?ioeeaeoeeo na?aea/ii-ninoaeenouo caaieaaaiee iaaei ia/eiaoue n
aeaoneiai aic?anoa, eiaaea caeeaaeuaathony iniiau ia?aca aeecie. A
naiuea e a oeiea ioaeii i?eaeaaoue aeaoyi caei?iaue ia?ac aeecie, /oiau
i?aaeoi?aaeeoue o ieo iiyaeaiea i?eau/ae, yaeythueony oaeoi?ii ?enea
na?aea/ii-ninoaeenouo caaieaaaiee (eo?aiea, ia?aaaeaiea, ieceay
oece/aneay aeoeaiinoue e o.ae.) Aeey cae?aaiio?aiaiey i/aiue aaaeii, /oi
iaeioi?ua oaeoi?u ?enea yaeythony iaueie aeey ?yaea caaieaaaiee, iiyoiio
ai?ueaa n ieie i?eaaaeao aiiaua e oeo/oaieth caei?iauey ianaeaiey.
Aieueoeinoai a?a/ae iiieiatho aaaeiinoue e iaiaoiaeeiinoue i?ioeeaeoeee,
iaeiaei iaei caieiathony ath a iianaaeiaaiie aeayoaeueiinoe.
Iiiaeo ?ani?ino?aiaiiuo a ianoiyuaa a?aiy na?aea/ii-ninoaeenouo
caaieaaaiee iiaeii auei au ecaaaeaoue eeoue no?iai niaethaeay ?aaeei
o?oaea e ioaeuoa, i?aaeeueii ieoaynue. Enneaaeiaaiey o/aiuo i ?iee
aeeyiey ia?aca aeecie ia caei?iauea, i?iaaaeaiiua ca iineaaeiea aiaeu ia
aieueoeo a?oiiao ethaeae iieacaee, /oi ioae/eiu a n?aaeiai iiaoo
i?iaeeeoue aeeciue ia 13,a aeaiueiu ia 9 eao, anee ia aoaeoo
oiio?aaeyoue aeeiaieue, ia aoaeoo eo?eoue, aoaeoo ?aaoey?ii i?aaeeueii
ieoaoueny e niaoue 8 /ania a ii/iia a?aiy, caieiaoueny nii?oii. Oio, eoi
ana?ueac oi/ao caiyoueny naiei caei?iaueai, auoue e?aneaui, n oi?ioei
iano?iaieai e aeeciaiiie aeoeaiinoueth – oio ianiiiaiii aeiaueaony
oniaoa e ?ani?iuaaony ni iiiaeie aieaciyie. Ca caei?iaui ia?acii aeecie
– aoaeouaa!
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