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1.4
2˜?’?”?‡??‹???? ˜…—…˜?
˜…—…˜?
S.Matern
”?‡??‹???—…‘??… ?‘˜?‚›.
˜YcYi ®acYaaacY § a !¦Y?Y ®aF ?§¬ iYaF?Y© c ? cYaa-
cY aeYaa «i®F® ¬Ya !®«?cYa?®F® ®aF .? c®a?a??¬ Ya ?§ a?aaY-
¬e ?a®c®®!a eY?i c®a®a®© cYe aY§®a!?a®c eY ?§ ??eYc a?aY«i-
®F® aa ?a cYeYaac , a aeY?«iYa ?a ? ?®a«Y ¬Ya !®«?§?a®c ?i
a®c ?YaYc®¤?a ?a c ?a®c®®!a eY?Y.’ ??¬ ®!a §®¬, cYai ®aF ?§¬
Y?aYaec® a !¦ Yaai ¬?®??a«®a ¬?, !Y«? ¬?, aF«Yc®¤ ¬? ? «???-
¤ ¬?.˜YcYi ¬®¦Ya ®!Y§caY¦?c ai ca¦Ya®¤eY i?§®FYeY cYeYaac ,
a ?¦Y i¤®FYeY a?aY§?a®c eY, ®!« ¤ ie?Y a®?a?cYa??¬? ac®©a-
ac ¬? cYeYaac .˜ ?®Yae, ?YcYi ®!a §aYa ¦Y«ci, a«Y¤®c aY«i®, ?Y-
cYi ®!« ¤ Ya c ¦®© i?a?aYae?®®© aea?ae?Y©.˜aY¤?®ae«?®© ¤«i ?®-
?¬ ?i ? a®ae?§?®«®F?? ?YcY? ic«iYaai ?®?¬ ?Y YY aaaa?aaae ?
ae?§?®«®F?cYa?®© aea?ae??.
???˜?‘’˜“?’“˜?.
???a® a®¬?cYa?®© aaaa?aaa®© Y¤??aeY© ?YcY? ic«iYaai ¤®«i-
? , ?®a®a i a®aa®?a ?§ ! «®? ?YcY®cea ?«Ya®?, ?®a®aeY a ¤? «i®
®aa®¤ia ®a aeYaa «i®© cYe.?Y¦¤a ! «? ¬? ?a®«YF ia a?aa®?¤e,
?®a®aeY c®a?a??¬ ia ? ? aaYa? «iai, a ? ? cY®§ai ?a®ci ®a
a §cYac«Y?© a®aa¤®c ?Ya??®aa «iea ®!« aaY©, ? ®? ce«®¦Ye a?-
aa®?¤ «ie¬ i¤®aY«?Y¬ ? ?a?aeYa®ca??¬? ?«Ya? ¬?.„®«i?a ?YcY?
®?aa¦ ia ?a?¬Ya® 5-6 ?Ya??®aa «iea ?®«Y©.‚ ?Ya??®aa «iea ?®«ia
a®¤iaai, ai¤a a ?®Yce¬? a §cYac«Y?i¬? ?®aa «i®© cYe ?
.hepatica, Y!®«ie?Y ¦Y«ceY a®¤e, ?®a®aeY c? ¤ ia c ?a®aY? ie?Y
¬Y¦¤a ?YcY®ce¬? ?«Ya? ¬? ¦Y«ceY ? ??««iae.?a a a?®« F ie?aai c
?Ya??®aa «iea ?®«ia ?®aeYcea a §cYac«Y?© a®aa¤?aaea a?aaY¬
v.portae ? a.hepatica cYaY§ a?aa®?¤e ?YcY? ? aeYaa «i®© cYY
®aaY? Ya ?a®ci.?Y¦¤a ceaa« e¬ i¤®aY«?Y¬ ? ?a?aeYa®ca??¬? ?«Ya-
? ¬?, a?aa®?¤ ¬? ? ! «? ¬? ?YcY®cea ?«Ya®? a®¤?aai ?a®aa-
a aac® „?aa .˜®a?®«i?a a?aa®?¤e a a ?aYa?§aiaai ®aaaaaac?Y¬ ! –
§ «i®© ¬Y¬!a e, ? ?a®aaa aac® „?aa ®aFa ?cY® ®cYi ?®a?aa®
a?aa®?¤ «ie¬ i¤®aY«?Y¬ ? ?a?aeYa®ca??¬? ?«Ya? ¬?, a® ?« §¬
?a®c? ceaY? Ya ?§ a?aa®?¤®c c ?a®aaa aac® „?aa cYaY§ ia? ?®ae,
a ? ca® FY? a®ae?ae Y?®aaY¤aacY® ®¬ec iaai ?a®cii.
˜…—…˜?—˜›‰ ?–?˜“‘.
– 2 –
‚ a® caY¬i ? ? ¤®«i? ?YcY? ic«iYaai ¬??a® a®¬?cYa?®© aa-
!Y¤??aeY© ?YcY?, ?YcY®ce© ae?aa ?aY¤aa c«iYa a®!®© aea?ae?®-
«iai ¬??a®Y¤??aea ?YcY?.?ae?aa ?YcY? ®?aY¤Y«iYaai ? ? aea?-
ae?® «i i ¬ aa ? aYa?¬e ?YcY?, ?®a®a i ®?aa¦ Ya ?Ya??®aa «i-
®Y ?®«Y ?¬YieYF® ? «?!a , ? ?®a®a i a!Ya?Yc?c Yaai aaYa? «i-
®© ? ?®aa «i®-cY®§®© ?a®cii ia®F® ?Ya??®aa «i®F® ?®-
«i(a?a.34.1)
˜?a.34.1.?®aeY?ae?i ?YcY®c®F® ae?aa ?® ˜ ?? ?®aaa.
?a®ci ?§ aeaeYaYaea a®aa¤®c ?®aa «iea ?®«Y© (˜.”.), ?®a®a i
®aaY? Ya cYaY§ a?aa®?¤e ?YcY? ? aeYaa «ie¬ cY ¬ (ae.c.), ®¬e-
c Ya FY? a®ae?ae §®e 1,2 ? 3 a® a?¦Ye¬ a®¤Ya¦ ?Y¬ ??a«®a®¤ ,
??a aY«iea cYeYaac ? F®a¬®®c.‡® 1 FY? a®ae?a®c a®aY¤aacaYa a
?®aa «i®-cY®§e¬ ?®aaa?«Y?Y ?a®c?, §® 3 a®aY¤aacaYa a ?YcY-
®c®-cY®§e¬ ®aa®?®¬ ?a®c?.
——————–
?aaYa? «i i ? ?®aa «i®-cY®§ i ?a®ci ?Ya??®aa «iea ?®«Y©
ae?aa ?YcY? ?a®aY? Ya cYaY§ a?aa®?¤e ?YcY? c ¤cY-aa? aeYa-
a «ieY cYe ?® a®aY¤aaca a ae?aa®¬, a ? ca® ? ¦¤ i aeYaa «i i
cY ¤®«i?? ?YcY? ?®«ac Ya ?a®ci ®a ¬®F?a ae?aa®c ?YcY?.
?Y? a®ae?ae, ?®a®aeY c ®!« aa? a !¦Y?i ?Ya??®aa «i®F® ?®«i
?¬YieYF® ? «?!a a®!?a iaai c ?YcY®ce© ae?aa, a a ?aYa?§a-
iaai aea?ae?® «ie¬ §®?a®c ?Y¬.˜a® §®?a®c ?Y ®aa ¦ Ya a §«?c-
®Y a !¦Y?Y FY? a®ae?a®c ®¤®F® ae?aa ®?a?FY?a®c ®© ?a®cii,
??a aY«ie¬? cYeYaac ¬? ? F®a¬® ¬?, a ?¦Y ic«iYaai ®aa ¦Y?Y¬
a §«?c®F® a a?aY¤Y«Y?i ¬Ya !®«?cYa??a aea?ae?© FY? a®ae?a ¬?
caaa? ®¤®F® ae?aa .‡® 1 ®ac aec Ya FY? a®ae?ae, ?®a®aeY Y-
?®aaY¤aacY® ®?aa¦ ia ?Ya??®aa «i®Y ?®«Y; ia? FY? a®ae?ae ®¬ec –
iaai ?a®cii a cea®?®© aaY?Yii ®?a?FY ae?? ? a cea®??¬ a®¤Ya¦ ?-
Y¬ ??a aY«iea cYeYaac ? F®a¬®®c.‡® 3 ®ac aec Ya FY? a®ae?ae,
?®a®aeY caaa? ae?aa a®¤iaai ¤ «ieY caYF® ®a a !¦Y?i ?a®cii
?Ya??®aa «i®F® ?®«i, ¬Y¦¤a §® ¬? 1 ? 3 a®¤?aai §® 2
(a?a.34.1).
‚ ae?aaY ?YcY? c FY? a®ae?a a ®!a §aYaai ¦Y«ci ? aYaeYa?aa-
Yaai a ¦Y«ceY ? «iaee.†Y«ceY ? «iaee ?aY¤aa c«iia a®!®© ? –
«e ?®?YaYc??®¬ 1 ¬?¬, ?®a®aeY ®!a §aiaai ?a®a?c®?®«®¦® «Y¦ –
e?a aa®a® a ¤caa, ¬ ?a?¬ «i® aaYa FY? a®ae?a®c.‘aY? ia?a ?®-
aeYcea a §cYac«Y?© ®ac®¤ieY© ¦Y«ci a?aaY¬e ®!a §®c Y ?§ ®a®-
!ea ?«Ya®?, ?§ aaY®? FY? a®ae?a®c, a ? §ec Y¬®© ? «??a«ia-
®© ¬Y¬!a e (a?a.34.2).†Y«ceY ? «iaee cYaY§ ?a®¬Y¦aa®ceY ®a-
aY§?? a®Y¤?iiaai a ?Ya??®aa «ie¬? ¦Y«ce¬? a®¤ ¬?, ?®aaeY ®!e-
– 3 –
Y¤?iiaai c !®«ie?Y caaa??YcY®ceY a®¤e.
˜?a.31.2. ? ?« §¬Y®© ¬Y¬!a e FY? a®ae?a®c ? ?a aea?ae?®?a®-
c ?Y ?a? aa a?®aaY ¦Y«cea ??a«®a, ?a? § c?a?¬®¬ ®a ¦Y«cea
??a«®a ¦Y«cY®!a §®c ?? ? ?a? aa a?®aaY cYeYaac c FY? a®ae?ae ?«?
?§ ?a ?®aaY¤aac®¬ i¤®ae?a®§ ?«? i?§®ae?a®§ .‚ ®!« aa? a?aa®?-
¤ «i®© ¬Y¬!a e FY? a®ae?a®c ¦Y«ceY ??a«®ae ?®aaa? ia c FY? a®-
ae?ae ?®aaY¤aac®¬ aci§ ®© a aa?Y¬ a?aaY¬e ®a?aY«i ? c c?¤Y
?®®c ?a?c® ce¤Y«iYaai cYaY§ ? «??a«iaai ¬Y¬!a a c ¦Y«c-
e© ? «Yae.˜®aaY¤aac®¬ ?c F? ae?? a?aa®?¤ «i®© ¬Y¬!a e ? i-
¤®ae?a®a?cYa?®F® ®aeaa®cec ?i ?a®?aa®¤?a ®aeaa®cec ?Y cY§??a«,
!« F®¤ ai cY¬a cYeYaac ?§ ?a®aaa aac „?aa ?a®a®¤ia c FY? a®-
ae?ae ( ?a., ?aa«?), ?«? cYaY§ FY? a®ae?ae ? ? «??a«ia®©
¬Y¬!a Y ( ?a., Ig A).‘ ¤aaF®© aa®a®e, ®!a §®c Y c ?? a aY
?®«i¤¦? !Y«?? ¬Y¬!a ?«? !Y«?? ?« §¬e ( ?a., «i!a¬? ?«? ae?!-
a?®FY) aa a?®aa?aaiaai c ae®a¬Y cY§??a« ? a?aa®?¤ «i®© ¬Y¬!-
a Y ? ?®a«Y caaa ?c ?i cY§??a«ia®© ¬Y¬!a e c a?aa®?¤ «iai
¬Y¬!a a ?YaY®aiaai c ?a®aaa aac® „?aa ? § aY¬ c ?a®ci.
“«iaa aaaa?aaa ? aea?ae?i a®aa cea
c aaY© ?YcY®c®F® ae?aa .
‚ ¦e¬? aaaa?aaae¬? a®aa ce¬? c aai¬? ae?aa ?YcY? ic«i-
iaai FY? a®ae?ae, a ?¦Y i¤®aY«? «ieY ?«Ya??, ?a?aeYa®ca??Y
?«Ya?? ? «??®ae?ae ?YcY®cea a?aa®?¤®c ? ?a®aaa aac „?aa
(a?a.34.2).?«Ya?? a §«?c iaai Y a®«i?® c aaaa?aaa®¬ ®a®eY??,
® ? ?® ae?§?®«®F?cYa?®© aea?ae??.‚ a® caY¬i ? ? ?«Ya?? i¤®aY«?i
?§ ?a®c? ?YcY®cea a?aa®?¤®c ?®aaY¤aac®¬ i¤®ae?a®§ § !?a ia
ca¦Ya®¤e© ¬ aYa? «, ?a?aeYa®ca??Y ?«Ya??, ?a?¬Ya, ce?®«iia
aea?ae?i a §aaeY?i ia?aa®ae?a®c.‹??®ae?ae, ?®a®aeY §ec iaai ?«Ya-
? ¬? ?’?, «®? «?§aiaai ?Ya?a?aa®?¤ «i® ¬Y¦¤a i¤®aY«?Y¬ a?aa®-
?¤®c ?YcY? ? FY? a®ae?a ¬?, cYa®ia®, ®aaeYaac«iia aa a?®aa ¦?-
a®c, ?a? ?®?«Y?? c?a ¬? ? ? ae?!a®FYY§Y.
?Y? a®ae?ae.
?Y? a®ae?ae a cY«®cY? § ?¬ ia ?a?¬Ya® 80-88% ®!eY¬ ?YcY?
(64).?«Ya®c i ¬Y¬!a FY? a®ae?a®c ¬®¦Ya !eai ?®¤a §¤Y«Y
aa? a §«?cea ¤®¬Y :
1.‘?aa®?¤ «i i ®!« aai ?« §¬ a?cYa?®© ¬Y¬!a e, ?®a®a i
?a?«Y¦?a ? ?a®aaa aaca „?aa .‚ ia®© ®!« aa? a®¤iaai YaYFa«ia-
eY ¬??a®c®aa???, ?®a®aeY ®¬ec iaai ?« §¬®© ?a®c? ?a®¬Y¦aa?®c
„?aa ?, a ??¬ ®!a §®¬, ®aaeYaac«iia !eaaae© ®!¬Y ¬Ya !®«?a®c ?
– 4 –
?a®¤a?a®c aY?aYae?? ¬Y¦¤a ?a®cii ? FY? a®ae?a ¬?.
2.?aYaaeY««i«ia i ®!« aai ?« §¬ a?cYa?®© ¬Y¬!a e, ?®a®a i
®aaeYaac«iYa ®a®!ai aea?ae?i ?aYaaeY««i«ia®© ¤FY§?? ? ?®¬¬a?? –
ae?? FY? a®ae?a®c.
3.? «??a«ia i ®!« aai ?« §¬ a?cYa?®© ¬Y¬!a e, ?®a®a i ?F-
a Ya ®a®!ai a®«i c ®!a §®c ?? ? aY?aYae?? ¦Y«c? (a?a.34.2).
˜ ai¤a a ce?®«Y?Y¬ FY? a®ae?a ¬? aea?ae?? aa a?®aa®F® i??-
aY«?i, a?aa®?¤ «i i ? ?aYaaeY««i«ia i ®!« aa? ?« §¬ a?cYa?®©
¬Y¬!a e ?aY¤aa c«iia a®!®© ! §®« aYa «iai ?®cYaa®aai, ? ¬Y¬!a –
¦Y«cea ? «iaeYc ic«iYaai ??? «i®© aY?aYa®a®© ?®cYaa®aaii.
‚ ®!« aa? ! §®« aYa «i®© ¬Y¬!a e FY? a®ae?a®c «®? «?§aYaai
N +,?+-?’” § , a ? ca® c ia®© ®!« aa? ¬Y¬!a e ?§ ?«Ya?? “?a®? –
c?c iaai” ?®e aa?i ? a ??¬ ®!a §®¬ a®§¤ Yaai Fa ¤?Ya aa?i
¬Y¦¤a ?Ya?aeY««i«ia®© ¦?¤?®aaii (?aa aeY««i«ia®Y ?a®aaa aac® ?
?a®aaa aac® „?aa ) ? ?aa aeY««i«iae¬ ?a®aaa aac®¬.˜®a?®«i?a c
®!« aa? ! §®« aYa «i®© ¬Y¬!a e FY? a®ae?a®c a ?¦Y ? ¦Y«ceY ??a-
«®ae c®a?a??¬ iaai c FY? a®ae?ae ?®aaY¤aac®¬ aci§ ®© a aa?Y¬
a?aaY¬e ?YaY®ac?? cYaY§ a?Yae?ae?cYa??Y aYaeY?a®ae ¦Y«cea ??a«®a
? ®? c ? cYaacY ?®®c ?a?c® aYaeYa?aaiaai cYaY§ ¬Y¬!a a
¦Y«cea ? «iaeYc c ?a®acYa ¦Y«cea ? «iaeYc, a® ¬Y¦¤a ?Ya?a?a-
a®?¤ «ie¬ ? ? «??a«iae¬ ?a®aaa aac ¬? c®§?? Ya ?®«®¦?aY«i-
e© Fa ¤?Ya aa?i.?a¬®a?cYa?®Y a c®cYa?Y ? i«Y?aa®Y©aa «i-
®aai ®!aa«®c«Ye aY¬, ca® ? a aeY««i«iae© ?®a®? c®¤e ? ?®®c
aa?i ?a®?aa®¤?a ca«Y¤aac?Y «?c?i “aYaea a®Y¤?Y?©” c ¦Y«c-
ea ? «iae a (a?a.34.2).’ ??¬ ®!a §®¬, ?a®?aa®¤?a § c?a?¬®Y ®a
«?c?i ¦Y«cea ??a«®a ®!a §®c ?Y ¦Y«c? c ¦Y«cea ? «i-
ae a(8).?!a §®c ?Y ¦Y«c?, § c?a?¬®Y ®a «?c?i ¦Y«cea ??a«®a,
«®? «?§aYaai ?aY?¬aeYaacY® c §®Y 1 ae?aa ?YcY?, ?®a?®«i?a
iaYa®FY? a?cYa?? c®§a aa ie i ?®aeYaa ae?i ¦Y«cea ??a«®a ? ?®F-
«®eY?Y ¦Y«cea ??a«®a FY? a®ae?a ¬? c §®Y 1 ?YcY®c®F® ae?aa
a ¬eY !®«ie?Y (21).
‘?aa®?¤ «i i ?« §¬ a?cYa? i ¬Y¬!a FY? a®ae?a®c a ?¦Y c
a®aa®i?? ?®F«®e ai cYeYaac ?®aaY¤aac®¬ i¤®ae?a®§ .˜®a«Y ?c F?-
ae?? a?aa®?¤ «i®© ¬Y¬!a e ?®aaY¤aac®¬ ®aeaa®c?? ®!a §aiaai
i¤®ae?a®a?cYa??Y ?«? ??®ae?a®a?cYa??Y ?a§eai??, ?®a®aeY aa a?®a-
a?aaiaai ? ¦Y«c®¬a ? «iaea ? ?®? ¤ ia c YF®.’ ??¬ ®!a §®¬ ¤®a-
a?F Yaai Y a®«i?® caaa ?c ?Y ?®¬?®Ya®c aY«Y?ae?®?aaieY© ?« §-
¬ a?cYa?®© ¬Y¬!a e c ¬Y¬!a a ? «iae , ®, ?a?¬Ya, ? aa a-
?®aa ?aa«? ?«? aYaeYa?aaY¬®F® c ¦Y«ci Ig A ®a a?aa®?¤ «i®©
?« §¬ a?cYa?®© ¬Y¬!a e ? ¬Y¬!a Y ¦Y«c®F® ? «iae (61).˜ ¤aa-
– 5 –
F®© aa®a®Y c FY? a®ae?a a ¬®Faa ®c®®!a §®c eY ¬Y¬!a eY !Y«??
?«? !Y«?? ?« §¬e c ae®a¬Y cY§??a« aa a?®aa?a®c aiai ? a?aa®?-
¤ «i®© ¬Y¬!a Y, cY§??a«e ¬®Faa caaa ?c aiai c a?aa®?¤ «iai
¬Y¬!a a, ? !Y«?? ?« §¬e ?®aaY¤aac®¬ i¤®ae?a®§ ¤®aa c«iiaai c
?a®ci (a?a.34.2).’ ??¬ a?®a®!®¬, ?a?¬Ya, «i!a¬?, ae?!a?®FY
?«? ‹˜?˜˜ ce¤Y«iiaai ?§ FY? a®ae?a®c c ?a®ci.
?Y¬!a ¦Y«c®F® ? «iae , ?®a®a i c ae®a¬Y ¬??a®c®aa?®?
ceaaa? Ya c ?a®acYa ¦Y«c®F® ? «iae , ?aY¤aa c«iYa a®!®© § ¬Yc –
aY«ie© aaaa?aaae© ?®¬?®Ya ¤«i ®!a §®c ?i ¦Y«c?.†Y«ceY ??a-
«®ae ¬®¤a«?aaia ?a®?ae Y¬®aai ia®© ¬Y¬!a e ? ?Fa ia, ca«Y¤aac?Y
?a ac®©aac ? ? ¤YaYaFYa®c, c ¦ai a®«i ?a? ce¤Y«Y?? a®aa cea
c aaY© ¬Y¬!a e ?«? aeYa¬Ya®c ( ?a., eY«®c®© ae®aae a §e,5`-a?-
«Y®a?¤ §e ?«? ae®aae®¤?YaaYa §e) ?§ ¬Y¬!a e ? «iaeYc c ¦Y«ci.
‚ ®!« aa? caaa??«Ya®c®© ?« §¬ a?cYa?®© ¬Y¬!a e a®aY¤?Y
FY? a®ae?ae a®Y¤?Ye ¬Y¦¤a a®!®© ?a? ?®¬®e? a®Y¤??aY«iea ?®¬?-
«Y?a®c.”’YaeY a®Y¤?Y?i”, ?®a®aeY a ?¦Y §ec ia ? ? Zona occ-
ludens, ®a¤Y«iia ?a®acYa ¦Y«cea ? «iaeYc ®a ?aYaaeY««i«ia®F®
?a®aaa aac ?«? ?a®aaa aac „?aa , ® ®aaeYaac«iia ? a aeY««i-
«iae© ?®a®? c®¤e ? ? a?®®c ( ?a., ?®®c aa?i) ?§ ?aYaaeY««i-
«ia®F® ?a®aaa aac ? ?a®aaa aac „?aa c ?a®acYa ¦Y«c®F® ? –
«iae (a?a.34.2).˜ a ««Y«i® a “aYae¬? a®Y¤?Y?i¬?” c¤®«i
¦Y«c®F® ? «iae a®¤iaai “?a®¬Y¦aa®ceY a®Y¤?Y?i”, ?®a®aeY
a®¤Ya¦ a ?®a ?a?«ieY ¬??a®ae?« ¬Yae.˜®aaY¤aac®¬ ?®a®¦?a ?Y-
a?aa «ia??a a®?a eY?© ?Ya?? «??a«ia® a a?®«®¦Yea a§«®c ?§
¬??a®ae?« ¬Ya®c c “?a®¬Y¦aa®cea a®Y¤?Y?ia” ce?®«iiaai Y
a®«i?® ?a®a «??c ie?Y iaeaeY?ae c ? «iae a, a ?¦Y ¬Ya ?cYa? i
a?« c®§¤Y©aacaYa ?aYaaeY««i«iaai ¬Y¬!a a ¤«i ?«Ya®cea ?®-
a®?®c c®¤e ? ?®®c. “‘®Y¤?Y?i ?a®¬Y¦aa?®c” ?aY¤aa c«iia a®!®©
FaYF ae ?aa ¬Y¬!a ea c aa?ae c ®!« aa? ?aYaaeY««i«ia®© ?« §-
¬ a?cYa?®© ¬Y¬!a e, ?®a®aeY ae®a¬?aaia cYaY§ ?aYaaeY««i«iaeY
?a®¬Y¦aa?? ®a FY? a®ae?a ? FY? a®ae?aa Y!®«ie?Y ? «e.˜a? ? «e
?a®a®¤?¬e ¤«i ?®®c ? Y!®«ie?a ¬®«Y?a«, ? a ??¬ ®!a §®¬ ®aaeYaa-
c«iia ¬Y¦?«Ya®ceY ?®¬¬a?? ae??, ca® ?¬YYa !®«ie®Y § cY?Y ¤«i
?®®a¤? ae?? aY?aYae?? ¦Y«c? c FY? a®ae?a a (21).˜a? a®«Yaa §Y, ?®-
a®ae© ?aY¤aa c«iYa a®!®© aaeY?Y aY?aYae?? ¦Y«c?, ?®cee Yaai
?a®?ae Y¬®aai “aYaea a®Y¤?Y?©”, ! aiYa i aea?ae?i “aYaea a®Y-
¤?Y?©”, ?®a®aeY a §eY¤?iia c ®a¬Y ¦Y«ci ®a ?aYaaeY««i«ia®F®
?a®aaa aac , c ?a®acYaY ? «iae , aaeY .˜a® cea ¦ Yaai c a®-
«Yaa §Y c ®!a a®¬ a®?Y ¦Y«c? c ?a®aaa aac® „?aa , ca® ?«??cYa-
?? ?a®ic«iYaai c ae®a¬Y ¦Y«aaa? ? cea ¦ Yaai, ?a?¬Ya, c ?®ceeY-
– 6 –
?? ?®aeYaa ae?? ¦Y«cea ??a«®a c aec®a®a?Y.˜« §¬ a?cYa? i ¬Y¬!-
a a® aaaa?aaa® ? aea?ae?® «i® a §«?ce¬? ¤®¬Y ¬? ®?aa¦ Ya
ae?a®?« §¬a FY? a®ae?a®c, c ?®a®aea a®¤Ya¦ aai ¬®F®c?a«YeY ?«Y-
a®ceY ®aF Y««e, ? ? ¬?a®a®¤a??, i¤®?« §¬ a?cYa??© aYa??a«a¬,
«?§®a®¬e, ?? a a ?®«i¤¦? ?«? ae?a®a?Y«Ya.
˜¤®?« §¬ a?cYa??© aYa??a«a¬ FY? a®ae?a®c, ?®a®ae© a c§a®a«ea
«i¤Y© 40% a®aa®?a ?§ eYa®a®c a®F® (a®¤Ya¦ eYF® a?!®a®¬e) ?
60% ?§ F« ¤?®F® i¤®?« §¬ a?cYa?®F® aYa??a«a¬ , ¬®¦Ya !eai ?a?
!®«Y§ia ?YcY? ?®caY¦¤Y ? ? c aaaa?aaa®¬, a ? ? c aea?ae?® «i-
®¬ ®a®eY?ia.‘?aY§ !Y«?®c ?a®?aa®¤?a, F« ce¬ ®!a §®¬, c eYa®-
a®c a®¬ i¤®?« §¬ a?cYa?®¬ aYa??a«a¬Y ?Ya??®aa «iea FY? a®ae?a®c
§®e 1 «YF®c®F® ae?aa .?« §??© i¤®?« §¬ a?cYa??© aYa??a«a¬ ®a-
cYaaacYY § a?aY§ «???¤®c, ?®?«Y?Y F«??®FY , !?®aa aae®a-
¬ ae?i aaYa®?¤®c, ¬Y¤?? ¬Ya®c ? ? aae?®FY®c, ® a®¤Ya¦?a aeYa¬Y-
ae !?®a?aY§ a®«YaaYa? , ¦Y«cea ??a«®a, a ?¦Y aa?¤?¤?ae®a-
ae a-(“„”)-F«i?aa®?«aa aaeYa §e, ?®a®aeY, ?®¬?¬® caYF® ?a®cYF®,
®acYaaacYe § ?®eiF ae?i ¬Y¤?? ¬Ya®c, !?«?aa!? ? ¦Y«cea
??a«®a a F«i?aa®®c®© ??a«®a®© (57,67).‘«Y¤®c aY«i®, F« ¤??© i-
¤®?« §¬ a?cYa??© aYa??a«a¬ ?¬YYa aea?ae?i ®!Y§caY¦?c ?i i¤®c.˜a?
a®«Yaa §Y, Ya¬®aai F??Yaaa®ae?i, c®§?? Ya F??® ?a?c®aai
F« ¤?®F® i¤®?« §¬ a?cYa?®F® aYa??a«a¬ (68).
‹?§®a®¬e !®F ae F?¤a®«?a?cYa??¬? aeYa¬Ya ¬?.˜a? a®«Yaa §Y
!«i¤ Yaai ?®ceeY?Y c?a« FY? a®ae?aea «?§®a®¬, ?®a®aeY ¬®Faa
a®¤Ya¦ ai !?«?aa!?, ?®caY¦¤YeY ae?a®?« §¬ a?cYa??Y ?®¬?®Yae ?
¤aaF?Y a®aa ceY c aa? ¬Y¬!a (21).‚ a«ac Y !®«Y§? ‚?«ia®
!«i¤ Yaai ?®?«Y?Y ¬Y¤? ? ?a? FY¬®aa®¬ a®§Y-¦Y«Y§ , c «?§®a®-
¬ a.
??? a a ?®«i¤¦? a®¤?aai c ¬®F®®!a §ea c§ ?¬®®a®eY?ia a
i¤®?« §¬ a?cYa??¬ aYa??a«a¬®¬ ? «?§®a®¬ ¬?, ca® cea ¦ Yaai c
?®aeY?ae?? GERL-?®¬?«Y?a (Goldi, endoplasmatische Reticulum, Li-
sosomen)(62).??? a a ?®«i¤¦? ?¬YYa aea?ae?i “?YaY®ac?? “, ?a?-
¬Ya, c aY?aYae?? «i!a¬? , ae?!a?®FY ? ‹˜?˜˜, cYaY§ a?aa®?-
¤ «iai ?« §¬ a?cYa?ai ¬Y¬!a a c ?a®ci, a ?¦Y c ?a c«Y??
¦Y«c®F® ? «iae , ?a?¬Ya, ?a? ?YaY®aY ?®eiF a®c F«ia a?® c
¦Y«ci.’ ??¬ ®!a §®¬, ?? a a ?®«i¤¦? ac aacaYa c aY?aYae?? ¦Y«c? ?
®! aa¦?c Ya ?§¬YY?i ? ? ?a? a®«Yaa §Y, a ? ? ?a? a®«®aY§Y (21).
–?a®a?Y«Ya FY? a®ae?a®c a®aa®?a ?§ ¬??a®aaa!®cY? ? ¬??a®ae?« –
¬Ya®c.‘aY¤? ¬??a®ae?« ¬Ya®c a §«?c ia ?a?¬??a®ae?« ¬Yae, ¬?®-
§?®ceY ¬??a®ae?« ¬Yae ? ?aYa¬Y¤? aeY ¬??a®ae?« ¬Yae.??a?®¬??-
a®ae?« ¬Yae ®a®!Y® a a?®«®¦Ye c®?aaF ¦Y«c®F® ? «iae , ®
– 7 –
aci§ e a “aYae¬? a®Y¤?Y?i¬?”. ˜®aaY¤aac®¬ ?®a®¦?a ?Ya?a-
a «ia??a a®?a eY?© c®?aaF ¦Y«c®F® ? «iae ? ?®aaY¤aac®¬ ?§¬YY-
?© ?«®a®aa? “aYaea a®Y¤?Y?©”. ???a®aaa!®c?? a ?a ?®«e¬?
aaaa?aaa ¬? ic«iiaai c ¦®© a®aa c®© c aii aaaa?aaae FY? a®ae?a
? ?Fa ia c ¦ai a®«i c® caaa??«Ya®c®¬ aa a?®aaY ¬Ya !®«?a®c ?
®c®a?aY§?a®c ®F® !Y«? (21).
•®ai caY FY? a®ae?ae ®!« ¤ ia a ??¬? aaaa?aaa ¬? ? ¬Ya !®«?-
cYa??¬? a?®a®!®aai¬?, ?§ aaaa?aaa®© ?®aeY?ae?? ?YcY®c®F® ae?-
aa ceaY? Ya ¬®¤Y«i ¬Ya !®«?cYa?®F® §®?a®c ?i ?YcY®c®© ? –
aYa?¬e a a¬YieY?Y¬ ®?a?FY ae??, a ?¦Y ?®aeYaa ae?? aa!aaa a
? F®a¬®®c c ?a®c? ®a §®e 1 ? §®Y 3.
?Ya !®«?cYa?®Y §®?a®c ?Y ?YcY®c®© ? aYa?¬e.
”a?ae?® «i i ¬??a®aaaa?aaa ?YcY? c ae®a¬Y ?YcY®c®F® ae?-
aa a®¤?a ac®Y ®aa ¦Y?Y c ¬®¤Y«? “¬Ya !®«?cYa?®F® §®?a®c ?i
?YcY®c®© ? aYa?¬e” (44). ?Y? a®ae?a c ?Ya??®aa «i®© ? ?Ya?cY-
®§®© §®e ? aYa?¬e ?YcY? c ae?aaY a §«?c iaai ?® ac®Y¬a
a !¦Y?i aeYa¬Ya ¬? ? aa!?«Ya®ce¬? aaaa?aaa ¬?. …a«? ?a?iai,
ca® ?a?c®aai ?«icYcea aeYa¬Ya®c ®?aY¤Y«iia cY«?c?a a?®a®!®aa?
¬Ya !®«?§¬ , a® ¬®¦® ?aY¤aa c?ai a §«?ceY aea?ae?? ¤«i ?Ya??®a-
a «i®© ? ?Ya?cY®§®© §® (43) (’ !.34.1). ’ ??Y ?a? a c®¬ FY-
? a®aeY««i«ia®¬ a®¤Ya¦ ?? aeYa¬Ya®c c® caYa ?«Ya? a ? aYa?¬e
?YcY®c®F® ae?aa c®§¬®¦e a §«?ceY ¬Ya !®«?cYa??Y aea?ae?? c
a §«?cea §® a ae?aa , ?®a?®«i?a §®e ?®¤cYaF iaai a §«?c®¬a
a?a c«Y?i ?®aaY¤aac®¬ a §«?c?© c ?®aeYaa ae?? ?a?aY? ie?a aa!a-
aa a®c.
’ ??¬ ®!a §®¬, ?®aeYaa ae?i ??a«®a®¤ c ?Ya??®aa «i®© ?a®c?
acY«?c?c Yaai ? aa ®c?aai a ?®© ¦Y, ? ? ? c ?Ya?cY®§®© ?a®c?,
a ?¦Y ? c§ ?¬®®a®eY?i ®a¤Y«iea Fa¬®®c, ? ? ?aa«?, F«i? F®,
? aYa®« ¬?e ?§¬Yiiaai c® caY¬i ? aa ¦ ?® ?YcY?, ?®a?®«i?a
a?®a®aai a aa®¤ ®a¤Y«iea F®a¬®®c ¬®¦Ya !eai a §«?c®©. ˜a® ®§-
c Ya, ca® ?Ya??®aa «i i §® a a ?aYa?§aYaai F®a¬® «ie¬?
?a?? § ¬?, ?® aa cY?i a ?Ya?cY®§®© §®®©, c®§?? Ya §® «i i
FYaYaa®FY®aai a?F « (42, 43).
’ !«?ae 34.1. ?®¤Y«i ¬Ya !®«?cYa?®F® §®?a®c ?i
?YcY®c®© ? aYa?¬e (?® Fungermann)
—————————————————————–
˜Ya??®aa «i i §® ˜Ya?cY®§ i §®
– 8 –
—————————————————————–
???a«?aY«ie© iYaFYa?cYa??©
¬Ya !®«?§¬
???a«Y?Y ¦?aea ??a«®a
–?aa ae© ae??«
„ea aY«i i aeY?i
‚e¤Y«Y?Y F«i?®§e ˜®F«®eY?Y F«i?®§e
?«i?®Y®FYY§ ?«??®«?§
‘?aY§ F«??®FY ?§ « ?a a ‘?aY§ F«??®FY ?§ F«i?®§e
˜ a? ¤ F«??®FY ¤® F«i?®§e ˜ a? ¤ F«??®FY ¤® « ?a a
‹??®Y®FYY§
˜aYca eY?Y ¬?®??a«®a
˜YaYa®¤ ¬?®??a«®a ¤® F«i-
?®§e
˜ a? ¤ ¬?®??a«®a
‘?aY§ ¬®cYc?e ?§ §®a
¬?®??a«®a
?!Y§caY¦?c ?Y N˜ 43
‘?aY§ ¬®cYc?e ?!a §®c ?Y F«aa ¬?
??a?¤ a?c i § e?a ˜?®aa aae®a¬ ae?i
‚e¤Y«Y?Y ¦Y«cea ??a«®a
‚e¤Y«Y?Y !?«?aa!?
—————————————————————–
?!e i ? a?Yae? «i i ? a®ae?§?®«®F?i.
?!¬Y ? ?YcYi.
˜YcYi c ? cYaacY aeYaa «i®F® ¬Ya !®«?cYa?®F® ®aF ce?®«-
iYa c ¦ai a®«i c ®!¬YY aF«Yc®¤®c, ¦?a®c ? ?a®aY?®c.
?!¬Y aF«Yc®¤®c ? ?YcYi.
?«icYcai a®«i ce?®«iYa ?YcYi ?a? ?®¤¤Ya¦ ?? FY¬®aa § F«i-
?®§e.
‚ ?®aaaY§®a!a?c®© ae §Y, ?a?¬Ya® cYaYa 4 c a ?®a«Y ?a?Y¬
??e?, ?®aaY!®aai ®aF ?§¬ c F«i?®§Y a®aa c«iYa ?a?¬Ya® 7,5 F c
c a, ?a?cY¬ ¬®§F ?®aaY!«iYa 6 F c c a ? ia?aa®ae?ae 1,5 F c
c a.˜a ?®aaY!®aai c F«i?®§Y ?®?aec Yaai ?YcYii, F¤Y 4,5 F c
c a ?®aa c«iYaai § acYa a a? ¤ F«??®FY ? 3 F c c a – F«i?®Y-
®FYY§®¬ ?§ « ?a a , ¬?®??a«®a ? F«?aeYa? (43).
˜a? ®!ec®¬ ??a ?? a ?®aaY!«Y?Y¬ aF«Yc®¤®c, a c®¬ ?a?¬Ya®
– 9 –
100 F i?c?c «Ya F«i?®§e c® caY¬i Y¤e c a®¤Y ae §e aY§®a!ae??
a®«i?® c ?YaceY ®! c a ?®a«Y ?a?Y¬ ??e? ca aec Yaai ?a?¬Ya®
40-60 F F«i?®§e c c a.?®§F ? ia?aa®ae?ae ?®aaY!«iia a®«i?® ?a?¬Ya-
® 7,5 F c c a.?§!ea®c i F«i?®§ ?aY¦¤Y caYF® c®a?a??¬ Yaai ?Y-
cYii, ?aYca e Yaai c F«??®FY, ¦?a ?«? c ‘?2.?aa«?, ?®a®ae©
?a? ca aec ?? F«i?®§e ®¤®caY¬Y® ce¤Y«iYaai c ?a®ci c®a®a®©
cYe, aa?¬a«?aaYa ia® ?®F«®eY?Y F«i?®§e ? ?aYca eY?Y.
”aa?a®§ ?aYca e Yaai c ?YcY? ?a? ?®¬®e? aeYa¬Ya aeaa?a®??-
§e c® aeaa?a®§®-1-ae®aae a ?, ?®Yae, «i¤®« §®© ?YcY? ?YaYc®¤?a-
ai c aa?®§e F«?aeYa? «i¤YF?¤ ? ¤?F?¤a®?a? aeYa®-ae®aae a, ?®a®aeY
¬®Faa ¬Ya !®«?§?a®c aiai c « ?a a.’ ??¬ a?®a®!®¬ c ®a¬ «i®© ?Y-
cY? c « ?a a ?aYca e Yaai ®?®«® 70% ?®F«®eY®© aeaa?a®§e.˜a? ?-
aea§?? aeaa?a®§e ?a®?aa®¤?a ?®ceeY?Y aa®ci « ?a a c aec®a®a?Y c
2-5 a § a a §c?a?Y¬ « ?a a ae?¤®§ , c a® caY¬i ? ? ?a? ?aea§??
F«i?®§e c ?a®c? !«i¤ Yaai «?ei ¤ca?a ae© ?®¤eY¬ ?®aeYaa ae??
« ?a a .˜a?c?®© a §c?a?i « ?a a ae?¤®§ ?a? ?aea§?? aeaa?a®§e, c
®a«?c?Y ®a ?aea§?? F«i?®§e ¬®¦® aa¬ aa?c ai c a®¬, ca® ca«Y¤a-
ac?Y ®cYi cea®?®© ?a?c®aa? aeaa?a®?? §e c ?YcY?, a ?®«acaY¬Y-
Y¬, a ce¬ 18 ¬?aa ¬, aeaa?a®§ ®cYi !eaaa® ?YaYc®¤?aai c ?YcY-
? c « ?a a.
? « ?a®§ c a®?®¬ ??eYc??Y ®ac®!®¦¤ Yaai ?§ « ?a®§e, ?a?
? aa ¦Y ?a®c? c®a®a®© cYe cYaY§ ?YcYi ?®ca? ?®«®aaii a¤ «iYa-
ai ?®aaY¤aac®¬ ae®aae®aY«?a®c ?i a?Yae?ae?cYa?®© F « ?a®?? §®© ?§
?a®c?.˜«?¬? ae?i F « ?a®§e cYaY§ a®a ?«? ?®a«Y caaa?cY®© ?e-
Y?ae?? F « ?a®§e ?a?¬YiYaai ¤«i a a ?aYa?§ ae?? aea?ae?? ?YcY? (86).
˜ aaeY?i ¬Ya !®«?§¬ aF«Yc®¤®c
?a? § !®«Yc ?ia ?YcY?.
˜®a?®«i?a ?YcYi a !®a Ya ? ? F«i?®aa a ¤«i aeY«Y© F«i?®§®F®-
¬Y®aa § ®aF ?§¬ cY«®cY? , a® § !®«Yc ?i ?YcY? cY¤aa ? F??®F-
«??Y¬??, ® c eY ? F??YaF«??Y¬?? (“FY? a®FYe© ¤? !Ya”).?YYa?-
cYa?? ®!aa«®c«YeY ¤YaeY?ae c ¬Ya !®«?§¬Y aF«Yc®¤®c c ?YcY? cY-
¤aa ? ai¦Y«e¬ ca®¦¤Ye¬ § !®«Yc ?i¬ a aea?ae?® «ie¬? ®Fa ?cY-
?i¬? ?YcY?.
???YaF«??Y¬?i ? “FY? a®FYe© ¤? !Ya”.
˜a? aa®?cYa??a § !®«Yc ?ia ?YcY?, ®a®!Y® ?a? ae?aa®§ a,
c aa® !«i¤ Yaai aaeY?Y F®¬Y®aa § F«i?®§e.˜ aaeY?Y F®¬Y®a-
a § F«i?®§e a !®«iea a ae?aa®§®¬ ?YcY? ceic«iYaai c aa® ?a?
?a®cY¤Y?? aYaa®c a®«Ya a®aai ? ?aa«?a (18).˜a?¬Ya® ?®«®-
– 10 –
c? caYa !®«iea a ae?aa®§®¬ ?YcY? ®! aa¦?c ia ? a®«®F?cYa?ai
a®«Ya a®aai ?YcY? ? c 10% ¬iF??© ?®aa?F?aaY¬e© ¤?Ya®© ? aa«i-
ae ?«¬®cYc?e a a ae© ¤? !Ya(18).
˜ !«i¤ Y¬e© ?a? ae?aa®§Y ?YcY? F??Ya?aa«??§¬ ic«iYaai
a«Y¤aac?Y¬ a¬YieY®F® a a? ¤ ?aa«? c ?YcY?.‘ ¤aaF®© aa®a®-
e, Ya¬®aai ?®ceeY?Y ?Ya?aeYa?cYa?®F® aa®ci ?aa«? , c ?a®-
c? a !®«iea a ae?aa®§®¬ ?YcY? !«i¤ Yaai a¬YieY?Y a®«Ya a-
®aa? ? F«i?®§Y, a !®«iea a ae?aa®§®¬ ?YcY? !«i¤ Yaai aY§?a-
aYa®aai ? ?aa«?a.˜Y§?aaYa®aai ? ?aa«?a ic«iYaai a«Y¤aac?-
Y¬ a¬YieY?i aa®¤aac ?«? c?a« aYaeY?a®a®c ?aa«? , ?®a?®«i?a a
!®«iea a ae?aa®§®¬ ?YcY? !«i¤ Yaai a¬YieY?Y c?a« aYaeY?a®a®c
?aa«? c ¬®®ae?a a, ia?aa®ae?a a ? ¦?a®cea ?«Ya? a (60,85).‚ Y-
?®a®aea a«ac ia aY§?aaYa®aai ? ?aa«?a ¤®?®«?aY«i® ¬®¦Ya
!eai ®!aa«®c«Y ¤YaeY?a®¬ aYaeY?a®a®c, a ?¦Y aaeY?Y¬ aY ?ae?©,
?®a®aeY cY¤aa ? ?a?c?a®c ?i aYaeY?a®a®c ?®aaaYaeY?a®ae¬? ¤YaeY?-
a ¬?.˜Y§?aaYa®aai ? ?aa«?a, a ¤aaF®© aa®a®e, a®c ?a?c®¤?a
? a¬YieY?i a®«Ya a®aa? F«i?®§e.’ ??¬ ®!a §®¬, ? a®FYY§ FY? –
a®FY®F® a a a®F® ¤? !Ya ?®? ¤ Ya c ?®a®ce© ?aaF, c ?®a®a®¬
§ !®«Yc ?Y ?YcY? cY¤Ya ? a¬YieY?i aaY?Y? ?aYca eY?i F«i?®§e
?, a«Y¤®c aY«i®, ? F??YaF«??Y¬??.???YaF«??Y¬?i cY¤Ya ? F??Ya?-
aa«?Y¬??, ?®a?®«i?a a a? ¤ ?aa«? c ?YcY? § ¬Y¤«iYaai ?a?
?®caY¦¤Y?ia ?YcY?.???Ya?aa«?Y¬?i a a ?aYa?§aYaai ?”„®F®?”-aY-
Fa«iae?Y© aYaeY?a®a®c ?aa«? , ? ?®?¦Y?Y¬ c?a« aYaeY?a®a®c ?aa-
«? , a«Y¤aac?Y¬ cYF® ic«iYaai aY§?aaYa®aai ?aa«? .˜Y§?aaYa-
®aai ?aa«? cY¤Ya ? F??YaF«??Y¬?? cYaY§ ?®?¦Y?Y ?aYca eY?i
F«i?®§e.
???®F«??Y¬?i.
˜ ?a®a?c, F??®F«??Y¬?i ?a? § !®«Yc ?ia ?YcY? !«i¤ Yaai
aY¤?®, ?®a?®«i?a ia aea?ae?i § ?¬ Ya a®«i?® ?a?¬Ya® 20% ? aY-
a?¬e ?YcY?, ? ca®!e ?§!Y¦ ai a?¦Y?i aa®ci a a a ?a®c? ¤® F?-
?®F«??Y¬?cYa??a § cY?©, ? ?®a?®«i?a ?®c?? ¬®Faa c®a?a??¬ ai
c aai ®!a §®c ?i F«i?®§e ?YcYii ?a? aa®?cYa??a § !®«Yc ?ia
?YcY?.˜® ia®© ?a?c?Y F??®F«??Y¬?? ?aY¦¤Y caYF® !«i¤ iaai
a®«i?® ?a? ®aaa®¬ FY? a?aY, ?®a®ae© c aa?c® ic«iYaai a«Y¤aac?Y¬
?®?¦Y?i § ? a®c F«??®FY , aaeY?© a !¦Y?i F«i?®§®© ? aa-
eY?© F«i?®Y®FYY§ c ?YcY?, a ?¦Y a¬YieY?i aaY?Y? ?a?c –
ae?? ?aa«? ?YcYii.
˜ aaeY?i ¬Ya !®«?§¬ F « ?a®§e.
– 11 –
˜a? F « ?a®§i¬?? ?¬YYa ¬Yaa® FYYa?cYa??© Y¤®aa a®? F « ?a®-
§®-1-ae®aae a-aa?¤?«aa aaeYa §e, a ? ca® ¬®¦Ya ¬®¦Ya c®§??aai Y-
¤®aa a®? F « ?a®§e, F « ?a?aY« ? F « ?a®§®-1-ae®aae a c aY«Y ?a?
?®caY¦¤Y?? aea?ae?? ?YcY?, ?®cY? ? ¬®§F ? ?a? a §c?a?? ? a a ?-
ae.˜®a?®«i?a F « ?a®§ ic«iYaai a®aa c®© c aaii ¬®«®c®F® a a –
a , a® ?«??cYa? i a?¬?a®¬ a?? a §c?c Yaai aa §a ?®a«Y a®¦¤Y?i
? aaY!aYa Y¬Y¤«Y®F® ??a ?i ¬« ¤YaeYc !Y§ F « ?a®§e.
˜®«Y§? § ? a ?i F«??®FY .
˜®«Y§? ?®?«Y?i F«??®FY a a ?aYa?§aiaai aaeY?i¬? ¬Y-
a !®«?§¬ a ®a«®¦Y?Y¬ F«??®FY c a §«?cea ®aF a, c ®a®c®¬,
c ?YcY?, c ¬eeae a ? c ?®c? a.‚ a®®acYaaac?? a FYYa?cYa?? ®!aa-
«®c«Ye¬ ¤YaeY?a®¬ aeYa¬Ya a §«?c ia 10 a §«?cea a??®c § !®«Y-
c ?i ?®?«Y?i F«??®FY (a !«.34.2).?®a?®¤aacaieYY ?a®ic«Y?Y
a?¬?a®¬®c c ?YcY? ?aY¦¤Y caYF® !«i¤ Yaai ?a? a?? a 1,3,6, ?
9.?«??cYa?? ?a? § !®«Yc ?ia ?®?«Y?i F«??®FY ca«Y¤aac?Y
a¬YieY®F® ®ac®!®¦¤Y?i F«i?®§e ?§ F«??®FY a«Y¤aYa ®a®!®Y
c?¬ ?Y ®!a e ai F??®F«??Y¬?i ?a? a¬YieY?? ?®aaY!«Y?i ??-
e?, a ? ca® aa ®c?aai Y®!a®¤?¬e¬ ?®a«Y¤®c aY«i®Y aaYac a®c®Y
??a ?Y c aYcY?Y ¤i, a ?¦Y ®cii, c® ?§!Y¦ ?Y F??®F«??Y¬??.
?Ya !®«?§¬ !Y«?®c ? ?YcYi.
“ c§a®a«ea «i¤Y© a cYa®¬ aY« ®?®«® 70 ?F 12 ?F ®a®aiaai ?
!Y«? ¬, ?§ ?®a®aea 200-300 F. Y¦Y¤Yc® ?®¤«Y¦ a a aa®¤a ? Y®-
a?aY§a. ?§ ?a !Y«?? ¬aa?a« aaae a®aa c«iia 53% ? !Y«?? ?YcY?
20%. ˜®a«Y ¬aa?a« aaae + ?YcYi – ®aF a ?!®«YY ?aYa?ce¬
a?aY§®¬ !Y«? . ˜YcYi a?aY§?aaYa ?§ ¬?®??a«®a Y¦Y¤Yc® 50 F.
!Y«? , ?§ ?®a®aea 12 F. ®a®aiaai ? «i!a¬?a. ’ ?¦Y ? ¤aaF?Y
!Y«?? ?« §¬e, ?a?¬Ya, ae?!a?®FY, ae ?a®ae acYaaec ?i, «i-
ae 41 0- a?aa??a?, ?®?a®aY?e, aeYaa«®?« §¬? – a?aY§?aaiaai c ?®-
Yc®¬ ?a®FY c ?YcY?. ˜Y®!a®¤?¬eY ¤«i a?aY§ !Y«?®c ¬?®??a«®-
ae c ®a®c®¬ ?®«ac iaai ?a? a a? ¤Y i¤®FYea !Y«?®c, ?a? !?®-
a?aY§Y YiaaYae? «iea ¬?®??a«®a ? ?§ ?®aa c«iY¬ea a ??a ?Y¬
!Y«?®c, ?®a®aea a«Y¤aYa ?a??¬ ai ®?®«® 90 F. ˜a? a¬YieY??
Y¦Y¤Yc®F® ?®¤c®¤ !Y«?®c ¤® 45 F c®§?? Ya ®aa?ae aY«ie© ! « a
§®a .
?!¬Y ¬?®??a«®a ? ?YcYi.
˜cYi § ?¬ Ya a ??Y aeYaa «i®Y ¬Yaa® c ¬?®??a«®a®¬ ®!¬Y-
Y (a?a.34.4) (29). ‘?Y?aa ¬?®??a«®a, ?®¤c®§?¬ea c ?a®c? ?®a-
– 12 –
a «i®© cYe c ?YcYi, ?aYaYa?Yc Ya c ?YcY? ?§¬YY?i, ?®a?®«i?a
¬?®??a«®ae c aa?c® ¬®Faa a a? ¤ aiai ¤® ¬®cYc?e, c aa?c®
ac aacaia c !?®a?aY§Y !Y«?®c ?«? F«i?®§e, c aa?c® ?a®a®¤?a cY-
aY§ ?YcYi Y?§¬YYe¬?. ˜®a?®«i?a c ?YcY? ?aY?¬aeYaacY® a a-
? ¤ iaai a®¬ a?cYa??Y ¬?®??a«®ae (aeY?« « ?, a?a®§? ? ¬Ya?-
®?), c ¬aa?a« aaaY a a? ¤ iaai F« ce¬ ®!a §®¬ ¬?®??a«®ae a
a §cYac«Y®© aeY?ii (c «?, «Y©ae? ?«? ?§®«Y©ae?), ?a®ci ?YcY®c-
®© cYe a®¤Ya¦?a ®a®a?aY«i® !®«YY cea®??© aa®cYi ¬?®??a«®a
a a §cYac«Ye¬? aeY?i¬?, ?® aa cY?i a ?a®cii c®a®a®© cYe.?¬?-
®??a«®ae a a §cYac«Ye¬? aeY?i¬? c ¬aa?a« aaaY ? c F®«®c®¬ ¬®§-
FY a«a¦ a ¤«i ?®«acY?i iYaF??.˜ ?a®a?c, a®¬ a?cYa??Y ¬?®??a-
«®ae, ?®a®aeY ?®?aa?aaia a ¬?®??a«®a ¬? a a §cYac«Ye¬? aeY?i-
¬? § aa a?®aaeY a?aaY¬e c FY¬ a®iaeYae «?cYa?®¬ ! aiYaY, ?aYc-
a e iaai c Y©a®aa a¬?aaYae.?!Y§caY¦?c ?Y ¬¬? ? c F®«®c®¬
¬®§FY ¤®aa?F Yaai ?®aaY¤aac®¬ ®!a §®c ?i F«ia ¬? ?§ F«ia ¬ –
a .?«ia ¬? a ?a®cii aa a?®aa?aaYaai ? ?®c? ¬ ? ? ?YcY?, ? a«a-
¦?a c ?®c? a c ? cYaacY aa!aaa a ¤«i cecY¤Y?i ¬¬? ? c ¬®§FY
?, a«Y¤®c aY«i®,¤«i aYFa«iae?? ??a«®a®-eY«®c®F® a c®cYa?i ?a?
?®¬®e? ?®cY?.‚ ?YcY? ?a®?aa®¤?a ®!Y§c®¦?c ?Y ¬¬? ? ?§ F«ia –
¬? cYaY§ ae??« ¬®cYc?e.?!a §®c ?Y ¬®cYc?e ?aY¤aa c«iYa a®!®©
®?aY¤Y«Yai aaa?Yi ®!Y§caY¦?c ?i ¬®cYc?e c ?YcY?, ?®a?®«i?a
¬®cYc? ce¤Y«iYaai a ¬®c®©, ? ®!a §®c ?Y ¬®cYc?e ic«iYaai Y-
®!a a?¬e¬.
?!Y§caY¦?c ?Y ¬¬? ? ? aea?ae?i
?YcY? c ? cYaacY aYFa«ia®a cY«?c?e a˜.
˜?®a?aY§ ¬®cYc?e ? F«ia ¬? ?aY¤aa c«iYa a®!®© c ¦Y©eai
c®§¬®¦®aai ®!Y§caY¦?c ?i ¬¬? ? ?YcYii.‘?aY§ ¬®cYc?e ?a®?a-
a®¤?a c ?YcY?, c ae??«Y ¬®cYc?e, ®a?aea®¬ Krebs ? Henseleit
(46).?«ia ¬? ®!a §aYaai ?a? ?YaY®aY ¬¬? ? ?§ F«ia ¬ a ?®a-
aY¤aac®¬ F«ia ¬?a?aYa §e.?aeY?«Y?Y ?®®c ¬¬®?i ®a F«ia ¬?
?a®?§c®¤?aai ?®aaY¤aac®¬ F«ia ¬? §e.‘?aY§ ? a aeY?«Y?Y F«ia –
¬? ?a®?aa®¤?a a®c¬Yaa® c F«ia ¬?®c®¬ ae??«Y.‚ a®®acYaaac?? a
?®aeY?ae?Y© ¬Ya !®«?cYa?®F® §®?a®c ?i ?YcY®c®F® ae?aa ae??«
¬®cYc?e ? aY ?ae?i F«ia ¬? §e F«ia ¬?®c®F® ae??« «®? «?§aYaai c
?Ya??®aa «i®© §®Y, c a® caY¬i ? ? aY ?ae?i F«ia ¬?a?aYa §e
F«ia ¬?®c®F® ae??« a®¤?aai c ?Ya?cY®§®© §®Y
(32)(a?a.34.5).˜®a?®«i?a aeYa¬Ya, ®?aY¤Y«iie?© a?®a®aai ae??« ¬®-
cYc?e, «®? «?§aieYF®ai ?Ya??®aa «i®, ? a! ¬?«ae®aae aa?aYa §
?¬YYa Y§ c?aY«i®Y aa®¤aac® a ?® ¬? ¬¬®?i (?m=1-2¬?/«), ?®
– 13 –
aa cY?i a ?Ya?cY®§® «®? «?§aY¬®© F«ia ¬?a?aYa §®© F«ia ¬?-
®c®F® ae??« (?m=0,3¬?/«), ®!Y§caY¦?c Ya a®«i?® ?a? cea®??a ?®-
aeYaa ae?ia ¬¬®?i c ae??«Y ¬®cYc?e.?®e ¬¬? ? , ?®a®aeY ®!Y§c-
aY¦?c iaai ?a? a®?Y ?Ya??®aa «i®© ?a®c? ®a ?Ya??®aa «i®F® c ?Y-
a?cY®§®¬ ?a c«Y?? Y cYaY§ ae??« ¬®cYc?e, ?a®?aa®¤?a ca«Y¤a-
ac?Y cea®?®F® aa®¤aac F«ia ¬?a?aYa §e ? ¬¬? ?a YeY c ?Ya?cY-
®§®© §®Y ?YcY®c®F® ae?aa .’ ??¬ ®!a §®¬, ¬¬? ? c ae?§?®«®-
F?cYa??a ?®aeYaa ae?Y© ?®aa «i®© ?a®c? (0,3¬?/«) ®!Y§caY¦?c Yaai
?®aaY¤aac®¬ ®!a §®c ?i ¬®cYc?e, a ?¦Y ?®aaY¤aac®¬ a?aY§ F«i-
a ¬? .
˜®a?®«i?a ?a? a?aY§Y ¬®cYc?e c ?YcY?, ai¤a a ?® ¬? ¬-
¬®?i, a ?¦Y ?a?®«i§aiaai ?®e !?? a!® a (a¬. aa¬¬ aai ae®a¬a«a
a?a.34.5) ? a?aY§?aaY¬e© c ?YcY?, aa a?®aa?aaY¬e© ? ?®c? ¬
F«ia ¬? cec®¤?aai c c?¤Y ?®®c ¬¬®?i ?®aaY¤aac®¬ ?YcY®c®©
F«ia ¬? §e c ¬®ca, ? ?YcYi c a®aa®i?? aa !?«?§?a®c ai § cY?Y
a˜ ?®aaY¤aac®¬ ?§¬YY?i a?®a®aa? a?aY§ F«ia ¬? – a ??¬ ®!a –
§®¬, ?YcYi ®!« ¤ Ya aea?ae?Y© aa !?«?§ a®a cY«?c?e a˜.
˜a? ¬Ya !®«?cYa?®¬ ae?¤®§Y c ?YcY? ?®?¦ Yaai a?®a®aai a?-
aY§ ¬®cYc?e, c Y© a?¦ Yaai aa®cYi !?? a!® a .‘?®a®aai a?-
aY§ F«ia ¬? c ?YcY? ?®cee Yaai, aa a?®aa?aaY¬e© ? ?®c? ¬
F«ia ¬? ®a¤ Ya !®«ieY ?®®c ¬¬®?i ?, a«Y¤®c aY«i®, ?a®a®®c c
¬®ca.˜a? ¬Ya !®«?cYa?®¬ «? «®§Y Y®!a a?¬® ?®cee Yaai a?aY§ ¬®-
cYc?e, a aa®¤aYaai !®«ieY !?? a!® a .˜ ?a®a?c, ca«Y¤aac?Y
a¬YieY®F® a?aY§ F«ia ¬? c ?YcY?, ?®c?? a¬Yie ia ?®¤ ca
F«ia ¬? ¤«i cecY¤Y?i ?®®c ¬¬®?i c ¬®ca (a?a.34.5).
˜ aaeY?i ¬Ya !®«?§¬ ¬?®??a«®a
? a?aY§ ¬®cYc?e ?a? !®«Y§ia ?YcY?.
˜a? ®aaaea ? aa®?cYa??a § !®«Yc ?ia ?YcY? ¬®Faa c®§?? ai
?§¬YY?i ®!¬Y ¬?®??a«®a ? !Y«?®c ca«Y¤aac?Y a¬YieY?i aea?-
ae?® «i®© ¬ aae FY? a®ae?a®c ? ca«Y¤aac?Y «?c?i ?®aa®a?aaY¬®F®
eaa ?®a®? ?a®c?.
˜ aaeY?i ®!¬Y ¬?®??a«®a ?a? aa®?cYa??a § !®«Yc ?ia ?Y-
cY? ceic«iiaai aY¬, ca® a?Y?aa ¬?®??a«®a c ?« §¬Y ?® aa cY?i
a® §¤®a®ce¬? ?a? aa®?cYa??a § !®«Yc ?ia ?YcY? a a ?aYa?§aYaai
?®?¦Y?Y¬ a®¤Ya¦ ?i ¬?®??a«®a a a §cYac«Ye¬? aeY?i¬?
30-50% («Y©ae?, ?§®«Y©ae?, c «?) ? ?®ceeY?Y¬ a®¤Ya¦ ?i a®¬ –
a?cYa??a ¬?®??a«®a (a?a®§?, aeY?« ¬? ? ¬Ya?®?).˜®?¦Y?Y
a®¤Ya¦ ?i ¬?®??a«®a a a §cYac«Ye¬? ? ¬?®??a«®a ¬?(aeY?i¬?)
?a?c®¤?a ?a? aa®?cYa??a § !®«Yc ?ia ?YcY? ? !«i¤ Y¬®© F??Y-
– 14 –
a?aa«?Y¬??.???Ya?aa«?Y¬?i ®!aa«®c«Y ?®ceeYe¬ a a? ¤®¬
¬?®??a«®a a a §cYac«Ye¬? aeY?i¬? ?YaYaeYa??, c ¬aa?a« aaaY ?
¦?a®c®© a? ? (84) ?, a«Y¤®c aY«i®, ? ?®?¦Y?i a®¤Ya¦ ?i ia?a
¬?®??a«®a c ?« §¬Y.˜®ceeY?Y a®¤Ya¦ ?i a®¬ a?cYa??a ¬?®??a-
«®a c ?« §¬Y ?a? aa®?cYa??a § !®«Yc ?ia ?YcY? ®!eiaaYaai
a¬YieY?Y¬ a a? ¤ ia?a ¬?®??a«®a c ?YcY? ca«Y¤aac?Y aaeY-
?i aea?ae?© ?YcY?, ?®a?®«i?a a®¤Ya¦ ?Y ?«icYcea ?YcY®cea aeYa-
¬Ya®c a a? ¤ a®¬ a?cYa??a ¬?®??a«®a, ¤«i aa??a®ae – aa??-
a®ae ??aa®« § , c ?YcY? ?®?¦Y® (84).
˜®a?®«i?a ?a? aa®?cYa??a !®«Y§ia ?YcY? ? ?a? ae?aa®§Y a ?¦Y
a¬YieY a?®a®aai a?aY§ ¬®cYc?e ca«Y¤aac?Y a¬YieY?i a®¤Ya-
¦ ?i aeYa¬Ya®c ae??« ¬®cYc?e, a ??¬ ®!a §®¬, ®!eiaiYaai ?®ce-
eY?Y a®¤Ya¦ ?i ¬?®??a«®a ?« §¬e, ®a®!Y® a®¬ a?cYa??a ¬?-
®??a«®a, a ?¦Y c a¬YieY®¬ a a? ¤Y ¬?®??a«®a c ae??«Y ¬®cY-
c?e (32).˜®a?®«i?a ®!Y§c®¦?c ?Y ?®®c ¬¬®?i c ae??«Y ¬®cYc?e
«®? «?§aYaai c ?Ya??®aa «i®© §®Y ?YcY®c®F® ae?aa , ? ?a?
ae?aa®§Y ®a®!Y® ?®caY¦¤ Yaai ¬®aae®«®F?cYa?? ?Ya??®aa «ie© aYF?-
®, ca® ®!eiaiYaai a¬YieY?Y¬ a?®a®aa? a?aY§ ¬®cYc?e ?a?
aa®?cYa??a § !®«Yc ?ia ?YcY? ? aaa??ceY© F??Ya ¬¬®?Y¬?Y©,
a ?¦Y a?«®®aaii ? a §c?a?i ¬Ya !®«?cYa?®F® «? «®§ .?Ya !®«?-
cYa??© «? «®§ ?¬YYa ¬Yaa® ?a? aa®?cYa??a § !®«Yc ?ia ?YcY?
ca«Y¤aac?Y a?¦Y?i ?®aaY!«Y?i !?? a!® a ca«Y¤aac?Y a¬YieY?i
a?®a®aa? a?aY§ ¬®cYc?e, ?a?cY¬ ?®¬?Ya a®a® ¤«i ®!Y§caY¦?c –
?i ¬¬? ? c ?Ya?cY®§®© §®Y ?YcY®c®F® ae?aa ¬®¦Ya !eai
?®ceeY a?aY§ F«ia ¬? .(32)(a?a.34.5).
˜a? «?c?? § aa®©®© ?YcY? ?Ya?cY®§ i §® ?YcY®c®F®
ae?aa Y®!a a?¬® ?®caY¦¤Y c ®a®eY?? ®!Y§caY¦?c ?i ?®®c
¬¬®?i ?®aaY¤aac®¬ a?aY§ F«ia ¬? .˜a® ¬®¦Ya ?a?c®¤?ai ? ¬Ya –
!®«?cYa?®¬a ae?¤®§a ca«Y¤aac?Y a¬YieY®F® ce¤Y«Y?i ¬¬®?i
?®c? ¬? ?a? § aa®©®© ?YcY? (32).’ ??¬ ®!a §®¬, ?§¬YY?i ¬Ya –
!®«?§¬ ¬?®??a«®a ? ®!Y§caY¦?c ?i ¬¬®?i ?a? aa®?cYa??a !®-
«Y§ia ?YcY? ?aY¤aa c«iia a®!®© c ¦eY ae ?a®ae c ? a®FYY§Y ?§-
¬YY?© ??a«®a®-eY«®c®F® a c®cYa?i ? c c®§??®cY?? ?YcY®c-
®© iaeYae «®? a??.
˜ aaeY?i ¬Ya !®«?§¬ !Y«?
?a? § !®«Yc ?ia ?YcY?.
?§¬YY?i !Y«?®c ?« §¬e ?a? § !®«Yc ?ia ?YcY? ¬®Faa ®aa –
¦ ai ?§¬YY?i !?®a?aY§ !Y«? c ?YcY?, ?®a?®«i?a ¬®F?Y !Y«??
?« §¬e a?aY§?aaiaai ?a?«ic?aY«i® c ?YcY?.
– 15 –
?«i!a¬?: !®«ieY a ae?aa®§®¬ ?YcY? c aa® ?¬Yia ?®?¦Ye©
aa®cYi aec®a®a®cea «i!a¬?®c.˜a®a aa®cYi ¬®¦Ya !eai ®aa ¦Y?-
Y¬ ?®?¦Y®F® § ? a «i!a¬?®c c ?« §¬Y, ¬®¦Ya ?a? ®a¬ «i®¬
§ ? aY ?« §¬Yea «i!a¬?®c !eai a ?¦Y cea ¦Y?Y¬ iaeaeY?a a §-
! c«Y?i.’ ?, a !®«iea a ae?aa®§®¬ ?YcY? ? F??® «i!a¬?Y¬?Y©,
a ?¦Y a aae?a®¬ c aa® !«i¤ Yaai ®a¬ «ie© § ? a «i!a¬? c
?« §¬Y ? ¤ ¦Y ?®ceeYe© ®!e?© «i!a¬? c aY«Y, ca«Y¤aac?Y ?®ce-
eY?i i?aaa c a?a«ia®F® § ? a «i!a¬? .’ ??¬ ®!a §®¬, ?a? a –
a ?aYa?§ ae?? ¬Ya !®«?§¬ «i!a¬?®c ?a? !®«Y§ia ?YcY? a«Y¤aYa
?a®c®¤?ai a §«?c?Y ¬Y¦¤a !®«ie¬? a aae?a®¬ ? !Y§ YF®.
“ !®«iea a ae?aa®§®¬ ?YcY? !Y§ aae?a F??® «i!a¬?Y¬?i ®!®§-
c Ya a¬YieY?Y a?aY§ «i!a¬?®c, ?aa c a?a«ia®F® § ? a
«i!a¬?®c ? ®!eYF® «i!a¬? caYF® aY« .…¦Y¤Yce© a?aY§ «i!a-
¬? ¬®¦Ya a¬Yie aiai ?a? ae?aa®§Y a 10-12 F ¤® 4 F.
“ !®«iea a ae?aa®§®¬ ?YcY? a aae?a®¬, Ya¬®aai F??® «i!a-
¬?Y¬?i, a?aY§ «i!a¬? , ?a®a?c, ®cYi c aa® !ec Ya ®a¬ «i-
e¬.‘Y?aYae?i a?aY§?aaY¬®F® c FY? a®ae?a a «i!a¬? c ?« §¬a ¬®-
¦Ya aae aiai ?®«« FY®¬ ae?aa®§ , a ? ca® ¤® 89% ®c®a?aY§?a®-
c ®F® «i!a¬? Y?®aaY¤aacY® ?YaYa®¤?a c aae?a ?, a ??¬ ®!-
a §®¬, Ya¬®aai ®a¬ «ie© a?aY§ «i!a¬? , ¬®¦Ya c®§?? ai
F??® «i!a¬?Y¬?i.˜® ia®© ?a?c?Y aa®cYi aec®a®a®c®F® «i!a¬?
Y a®¤?a cea ¦Y?i c ?a®?§c®¤?aY«i®aa? a?aY§ ?YcYii,
ca«Y¤aac?Y ¤«?aY«i®F® caY¬Y? ?®«a¦?§? a a? ¤ «i!a¬? , ?®a®-
a®Y a®aa c«iYa ®?®«® 3-a Y¤Y«i. ˜ ?a®a?c, ®?aY¤Y«Y?Y ae ?a®a®c
acYaaec ?i c ?a®c? ic«iYaai ®aa ¦Y?Y¬ ?a®?§c®¤?aY«i®aa? a?aY-
§ c ?YcY?, ?®a?®«i?a caY¬i ?®«a¦?§? ae ?a®a®c acYaaec ?i ®cYi
YcY«??®.
” ?a®ae acYaaec ?i: ?YcYi ?Fa Ya c ¦ai a®«i c FY¬®aa §Y,
?®a?®«i?a ® ®acYaaacY § a?aY§ !®«ie?aac ae ?a®a®c acYaae-
c ?i ? § a a? ¤ ae?!a?®«?a?cYa??a ae ?a®a®c.˜YcYi a?aY§?aaYa
ae?!a?®FY (ae ?a®a 1) ? ae ?a®ae acYaaec ?i 5, 7, 9 ? 10, ?a?cY¬,
§ ?a?«icY?Y¬ ae?!a?®FY , caY ¤aaF?Y ae ?a®ae ¤«i a?aY§ a¦¤ –
iaai c c?a ¬?Y ?.’i¦Y«eY ®aaaeY !®«Y§? ?YcY? ¬®Faa, ?®aaY¤a-
ac®¬ ce? ¤Y?i aea?ae?? ?YcY?, ca«Y¤aac?Y a¬YieY?i a?aY§ ,
?a?cYaa? ? !eaaa®¬a ? ¤Y?i a®¤Ya¦ ?i ae ?a®a®c acYaaec ?i 2, 5,
7 ? 10 a a¤«?Y?Y¬ ?a®aa®¬!?®c®F® caY¬Y?, ?®a?®«i?a caY¬i ?®-
«a¦?§? ae ?a®a®c acYaaec ?i «Y¦?a ¬Y¦¤a 2 ? 4 ¤i¬?.“a®cYi ae?!-
a?®FY c ?a®c?, ? ? ?a c?«®, Y a¬YieY.˜®a?«i?a ¤«i a?aY§
ae ?a®a®c acYaaec ?i 2, 7, 9 ? 10 a ?¦Y Y®!a®¤?¬ c?a ¬? ?, ?®-
a®ae© c ? cYaacY ¦?a®a aac®a?¬®F® c?a ¬? c ??eYc??Y ca aec Ya-
– 16 –
ai ?a? ac aa?? ¦Y«cea ??a«®a ? ®!a §aYaai ¬??a®! ¬? ??eYc?? ,
a® ¬ «i !a®a!ae?i, § aa®© i ¦Y«aaa ? aaYa?«?§ ae?i a®¤Ya¦?¬®F®
??eYc?? a?!?®a?? ¬? ?a?c®¤ia ? aaeY?i¬ acYaaec ?i ca«Y¤a-
ac?Y ¤Yae?ae?a c?a ¬? ?. ‚cY¤Y?Y c?a ¬? ? aaaa iYa ?a? ®a-
¬ «i®© aea?ae?? ?YcY? ia? aaeY?i acYaaec ?i.
˜ ai¤a a ae ?a®a ¬? acYaaec ?i ?a? ai¦Y«ea ?®a ¦Y?ia ?YcY-
®c®© ? aYa?¬e ca«Y¤aac?Y aaeY?© a?aY§ ?a?c®aai a®«?ia-
aYa §e ? ?®aeYaa ae?? F ?a®F«®!? ? aeYaa«®?« §¬? c ?« §¬Y ?®-
?¦Ye.
˜?aaa aeY««i«iae© ae?!a?®FYY§.
¬ aa??a – ?®«« FY.
‘®Y¤??aY«i i a? i i?aaa aeY««i«ia®F® ¬ aa??a ?YcY? a®-
¤Ya¦?a aa? ®a®ceY Faa??e ¬ ?a®¬®«Y?a«:
1. ?®«« FY; 2. ˜a®aY®F«?? ? 3. ?«??®?a®aY?e, ?®a®aeY caY ?a?
ae?aa®§Y ?YcY?®! aa¦?c iaai ?® ?®ceeYe¬ ?®aeYaa ae?i¬ c ?YcY?
(73).
?®«« FY ?aY¤aa c«iYa a®!®© FYaYa®FYe© ?« aa ?a®aY?®c, ?a
¬?®??a«®ae© a®aa c ®¤a aaYai ?aY¤aa c«Y F«?ae?®¬ ? ®¤-
a cYacYaai ?a®«?®¬ ? F?¤a®®?a??a®«?®¬. ?®«« FY ®cYi aaa®©c?c
?® ®a®eY?i ? ?a®aY®«?a?cYa?®¬a a a? ¤a, a®«i?® a?Yae?ae?cYa??Y
aeYa¬Yae (?®«« FY §e) a ae??«iia ?®«« FY.
‚ ?YcY? cY«®cY? ¬®¦®ce¤Y«?ai ?iai a §«?cea a??®c ?®«« FY-
, ?¬Yie?a aaaa?aaaeY a §«?c?i ¬Y¦¤a a®!®©: ?®«« FY a?? I,
III, IV, V, VI. ‚ ®a¬ «i®© ?YcY? cY«®cY? ?®«« FY a?? I ?
a?? III a®aa c«iia ?a?¬Ya® aaYai caYF® ?®«« FY ?YcY?, ?®a®-
ae© a®aa c«iYa, c ®!eY¬, 2-8 ¬F/1F aea®F® cYa ?YcY?. ‘®¤Ya¦ ?Y
?®«« FY ?®cee Yaai ?a? ae?aa®§Y ¤® 30 ¬F/1¬F aea®c®F® cYa ?YcY-
?, a ? ca® c ?®Yc®© aa ¤?? ae?aa®§ ?YcY? ?YcYi ¬®¦Ya a®¤Ya-
¦ ai ?a?¬Ya® 15 F ?®«« FY . ?®«« FY a?? IV, V ? VI c ®a¬ «i-
®© ?YcY? cY«®cY? ?®«?cYaacY® ?aY¤aa c«iia a®!®© ¬YYY § c?-
¬eY ?®¬?®Yae. ‚aY a??e ?®«« FY a®¤iaai, c a®¬ ?«? ?®¬ ?®-
«?cYaacY®¬ cea ¦Y??, c ®!« aa? ?®aa «i®F® ae ?a , c ?a®aaa a-
acY „?aa ? c ae?!a®a?cYa??a ae ?a a ?YcY?, ?a?cY¬ FY? a®ae?ae,
?a?aeYa®ca??Y ?«Ya??, ?«Ya?? ?a®, i¤®aY«? «ieY ?«Ya?? a?aa®?¤ ,
a ?¦Y ?«Ya?? ?®aa «i®F® aa ?a ? c®a? «?aY«ieY ?«Ya?? a?®a®!-
e ? a?aY§a ?®«« FY .”?!a?®FYY§: ?®¤ ae?!a?®FYY§®¬ ?®?¬ ia
®!a §®c ?Y a®Y¤??aY«i®© a? ?, ?a?¬Ya, c ?YcY?.˜a? caYa
ae®a¬ a ae?aa®§ ?YcY? ¤® a?a ?®a !«i¤ «®ai ?®ceeY®Y a®¤Ya¦ –
?Y ?®«« FY .˜a? !?®a?aY§Y ?®«« FY caaa??«Ya®c® c ? cYaacY
– 17 –
?aY¤aa ¤?© a c « ®!a §aYaai ?aY?a®?®«« FY ? ?®a«Y ®aeY?«Y?i
¬?®??a«®a ?®«ac Yaai ?aY?®«« FY, F?¤a®?a?«?a®c ?Y¬ ®aa a?®c
«?§? ?«? ?a®«? , ?a?¬Ya, ?®aaY¤aac®¬ caaa??«Ya®c®© ?a®«?-
F?¤a®?a?« §®©.??aY¤Y«Y?Y ?a?c®aa? ?YcY®c®© ?a®«?F?¤a®?a?« –
§e c ?a?a a a ?YcY? ?a?¬YiYaai ¤«i a a ?aYa?aa??? ?®«« FYa?-
aYa §e, ?®a?®«i?a ¬®¦Ya !eai ®! aa¦Y ?®aaY«iae?i ¬Y¦¤a a?aY§®¬
?®«« FY ? ?a?c®aaii ia®F® aeYa¬Ya c «YF®c®© a? ?.˜a®?®«« –
FY ?®¤cYaF Yaai ?a? aY?aYae?? ?§ ?«Ya®?, a ?¦Y cY?«Ya®c-
®,¤ «iY©e?¬ aeYa¬Ya a?ce¬ ?aYca eY?i¬ ?®aaY¤aac®¬ ?a®?®«« –
FY?Y?a?¤ §,¤® a®F®, ? ? ® cY?«Ya®c® ®!a §aYa a®®acYaaacaie?Y
aaaa?aaae ?®«« FY®cea ae?!a?««.˜ ?®cYaa®aa? ®c®®!a §®c ea
?®«« FY®cea ae?!a?««, a ?¦Y ? c ?« §¬Y ¬®Faa !eai ®!a §®c e
?a®?®«« FY®ceY ae?!a?««e.˜® ia®© ?a?c?Y ?a®?§c®¤?aai a ¤?®?¬¬a-
®«®F?cYa?®Y ®?aY¤Y«Y?Y ?a®?®«« FY®cea ?Y?a?¤®c, c ®a®!Y®aa?,
?a®?®«« FY®cea ?Y?a?¤®c a?? 3, c ?« §¬Y, ¤«i ®a a ?aYa?§ ae??
¬Ya !®«?§¬ ?®«« FY ?a? § !®«Yc ?ia ?YcY?.
?Ya !®«?§¬ «???¤®c ? «??®?a®aY?®c c ?YcY?.
˜®«i ?YcY? c ¬Ya !®«?§¬Y «???¤®c ? «??®?a®aY?®c a®aa®?a c
a?aY§Y «???¤®c (aa?F«?aeYa?¤e, a®«YaaYa? ? ae®aae®«???¤e), «??®?-
a®aY?®c (‹??˜˜ ? ‹˜‚˜), ?®?a®aY?®c, «??®?a®aY?®c ? aeYa¬Ya®c
¬Ya !®«?§¬ «??®?a®aY?®c ? ¦?a®c («Yae?a?-a®«YaaYa?- ae?«aa a-
aeYa §e (‹•?’), a ?¦Y c ? a !®«?§¬Y a?«®¬??a®, ®aa a?®c ‹˜?˜˜,
‹˜˜˜ ? ‹˜‚˜.
‚ «???¤®¬ ? «??®?a®aY?®c®¬ ®!¬YY ¦?aeY ??a«®ae a ?®a®a??-
¬? ? aaY¤?¬? aeY?i¬? aa a?®aa?aaiaai ?§ ??e? cYaY§ c®a®aai cYa
?ai¬® c ?YcYi, c a® caY¬i ? ? ¦?aeY ??a«®ae a ¤«?e¬? aeY?i¬?
¤®«¦e a aeY?«iaiai c a«?§?aa®© ®!®«®c?Y a®?®F® ??eYc??
aa?F«?aeYa?¤e, ®?, ? ? ? a®«YaaYa? ??e?, aa a?®aa?aaiaai c c?¤Y
a?«®¬??a®.•?«®¬??a®e, ?®a®aeY cYaY§ Faa¤®© ?a®a®? ?®? ¤ ia c
?a®ci, ?®aaY¤aac®¬ «??®?a®aY?«?? §e ?aYca e iaai c ®aa a?? a?«®-
¬??a®, ?®a®aeY c®a?a??¬ iaai …-aYaeY?a®a ¬? ?®«??®?a®aY?®c ?Y-
cY?.˜?§®FYe© a®«YaaYa? §¤Yai a¬Ye?c Yaai a i¤®FYe¬ a®«Ya-
aYa?®¬ ? ce¤Y«iYaai ?YcYii a ¦Y«cii, ¬Ya !®«?§?aaYaai c ¦Y«ceY
??a«®ae ?«? a a?aY§?aaY¬e¬? c ?YcY? aa?F«?aeYa?¤ ¬? cec®¤?aai c
?a®ci c c?¤Y ‹˜?˜˜.
‹˜?˜˜ c ? cYaacY c ¦Y©eYF® !®F a®F® aa?F«?aeYa?¤ ¬? «??®?a®-
aY? a?aY§?aaYaai ?YcYii, c ?a®c? ?®¤cYaF Yaai ¬Ya !®«?cYa?®¬a
? a? ¤a ?a? c§ ?¬®¤Y©aac?? a «??®?a®aY?«?? §®© ?, cYa®ia®, a ?-
¦Y ?a? ac aa?? ?YcY®c®© aa?F«?aeYa?¤«?? §e c ‹˜˜˜
– 18 –
(a?a.34.6).‹˜˜˜ ?aY¤aa c«iia a®!®© ¤«i ?YaYaeYa?cYa??a ?«Ya®?
F« ce© ?aa®c?? a®«YaaYa? .‘ ¤aaF®© aa®a®e, c aa?ce ‹˜˜˜ c®a?-
a??¬ iaai aYaeY?a®a ¬? ‹˜˜˜ FY? a®ae?a®c c ?«Ya?? ?YcY? ? «?§®a®-
¬ «ie¬? aeYa¬Ya ¬? a §aae iaai ?®¬?®Yae.‚ FY? a®ae?a a ?®ce-
eY?Y a®¤Ya¦ ?i ac®!®¤®F® a®«YaaYa? ce§ec Ya a®a¬®¦Y?Y
HMG-‘®?-aY¤a?a §e, ?«icYc®F® aeYa¬Ya a?aY§ a®«YaaYa? , ?a?-
c ae?i ae?«-?®?-a®«YaaYa?- ae?«aa aaeYa §e ? a«Y¤®c aY«i®, ?®?-
«Y?Y ac®!®¤®F® a®«YaaYa? c ae®a¬Y iae?a®c a®«YaaYa? ?, ?®-
Yae, a®a¬®¦Y?Y ®!a §®c ?i aYaeY?a®a®c ‹˜˜˜ c ?«Ya? a, a«Y¤aac?Y¬
cYF® ic«iYaai ?®F«®eY?i a®«YaaYa? .‡ c?a?¬®Y ®a aYaeY?a®a®c ?®F-
«®eY?Y ‹˜˜˜ ?aY¤aa c«iYa a®!®© aaeYaacYe© i«Y¬Ya aYFa«iae??
a?aY§ a®«YaaYa? c aY«Y ? F®¬Y®aa § a®«YaaYa? (10).
˜ ai¤a a ‹˜?˜˜ c ?YcY? a ?¦Y ?a®?aa®¤?a ?Yace© ia ? a?aY§
‹˜‚˜, ®!a §®c ?i ‹˜‚˜ ? ?YaY¤ c ?a c ?a®ci.˜a? c®§¤Y©aac?? «Y-
ae?a?-a®«YaaYa?- ae?«aa aaeYa §e (‹•?’), ®c®®!a §®c eY ‹˜‚˜
?aYca e iaai c ‹˜‚˜, ?a?cY¬ ®ac®!®¦¤ Yaai iae?a a®«YaaYa? , ?®a®-
ae© ?YaY®a?aai ‹˜˜˜ ? ‹˜‚˜.‹˜‚˜ aa a?®aa?aaia a®«YaaYa? ?§
?YaYaeYa?cYa??a ?«Ya®? c ?YcYi ®!a a® ? a §aae iaai c ?YcY?
(a?a.34.6).’ ??¬ ®!a §®¬, ‹˜‚˜ ?aY¤aa c«iYa a®!®© aY§Yaca a ¤«i
?§!ea®c®F® a®«YaaYa? ?YaYaeYa?cYa??a ?«Ya®?, ?®a®ae© aa a?®a-
a?aaYaai ? ?YcY? ? a ¬ ®!a §aYa § ? a a®«YaaYa? , ?®a®ae© ?a-
?®«i§aYaai ¤«i ¦Y«c®© aY?aYae?? a®«YaaYa? , a a? ¤ ¦Y«cea ??a-
«®a ?«? ¤«i ?®ca®a®© aa?«?§ ae??.‚a«Y¤aac?Y ia®© aeYaa «i®© a®«?
?YcY? c ¬Ya !®«?§¬Y «??®?a®aY?®c ?a? § !®«Yc ?ia ?YcY? ?¬Yia
¬Yaa® ? cYaacYeY ? ?®«?cYaacYeY ?§¬YY?i «???¤®c ?« §¬e.
˜ aaeY?i ¬Ya !®«?§¬
«??®?a®aY?®c ?a? § !®«Yc ?ia ?YcY?.
˜a? § !®«Yc ?ia ?YcY? a ¦Y«aaa®© YaY¤?® !«i¤ Yaai ?®ce-
eY?Y YiaaYa?ae?ae?a®c ®F® a®«YaaYa? c aec®a®a?Y, c a® caY¬i
? ? aa®cYi a®«YaaYa? ®? §ec Yaai ®cYi c aa® ?.˜®?¦Ye© aa®-
cYi iae?a®c a®«YaaYa? c ?« §¬Y ?a? § !®«Yc ?ia ?YcY? ¬®¦Ya
a aa¬ aa?c aiai c® c§ ?¬®aci§? a ?®?¦Y®© ?a?c®aaii «Yae?-
a?-a®«YaaYa?- ae?«aa aaeYa §e (‹•?’) c ?®a ¦Y®© ?YcY?, ca®
a®¤?a ®aa ¦Y?Y a ?¦Y c ?YaYaeYa?cYa?®© ?a®c? ?, a ??¬ ®!a §®¬,
c a¬YieY®© iaYa?ae?? ae?? a®«YaaYa? ¦?ae¬? ??a«®a ¬?.˜a? aa®-
?cYa?®© § aa®©®© ¦Y«aaaY ca«Y¤aac?Y aYFaaF?a ae?? ¦Y«c?, !®F a®©
a®«YaaYa?®¬ ? «Yae?a?®¬, c ?« §¬Y !«i¤ Yaai ?®ceeY?Y ac®!®¤-
®F® a®«YaaYa? ? «Yae?a? c ?a®c?.
– 19 –
???Yaaa?F«?aeYa?¤Y¬?i, ?®a®a i ¬®¦Ya !«i¤ aiai ?a? ®aaa®¬ ?
aa®?cYa?®¬ FY? a?a a, a ?¦Y ?a? a®«Yaa §Y, ? a?«i® aci§ a
c aa?ae ¬? ‹˜‚˜, ®!®F eYe¬? aa?F«?aeYa?¤ ¬?, ®!eiaiYaai ?®?¦Y-
?Y¬ ?a?c®aa? ?YcY®c®© «?? §e, ?®a®a i c ®a¬Y ®aeY?«iYa
aa?F«?aeYa?¤e.‘ ¤aaF®© aa®a®e, ?®ic«Y?Y !®F aea aa?F«?aeYa?¤ ¬?
‹˜‚˜ ?a? § aa®©®© ¦Y«aaaY ¬®¦Ya ®!eiaiaiai ?®?¦Y?Y¬ a®¤Ya¦ –
?i iae?a®c a®«YaaYa? c c aa?ae a ‹˜‚˜ ca«Y¤aac?Y a¬YieY?i ?-
a?c®aa? ‹•?’ ?a? a¬YieY?? ®!a §®c ?i iae?a®c a®«YaaYa? .
“ !®«iea a a®«Yaa §®¬ c ?« §¬Y c 99% !«i¤ Yaai ®a®!e© «?-
?®?a®aY?, a ? §ec Y¬e© «??®?a®aY? • (‹˜-•), c a® caY¬i ? ?
?a? ®aaaaaac?? a®«Yaa § ‹˜-• c 97% Y ¬®¦Ya !eai ®! aa¦Y c
?« §¬Y (80).„«i ¤?aeaeYaYae? «i®F® ¤? F®§ ¦Y«aaa?, aY¬ Y ¬YYY,
®?aY¤Y«Y?Y «??®?a®aY? • !Ya?®«Y§®, ?®a?®«i?a ® ?®cee Yaai
?a? caaa??YcY®c®¬ ? cY?YcY®c®¬ a®«Yaa §Y.
?«??cYa?? «??®?a®aY?Y¬?i ?a? aa®?cYa?®© § aa®©®© ¦Y«aaaY
?a?c®¤?a ? ®!a §®c ?i ?a a®¬ c ?®¦Y, c ?®a®aea ®! aa¦?c iaai
®eY«®¬«iie?Y ?®«?cYaac ?aY¦¤Y caYF® iaaYa?ae?ae?a®c ®F® a®«YaaY-
a? , ai¤a a® ac®!®¤e¬ a®«YaaYa?®¬.
?Ya !®«?§¬ ? ??eYc®-?YcY®c i
ae?a?a«iae?i ¦Y«cea ??a«®a.
†Y«ceY ??a«®ae ?®¤cYaF iaai ??eYc®-?YcY®c®© ae?a?a«i-
ae??.…¦Y¤Yc® c ?YcY? a?aY§?aaYaai 200-600 ¬F ¦Y«cea ??a«®a ?§
a®«YaaYa? .˜a®a a?aY§ cea c?c Yaai ¤Yc®© ?®aYaY© ¦Y«cea
??a«®a c ? «Y (200-600 ¬F) ? c ¬®cY (0,5 ¬F), a ? ca® § ? a ¦Y«c-
ea ??a«®a c ®aF ?§¬Y cY«®cY? ®aa Yaai ?®aa®ie¬ ? a ce¬ 3 F.
‚ ?YcY? a ?¦Y ?a®?aa®¤?a ?®eiF ae?i ¦Y«cea ??a«®a a ¬?®??a«®-
a ¬? F«?ae?®¬ ? a aa?®¬, aa«iae a?a®c ?Y, F«i?aa®?a®c ?Y ?
F«i?®§?a®c ?Y.‚e¤Y«iY¬eY c ¦Y«ci ¦Y«ceY ??a«®ae ?a? F®«®¤ ??
?aY?¬aeYaacY® ?®? ¤ ia c ¦Y«ce© ?a§eai.‚® caY¬i ??eYc aY?i
?®a«Y a®?a eY?i ¦Y«c®F® ?a§eai § ? a ¦Y«cea ??a«®a 2-3 a §
?a®a®¤?a ??eYc®-?YcY®ce© ae??«, ?a?cY¬ ®a®c i c aai ¦Y«cea
??a«®a aY§®a!?aaYaai c aYa¬? «i®© c aa? a®?®F® ??eYc?? , a ?
ca® Y¦Y¤Yc®, c a«ac Y 3-4-?a a®F® ?a?Y¬ ??e? 12-36 F ¦Y«cea
??a«®a ?®aaa? Ya c a®??© ??eYc??.’®«i?® Y§ c?aY«i i c aai
¦Y«cea ??a«®a ?®aaa? Ya c a®«aae© ??eYc?? ? ¬Ya !®«?§?aaYaai
aeYa¬Ya ¬? ¬??a®!®c.— aai ia?a ¦Y«cea ??a«®a aY§®a!?aaYaai c
a®«aa®¬ ??eYc??Y.˜Y§®a!?aaY¬eY c ??e?Y ¦Y«ceY ??a«®ae ?a®cii
c®a®a®© cYe ¤®aa c«iiaai ? ?YcY? ? !®«ieY© c aaii c®a?a??¬ –
iaai FY? a®ae?a ¬?.˜Y!®«ie i c aai ¦Y«cea ??a«®a i?aaa F?aaYaai
– 20 –
FY? a®ae?a ¬? ?§ ?a®c? c®a®a®© cYe ? ?®aaa? Ya c ?YaYaeYa?cYa?ai
ae?a?a«iae?i, a ? ca® ?a? ae?§?®«®F?cYa??a aa«®c?ia ?®aeYaa ae?i
¦Y«cea ??a«®a c ?YaYaeYa?cYa?®© ?a®c? a®aa c«iYa 120-200 ¬?F/¤«
(3-5 ¬?¬®«i/«), ca® ®cYi ?§?®.–?a?a«?aaie?Y c ?YaYaeYa?cYa?®©
?a®c? ¦Y«ceY ??a«®ae «?ei Y§ c?aY«i® ce¤Y«iiaai a ¬®c®© (0,5
¬F/aaa=1,3 ¬??/aaa), ?®a?®«i?a ?YcYi ia? ¦Y«ceY ??a«®ae i?aaa –
F?aaYa a cea®?®© iaeaeY?a?c®aaii ? ce¤Y«iYa a ¦Y«cii.’ ??¬ a?®a®-
!®¬ § ? a ¦Y«cea ??a«®a a®aa iYaai ?®aaY¤aac®¬ ??eYc®© i?a-
aa ?ae?? ? aY?aYae?? c ¦Y«ci (a?a.34.7)(14).
‘?aY§ ¦Y«cea ??a«®a.
‚ ?YcY? ?a®?aa®¤?a a?aY§ ?Yac?cea ¦Y«cea ??a«®a (a®«Yc i
? aY®¤Y§®?a?a®«Yc i ??a«®ae) ?§ YiaaYa?ae?ae?a®c ®F® a®«YaaYa?-
.˜Yace© e F a?aY§ ¦Y«cea ??a«®a a®aa®?a c 7 -F?¤a®?a?«?a®c –
?? a®«YaaYa? ?a? c®§¤Y©aac?? a a?®«®¦Y®© c ¬??a®a®¬ a a®«Ya-
aYa?-7 -F?¤a®?a?« §e.˜a® aeYa¬Ya a?c®Y 7 -F?¤a®?a?«?a®c ?Y a®-
«YaaYa? ic«iYaai e F®¬, ®?aY¤Y«iie?¬ a?®a®aai !?®a?aY§ ¦Y«c-
ea ??a«®a, ?a?c®aai aeYa¬Ya a®«YaaYa?-7 -F?¤a®?a?« §e aYFa-
«?aaYaai ?®«?cYaac®¬ ¦Y«cea ??a«®a, c®a?a??¬ Y¬ea FY? a®ae?a ¬?
?§ c®a®a®© cYe, ?®aaY¤aac®¬ a®a¬®¦Y?i ?® ?a?ae??a ®!a a®©
aci§?.˜®a«Y¤aie?Y e F? !?®a?aY§ a®aa®ia c ?YaY¬YeY?? ¤c®©®©
aci§? ®a 7 -F?¤a®?a?a®«YaaYa? ? 7 -F?¤a®?a?a®«Ya-
aY-4-Yn-3-®a.˜a®a ?a®¬Y¦aa®ce© ?a®¤a?a ?aY¤aa c«iYa a®!®©
?a?a a §cYac«Y?i ¤«i a?aY§ c ?a c«Y?? a®«Yc®© ??a«®ae ?«?
aY®¤Y§®?a?a®«Yc®© ??a«®ae.˜a? ?®¬®e? 12 -F?¤a®?a?«?a®c ?i ?®a-
aY¤aac®¬ a a?®«®¦Y®© c i¤®?« §¬ a?cYa?®¬ aYa??a«a¬Y 12 -F?¤-
a®?a?« §e ?a®?aa®¤?a a?aY§ a®«Yc®© ??a«®ae.˜®a«Y ?a®a®¦¤Y?i
ia®F® ¬Yaa a §cYac«Y?i c ae?a®§®«Y ?a®?aa®¤?a aeeY?Y ¤c®©®©
aci§? ? c®aaa ®c«Y?Y 3-®?a®-Faa??e c 3 -F?¤a®?a?Faa??a.?®F¤
ia? aeYa¬Ya a?ceY aY ?ae?? aaYa®?¤®¬ i¤aY § ? c?c iaai, ?a?-
cY¬ ¤cY F?¤a®?a?Faa??e ic«iiaai ?aY¤aaa?Yi¬? ¤«i aY®¤Y§®?a?a®-
«Yc®© ??a«®ae ?«? aa? F?¤a®?a?Faa??e ic«iiaai ?aY¤aaa?Yi¬? a®«Y-
c®© ??a«®ae c aaYa®?¤®¬ i¤aY, a® ?a®?aa®¤?a a?®a®cY?Y !®?®c®©
aeY?? c ¬?a®a®¤a?ia ?®a«Y F?¤a®?a?«?a®c ?i a ‘-24 ? ®!a §aiaai
‘-24 ¦Y«ceY ??a«®ae, a.Y. aY®¤Y§®?a?a®«Yc i ?«? a®«Yc i ??a«®ae
(¤Ya «? !?®a?aY§ a¬. Matern ? Gerok)|52|(a?a.34.8).
?®eiF ae?i ¦Y«cea ??a«®a c ?YcY?.
‚ ?YcY? ¦Y«ceY ??a«®ae ?YaY¤ ce¤Y«Y?Y¬ c ¦Y«ci ?®eiF?aaia
a ¬?®??a«®a ¬? F«?ae?®¬ ? a aa?®¬ c a®®a®eY?? 3:1.‚®§¬®¦®
– 21 –
a ?¦Y aa«iae a?a®c ?Y (65), F«i?aa®?a®c ?Y (2) ? F«i?®§?a®c ?Y
¦Y«cea ??a«®a (55) c ?YcY? cY«®cY? (a?a.34.9).˜a? ?®¬®e? ia?a
?®eiF ae?© ?®cee Yaai a aac®a?¬®aai ¦Y«cea ??a«®a.‚e¤Y«iY¬eY a
¦Y«cii ¦Y«ceY ??a«®ae c ??eYc??Y ?®¤cYaF iaai, Ya«? ®? ca ae-
c iaai Y?§¬YYe¬?, ¤ «iY©eY¬a ¬Ya !®«?§¬a ?a? ?®¬®e? ! ?aYa?-
«iea aeYa¬Ya®c.
?aYaaa?ae? «i®Y ca aec ?Y ? ! ?aYa? «ie©
¬Ya !®«?§¬ ¦Y«cea ??a«®a.
˜Y?®eiF?a®c eY ¦Y«ceY ??a«®ae ? F«?ae?-?®eiF?a®c eY
¤?F?¤a®?a?«?a®c eY ¦Y«ceY ??a«®ae ¬®Faa ca aec aiai ? aa?c®©
¤?aeaea§?Y© c cYaaY© a®?®© ??e?Y, ?®a?®«i?a ia? ¦Y«ceY ??a«®ae
Y ¤?aa®ae??aaia.˜®a?®«i?a c ?a®acYaY cYaaY© a®?®© ??e?? § cY-
?Y a˜ a®aa c«iYa ®a 5,5 ¤® 6,5 ? § cY?i a? ¤«i ac®!®¤ea Y-
?®eiF?a®c ea ¦Y«cea ??a«®a a®aa c«iia ®a 5,0 ¤® 6,5 ? ¤«i
F«?ae?-?®eiF?a®c ea ¦Y«cea ??a«®a a®aa c«iia ¬Y¦¤a 3,5 ? 5,2,
a® aY§®a!ae?i ia?a ¦Y«cea ??a«®a c®§¬®¦ c cYaaY© a®?®© ??e?Y.
?a®c®Y ?®«?cYaac® ?®eiF?a®c ea ¦Y«cea ??a«®a, c ®a®!Y®a-
a?, ?®«iaea a aa?-?®eiF?a®c ea ¦Y«cea ??a«®a ? aa?F?¤a®?a?-
«?a®c ea ¦Y«cea ??a«®a, aY§®a!?aaYaai ca«Y¤aac?Y ¤?aa®ae? ae?? ?
?®aaY¤aac®¬ ?a?c®F® aa a?®aa c aYa¬? «i®¬ ®a¤Y«Y ?®¤c§¤®e-
®© ??e??.
†Y«ceY ??a«®ae, ?®a®aeY ?®aaa? ia c a«Y?ai ??e?a, ?®¤cYaF –
iaai c®§¤Y©aac?i ! ?aYa? «iea aeYa¬Ya®c.˜®¤ ¤Y©aac?Y¬ ia?a aeYa-
¬Ya®c ?a®?aa®¤?a ¤Y?®eiF ae?i F«?ae?- ? a aa??® Fa«?a®c ea
¦Y«cea ??a«®a, ? 7 -¤YF?¤a®?a?«?a®c ?i ? ? 7 -¤YF?¤a®FY?§?a®-
c ?i ¦Y«cea ??a«®a.‚a«Y¤aac?Y ! ?aYa? «i®F® 7 -¤YF?¤a®?a?«?a®-
c ?i ?§ ?Yac?cea ¦Y«cea ??a«®a, a®«Ycea ? aY®¤Y§®?a?a®«Ycea
??a«®a ?a?c®¤?a ? 7-?Ya®«?a®a®«Yc®© ??a«®aY, ?®a®a i c ?YcY?
?aYca e Yaai c aaYa?cai ¦Y«cai ??a«®aa, aa®¤Y§®?a?a®«Ycai ??a-
«®aa (a?a.34.8)
’a a?®aa ¦Y«cea ??a«®a c c®a®aai cYa.
˜Y§®a!?aaY¬eY c ??eYc??Y ¦Y«ceY ??a«®ae ca?®aY ?a?«ic?aY«i-
® ?a®cii c®a®a®© cYe ?YaYc®¤iaai c ?YcYi. ‚ ?a®c? ¦Y«ceY
??a«®ae aa a?®aa?aaiaai F« ce¬ ®!a §®¬ a «i!a¬?®¬, a ?¦Y
!a¤ac? aci§ e¬ a ‹˜‚˜. ?®aeYaa ae?i ¦Y«cea ??a«®a c ?a®c? c®-
a®a®© cYe a®aa c«iYa 800 ¬?F/« (20 ¬??/«), a.Y. ?a?¬Ya® c 6
a § ceeY, cY¬ c ?Ya?aeYa?cYa?®© ?a®c?. ˜®a«Y Y¤e ?®aeYaa ae?i
¦Y«cea ??a«®a c ?a®c? c®a®a®© cYe ?®cee Yaai ®a 2 ¤® 6 a §.
– 22 –
˜®F«®eY?Y ¦Y«cea ??a«®a
?«? aY?aYae?i ?YcYii
?Y? a®aeY««i«ia®Y ?®F«®eY?Y ¦Y«cea ??a«®a ?§ a?aa®?¤ «i®©
?a®c? ?a?«ic?aY«i® iaeaeY?a?c®, ?®a?®«i?a ?a? ®¤®a §®c®¬ ? aa ¦Y
?a®c? !®«YY cY¬ 80% ¦Y«cea ??a«®a i?aaa F?aaYaai ?§ ?®aa «i®©
?a®c? FY? a®ae?a ¬?. ˜®F«®eY?Y ¦Y«cea ??a«®a ?aY¤aa c«iYa a®!®©
®aaeYaac«iY¬e© ?YaY®ac??®¬, § c?a?¬e© ®a aa?i aa a?®aa, ?®a®-
ae© ®?aY¤Y«iYaai ?a?c®aaii N 5+ 0, ? 5+ 0 – ?’” §e ? a?a c«iYaai ??Y-
a??®© ??a i«?a -?YaY . ˜a? ia®¬ ¬ ?a?¬ «i i a?®a®aai ?®F«®eYi
(V 4max 0) ?YcYii ¦Y«cea ??a«®a !®«ieY, cY¬ aa a?®aae© ¬ ?a?¬a¬
(’ 4m 0) ¦Y«c®© i?a?aYae?? (a¬.a?a. 34.2).
˜®a«Y ?®iiF ae?? ¦Y«cea ??a«®a c FY? a®ae?a a ?a®?aa®¤?a aY?-
aYae?i ¦Y«cea ??a«®a c ¦Y«ceY ? «iaee. ‘Y?aYae?i ¦Y«cea ??a«®a
c ¦Y«ceY ? «iaee a ?¦Y ®aaeYaac«iYaai a ?®¬®eii ?YaY®ac?? ,
a®ai ? Y§ c?a?¬®F® ®a aa?i, ?a?cY¬ ae?§?®«®F?cYa??© caaa??«Y-
a®ce© ®aa?ae aY«ie© ¬Y¬!a e© ?®aYae? « ?aY¤®aa c«iYa Y®!a®¤?-
¬ai a?«a ¤«i ? «iaeYc®© i?a?aYae?? ?®®c ¦Y«cea ??a«®a c ¦Y«ceY
? «iaee (58)(a¬.a?a.34.2). ˜YaeY?a®aeY ? aa a?®aaeY !Y«?? FY-
? a®ae?a®c ¤«i ?®F«®eY?i, caaa??«Ya®c®F® aa a?®aa ? aY?aYae??
¦Y«cea ??a«®a c ¦Y«ci c aa?c® ®a a ?aYa?§®c e (11).
?!a §®c ?Y ¦Y«c?.
†Y«ci ?aY¤aa c«iYa a®!®© c®¤e© a aac®a ¦Y«cea ??a«®a, a®-
«YaaYa? , ae®aae®«???¤®c, !?«?aa!? ? Y®aF ?cYa??a i«Y?aa®«?-
a®c. ?!a §®c ?Y ¦«c? ?a®?§c®¤?aai ?®aaY¤aac®¬ FY? a®ae?a®c, ?a?-
cY¬ ¦Y«ceY ? «iaee ?§¬Yiia ?®aeYaa ae?i ? a®aa c ¦Y«c?. ˜® ia®
?a?c?Y a §«?c ia FY? a®ae?a a®Y ®!a §®c ?Y ¦Y«c? ? ? «iaeYceY
®!a §®c ?Y ¦Y«c?.
?Y? a®ae?a ae© ?®a®? ¦Y«c?.
˜a? FY? a®ae?a a®© aY?aYae?? ¦Y«c? c ¦Y«ceY ? «iaee ¬®¦®
a §«?c ai § c?a?¬e© ®a ¦Y«cea ??a«®a ?®a®? ¦Y«c? ? Y§ c?a?¬e©
®a ¦Y«cea ??a«®a ?®a®? ¦Y«c?. ˜a® a §«?c?Y ?®«ac Yaai ?§ «?Y©-
®F® a®®a®eY?i ¬Y¦¤a FY? a®ae?a a®© aY?aYae?Y© ¦Y«cea ??a«®a ?
?®a®?®¬ ¦Y«c?. ’ ?¦Y Ya«? FY? a®ae?ae !®«ieY Y ce¤Y«iia ¦Y«cea
??a«®a, YeY ?a®?aa®¤?a ?®a®? ¦Y«c? c ¦Y«ceY ? «iaee, a ? §e-
c Y¬e© Y§ c?a?¬e© ®a ¦Y«cea ??a«®a FY? a®ae?a ae© ?®a®? ¦Y«c?.
“ «i¤Y© ®!a §aYaai ®?®«® 11 ? «??a«ia®© ¦Y«c? 1 ¬?¬®«i ce-
¤Y«iY¬ea ¦Y«cea ??a«®a. ˜®a?®«i?a ?a? ?a ?a®© iaYa®FY? a?cYa-
– 23 –
?®© ae?a?a«iae?? ce¤Y«iYaai ®?®«® 15 ¬?¬®«Y© ¦Y«cea ??a«®a c ¬?a-
aa, ia® ®!®§ c Ya§ c?a?¬e© ®a ¦Y«cea ??a«®a ? «??a«iae© ?®-
a®? ¦Y«c?, a ce© ?a?¬Ya® 225 ¬«/aaa??. ˜®a?®«i?a Y§ c?a?¬e© ®a
¦Y«cea ??a«®a ? «??a«iae© ?®a®? ¦Y«c? a®aa c«iYa c a® ¦Y caY-
¬i ®?®«® 225 ¬«/aaa ? ¤a?aa«ia i aY?aYae?i ?®?aec Ya 150 ¬«/¤Yi,
a «i¤Y© Y¦Y¤Yc® cea ! aec Yaai ®?®«® 600 ¬« ¦Y«c?
(a?a.34.10)(77).
‡ c?a?¬eY ®a ¦Y«cea ??a«®a ? «??a«ia®Y ®!a §®c ?Y ¦Y«c?
?a®?aa®¤?a a ??¬ ®!a §®¬, ca® ¦Y«ceY ??a«®ae ?aaY¬ ?a?c®F®
aa a?®aa ce¤Y«iia c ? cYaacY ?®®c cYaY§ ¬Y¬!a a ¦Y«c®F®
? «iae c ? «Yae. „«i cea c?c ?i ®a¬®a?cYa?®F® a c®cYa?i ?
¤«i ¤®aa?¦Y?i i«Y?aa®Y©aa «i®aa? c ¦Y«ce© ? «Yae ?®aa c«iia-
ai c®¤ ? ?®e aa?i, cYaY§ ¬Y¦?«Ya®ceY “aYaeY a®Y¤?Y?i” c
¦Y«ce© ? «Yae (a¬.a?a.34.2). ‘ aa a?®aa®¬ ¦Y«cea ??a«®a c
¦Y«ceY ? «iaee aci§ aa a?®aa «Yae?a? ? a®«YaaYa? c ¦Y«ci,
® Y aa a?®aa !?«?aa!? . ˜Y§ c?a?¬e© ®a ¦Y«cea ??a«®a ? «?-
?a«iae© ?®a®? ¦Y«c?, cYa®ia®, ?a®?aa®¤?a ?a? ?®¬®e? ®?®aaY¤aY-
¬®F® N 5+ 0/? 5+ 0-?’”- §®© N 5+ 0-aa a?®aa ? aa?¬a«?aaYaai aeY®! a!?a –
«®¬. ? ?a?¬Ya® a cY § c?a?¬®¬a ®a ¦Y«cea ??a«®a ? «??a«ia-
®¬a ®!a §®c ?i ¦Y«c?.
˜®a®? ¦Y«c? c a®¤ a.
‚ ¦Y«cea a®¤ a ?a®?aa®¤?a aY?aYae?i ?/?«? aY§®a!ae?i Y®aF ?-
cYa??a i«Y?aa®«?a®c ? c®¤e, ?a?cY¬ F®a¬® aY?aYa? ®acYaaacYY
§ aY?aYae?i c a®¤ a. ˜a?¬Ya® 30% ®a®c®F® ?®a®? ¦Y«c? ®a®a?a-
ai ? aY?aYae?? ¦Y«c? c a®¤ a.
˜ aaeY?Y ¬Ya !®«?§¬ ¦Y«cea ??a«®a
?a? § !®«Yc ?ia ?YcY?
–?a?a«?aaie?Y c ??eYc®-?YcY®c®¬ ?aaFY ¦Y«ceY ??a«®ae
ce?®«iia c ¦eY aea?ae?? (a !«.34.3). ?§ ia?a F« cea aea?-
ae?© ?a®?aa®¤ia ?«??cYa??Y ?®a«Y¤aac?i, ?a?cY¬ ?a? § !®«Yc –
?ia ?YcY? ?a®?aa®¤ia aaeY?i c ¬Ya !®«?§¬Y ¦Y«cea ??a-
«®a (31).˜®«Y§? ?YcY? ¬®Faa ?a?c®¤?ai ? aaeY?i¬ a?aY-
§ , ?®eiF ae?? ? ¦Y«c®© aY?aYae?? ¦Y«cea ??a«®a, a ?¦Y ?
aaeY?i¬ ?®F«®eY?i ¦Y«cea ??a«®a ?§ c®a®a®© cYe.
˜ aaeY?i !?®a?aY§ ¦Y«cea ??a«®a ?!®«YY cea ¦Ye
?a? ae?aa®§Y ?YcY? (52).˜a? ae?aa®§Y ?YcY? !«i¤ Yaai
a¬YieY®Y ®!a §®c ?Y a®«Yc®© ??a«®ae ca«Y¤aac?Y ?®?¦Y?i
?a?c®aa? 12 -F?¤a®?a?« §e ?a? !?®a?aY§Y a®«Yc®© ??a«®ae c
– 24 –
?YcY?.˜®?¦Y?Y ?aYa?c®aa? !?®a?aY§ a®«Yc®© ??a«®ae
?a?c®¤?a ? ?®?¦Y?i § ? a a®«Yc®© ??a«®ae a !®«iea a ae?a-
a®§®¬ ?YcY?.˜®a?®«i?a ! ?aYa? «i®Y 7 -¤YF?¤a®?a?«?a®c ?Y
a®«Yc®© ??a«®ae c ¤Y§®?a?a®«Ycai ?a? ae?aa®§Y ?YcY? aaeY-
®, a® ?a? ae?aa®§Y ?YcY? !«i¤ Yaai a ?¦Y a¬YieY?Y § ? –
a ¤Y§®?a?a®«Yc®© ??a«®ae.•®ai ?a? ae?aa®§Y ?YcY? !?®a?aY§
aY®¤Y§®?a?a®«Yc®© ??a«®ae ?a®aY? Ya !Y§ ?®caY¦¤Y?©, ®!e?©
§ ? a ¦Y«cea ??a«®a ca«Y¤aac?Y a¬YieY?i a?aY§ a®«Yc®©
??a«®ae a¬Yie Yaai ?®«®c?a.‚a«Y¤aac?Y a¬YieY?i § ? a
¦Y«cea ??a«®a ?¬YYa ¬Yaa® a¬YieY?Y ?®aeYaa ae?? ¦Y«cea
??a«®a c a®?®¬ ??eYc??Y ?a? ?a?Y¬Y ??e?.’ ??¬ ®!a §®¬, aY-
§®a!ae?i ¦?a®a aac®a?¬ea c?a ¬?®c ? ¦?a®c aae Yaai, ?®
ia®© ?a?c?Y ?a? ae?aa®§Y ?YcY? ?¬Yia ¬Yaa® ?aa? i a«Y?®a
(Y¤®aa a®? c?a.?), ®aaY®¬ «iae?i (Y¤®aa a®? c?a ¬? „),
aaeY?i acYaaec ?i ?a®c? (Y¤®aa a®? c?a.?) ? aaY a®aaYi.
?®eiF ae?i ¦Y«cea ??a«®a a ¬?®??a«®a ¬? F«?ae?®¬ ?
a aa?®¬ c ®a¬Y ?a®?aa®¤?a ?a? a®®a®eY?? 3:1 (52).˜a? ai-
¦Y«®¬ FY? a?aY ?®eiF ae?i a®«Yc®© ??a«®ae a F«?ae?®¬ ?®?¦Y-
, a ? ca® ®?aY¤Y«Y?Y a?®a®aa? ia®© ?®eiF ae?? ?aY¤« F –
«®ai c ? cYaacY ?a®F®aa?cYa?®F® aYaa ¤«i aYcY?i ®aaa®F®
FY? a?a .˜ ?a®a?c, aa«iae a?a®c ?Y ¦Y«cea ??a«®a ?a? § !®-
«Yc ?ia ?YcY? Y a¬Yie Yaai, ?®a?®«i?a ?a?c®aa? aa«i-
ae®aa aaeYa § ¦Y«cea ??a«®a c ?a?a a a a !®«iea a «YF??¬?
?®caY¦¤Y?i¬? ?YcY®c®© ? aYa?¬e ?«? a !®«iea a ai¦Y«e¬
«®aa §®¬ ?a?¬Ya® a ce (50).‚ ®a«?c?Y ®a aa«iae a?a®c ?i,
aeYa¬Ya a?c®Y F«i?aa®?a®c ?Y ¦Y«cea ??a«®a ?a? ae?aa®§Y
?YcY? ?® aa cY?i a ®a¬®© ?®?¦Y®, ? ? ?®? § «? ?§¬YaY-
?i ?a?c®aa? “„”-F«i?aa®?«aa aaeYa §e ¦Y«cea ??a«®a c
a? ? ?YcY? ?a? a §«?cea § !®«Yc ?ia ?YcY? (56).’ ?¦Y
!?«?aa!? c ?Yc? cY«®cY? ?®?aaYa® a®a¬®§?a F«i?aa®?a®-
c ?Y ¦Y«cea ??a«®a (53). ’®, ca® caY ¦Y ?a? a®«Yaa §Y a
cY«®cY? !«i¤ Yaai ?®ceeY®Y ce¤Y«Y?Y F«i?aa®?¤®c ¦Y«c-
ea ??a«®a c ¬®cY, ¬®¦® ®!eia?ai F«i?aa®?a®c ?Y¬ ¦Y«cea
??a«®a c ?®c? a cY«®cY? (56).
˜a? § !®«Yc ?ia ?YcY?, c ®a®!Y®aa? ?a? ae?aa®§Y ?YcY-
?, ¬®¦Ya !eai aaeY aY?aYae?i ¦Y«cea ??a«®a (14, 37).
“¬YieY?Y aY?aYae?? ¦Y«cea ??a«®a ?a? ae?aa®§Y ?YcY? ?a?c®-
¤?a ? a?®¬iaa®© aaY a®aaYY ? ? a¬YieY?i aY§®a!ae?? ¦?a®-
a aac®a?¬ea c?a ¬?®c a a®®acYaaacaie?¬ a?¤a®¬®¬ Y¤®aa –
a®c®aa?.
– 25 –
˜YcY®c®Y ?®F«®eY?Y ¦Y«cea ??a«®a ?a? § !®«Yc ?ia
?YcY? a ?¦Y aaeY®. ‚ a® caY¬i ? ? a §¤®a®cea ?YcYi i?a-
aa F?aaYa ®?®«® 85% ?®iiF?a®c ea aa?F?¤a®?a?«?a®c ea
¦Y«cea ??a«®a ? 60-70% ?®iiF?a®c ea ¤?F?¤a®®?a?«?a®c –
ea ¦Y«cea ??a«®a ?§ ?a®c? c®a®a®© cYe, ?a? § !®«Yc ?ia
?YcY? ca«Y¤aac?Y cY?YcY®c®F® ?«? caaa??YcY®c®F® ?®a-
a®a?aaY¬®F® eaa ?a®c®a®? , ca«Y¤aac?Y a¬YieY®© a?®a®!-
®aa? FY? a®ae?a®c ?®F«®e ai ¦Y«ceY ??a«®ae ?§ ?a®c? ?
ca«Y¤aac?Y aYae«Y?a ¦Y«cea ??a«®a ?§ ¦Y«c? c ?a®ci ?¬YYa
¬Yaa® ?®ceeY?Y ?®aeYaa ae?? ¦Y«cea ??a«®a ?§ ?a®c?. ˜a®
ic«Y?Y ?a?®«i§aYaai c ¤? F®aa?cYa??a aeY«ia, ?®a?®«i?a ?®-
ceeY?Y ?®aeYaa ae?? ¦Y«cea ??a«®a c aec®a®a?Y ?aY¤aa c«iYa
a®!®© cacaac?aY«ie© ? a ¬Yaa ¤«i a a?®§ c ?i § !®«Yc ?©
?YcY?.
?Ya !®«?§¬ ¦Y«cea ??a«®a ? a®«Yaa §.
•®«Yaa § ¬®¦® ®?aY¤Y«?ai ? ? aaeY?Y aY?aYae?? ¦Y«c?,
?a?cY¬ ? ¦¤ i aa ¤?i aY?aYae??, c? i ®a ®!a §®c ?i ¦Y«c?
c ¬Y¬!a Y ¦Y«c®F® ? «iae FY? a®ae?a®c (caaa??YcY®ce©
a®«Yaa §) ¤® ce¤Y«Y?i ¦Y«c? cYaY§ a®a®cY? ¤cY ¤ae a??Yaa-
a®© ??e?? (cY?YcY®ce© a®«Yaa §).‘«Y¤aac?Y¬ a®«Yaa § ic-
«iYaai ?®ceeY i ?®aeYaa ae?i ¦Y«cea ??a«®a c FY? a®ae?a a
a a®a¬®¦Y?Y¬ ?® ?a?ae??a ®!a a®© aci§? aeYa¬Ya®c, ®?aY¤Y-
«iie?a !?®a?aY§ ¦Y«cea ??a«®a, a® Yaai a®«YaaYa?-7 -F?¤-
a®?a?« §e.˜a® ?a?c®¤?a ? a¬YieY?i !?®a?aY§ ¦Y«cea ??a-
«®a.˜®aaY¤aac®¬ ?®ceeY?i caaa??YcY®c®© ?®aeYaa ae??
¦Y«cea ??a«®a, ?a? a®«Yaa §Y ¦Y«ceY ??a«®ae ?a?¬Yiiaai c
? cYaacY aa!aaa a®c ¤«i aa«iae a?a®c ?i, F«i?aa®?a®c ?i ?
F?¤a®?a?«?a®c ?i.˜a? ia®¬ ®!a §aiaai Y a®«i?® aa«iae a?a®-
c eY ? F«i?aa®?a®c eY ¦Y«ceY ??a«®ae, a ?¦Y 1- ?
6-F?¤a®?a?«?a®c eY ¦Y«ceY ??a«®ae c ?YcY? ?a? a®«Yaa §Y
(1).
˜ !«i¤ Y¬eY ?a? a®«Yaa §Y ?®ceeYeY caaa??YcY®ceY
?®aeYaa ae?? ¦Y«cea ??a«®a, c ®a®!Y®aa? ¤YF?¤a®?a?«?a®c –
eY ¦Y«ceY ??a«®ae, ? ? aY®¤Y§®?a?a®«YceY ??a«®ae, ¬®Faa
a §aae ai FY? a®ae?ae c ? cYaacY ¤YaYaFYa®c.?? ¬®Faa ?§¬Y-
iai a®aa c ?« §¬ a?cYa??a ¬Y¬!a FY? a®ae?a®c, a ?¦Y –
aae ai !?®aa aae®a¬ ae?i i¤®FYea aa!aaa a®c (¦Y«cea ??a-
«®a a®«YaaYa? ) ? i?§®FYea cYeYaac (¬Y¤?? ¬Yae), ?a?-
¬Ya, ?®aaY¤aac®¬ a®a¬®¦Y?i ae?a®aa®¬ ˜450 (67,68,76).’ ??¬
– 26 –
¦Y ®!a §®¬ caaa??YcY®c®Y ?®ceeY?Y ?®aeYaa ae?© ¦Y«cea
??a«®a ¬®¦Ya aa?«?c ai a®«Yaa § c ae®a¬Y ?®a®c®F® ?aaF .
?Ya !®«?§¬ !?«?aa!? .
˜a? ae?§?®«®F?cYa??a aa«®c?ia ?®aeYaa ae?i !?«?aa!? c
?« §¬Y a®aa c«iYa 0,3-1,0 ¬F/¤« (5,1-17,1 ¬??®«i/«).…a«?
aa®cYi !?«?aa!? c ?« §¬Y a®aa c«iYa ®?®«® 3 ¬F/¤« (50
¬??®«i/«), a® ?«??cYa?? ia® ?a®ic«iYaai c ae®a¬Y ¦Y«aaa?
a?«Ya, a«?§?aaea ®!®«®cY? ? ?®¦?.
˜?«?aa!? ?a®?aa®¤?a ?§ aeYa¬Ya a?c®F® a §aaeY?i FY-
¬®F«®!? ?«? FY¬®?a®aY?®c (ae?a®aa®¬ 450, ae?a®aa®¬ ‚5, ? –
a « § , aa??a®ae ??aa®« § , ¬?®F«®!?).˜®a«Y aeYa¬Ya a?c®F®
®ac®!®¦¤Y?i FY¬ ?§ FY¬®F«®!? ?«? FY¬®?a®aY?®c ?®aaY¤a-
ac®¬ ¬??a®a®¬ «iea FY¬®?a?FY § c ¬Y¬!a Y ae?a®?« §¬ a?cYa-
?®F® aYa??a«a¬ ?®aaY¤aac®¬ ?a?c?a®c ?i ??a«®a®¤ ?a? c®§-
¤Y©aac?? ˜?„”-ae?a®aa®¬-a-aY¤a?a §e ?a®?aa®¤?a ®!a §®c ?Y
-F?¤a®?a?-FY¬ , ?a?cY¬ ?a?c?a®c e© ??a«®a®¤ c®§¤Y©aacaYa
-¬Ya?®ceY ¬®aa??? ae??«?cYa?®F® aYaa ??aa®« .˜« F®¤ ai
ia®¬a a aeY?«iYaai ?a®a®?®aae?a?®c®Y ?®«iae® ?a? ®ac®!®¦¤Y??
¬®®®?a?¤ aF«Ya®¤ , ? c®§?? Ya ?®¬?«Y?a !?«?cYa¤? a ¦Y«Y-
§®¬.˜®a«Y F?¤a®«?§ ?®¬?«Y?a !?«?cYa¤? a ¦Y«Y§®¬ ¦Y«Y§®
? !?«?cYa¤? IX ?®aaY¤aac®¬ !?«?cYa¤?aY¤a?a §e ae?a®§®«i
?a®?aa®¤?a c®aaa ®c«Y?Y aeYaa «i®F® ¬Ya?®c®F® ?®«iae !?-
«?cYa¤? c !?«?cYa¤? IXa2 (45).˜®a?®«i?a aa? aeYa¬Ya
(¬??a®a®¬ «i i FY¬®?a? § ? ˜?„”˜-ae?a®aa®¬-a-aY¤a?a § ,
a ?¦Y !?«?cYa¤?aY¤a?a § ae?a®§®«i), ?®a®aeY ? a «?§?aaia
®!a §®c ?Y !?«?aa!? ?§ FY¬ , c ae®a¬Y aeYa¬Ya a?c®F®
?®¬?«Y?a ?®cYaa®aa? i¤®?« §¬ a?cYa?®F® aYa??a«a¬ , !?-
«?cYa¤? ia®¬ ?®¬?«Y?aY c®aaa c«?c Yaai c !?«?aa!?
(a?a. 34.11)(91).’ ??¬ ®!a §®¬, ®!a §®c e© ?§ !?«?cYa¤?
!?«?aa!? ?aY¤aa c«iYa a®!®© aa!aaa a ¤«i !?«?aa!?-“„”-F«i-
?aa®?«aa aaeYa §e, a®¤Ya¦ eY©ai c i¤®?« §¬ a?cYa?®¬ aYa?-
?a«a¬Y.“„”-F«i?aa®?«aa aaeYa § ? a «?§?aaYa ®!a §®c ?Y
!?«?aa!?¬®®F«i?aa®?¤®c.‡ aY¬ ?a®?aa®¤?a a?aY§ !?«?aa!?-
¤?F«i?aa®?¤®c, ®aaeYaac«iY¬e© “„”-F«i?aa®?«aa aaeYa §®©
(a?a.34.12)(6).„«i ®!a §®c ?i !?«?aa!?¤?F«i?ea®?¤®c ?§
!?«?aa!?¬®®F«i?aa®?¤®c ®!aa¦¤ «?ai c®§¬®¦®aa? a?®a ®-
F® ®!a §®c ?i ¤?F«i?aa®?¤®c (83) ?«? aeYa¬Ya a?ce© ?YaY-
®a F«i?aa®®c®© ??a«®ae ®a ¬®«Y?a«e !?«?aa!?¬®®F«i?aa®?-
¤ ?a? aci§ec ?? !?«?aa!?¤?F«i?aa®?¤®c ?®aaY¤aac®¬ !?«?-
– 27 –
aa!?F«i?aa®®§?¤-F«i?aa®®§?«aa aaeYa §e (40).?®aaY¤aac®¬
F«i?aa®?a®c ?i Ya aac®a?¬e© c c®¤Y !?«?aa!? ?a?®!aYa Ya
c®¤®a aac®a?¬®aai.
˜Ya aac®a?¬®aai c c®¤Y ®!a §aieYF®ai ?a? a §«®¦Y?? FY¬
!?«?aa!? IXa ®a®cec Yaai a®¬, ca® ®!a §aiaai caaa?¬®-
«Y?a«iaeY c®¤®a®¤eY ¬®aa??? ¬Y¦¤a Faa??®© ?a®??®®c®© ??a-
«®ae ??aa®«i®F® ?®«iae ? §®a®¬ Y a®¤ie?aai ?® a®aY¤aaca
cYe?a ??aa®«iea ?®«Yae.’ ??¬ ®!a §®¬ ¤®aa?F Yaai ?aaYa?-
cYa?? a?« ¤ec ?Y !?«?aa!? , ca® a¬Yie iaai F?¤a®ae®!eY,a®
Yaai «??®ae?«ieY ac®©aac .˜® ia®© ?a?c?Y Y?®eiF?a®c e©
!?«?aa!? IXa ¤?aeaea¤?aaYa c ¬®§F, ?« aeYaa ? a«?§?aaai ??-
eYc?? .˜a? c®§¤Y©aac?? acYa®c®© iYaF?? a ¤«?®© c®«e ®a
400 ¤® 500 ¬ cYe?Y ??aa®«ieY ?®«iae ¬®«Y?a«e !?«?aa!?
IXa ¬®Faa ?®c®a c?c aiai c®?aaF ¤c®©®© aci§?.˜®aaY¤aac®¬
a ?®© ae®a®?§®¬Ya?§ ae?? ¬®«Y?a«e !?«?aa!? c a ? §ec Y¬e©
ae®a®!?«?aa!? !®«ieY Y ¬®Faa ®!a §®cec aiai caaa?¬®«Y?a-
«iaeY c®¤®a®¤eY ¬®aa???.’ ??¬ ®!a §®¬, !?«?aa!? aa ?c?a-
ai c®¤®a aac®a?¬e¬ ?, a«Y¤®c aY«i®, ® ¬®¦Ya !Y§ ?®eiF ae??
a F«i?aa®®c®© ??a«®a®© ce¤Y«iaiai c ¦Y«ci.˜aeaeY?a ae®a®?§®¬Y-
a?§ ae?? !?«?aa!? ?a?¬YiYaai c a«ac Y ae®a®aYa ??? ¦Y«aae-
ea ®c®a®¦¤Yea.˜®aaY¤aac®¬ ®!«acY?i ?®¦? a??¬ acYa®¬,
a®¤ie?©ai c ?®¦Y !?«?aa!? IXA ?YaYc®¤?aai c c®¤®a aac®a?-
¬e© ae®a®!?«?aa!?, ?®a®ae© aci§ec Yaai a «i!a¬?®¬ ? ?a®cii
?YaY®a?aai ? ?YcY? ? a ¬ cec®¤?aai c ¦Y«ci.‘ ?®¬®eii a ?®©
ae®a®aYa ??? a¤ Yaai a?§?ai aa®cYi Y?®eiF?a®c ®F® !?«?-
aa!? c ?« §¬Y ¤® ?®aeYaa ae?? 5 ¬F/¤« (85 ¬??®«i/«), ¤ «i-
Y©eYY a?¦Y?Y aa®ci !?«?aa!? ?®aaY¤aac®¬ ae®a®aYa ???
Yc®§¬®¦®.
?®«?cYaacY® Y¦Y¤Yc® a c§a®a«ea ®!a §aYaai ®?®«®
250-350 ¬F !?«?aa!? ?F ?a? a a? ¤Y FY¬ .˜a? ia®¬ F« c-
e¬ ?aa®c??®¬ ®!a §®c ?i !?«?aa!? ic«iYaai FY¬ FY¬®F«®-
!? .??®«® 70% Y¦Y¤Yc® ®!a §aie?aai ¦Y«cea ??F¬Ya®c c®§-
?? ia ?§ FY¬®F«®!? ?a? a a? ¤Y ia?aa®ae?a®c c aYa??a«®-i-
¤®aY«? «i®© a?aaY¬Y (c aY«Y§Y?Y, ?®aa®¬ ¬®§FY ? c ?YcY?).
“c aa?Y ?YcY? c Y¦Y¤Yc®¬ ®!a §®c ?? !?«?aa!? a®a-
a c«iYa 10-37%, ?a?cY¬ c ?YcY? F« ce¬ ?aa®c??®¬ a«a¦ a
¬??a®a®¬ «ieY ae?a®aa®¬e, ? a « § , aa??a®ae ??aa®« § ? ¬?-
a®a®¤a? «ie© ae?a®aa®¬ b.’ ?¦Y c ?« §¬Y aci§ eY a F ?a®F-
«®!?®¬ FY¬®F«®!?,¬YaFY¬®F«®!? ?«? ¬YaFY¬ «i!a¬? a«a¦ a
?aa®c??®¬ ?YcY®c®F® ®!a §®c ?i !?«?aa!? ,?®a?®«i?a FY-
– 28 –
? a®ae?ae c®a?a??¬ ia ?®¬?®Yae FY¬ ¤«i ®!a §®c ?i !?«?-
aa!? .
’a a?®aa !?«?aa!?
‚ ?« §¬Y aa a?®aa?aaYaai ? ? ?®eiF?a®c e© a F«i?aa®-
®c®© ??a«®a®© !?«?aa!?, a ? ? Y?®eiF?a®c e©, aci§ e©
a «i!a¬?®¬ !?«?aa!?.˜a? ia®¬ ?®eiF?a®c e© a F«i?aa®®-
c®© ??a«®a®© !?«?aa!? a a ?aYa?§aYaai Y§ c?aY«ie¬ aa®¤a-
ac®¬ a «i!a¬?®¬, ? ? Y?®eiF?a®c e© !?«?aa!?.’ ??¬ ®!-
a §®¬, Y§ c?aY«i i c aai !?«?aa!?F«i?aa®?¤ ?a? ¦Y«aaaY
Y aci§ a «i!a¬?®¬, ® ae?«iaaaYaai cYaY§ ?«a!®c??.˜Y-
!®«ie i c aai Y aY !a®a!?aaYaai c ? «iae a, ce¤Y«iYaai a
¬®c®© ? ®!aa«®c«?c Ya !«i¤ Y¬ai ?a? a®«Yaa §Y !?«?aa!?a-
a?i.’ ?¦Y !«i¤ Yaai ®cYi ?a®c®Y, cYa®ia®, ?®c «Ya®Y
aci§ec ?Y !?«?aa!?F«i?aa®?¤ a «i!a¬?®¬ a !®«iea a a®-
«Yaa §®¬ a ?®iiF?a®c ®© F??Ya!?«?aa!?Y¬?Y© (89).˜®a?®«i-
?a ?®c «Ya® aci§ e© a «i!a¬?®¬ !?«?aa!?F«i?aa®?¤ ®!-
aa¦?c Ya Y§ c?aY«ie© ?YcY®ce© ? ?®cYce© ?«?aYa,
®!eiaY?Y a®aa®?a c a®¬, ca® a«aceY?Y ¦Y«aaa? c ?« §¬Y
a®?a®c®¦¤ Yaai YeY ?®ceeYe¬? § cY?i¬? ?®eiF?a®c ®F®
!?«?aa!? , c a® caY¬i ? ? c ¬®cY !?«?aa!? a¦Y !®«ieY Y
!«i¤ Yaai.
˜Y?®eiF?a®c e© !?«?aa!? c ?« §¬Y ?¬YYa cea®?®Y
aa®¤aac® a ¬Yaa®¬ aci§ec ?i «i!a¬? , a ??¬ ®!a §®¬, Y-
?®eiF?a®c e© !?«?aa!? c ?« §¬Y ?®ic«iYaai c Ya aac®aY-
®¬ c?¤Y.˜a? cea®?®© ?®aeYaa ae?? !?«?aa!? c ?« §¬Y Y-
?®eiF?a®c e© !?«?aa!? aci§ec Yaai a «i!a¬?®¬ ¤caa
¤aaF?a ¬Yaa a a Y§ c?aY«ie¬ aa®¤aac®¬.?§ ¬Yaa aci§ec ?i
a ¬Yie?¬ aa®¤aac®¬ Y?®eiF?a®c e© !?«?aa!? ¬®¦Ya ceaYa-
iaiai ?a? ?®¬®e? ac®!®¤ea ¦Y«cea ??a«®a, ?§ ¬Yaa aci§ec –
?i a !®«YY cea®??¬ aci§ec ?Y¬ ?®aaY¤aac®¬ ¬Y¤?? ¬Ya®c,
a ??a, ? ? aa«iae ?« ¬?¤e, «iFYa??? ? YaaYa®?¤eY a?-
aYc¬ a???.
‚ ?YcY? a®¤ie?©ai c ?« §¬Y ?a®c? aci§ e© a «i!a¬?-
®¬ Y?®eiF?a®c e© !?«?aa!?, a ?¦Y ?®eiF?a®c e© a
F«i?aa®®c®© ??a«®a®© !?«?aa!? ®cYi !eaaa® c®a?a??¬ Yaai
a?aa®?¤®© aa®a®®© FY? a®ae?a®c.˜a?Y¬ FY? a®ae?a ¬? !?«?aa-
!? ?a®?§c®¤?aai aYaeY?a®ae¬? !Y«? ¬? (5) ? a®®acYaaacaYa
??Ya??Y aeeY?i ?® ??a i«?aa-?YaYa.?®FeiF?a®c e© !?-
«?aa!?, !a®¬aa«iae «Y?, ? a?¤®ae? ®ce© §Y«Ye© a ?¦Y c®a?-
– 29 –
a??¬ iaai aY¬? ¦Y aYaeY?a®ae¬? !Y«? ¬? a?aa®?¤®© aa®-
a®Y FY? a®ae?a®c, c a® caY¬i ? ? ¦Y«ceY ??a«®ae Y ?®?aa?-
aaia a !?«?aa!?®¬ § ?®F«®eY?Y ?a FY? a®ae?a ¬?.
˜®a«Y aa a?®aa !?«?aa!? cYaY§ ?« §¬ a?cYa?ai ¬Y¬!a –
a a?aa®?¤ FY? a®ae?a®c !?«?aa!? aci§ec Yaai aa a?®aa-
ea !Y«? a c ae?a®§®«Y; a ?¦Y ®!aa¦¤ Yaai c®?a®a ® aci§ ®¬
a ¬Y¬!a ¬? ?aa FY? ae?a ae¬ ?YaY®a®¬ !?«?aa!? .‚ FY? –
a®ae?a a !?«?aa!?, Y§ c?a?¬® ®a a®F®, § !?a Yaai «? ® ?§
?« §¬e ?«? ®!a §aYaai c FY? a®ae?a a ?§ FY¬®?a®aY?®c, ?YaY-
c®¤?aai ?a? ?®¬®e? ¬??a®a®¬ «i®© !?«?aa!?-“„”-F«i?aa®?«a-
a aaeYa §e c !?«?aa!?¤?F«i?aa®?¤.˜YaY¤ aY¬, ? ? ®!a §ai-
e?©ai c FY? a®ae?a a !?«?aa!? ?«? c®a?a?iae© FY? a®ae?a ¬?
!?«?aa!? ?®¤cYaF Yaai F«i?aa®?a®c ?i,¤«i c aa? !?«?aa!?
c®§¬®¦Y aYae«i?a c ?« §¬a a c®§®!®c«Ye¬ FY? a®ae?a ae¬
?®F«®eY?Y¬ !?«?aa!? .‚ Y!®«ie®© c aa? a ?¦Y c®§¬®¦
caaa??YcY®c i ¤Y?®eiF ae?i !?«?aa!?F«i?aa®?¤ a aYae«i?-
a®¬ Y?®eiF?a®c ®F® !?«?aa!? c ?« §¬a.˜ ia®© ®a®cY
¬®¦® ®!eia?ai, ?®cY¬a a !®«iea a a®«Yaa §®¬ a ?¦Y !«i-
¤ iaai ?®ceeYeY ?®aeYaa ae?? Y?®eiF?a®c ®F® !?«?aa!?
c ?« §¬Y.
˜®a«Y ?®eiF ae?? !?«?aa!? F«i?aa®?a®c e© !?«?aa!?,
cYa®ia®, a ?®¬®eii ?YaY®ac?? , ce¤Y«iYaai cYaY§ ¬Y¬!a a
? «iae c ¦Y«ci (a?a.34.13).˜a®¬aa«iae «Y?, ?¤®ae? ®ce©
§Y«Ye© ? aYaFY®?®aa aaeY cYeYaac ¦Y«cea ?aaY© ?®?a-
a?aaia § a?aaY¬a aa a?®aa !?«?aa!? c ¬Y¬!a Y ¦Y«c®F®
? «iae , ?®a®a i ?®¤c?iYaai ??Ya??Y aeeY?i.‚ ®!eY¬,
aY?aYae?i !?«?aa!? ?®aaY¤aac®¬ ¬Y¬!a ¦Y«c®F® ? «iae
?a? ?YaY®aY !?«?aa!? ?§ ?« §¬e c ¦Y«ci ?aY¤aa c«iYa a®!®©
e F, ®?aY¤Y«iie?© a?®a®aai.†Y«ceY ??a«®ae, ?a®a?c, aYaeYa-
?aaiaai ?®aaY¤aac®¬ ¤aaF®© aa a?®aa®© a?aaY¬e ¬Y¬!a
¦Y«ce© ? «iaeYc, c ¦Y«ci.˜®a?®«i?a ?a? a?¤a®¬Y „a!?-
-„¦®a® ?¬YYa ¬Yaa® FYYa?cYa??© ¤YaeY?a aa a?®aa®©
a?aaY¬e ¬Y¬!a e ¦Y«c®F® ? «iae ¤«i aY?aYae?? ?®eiF?a®-
c ®F® !?«?aa!? ? !a®¬aa«iae «Y? , a® ¦Y«ceY ??a«®ae aY-
aeYa?aaiaai c ¦Y«ci Y§ c?a?¬® ®a ¬Y¬!a e ? «iae .•®ai
¦Y«ceY ??a«®ae ?a?®«i§aia ¤aaFai aa a?®aaai a?aaY¬a, ?®
aa cY?i a ?®eiF?a®c e¬ !?«?aa!?®¬, c ¬Y¬!a a ¦Y«c®F®
? «iae , a® ®!aa¦¤ Yaai aY?aYae?i !?«?aa!? c ¦Y«ci c ae®a¬Y
a¬Ye ea ¬?aeY«« a ¦Y«ce¬? ??a«®a ¬?, ae®aae®«???¤ ¬? ? a®-
«YaaYa?®¬.’ ??¬ ®!a §®¬ ®!eiaiYaai aY?aYae?i c®¤®a aac®a?-
– 30 –
¬®F® Y?®eiF?a®c ®F® !?«?aa!? IX c ¦Y«ci, ?®a®a i c
®a¬Y a®aa c«iYa ¬YieY, cY¬ 10% ®a ®!eYF® !?«?aa!? c ?Y-
cY? ? ?a? FY¬®«?a?cYa?®© Y¬?? ¬®¦Ya a®aa c«iai ¤® 3% ? –
«??a«ia®© !?«?aa!?®c®© aY?aYae??.˜®a?®«i?a Y?®eiF?a®-
c e© !?«?aa!? a aac®a?¬ c ¦Y«c?, a® ia?¬ ®!eiaiYaai c a-
a®a ®!a §®c ?i !?«?aa!?®cea ??F¬Yaea ¦Y«cea ? ¬Y© ?a?
aa®?cYa?®¬ FY¬®«?§Y.
‚ ¦Y«cea ?aaia ? c ??e?Y aYaeYa?aaY¬e© !?«?aa!?F«i?a-
a®?¤ Y ca aec Yaai, ® ?a®a®¤?a cYaY§ a®??© ??eYc?? ?
F?¤a®«?§aYaai c aYa¬? «i®¬ ®a¤Y«Y a®?®© ??e?? ? a®«aa®©
??e?? ?a? ?®¬®e? ! ?aYa? «i®© c-F«i?aa®?¤ §e.˜?«?aa!?
c®aaa c«?c Yaai ! ?aYa?i¬? a®«aa®F® ??eYc?? ¤® aa®!?«?-
®FY ? c aa?c® ®??a«iYaai ¤® aa®!?«? c aeY? «?ia.?YYY
cY¬ 20% Y¦Y¤Yc® ®!a §aY¬®F® c a®«aa®¬ ??eYc??Y aa®!?«?®-
FY ac aacaia c ??eYc®-?YcY®c®¬ ae??«Y: ® ca aec Yaai
ca®?®¬ ??eYc??Y, aa a?®aa?aaYaai c ¦Y«ci, c a® caY¬i ? ?
®aa ce?Yai 10% a®¤iaai c ?YaYaeYa?cYa?®© ae?a?a«iae?? ? ?®a®¬
cec®¤iaai c ¬®ca (a¬.889).˜a? FY¬®«?§Y, FY? a®aeY««i«iaea
§ !®«Yc ?ia ?YcY? ? ?a? ?®aa®a?aaY¬®¬ eaaY cecY¤Y?Y
aa®!?«? c ¬®cY acY«?c?c Yaai.
˜?®aa aae®a¬ ae?i – !?®a?¬?i
®!Y§caY¦?c ?i c ?YcY?.
˜¤®FY® ? i?§®FY® cc®¤?¬eY cYeYaac ¬®Faa c ®aF –
?§¬Y c «®cY? ca«Y¤aac?Y ?a a aac®a?¬®aa? c «???¤ a ¤Y©a-
ac®c ai a®?a?cYa??.˜?§®FY® cc®¤?¬eY «???¤®a aac®a?¬eY cY-
eYaac c a«?§?aa®© a®?®F® ??eYc?? ¬®Faa ?®aaa? ai a
?a®cii c ?YcYi ?, c § c?a?¬®aa? ®a ?YcY®c®F® ?«?aYa ,
ac aac®c ai c a?aaY¬®© ae?a?a«iae?? ? ?®? ¤ ai c ¤aaF?Y ®aF –
e.?? Y ¬®Faa, ? ? ? i¤®FYeY, «???¤®a aac®a?¬eY cYeYaa-
c , ce¤Y«iaiai ?®c? ¬?, ?®a«Y F«®¬Yaa«ia®© ae?«iaa ae??
ca«Y¤aac?Y ?a a aac®a?¬®aa? c «???¤ a ?®¤cYaF aiai c ? «i-
ae a ?®cY? ®!a a®© ¤?aeaea§??.
?!Y§caY¦?c ?Y (!?®aa aae®a¬ ae?i) «???¤®a aac®a?¬ea cY-
eYaac ¤®aa?F Yaai, ? ? ?a c?«®, c ¤cY ae §e, ?®aaY¤aac®¬ ?Y-
aYcY¤Y?i ?a c c®¤®a aac®a?¬eY ¬Ya !®«?ae.‚ ae §Y 1 ®!Y§caY-
¦?c ?i ?®¤cYaF iaai «???¤®a aac®a?¬eY cYeYaac ®??a«Y?i,
c®aaa ®c«Y?i ?«? F?¤a®«?§a.˜a®¤a?ae aY ?ae?? c ae §Y 1
®!Y§caY¦?c ?i YaY¤?® c ae §Y 2 ?®¤cYaF iaai aY ?ae?i¬ ?®e-
iF ae??.’ ??¬ ®!a §®¬, c®§?? ia c®¤®a aac®a?¬eY ?®eiF ae,
– 31 –
?®a®aeY ce¤Y«iiaai ?®c? ¬? ?«? c ¦Y«ci.? ? ?a c?«®, a®?a?-
cYa??Y cYeYaac ?a®a®¤ia ®!Y ae §e ®!Y§caY¦?c ?i, «® a®F®,
? ? ®? c c?¤Y ?®eiF a®c i«?¬??aaiaai ?§ ®aF ?§¬ cY«®cY-
? .
˜®aaY¤aac®¬ aeYa¬Ya a?cea aY ?ae?© ae §e 1, a ??a ? ?
®??a«Y?Y, c®aaa ®c«Y?Y ?«? F?¤a®«?§, aea?ae?® «ieY Faa?-
?e, a ??Y ? ?, ?a?¬Ya, F?¤a®?a?«ieY Faa??e, ?YaYc®¤iaai c
«???¤®a aac®a?¬®Y a®aa®i?Y.‚ ¦Y©e i aeYa¬Ya a?c i a?aaY¬
ae §e 1 ®!Y§caY¦?c ?i – ia® ae?a®aa®¬-˜450-¬®®®?a?FY § i
a?aaY¬ .? «®? «?§aYaai c i¤®?« §¬ a?cYa?®¬ aYa??a«a¬Y ?
a®aa®?a ?§ ¤caa aeYa¬Ya®c; ˜?„”˜-ae?a®aa®¬-˜450-aY¤a?a §e ?
ae?a®aa®¬ ˜450.???a«Y?Y ®aF ?cYa??a a®Y¤?Y?© ?®aaY¤aac®¬
ae?a®aa®¬-˜450-¬®®®?a?FY §®© a?aaY¬e c ? cYaacY ae §e 1
®!Y§caY¦?c ?i ¤®aa?F Yaai ?®aaY¤aac®¬ a §¬YeY?i ?®¤«Y¦ eY-
F® ®!Y§caY¦?c ?i a®Y¤?Y?i ?a?c®¬ aeYaaY ae?a®aa®¬
˜450.–?a®aa®¬-˜450 ?aY¤aa c«iYa a®!®© a®¤Ya¦ e?© FY¬ aeYa-
¬Ya, ?®a®ae© ®acYaaacYY § ?a?c?a®c ?Y ??a«®a®¤ ? ?a?-
a®Y¤?Y?Y ??a«®a®¤®F® a®¬ c ®aF ?cYa?®Y a®Y¤?Y?Y ?a?
®!a §®c ?? F?¤a®?a?a®Y¤?Y?Y (a?a.34.14).‚®aaa ®c?aY«ieY
i?c?c «Yae ?®aa c«iiaai ˜?„”˜-ae?a®aa®¬ ˜450-aY¤a?a §®©,
?a?cY¬ ˜?„”˜ ?YaYc®¤?aai c ˜?„”+.’ ??¬ ®!a §®¬, ae?a®aa®¬-
˜450-¬®®®?a?FY § i a?aaY¬ ?Fa Ya aeYaa «iai a®«i Y
a®«i?® ?a? ®!Y§caY¦?c ?? ca¦Ya®¤ea cYeYaac, ® a ?¦Y ? ?a?
!?®a?aY§Y aaYa®?¤ea F®a¬®®c ? ¦Y«cea ??a«®a.‚®§?? ie?Y
a ??¬ ®!a §®¬ F?¤a®?a?«?a®c eY ?a®¤a?ae ae §e 1 ®!Y§caY¦?-
c ?i ¬®Faa, ?®Yae, ?®¤cYaF aiai aY ?ae?i¬ ?®eiF ae?? ae §e
2 ®!Y§caY¦?c ?i, ?a?¬Ya, F«i?aa®?a®c ?i (a?a.34.14).
?§ aY ?ae?© ?®eiF ae?? ?a? ®!Y§caY¦?c ?? i¤®FYea
(a !«.34.4) ? i?§®FYea cYeYaac F«i?aa®?a®c ?Y a «i¤Y©
ic«iYaai a ¬e¬ c ¦e¬ ?a®aeYaa®¬.˜a? ia®© aY ?ae?? ?®eiF ae??
?®aaY¤aac®¬ “„”-F«i?aa®?«aa aaeYa §e F«i?aa®®c i ??a«®a
®a “„”-F«i?aa®®c®© ??a«®ae ?YaY®a?aai ca¦Ya®¤®Y cY-
eYaac® ?«? i¤®FY®Y cYeYaac® (!?«?aa!?, ¦Y«ceY ??a«®ae,
aaYa®?¤eY F®a¬®e) ?a? ®ac®!®¦¤Y?? “„” (12,54).
˜®a?®«i?a ?®eiF ae F«i?aa®®c®© ??a«®ae a aac®a?¬e c
c®¤Y, ?®aaY¤aac®¬ F«i?aa®?a®c ?i, ?®a®a®Y c®§¬®¦® ? ? c
?YcY?, a ? ? cY ?YcY? (53,56), i«?¬? ae?i «???¤®a aac®a?-
¬ea cYeYaac aa ®c?aai c®§¬®¦®© cYaY§ ?®c?? ? ¦Y«ci.
˜?®aa aae®a¬ ae?i ?a? § !®«Yc ?ia ?YcY?.
– 32 –
‚ a® caY¬i ? ? a?? «YF?®¬ FY? a?aY ?«? ?a? ?a?c®aa?
aeYa¬Ya®c !?®aa aae®a¬ ae?? c ?YcY? Y§ c?aY«i® ®a«?c iaai
®a ?®aa®«Y© , a !®«iea a ai¦Y«e¬ FY? a?a®¬ ? ai¦Y«e¬ ?-
a?ce¬ aa®?cYa??¬ FY? a?a®¬ ?«? ae?aa®§®¬ ?YcY? !«i¤ Yaai
?®?¦Y?Y ae?a®aa®¬ -˜450 c ?YcY?.’ ?¦Y ?a?c®aai “„”-F«i-
?aa®?«aa aaeYa §e ¦Y«cea ??a«®a ?YcY? cY«®cY? ?®?¦ Yaai
?a? ae?aa®§Y ?YcY? (56).˜® ia®© ?a?c?Y ?a? ai¦Y«ea § !®«Y-
c ?ia ?YcY?, c ®a®!Y®aa?, ?a? ae?aa®§Y ?YcY?, ¬Ya !®«?§¬
? i«?¬? ae?i «Y? aaac ¬®Faa !eai § c?aY«i® ?®?¦Ye.˜a?
§ !®«Yc ?ia ?YcY?, aY¬ Y ¬YYY, ?§¬YiYaai Y a®«i?® !?-
®aa aae®a¬ ae?i ¬Y¤?? ¬Ya®c, ® ¬®Faa a ?¦Y Y®!a a?¬® ¬Y¤?-
? ¬Yae ?®caY¦¤ ai ?YcYi.
˜®caY¦¤Y?i ?YcY?,
ce§c eY ¬Y¤?? ¬Ya ¬?.
˜®caY¦¤Y?i ?YcY?, ce§c eY «Y? aaac ¬?, ¬®Faa !eai
¬®F®®!a §e¬?.?®¦® a §«?c ai ?ai¬®Y, § c?a?¬®Y ®a ae §e
?®caY¦¤Y?i ?YcY?, ?®a®a®Y ¬®¦® ?aY¤aa¬®aYai, ? Y?aY¤aa-
¬ aa?c Y¬®Y, § c?a?¬®Y ®a ¤®§e, ?®caY¦¤Y?Y ?YcY?.
˜a? ?ai¬ea,?aY¤aa¬ aa?c Y¬ea, § c?a?¬ea ®a ¤®§e ?®caY¦-
¤Y?ia ?YcY? ¬Y¤?? ¬Ya ca«Y¤aac?Y !?®aa aae®a¬ ae?? ?aYca –
e Yaai c a®?a?cYa??Y ¬Ya !®«?ae, ?®a®aeY ?®c «Ya® aci§ec –
iaai a ¬ ?a®¬®«Y?a«iae¬? a®aa ce¬? c aai¬? ?«Ya®? ?, a ??¬
®!a §®¬, cY¤aa ? ?®caY¦¤Y?i ?YcY?, ®¦?aY?i ? Y?a®§a.˜a?-
¬Ya®¬ § c?a?¬®aa? ®a ¤®§e ?ai¬®F® ?aY¤aa¬ aa?c Y¬®F® ?®caY¦-
¤Y?i ?YcY? ic«iYaai ?a®?a?? ae?i ? a aeYa ¬®«®¬.
˜a? Y?ai¬®¬, Y?aY¤aa¬®aaY®¬, § c?a?¬®¬ ®a ¤®§e ?®c-
aY¦¤Y?i ?YcY? ?®aaY¤aac®¬ «Y? aaac ¬Ya !®«?a ca«Y¤aac?Y
!?®aa aae®a¬ ae?? c ? cYaacY F ?aY ¬®¦Ya ?®c «Ya® !eai
aci§ a !Y«?®¬, F¤Y ¬Ya !®«?a ?®«ac Ya a?FYeY ac®©aac .
’ ??¬ ®!a §®¬, ¬®¦Ya ?a®?§®©a? ®!a §®c ?Y a?aY«. ˜®ca®a-
®Y ccY¤Y?Y ¬Y¤?? ¬Ya ¬®¦Ya Y?aY¤a? §aY¬® cYaa? ? Y?a®-
§a ?YcY®cea ?«Ya®?. ˜®ca®ae© Y?a®§ F®«®a ®¬ ic«iYaai
?a?¬Ya®¬ a ?®F® c?¤ ?®caY¦¤Y?i ?YcY?. ‚® ¬®F®?a a«ac ia
? a®ae?§?®«®F?i ? !?®a?¬?i c®§??®cY?i ?¤aae?a®c ea «Y-
? aaac ¬? ?®caY¦¤Y?© ?YcY? Y ?§cYaae. •®ai i¬??a?cYa? i
aci§i ¬Y¦¤a a §«?ce¬? ?« aa ¬? «Y? aaac ? ¬®aae®«®F?cYa??¬?
?a®ic«Y?i¬? ?®caY¦¤Y?i ?YcY? ¬®¦Ya ? !eai aaa ®c«Y
(a !.34.5), aaeYaacaia § c?aY«ieY ?YaY?aea?i c F?aa®«®F?-
cYa??a ®!a §ae a, ce§c ea «Y? aaac ¬?, ?®caY¦¤ ie?a ?YcYi
– 33 –
(38).
”?§?®«®F?i ae?a?a«iae?? ?YcY?.
‘ !¦Y?Y ?YcY? ?a®cii.
˜YcYi a !¦ Yaai ?a®ci cYaY§ A.hepatica ? V.portae.
’®c ©e?Y a §cYac«Y?i A.hepatica ? V.portae § ? c?c iaai c
a?aa®?¤ a ?YcY?, ?®a®aeY !Y§ ! § «i®© ¬Y¬!a e ®!a §aiaai
?§ i¤®aY«? «iea ?«Ya®? ? ?a?aeYa®ca??a ?«Ya®?. ˜®aaY¤aac®¬
?a®acYa®c ¬Y¦¤a i¤®aY«? «ie¬? ?«Ya? ¬? a cY«?c?®© ?®a q
1-2 ¬?¬ cYeYaac a ¬®«Y?a«iae¬ cYa®¬ ¤® 25000 ¬®Faa ¤?aeaea-
¤?a®c ai ?§ a?aa®?¤®c c ?a®aaa aac® „?aa ? a ??¬ ®!a §®¬
®¬ec ai ¬??a®c®aa??? a?aa®?¤ «i®© ?« §¬ a?cYa?®© ¬Y¬!a e
FY? a®ae?a®c.˜a ?®a?aa®aai a?aa®?¤ ¤«i ?Yaaeaea§?? FY? a®ae?-
a®c ?¬YYa !®«ie®Y § cY?Y,?®a?®«i?a c a?aa®?¤ a ?¬YYa ¬Ya-
a® a®«i?® Y!®«ie®Y FY¬®¤? ¬?cYa?®Y ¤ c«Y?Y 2-3 ¬¬.aa.aa.
?a a?aa®?¤®c ?a®ci c®a?a??¬ Yaai aeYaa «ie¬? cY ¬?, ?®-
a®aeY ?®a«Y a®Y¤?Y?i a !®«ie?¬? cY ¬?, ®aaeYaac«iia ®aa®?
?a®c? cYaY§ V.v.hepaticae c v.cava inferior. ˜YFa«iae?i ?YcY-
®c®© ¬??a®ae?a?a«iae?? ?a®?§c®¤?aai, F« ce¬ ®!a §®¬, cYaY§
aaYa?®«e, a®aa ?®a®aea ®?aY¤Y«iYaai F« ¤?®© ¬aa?a« aaa®©
?®¤ c®§¤Y©aac?Y¬ Yacea aa?¬a«®c F®a¬®®c ? ¬Ya !®«?a®c
(13).
˜®aa «i i cY c®a?a??¬ Ya ?a®ci ?§ a®?®F® ??eYc?? ,
aY«Y§Y??, ?®¤¦Y«a¤®c®© ¦Y«Y§e ? ¦Y«c®F® ?a§eai
(a?a.34.15).
A.hepatica, ?®a®a i ceaY? Ya ?§ Truncus coeliacus, a !-
¦ ia ?YcYi aaYa? «i®© ?a®cii. ??®«® 70-75% ?a®c®a®? ?Y-
cY? ?a®?§c®¤?aai ?®aaY¤aac®¬ V.portae, c a® caY¬i ? ?
?.hepatica ? ¤ Ya 25-30% ?a®c®a®? . ˜®a?®«i?a ?®a®? ?a®c? c
?YcY? a®aa c«iYa ®a 100-130 ¬«/¬?/100 F ?YcY?, a® ?a®c®-
a®? cYaY§ V.portae a®aa c«iYa ®?®«® 1000 ¬«/¬?.. „ c«Y?Y c
A.hepatica ?a?¬Ya® a®®acYaaacaYa ®aa «i®¬a ¤ c«Y?i, c a®
caY¬i ? ? ¤ c«Y?Y c c®a®a®© cYY a®aa c«iYa ¬Y¦¤a 6-10 ¬¬
aa.aa.. „ c«Y?Y c a?aa®?¤ a ?YcY? «?ei Y§ c?aY«i® ce-
eY, cY¬ c a®c ©e?a ?YcY®cea cY a ? «Y¦?a ?a?¬Ya® 2-4
¬¬ aa.aa. ceeY ¤ c«Y?i c ?YcY®cea cY a. ‚ea®a ¤ c«Y?i
c ?®aa «i®© cYY § c?a?a, a ®¤®© aa®a®e, ®a aYFa«iae?? ?®-
¤ c? ?a®c? cYaY§ ¬Y§YaYa? «ieY ? a?« a?cYa??Y aaYa?®«e
?, a ¤aaF®© aa®a®e, ®a caaa??YcY®c®F® a®?a®a?c«Y?i.
„ c«Y?Y c A.hepatica ®!« ¤ Ya «?ei Y§ c?aY«ie¬ c®§¤Y©a-
– 34 –
ac?Y¬ ¤ c«Y?Y c c®a®a®© cYY.
˜ aeeY?Y ??a«®a®¤®¬ ?a®c? A.hepatica a®®acYaaacaYa a? –
Yc®¬a c ¤aaF?a aaYa?ia. ˜ aeeY?Y ??a«®a®¤®¬ V.portae c
?a?a?cYa?®¬ a®aa®i?? 85% ceeY, cY¬ c ?Ya?aeYa?cYa??a cY-
a, ® § c?aY«i® a?¦ Yaai ?a? ??a ??. ‘ !¦Y?Y ?YcY?
??a«®a®¤®¬ ?a®?§c®¤?aai c ?a?a?cYa?®¬ a®aa®i?? ?®ca? ?®-
«®c?a ?®aaY¤aac®¬ A.hepatica ? V.portae, ?a?cY¬, a !¦Y?Y
??a«®a®¤®¬ ?YcY? iaeaeY?a?cYY, cY¬ c® ¬®F?a ¤aaF?a ®aF a.
˜ ¤Y?Y ¤ c«Y?i ?a®c? ce§ec Ya ca®aYFa«iae?? a !¦Y?i
?a®c? ?YcY? a ??¬ ®!a §®¬, ca® a®?a®a?c«Y?Y a®aa¤®c aaY-
a?®« A.hepatica ? ¤ Ya, ca®!e a ??¬ ®!a §®¬ ¤Ya¦ ai ?®aa®i-
e© ?a®c®a®? ?YcY?. ˜ ®!®a®a, ?a? ?®?¦Y?? ¤ c«Y?i c c®-
a®a®© cYY, cYa®ia®, ?®cee Yaai caaa??YcY®c®Y ?®aa «i-
®-cY®§®Y a®?a®a?c«Y?Y ? ¤ Ya ? a®aa¤e ¬ ?a?¬ «i® a ae?-
aiiaai.
‚ a !¦Y?? ?a®c? ?YcY? § c?a?a ®a c§ ?¬®¤Y©aac?i A.he-
patica ? V.portae, a ??¬ ®!a §®¬, a¬YieY i ?®¤ c ?a®c?
cYaY§ V.portae ?a?c®¤?a ? ?®¤eY¬a ?®¤ c? ?a®c? cYaY§ A.hepa-
tica. ˜ ®!®a®a, a¬YieYe© ?a®c®a®? c ?YcY? cYaY§ A.hepa-
tica ?®aaYF?aaYaai Y cYaY§ ?®ceeY?Y a !¦Y?i ?a®cii cYaY§
?®aa «iai cYa. ˜®ceeY?Y ¤ c«Y?i c ?YcY®cea cY a ?a?-
c®¤?a cYaY§ aa¦Y?Y ¬ «ea aaYa?®« ? a¬YieY?i ?®¤ c? ?a®c?
cYaY§ A.hepatica.
¤«i ®?aY¤Y«Y?i ?YcY®c®F® ?a®c®a®? ?a?¬Yiiaai ? ?
?ai¬eY ¬Ya®¤e, ?a?¬Ya, i«Y?aa®¬ F?a®Y ?§¬YaY?Y ?®a®? ,
?®a®a®Y ?a®?§c®¤?aai a «i¤Y© ?a? a?aaaF?cYa?®¬ ca?aea??? ¦?-
c®a , a ? ? Y?ai¬eY ¬Ya®¤e. ˜Y?ai¬eY ¬Ya®¤e ®a®c e
aYa?? a ¤«i ®?aY¤Y«Y?i ?YcY®c®F® ?«?aYa ? ?®F®-«?!®
cYeYaac ( ?a?¬Ya, ?¤®ae? ®c®F® §Y«Y®F®) ?® ae?a?a«iae??
?«? ?® ®?aY¤Y«Y?i ?¤?? a®aea ?a?cea a §cY¤Y?i (9).
˜ a®ae?§?®«®F?i ?®aa «i®© F??YaaY§??.
„ c«Y?Y c ?®aa «i®© cYY, Ya«? YF® ®?aY¤Y«iai ?® a §-
®aa? ¤ c«Y?© ¬Y¦¤a !a®«iae¬ ?®aa «i®-cY®§e¬ ¤ c«Y?Y¬
? ?aa ®!¤ ¬? «i® ?§¬YaYe¬ a?aaY¬e¬ cY®§e¬ ¤ c«Y?Y¬
( ?a?¬Ya, ac®!®¤e¬ ¤ c«Y?Y¬ c V.hepatica), a®aa c«iYa 3-6
¬¬ aa.aa. c F®a?§®a «i®¬ ?®«®¦Y?? aY« .
?§¬YaY?Y ¤ c«Y?i c c®a®a®© cYY.
?§¬YaY?Y ¤ c«Y?i c c®a®a®© cYY ¬®¦Ya ?a®?§c®¤?aiai
– 35 –
?ai¬® c a?aaY¬Y c®a®a®© cYe ?«? Y?ai¬® ?®aaY¤aac®¬ ?§¬Y-
aY?i ¤ c«Y?i ?a®c? c a®¬ ¬Y¬aaY, ?®a®a®Y aY F?aaYa ¤ c-
«Y?Y c c®a®a®© cYY.
˜ai¬®Y ?§¬YaY?Y ¤ c«Y?Y c c®a®a®© cYY ¬®¦Ya ?a®?§c®-
¤?aiai ?®aaY¤aac®¬ ?a?ae?? a?aaY¬e c®a®a®© cYe c® caY¬i
®?Ya ae??; ?®aaY¤aac®¬ ccY¤Y?i ? aYaYa c c®a®aai cYa cY-
aY§ ca?aeaai V.umbilicalis ?«? ?®aaY¤aac®¬ caY§?®¦®© aa a-
?YcY®c®© ?a?ae?? c®a®a®© cYe. ˜Y?ai¬®Y ®?aY¤Y«Y?Y ¤ c-
«Y?i c c®a®a®© cYY ¬®¦Ya ?a®?§c®¤?aiai ?®aaY¤aac®¬ ?Ya?a-
a ®© ?a?ae?? ?a«i?e aY«Y§Y??, c®§¬®¦ a ? ¦Y ?Ya?aa i
?a?ae?i ? aYa?¬e ?YcY?, a ? ¦Y ?®aaY¤aac®¬ ?§¬YaY?i
¤ c«Y?i c § ?aeaea ?YcY®cea cY a.
˜a? ?§¬Ya?? ¤ c«Y?i c § ?aeaea ?YcY®cea cY a
(WHVP=wedged hepatic vein pussure) ¤ c«Y?Y ?§¬YaiYaai ?®a-
aY¤aac®¬ ? aYaYa , ?®a®ae© cYaY§ ?a c®Y ?aY¤aYa¤?Y cc®¤?aai
?® cYaaY© ?®«®© cYY ¤® ?®«®¦Y?i § ?aea?i c ?Ya?aeYa?cYa?®©
?YcY®c®© cYY. †?¤?®aai caaa? ? aYaYa , ?YaY?aec ieYF®
?YcY®cai cYa, ®!a §aYa a ?a®cii c ?YcY®c®© cYY, c a?-
aa®?¤ a ? c®a®a®© cYY Y?aYaec®Y ?a®aaa aac®, a ? ca®
?§¬YaY®Y ¤ c«Y?Y c ? aYaYaY ®aa ¦ Ya ¤ c«Y?Y c a?aa®?-
¤ a ?YcY?. ˜a® ¤ c«Y?Y ®aa ¦ Ya ?a? ae?§?®«®F?cYa??a aa«®-
c?ia a ?¦Y ¤ c«Y?Y c c®a®a®© cYY.
˜®aaY¤aac®¬ cc®¤?¬®F® c ?YcY®cai cYa, a §¤ac Y¬®F®
! ««®®F® ? aYaa aa ®c?aai c®§¬®¦e¬ ?§¬Ya?ai ?a? ?®¬®e?
a §¤ac Y¬®F® ! ««® ¤ c«Y?Y c ?YaY?aea®© ?YcY®c®© cYY,
?a? ?®¬®e? Ya §¤ac Y¬®F® ! ««® ¬®¦® ?§¬Ya?ai ac®!®¤®Y
¤ c«Y?Y c ?YcY®c®© cYY.
˜®aaY¤aac®¬ ?§¬YaY?i ¤ c«Y?i c ?YaY?aea®© cYY ¬®¦®
®?aY¤Y«?ai «®? «?§ ae?i ?aY?iaaac?i ?®a®?a, ?®a®a®Y ?a?c®¤?a
? ?®aa «i®© F??YaaY§??. ˜a? a®¦¤Y?? ?aY?iaaac?i ?®a®?a
?YaY¤ a?aa®?¤ ¬? ?YcY? ( ?a?¬Ya, aa®¬!®§ c®a®ai®© cYe)
§ ?®a®Y ¤ c«Y?Y ?YcY®c®© cYe ®a¬ «i®, c a® caY¬i ? ?
¤ c«Y?Y c c®a®a®© cYY ®a¬ «i® (?aYa?aa®?¤ «i® a a?®-
«®¦Y i ?®aa «i i F??YaaY§?i). ˜a? a aa¬®aaY?? ?a®c®a®?
c ?YcY®cea a?aa®?¤ a ( ?a?¬Ya, ?a? «?®F®«i®¬ ae?aa®§Y)
§ ?®a®Y ¤ c«Y?Y c ?YcY®cea cY a a®®acYaaacaYa ¤ c«Y?i
c c®a®a®© cYY, a ? ca® ?®ceeY?Y § ?®a®F® ¤ c«Y?i c ?Y-
cY®c®© cYY i?c?c «Ya® ?®ceeY?i ¤ c«Y?i c c®a®a®© cY-
Y (a?aa®?¤ «i® ®!aa«®c«Y i ?®aa «i i F??YaaY§?i). ˜a?
«?c?? ?®aaa?aa®?¤ «i®F® caaa??YcY®c®F® ?aY?iaaac?i
– 36 –
?®a®?a § ?®a®Y ¤ c«Y?Y c ?YcY®cea cY a ¬®¦Ya !eai
¬YieY, cY¬ ¤ c«Y?Y c c®a®a®© cYY, ?®a?®«i?a cYaY§ ¬Y¦a?-
aa®?¤ «ieY a®Y¤?Y?i ?a? ?§¬YaY?? § ?®a®F® ¤ c«Y?i c
?YcY®c®© cYY ¬®¦Ya ?a®?aa®¤?ai cea c?c ?Y ¤ c«Y?i
(?®aaa?aa®?¤ «i® ®!aa«®c«Y i caaa??YcY®c i ®!aaaa?-
ae?i). …a«? ?aY?iaaac?Y ?®a®?a «®? «?§aYaai ?®a«Y ?YcY?, a®
caY ?YcY®ceY cYe ®¤? ?®c® ?®¤cYaF iaai c®§¤Y©aac?i ?aY-
?iaaac?i ?®a®?a ( ?a?¬Ya, Pericarditis constrictiva), ?®i-
a®¬a § ?®a®Y ¤ c«Y?Y c ?YcY®c®© cYY ?®cee Yaai i?c?c –
«Ya® ¤ c«Y?i c c®a®a®© cYY (a?a.34.15).
’ !«.34.6. ˜a?c?e ?®aa «i®© F??YaaY§?? c a®®acYaaac??
a «®? «?§ ae?Y© ?aY?iaaac?i ?®a®?a
____________________________________________________________
˜YaY¤ ?YcYii:
’a®¬!®§e
– aY«Y§Y®c i cY
– c®a®a i cY
‚aaa? ?YcY?:
˜aYa?aa®?¤ «i®
– ca®¦¤Ye© ae?!a®§ ?YcY?
– a§Y«?®c i aYFYYa ae?i
– ¬?Y«®?a®«?aeYa a?ceY § !®«Yc ?i
– ¬Ya aa §e c ?YcYi
– e?aa®¬ a®§e
‘?aa®?¤ «i®
– ae?aa®§e
˜®aaa?aa®?¤ «i®
– § !®«Yc ?i, a®?a®c®¦¤ ie?Yai § ?a?®a?®© cYe (a?¤a®¬
˜a¤¤-—? a?)
– aa®¬!®§e ?YcY®c®© cYe
– cY®§e© ?« ? ?YcY®cea cY
˜®a«Y ?YcY?:
– ?YaY?aea?Y ? a¤ «i®© cYe ?YcY?
– Pericarditis constrictiva
– Y¤®aa a®c®aai ?a c®F® aYa¤ae
____________________________________________________________
˜®¤a §¤Y«Y?Y ?®aa «i®© F??YaaY§?? c a®®acYaaac?? a
«®? «?§ ae?Y© ?aY?iaaac?i ?®a®?a.
– 37 –
˜ ®a®cY «®? «?§ ae?? ?aY?iaaac?i ?®a®?a ?®aa «i i F?-
?YaaY§?i ?®¤a §¤Y«iYaai ?aY¤?YcY®c®, caaa??YcY®c® ?
?®aa?YcY®c® ®!aa«®c«Yai (a !«.34.6).
˜aY¤?YcY®c® ®!aa«®c«Y i
?®aa «i i F??YaaY§?i.
˜aY¤?YcY®c® ®!aa«®c«Y i ?®aa «i i F??YaaY§?i ®!aa-
«®c«Y ®!aaaa?ae?Y© a?aaY¬e c®a®a®© cYe F« ce¬ ®!a §®¬ c
ae®a¬Y aa®¬!®§ aY«Y§Y®c®© cYe. ˜a?c? ¬? ia?a aa®¬!®§®c
¬®Faa aa ai ?aeY?ae??, ? ?aY a?ae, ®?aa®«?, aa c¬e ?«? F?-
?Ya?® Fa«®? a?? a §«?c®F® FYY§ . ?aaYa?®-?®aa «ieY cY®§-
eY ae?aaa«e ( ?a?¬Ya, ®!aa«®c«YeY aa c¬ ¬? ?«? caaa??Y-
cY®ce¬? ®c®®!a §®c ?i¬?) ?a?c®¤ia F« ce¬ ®!a §®¬ ?®a-
aY¤aac®¬ ?®ceeY®F® ?®a®? ?a®c? c a?aaY¬Y c®a®a®© ? ?®a-
a «i®© F??YaaY§??. ˜a? «?c?? ?aY¤?YcY®c®F® ®!aa«®c«Y-
®© ?®aa «i®© F??YaaY§?? ?®cee Yaai ¤ c«Y?Y c c®a®a®©
cYY ( ?a?¬Ya, ?§¬YaY?Y ?®aaY¤aac®¬ ?a?ae?? ?a«i?e aY«Y-
§Y??), c a® caY¬i ? ? § ?®a®Y ¤ c«Y?Y c cY a ?YcY? «Y-
¦?a c ?aY¤Y« a ®a¬e. ?«??cYa?? !«i¤ ia c a??®§e ??eYc®¤
? a?«Y®¬YF «?i. ? ? ?a c?«®, aae?a !«i¤ Yaai «?ei a®F¤ ,
?®F¤ ¤®?®«?aY«i® ?¬Yia ¬Yaa® ?®caY¦¤Y?i aea?ae?? ?YcY?,
?®a®aeY a®?a®c®¦¤ iaai a¬YieY?Y¬ a?aY§ «i!a¬? . ’®«i?®
?a? «?c?? ®aaa®F® aa®¬!®§ c®a®ai®© cYe ?¬YYa ¬Yaa® a –
YY ?®ic«Y?i aae?a (81, 82).
‚aaa??YcY®c® ®!aa«®c«Y i
?YcY®c i F??YaaY§?i
˜a? «?c?? caaa??YcY®c® ®!aa«®c«Y®© ?®aa «i®© F?-
?YaaY§?? ?aY?iaaac?Y ?®a®?a a®¤?aai:
– c ?aYa?aa®?¤ «iea cY a
– c a ¬?a a?aa®?¤ a
– c ?®aaa?aa®?¤ «iea a §cYac«Y?ia ?YcY®c®© cYe.
˜a®a®a??®¬ ?aYa?aa®?¤ «iea caaa??YcY®c® ®!aa«®c«Y-
®© ?®aa «i®© F??YaaY§?? ic«iYaai § ?a?®a? ¬ «ea ?®aa «i-
ea cY i©ae ¬? ?®a«Y ?ae?ae?a®c ?i Schistosoma mansoni ?«?
japanicum (69). ’ ?¦Y a§«®ceY aYFYYa ae?? ?YcY? ( ?a?-
¬Ya, ?a? a?¤a®¬Y ”Y«a?, ?a? a?«Ya®¤Ya¬?? ?«? ?®a«Y ?YaYa ¤-
?? ?®c??) ¬®Faa aa ai ?a?c?®© ?aYa?aa®?¤ «i®© «®? «?§®-
c ®© ?®aa «i®© F??YaaY§??. ?®FY?a «i®-?YcY®ce© ae?!-
a®§ ¬®¦Ya aa ai ?a?c?®© ?aYa?aa®?¤ «i® a a?®«®¦Y®© ?®a-
– 38 –
a «i®© F??YaaY§??, ai¤a a ?ae?«iaa ae?i¬? ?YcY? c® c§ ?-
¬®aci§? a ¬?Y«®?a®«?aeYa a?ce¬? § !®«Yc ?i¬?, a ¬Ya aa § –
¬?, ?a? !®«Y§? •®¤¦?? ?«? ?a? a a?®?¤®§Y. ’ ?¦Y ?a?c?®©
?aYa?aa®?¤ «i® «®? «?§®c ®© ?®aa «i®© F??YaaY§?? ¬®¦Ya
!eai FY? a®?®aa «i®© ae?!a®§ ?a? c??a«®a?¤®© !®«Y§? a –
!®a??®c ?« aa¬ aa®c®F® ?a®?§c®¤aac ?a? aa®?cYa?®© ?a®?-
a?? ae?? ¬eeii?®¬ ? ¬Y¤ii ?«? ?a? F??Yac?a ¬?®§Y ?. ˜aYa?a-
a®?¤ «i® caaa??YcY®c® ®!aa«®c«YeY ?®aa «i i F??YaaY-
§?i a a ?aYa?§aYaai ?®ceeYe¬ ¤ c«Y?Y¬ c c®a®a®© cYY ?a?
®a¬«i®¬ § ?®a®¬ ¤ c«Y?? c ?YcY®c®© cYY, Ya«? ?a?c?e
ia®© ?®aa «i®© F??YaaY§?? Y ?a?c®¤ia ? acY«?cY?i ®a«®¦Y-
?© ?®«« FY c ?a®aaa aac a „?aa ?, a«Y¤®c aY«i®, ? a?-
aa®?¤ «i®¬a ae?!a®§a. ?«??cYa?? !«i¤ iaai c a??®§e ??eY-
c®¤ ? a?«Y®¬YF «?i.
˜a®a®a??®¬ a?aa®?¤ «i® caaa??YcY®c® ®!aa«®c«Y®©
?®aa «i®© F??YaaY§?? ic«iYaai «?®F®«ie© ae?aa®§ ?YcY?,
?®a®ae© a aa¬ aa?c Yaai c ? cYaacY ?Yac?c®© ?a?c?e ?®a-
a «i®- cY®§®F® ?®ceeY?i ¤ c«Y?i ?a? «?®F®«i®¬ ae?aa®§Y
?YcY? c a?aa®?¤ «i®¬ a a?®«®¦Y?? ?®«« FY ?, a ??¬ ®!-
a §®¬, c ?a?c?Y?? caY¤ ?aYaa?aa®?¤ «ie¬ c a?a«iaea
?®¬¬a?? ae?© (17). ‘?aa®?¤ «i i ®!aaaa?ae?i cY¤Ya ? i?c?c –
«Ya®¬a ?®ceeY?i ?®aa «i®-cY®§®F® ¤ c«Y?i ? § ?®a®F®
¤ c«Y?i c ?YcY®cea cY a. ?«??cYa?? ia®?a?c®¤?a ? ®!a –
§®c ?i ?®aa «i®-a?aaY¬®F® ?®«« aYa «i®F® ?a®c®®!a eY?i
? ®cYi c aa® ? a §c?a?i aae?a .
˜a? ?®aaa?aa®?¤ «i® caaa??YcY®c® ®!aa«®c«Y®© ?®a-
a «i®© F??YaaY§?? ?®caY¦¤ Yaai ®aa®? ?a®c? ?®aaY¤aac®¬
®??«i§?? caaa??YcY®cea cY. ˜a ae®a¬ ?®aa «i®© F??Ya-
aY§?? !«i¤ Yaai ?a? aa®¬!®§Y caaa??YcY®cea cY (a?¤-
a®¬ ˜a¤¤-—? a?), ?a? cY® ??«i§?®®¬ § !®«Yc ?? ? ?a? ?
?« ? a ?YcY®cea cY (a?¤a®¬ ˜a¤¤-—? a?) ¬®Faa aaa? ai
a ¦Ye? ?a? ?a?Y¬Y ®a «iea ?®aa aeY?a?c®c, a !®«iea a ?®-
«?ae?aY¬?Y©, ?«? ?a? ¤aaF?a ae®a¬ a F??Ya?® Fa«®? a?©, a ?¦Y
?a? ®?aa®«Yc®¬ a¤ c«Y?? ?YcY®cea cY. ?«??cYa?? !«i¤ –
Yaai FY? a®¬YF «?i, !eaaa®Y Yaaa?«Y?Y aae?a ? a §c?a?Y
?®«« aYa «Y© c a?aaY¬Y c®a®a®© cYe.
˜®aa «i i F??YaaY§?i ?a? ae?aa®§Y ?YcY? ?a?c®¤?a ?
?®caY¦¤Y?i ?a®c®a®? c a?aa®?¤ a. ˜a? Y?®a®aea ae®a¬ a
ae?aa®§ ?YcY?, c ®a®!Y®aa? ?a? ?Yac?c®¬ !?««? a®¬ ae?a-
a®§Y, a ?¦Y ?a? !®«Y§? ‚?«ia® , FY¬®aa®¬ a®§Y ? ?a?
– 39 –
?®aaFY? a?a®¬ ae?aa®§Y ?YcY?, § c®§??®cY?Y ?®aa «i®©
F??YaaY§?? ¤®?®«?aY«i® ®acYaaacYe ?a®a?aa®?¤ «ieY
?®¬?®Yae. ’ ?¦Y a®aa¤?aaeY a®Y¤?Y?i ¬Y¦¤a ?¬Yie?¬?
cYaci¬? A.hepatica ? V.portae, ?®a®aeY a ?¦Y ¬®Faa ®!a §®ce-
c aiai ?a? ae?aa®§Y ?YcY?, ac aacaia c c®§??®cY?? ?®a-
a «i®© F??YaaY§?? ? ?®¬?Ya?aaia a¬YieYe© ?®aa «ie©
®aa®? ?a? ae?aa®§Y ?YcY?. ˜ai¬eY a®Y¤?Y?i a®aa¤®c ¬Y¦¤a
¬ «Yi??¬? ?®aa «ie¬? cY ¬? ? ?YcY®ce¬? cY ¬? ?a? ae?a-
a®§Y ?YcY? ¬®Faa ?a?c®¤?ai ? caaa??YcY®ce¬? eaa ¬?.
˜ ?a®a?c, eaae ¬Y¦¤a cYaci¬? A.hepatica ? V.v.hepatica ?a?
ae?aa®§Y ?YcY? Y !«i¤ iaai (39).
˜®aa «i i F??YaaY§?i ?a? «?®F®«i®¬ ?®a ¦Y?? ?YcY?
?a?c®¤?a ? a a?®«®¦Y?i ?®«« FY®cea ae?!a?«« c ?a®aaa aac a
„?aa a acY«?cY?Y¬ cY«?c?e ia?a ?a®aaa aac. ˜®ia®¬a a?a-
a®?¤e aa¦ iaai, c a?aa®?¤ a ?®cee Yaai a®?a®a?c«Y?Y ?®a®?a
?a®c?, ?a®?aa®¤?a ®!a §®c ?Y a?aa®?¤ «iea ®!aa«®c«Y®©
?®aa «i®© F??YaaY§??. ˜®a?®«i?a ?®«« FY ae?i ?a®aaa aac
„?aa !«i¤ Yaai Y a®«i?® ?a? «?®F®«i®¬ ae?aa®§Y ?YcY?,
a ?¦Y a¦Y a ?a aa ¤?ia «?®F®«i®F® ?®a ¦Y?i ?YcY?,
¬®¦Ya !«i¤ aiai a?aa®?¤ «i® caaa??YcY®c® ®!aa«®c«Y-
i ?®aa «i i F??YaaY§?i a ?¦Y !Y§ ae?aa®a?cYa?®© ?YaYaa-
a®©?? ?a? «?®F®«i®© ¦?a®c®© ?YcY? ? «?®F®«i®¬ FY? a?aY.
’ ?¦Y ?®aaY¤aac®¬ acY«?cY?i ®!eY¬ FY? a®ae?a®c !Y§ ae?!a®§ ,
Y?a®§ ?«? ®!a §®c ?Y a§«®c ¬®¦Ya !eai ®!aa«®c«Y® ?a? «-
?®F®«i®¬ ?®caY¦¤Y?? ?YcY? ?®aa «i®© F??YaaY§?Y©, a ??¬
®!a §®¬, a?F?¤ i ? ?aa« ?YcY? ?a? acY«?cY?? ®!eY¬ FY? –
a®ae?a®c ?®cee Yaai c a«ac Y acY«?cY?i caaa??YcY®c®F®
¤ c«Y?i (7). “¬YieY?Y cY«?c?e ?YcY? ?®a«Y F?a??a «?§ –
ae?? ? ?aY?a eY?Y ?a?Y¬ «?®F®«i ¬®¦Ya, a ??¬ ®!a §®¬, ?a?-
cYaa? ? a«aceY?i ¤ c«Y?i c c®a®a®© cYY ?a? «?®F®«i®¬
?®a ¦Y?? ?YcY?.
˜®aa?YcY®c® ®!aa«®c«Y i
?®aa «i i F??YaaY§?i.
‡ c?aY«ieY § !®«Yc ?i, ?®a®aeY a®a¬®§ia ®aa®? ?a®c?
?® ?YcY®ce¬ cY ¬, a ??¬, ? ? ®!aaaa?ae?i V.cava iferior
?a®?a?¬ «i® ®a c? ¤Y?i «YF®cea cY, Pericarditis cons-
trictiva ?«? ai¦Y« i Y¤®aa a®c®aai aa??aa??¤ «i®F® ?« ? –
, cY¤aa ? c®§??®cY?i ? aa?e, aa®¤®© a !®«Y§ii
˜a¤¤-—? a? a ?®aa «i®© F??aaY§?Y©.
– 40 –
‡ aa®© i ?YcYi.
˜a? Y¤®aa a®c®aa? ?YcY? a ?®ceeY?Y¬ ¤ c«Y?i c
?a c®¬ ?aY¤aYa¤?? a ?¦Y aaa? Ya ?®ceeY?Y ¤ c«Y?i c ?YcY-
®cea cY a ? aeYaa «iea cY a ¤®«Y© ?YcY?. ‘?aa®?¤e
a ae?aiiaai c ®a®!Y®aa? c ®!« aa? aeYaa®c ¤®«Y? ?«? c §®Y
3 ae?aa ?YcY?. ‚a«Y¤aac?Y a¬YieY®F® ®!eY¬ ?YcY?
a¬Yie Yaai ?®¤ c ??a«®a®¤ ? ?YcY?, ? ? a ?¦Y cY®§e©
§ aa®© a?«iYY caYF® c aeYaa®«®!a«iaea ®!« aaia ?«? c®
cYeY© §®Y ae?aa ?YcY?. ‚ aY ia® ¬®¦Ya ?a?c®¤?ai ?
aeYaa®«®!a«iae¬ Y?a®§®¬ ?YcY®cea ?«Ya®? ? ?a? aa®?cYa-
?®© aa??aa??¤ «i®© Y¤®aa a®c®aa? ?«? Pericarditis cons-
trictiva ? ae?aa®§a § aa®i.
?®«« aYa «i®Y ?a®c®®!a eY?Y ?a?
?®aa «i®© F??YaaY§??
?®«« aYa «i®© ?a®c®®!a eY?Y, ?®a®a®Y a §c?c Yaai ?a?
?®aa «i®© F??YaaY§??, § c?a?a ®a a a?®«®¦Y?i ®!aaaa?ae??
?®aa «i®-cY®§®© a?aaY¬e. ˜a? cY?YcY®c®© § ?a?®a?Y ?®a-
a «i®© cYe ®!a §aiaai ¤®?®«?aY«ieY ?®«« aYa «?, ?®a®aeY
?a? ?®«« aYa «i®¬ ?a®c®®!a eY?? Y !«i¤ iaai ?®a«Y caa-
a??YcY®c®© ®!aaaa?ae?? a?aaY¬e ?®aa «i®© cYe. ˜®aaY¤aac®¬
?®aa®cY®Fa ¬¬e, «aceY caYF® ?®aaY¤aac®¬ a?«Y®?®aa®Fa ae??
?aY¤aa c«iYaai c®§¬®¦e¬ ?aY¤aa c?ai aY!Y ?®a«Y ccY¤Y?i
?®aa aa®F® cYeYaac cea ¦Y®aai ?®«« aYa «i®F® ?a®c®®!-
a eY?i ?a? ?®aa «i®© F??YaaY§??.
‚aaa??YcY®c i ®!aaaa?ae?i
(ae?aa®§ ?YcY?).
˜a? ?®ceeY?? ¤ c«Y?i c ?®a®a?®© cYY !®«YY 10 ¬¬
aa.aa. aaa? Ya ®!a §®c ?Y ?®«« aYa «i®F® ?a®c®®!a eY?i
?®aaY¤aac®¬ ?® a®a®F® ®a?aec ?i a®aa¤®c, ?®a®aeY ®!a §aa
a®Y¤?Y?Y ?®aa «i®© cYe a V.cava superior ?«? V.cava in-
ferior. ‚ a® caY¬i ? ? c ®a¬Y 100% ?®aa «i®F® ?a®c®a®?
®aaeYaac«iYaai cYaY§ V.v.hepaticae, ?a? ae?aa®§Y ?YcY? a®«i-
?® 13% ?®aa «i®F® ?a®c®a®? ?a®?§c®¤?aai cYaY§ V.v.hepati-
cae. ?aa «i i c aai ?a®c? c®a®a®© cYe ¬®¦Ya ?a®aY? ai cY-
aY§ a«Y¤aie?Y a®Y¤?Y?i a®aa¤®c (a?a.34.16):
1. ˜YaYa®? ?a®c? c®a®a®© cYe cYaY§ V.coronaria ventriculi
?«? V.v. gastricae brevis ? V.v.oesophageae ¬®¦Ya ?a?c®-
– 41 –
¤?ai ? ®!a §®c ?i c Plexus oesophageae aa!¬a?®?¤ea
ca??®§®c ??eYc®¤ ? ¦Y«a¤®cea cY, a ?¦Y c a??®§®c
¤ , !«?§??a ? ? a¤??. „ «iY©e?© ®aa®? ¤®aa?F Yaai cY-
aY§ V.fzygos ? cYaaY© ?®«®© cYY.
2. ‚ «i®© ®!« aa? ?®aaY¤aac®¬ ®!a a®F® § aa®i ?a®c?
c®a®a®© cYe cYaY§ V. mesenterica inferior ? V.recta-
lis, ?a? ¤«Y¦ e?a ? Plexus rectalis ¬®¦Ya c®§?? ai FY-
¬®aa®©.
3. ˜Y? «?§ ae?i V.umbilicalis ¬®¦Ya ?a?c®¤?ai ? ?®a®?a
?a®c? cYaY§ cYe ¦?c®a ?«? ?a?®?, ca® ?aY¤aa c«iYa a®-
!®© a®Y¤?Y?i a cYaaY© ? ?¦Y© ?®«®© cY ¬?. ‘?«i®
a ae?aYeY, a ¤? «i® a a?®«®¦YeY ?® ®a®eY?i ? ?a?-
?a cYe aaY?? ¦?c®a cY¤aa ? ®!a §®c ?i “F®«®ce ¬Y¤a-
§e”.
4. ‚Y®§eY a®Y¤?Y?i ¬®Faa a ae?aiaiai ¬Y¦¤a ¤aY?aaY¬e¬?
a?aaY¬®© ?®aa «i®© cYe ®aF ¬? !aie®© ?®«®aa? c aYa
®!« aaia, F¤Y ia? ®aF e a®Y¤?iiaai ?®aaY¤aac®¬ a®?a?-
?®a®cY?i a aYaa®?Ya?a®? «ie¬ ?a®aaa aac®¬, ¤? aea F-
¬®© ?«? ?YaY¤Y© !ae®© aaY?®©. ’ ??¬ a?®a®!®¬ ¬®Faa
®!a §®cec aiai ?®«« aYa «? ¬Y¦¤a ?®cYaa®aaii aY«Y§Y??
? ¤? aea F¬®©, c aYaa®?Ya?a®? «i®¬ ? ?YaY¤Y© aaY?®©
¦?c®a . ˜®caY¦¤Y?i a ae?aYea cY ?YaY¤Y© !ae®©
aaY?? ca«Y¤aac?Y « ? a®a?®??? ¬®Faa ®? § aiai ?a?c? ¬?
ai¦Y«ea ?a®c®aYcY?©.
5. ˜ ?®Yae, «Yc®© aa®a®Y ¬®¦Ya ®!a §®c aiai a?®a e©
?®aa®-aY «ie© eaa, c ?®a®a®¬ ?a®ci c®a®a®© cYe ?a®-
aY? Ya ?ai¬® ®a V.lienalis ?«? ®a cY ¤? aea F¬e, ?®¤¦Y-
«a¤®c®© ¦Y«Y§e ?«? ®a cY ¦Y«a¤? ? V.renalis.
‚Y?YcY®c i ®!aaaa?ae?i
…a«? ®!aaaa?ae?i c®a®a®© cYe «®? «?§aYaai cY?YcY®c-
®, a® ¤®?®«?aY«i® ¬®Faa ®!a §®cec aiai ?®«« aYa «i¬?, ?®-
a®aeY ?YaY?aec a ®!aaaa?ae?i ? ?a®c®¤ia ?a®ci ¬?¬® ®!aaaa?ae??
? c®a®a ¬ ?YcY?. ˜a? ?®«« aYa «? c?«ic ia c aY!i cYe c®a®a
?YcY? ? A.hepatica. ’ ?¦Y ¬®Faa ®a?aec aiai V.umbilicalis ?
?a®c®¤?ai ?a®ci ®a !aie®© aaY?? ? «Yc®© caaa??YcY®c®©
cYac? c®a®a®© cYe.
?a«®¦Y?i ?®aa «i®© F??YaaY§??.
˜®a?®«i?a, Ya¬®aai ®!a §®c ?Y ?®«« aYa «i®F® ?a®-
– 42 –
c®a®? ?a? ?®aa «i®© F??YaaY§??, ? ? ?a c?«®, ¤ c«Y?Y c
c®a®a®© cYY a?¦ Yaai YaaeYaacY® ? ?®aa «i®Y ¤ c«Y?Y
?YaY¤ Yaai ?®«« aYa «?, a® a ?¬ ®a«®¦Y?Y¬ ?®aa «i®©
F??YaaY§?? ic«iYaai ?a®c®aYcY?Y ?§ c a??®§ea a ae?aY?©
??eYc®¤ . „ «iY©e?¬ ®a«®¦Y?Y¬ ?®aa «i®© F??YaaY§?? ¬®-
¦Ya ic?aiai ®!a §®c ?Y aae?a (aaa.887), a §c?a?Y ?®aa®a?a-
aY¬®© iaeYae «®? a?? (aaa.893) F??Yaa?«Y?§¬.
‘?«Y®¬YF «?i.
‘?«Y®¬YF «?i ?aY¤aa c«iYa a®!®© !®«YY c aa®Y ?®a«Y¤a-
ac?Y ?®aa «i®© F??YaaY§??, ?a?cY¬ aY«Y§Y? aa ®c?aiai
aY¬ !®«ieY, cY¬ !«?¦Y ? aY«Y§Y?Y a®¤?aai ¬Yaa® ®!aaaa?ae??
?®aa «i®© a?aaY¬e. ‘?«Y®¬YF «?i ?a? ?®aa «i®© F??YaaY§??
c 35% ®! aa¦?c Ya ?a?§ ?? F??Yaa?«Y?§¬ : aa®¬!®?Y?i (25 F/«) c ac®!®¤®©
!aie®© ?®«®aa?. ‚ ¦ai a®«i ®?®a?cYa?®F® ¤ c«Y?i c c®§-
??®cY?? aae?a c?¤ ?§ a®F®, ca® ®¤ ?®aa «i i F??Ya-
aY§?i !Y§ ?®caY¦¤Y?i ?YcY? ?a? aa®¬!®§Y c®a®a®© cYe Y
aci§ e a aae?a®¬. ? ? ?a c?«®, ?®aeYaa ae?i «i!a¬? c
?« §¬Y a®aa c«iYa ®?®«® 3 F/¤« (30 F/«), ca® Y¤®aa a®c®
¤«i c®§??®cY?i aae?a ?®aa «i®© F??YaaY§??.
?aae?ae ?a? ae?aa®§Y ?YcY?.
‚ ? a®FYY§Y aae?a ?a? ae?aa®§Y ?YcY? a«Y¤aYa ®!a e ai
c?¬ ?Y ¬®aae®«®F?cYa??Y ?§¬YY?i ?YcY? a ®!a §®c ?Y¬
?®aa «i®© F??YaaY§?? ? ®Fa ?cY?i c®§¬®¦®aa? a?aY§
? ¬Ya !®«?§¬ , a ?¦Y aea?ae?® «ieY ?§¬YY?i ?®cY?.
˜YcY®c i «?¬ae .
–?aa®§ ?YcY? ?a?c®¤?a ca«Y¤aac?Y a§«®cea ?§¬YY?© ?
aaeY?i¬ ?YcY®c®-cY®§®F® ®aa®? ?a®c? ?, a«Y¤®c aY«i-
®, ? acY«?cY?ii ?a®¤a?ae?? «?¬aee. ˜a®?ae Y¬®aai a?aa®?¤®c
?®ceeY , acY«?cY?Y a®¤Ya¦ ?i !Y«? ? «?¬aee c ?a®aaa aacY
„?aa ? a? Ycea eY«ia ?a?c®¤?a ? a¤ c«Y?i¬. aa!? ??««iaeY
«?¬ae a?cYa??Y a®aa¤e ? «?¬ae a?cYa??Y a®aa¤e c®a®a ?YcY?
a ae?aiiaai, ? ?®a®? «?aee c Faa¤®¬ ?a®a®?Y § c?aY«i® ?®-
cee Yaai. ˜« F®¤ ai ?aYceeY?i a?®a®!®aa? Faa¤®F® ?a®a®?
– 44 –
? ?a®cY¤Y?i «?¬aee ? ca«Y¤aac?Y ?®ceeY?i ¤ c«Y?i c «?¬ae –
a?cYa??a a®aa¤ a «?¬ae a? ?«?c Yaai ?YaY¤ ? ?aa«®© ?YcY? c
!aie®© ?®«®aa?.
”a?ae?® «ieY ?§¬YY?i ?®cY?.
˜a? ®!a §®c ?? aae?a ca«Y¤aac?Y ae?aa®§ ?YcY? § ¤Ya-
¦?c iaai aa?© ? c®¤ , a ? ca® Y¦Y¤Yc®Y ce¤Y«Y?Y aa?i
a ¬®cY© ¬®¦Ya ?®?¦ aiai ¤® 5 ¬?®«i/¤Yi ? ¬YieY. •®ai aa®-
cYi aa?i c aec®a®a?Y ¬®¦Ya !eai ?®?¦Ye¬, ® ®!eYY a®-
¤Ya¦ ?Y aa?i c aY«Y ?®cee Yaai, ?®a?®«i?a cY?«Ya®ce© ?
cYa®aa¤?aae© ®!eY¬ ¦?¤?®aa? ?®cee Yaai. „«i ®!eiaY?i ?®-
ceeY®© § ¤Ya¦?? aa?i ®!aa¦¤ iaai ¤cY F??®aY§e:
1. F??®aY§ “Y¤® ?®«Y?i”;
2. F??®aY§ “?YaYa®? “.
˜a? F??®aY§Y “Y¤® ?®«Y?i”, ca«Y¤aac?Y ae?aa®§ ?YcY-
?, !« F®¤ ai cea®?®¬a ¤ c«Y?i c c®a®a®© cYY ?a®?aa®¤?a
?YaY ?®«Y?Y aY«Y§Y??, F??® «i!a¬?Y¬?i, aY?cYaaa ae?i
«?¬aee c !aieai ?®«®aai ? ?Yac?c i c §®¤?«ia ae?i a ®!a §®-
c ?Y¬ aaYa?®cY®§®F® eaa ? a¬YieY?Y¬ iaeaeY?a?c®F®
ae?a?a«?aaieYF® ®!eY¬ ?« §¬e. “¬YieY?Y iaeaeY?a?c® ae?a?a«?-
aaieYF® ®!eY¬ ?« §¬e ?¬YYa a §«?ceY ?®a«Y¤aac?i ¤«i ?®cY?,
?®a®aeY cY¤aa ? acY«?cY?i aa!a«ia®© aY§®a!ae?? aa?i ?,
a ??¬ ®!a §®¬, ? acY«?cY?i § ¤Ya¦?Y c®¤e: ) ca®a?ce© F?-
?Ya «i¤®aaYa®?§¬; !) ?®ceeY?Y ?a?c®aa? a?¬? a?cYa??a Y-
a c®c; c) aaeY?Y ¬Ya !®«?§¬ ?a®aa F« ¤?®c c ?®c? a; F)
?§¬YY?i c a?aaY¬Y ? ««??aY? -??? ; ¤) ®aaaaaac?Y aa?¬a-
«iae?? aa? «i®F® aa?©aaYa?cYa?®F® ae ?a®a (?).
) “¬YieY?Y iaeaeY?a?c®F® ®!eY¬ ?« §¬e ?a? ae?aa®§Y ?YcY?
a a¬YieY?Y¬ ?a®c®a®? c ?®c? a aa?¬a«?aaYa ®!a §®c ?Y
aY? c i?aa F«®¬Yaa«ia®¬ ?? a aY ? aaY!aYa, a ??¬
®!a §®¬, acY«?cY®F® cecY¤Y?i aF?®aY§? II c
?a®ci. ’ ??¬ ®!a §®¬, ¤?®cYc??? ?®¤F®a c«?c iaai ?
acY«?cY®¬a ®!a §®c ?i «i¤®aaYa® ? YF® cecY¤Y?i c
?a®ci (ca®a?ce© «i¤®aaYa®?§¬). ˜®a?®«i?a ®¤®caY¬Y®
ca«Y¤aac?Y ?®caY¦¤Y?i ?YcY? «i¤®aaYa® c ?YcY? a §-
aae Yaai c ¬YieY¬ a §¬YaY, a® F??Ya «i¤®aaYa®?§¬ ?a?-
c®¤?a ? ?®ceeY®¬a ?®?«Y?i aa?i c ¤?aa «i®¬ ? –
«iaeY ?, a ??¬ ®!a §®¬,? ?®?«Y?i c®¤e, a ?¦Y ? ?®-
ceeY?i aY?aYae?? ? «?i ? a?«®®aa? ? F??®? «?Y¬??.
!) ‚a«Y¤aac?Y a¬YieY?i iaeaeY?a?c®F® ®!eY¬ ?« §¬e a?¬? –
– 45 –
a?cYa? i Yac i a?aaY¬ aa?¬a«?aaYaai ? ®ac®!®¦¤Y?i
®a ¤aY «? , a«Y¤aac?Y¬ cYF® ic«iYaai ?®cYc®Y aa¦Y?Y
a®aa¤®c ? a¬YieY?Y ?a®c®a®? cYaY§ ?®c?? a ®!a §®c ?-
Y¬ aY? ?, a ??¬ ®!a §®¬, ?®?«Y?Y¬ aa?i (71).
c) ˜®a?®«i?a ?a®aa F« ¤? …2 ®!« ¤ Ya ?®«®¦?aY«ie¬ iaeaeY?-
a®¬ ?®cYce© ?a®c®a®?, a® ?a? ae?aa®§Y ?YcY? § ?®ce-
eY®Y ?®cYc®Y ?®?«Y?Y aa?i ®acYaaacYe aaeY?i
?®cYc®F® ¬Ya !®«?§¬ ?a®aa F« ¤?®c (48,59).
F) ˜Y ®??a a®«i ?®cYc®F® !a ¤???? ? ¤aaF?a ???®c c
¬®¤a«iae?? ?a®c®a®? c ?®c? a ?, a ??¬ ®!a §®¬, c ?®?-
«Y?? aa?i. ‚aY ia? ae ?a®ae, c?«ic i aa? «ie© aa?-
©aaYa?cYa??© ae ?a®a (70), ¬®Faa ®!eiaiai ?®ceeY®Y –
?®?«Y?Y aa?i c aci§? a F??®aY§®© “Y¤® ?®?«Y?i”
(a?a.34.17)(81).
‚ ?a®a?c®cYa F??®aY§Y “Y¤® ?®«YY?i”, ?a? ?®ceeY®©
§ ¤Ya¦?Y aa?i c a«ac Y ae?aa®§ ?YcY? a ?®aa «i®© F?-
?YaaY§?Y©, ca®a?ce¬ ?®a«Y¤aac?Y¬ a¬YieY?i iaeaeY?a?c-
®F® ®!eY¬ ?« §¬e ic«iYaai, c a®®acYaaac?? a F??®aY§®©
“?YaYa®? “, ca® ?®cYc®Y ?®?«Y?Y aa?i ic«iYaai ?Ya-
c?c®© ?a?c?®© ®!a §®c ?i aae?a , ?a?cY¬ ?®ceeY®Y
?®?«Y?Y aa?i cY¤Ya ? a ae?aY?i ®!eY¬ ?« §¬e, ca®
ce§ec Ya ?®ic«Y?i aae?a .
˜ a®ae?§?®«®F?i F??Ya!?«?aa!?Y¬??
(¦Y«aaa ).
˜®a?®«i?a !?«?aa!? ®!a §aYaai ?a? a a? ¤Y FY¬ , ® § –
!?a Yaai ?§ ?a®c? ?YcYii, c ?YcY? ?®iiF?aaYaai a F«i?aa®-
®c®© ??a«®a®© ? c c?¤Y c c?¤Y ?®iiF?a®c ®F® !?«?aa!?
ce¤Y«iYaai c ¦Y«ci, a ?¦Y ?a? § !®«Yc ?ia ?YcY? ?®ic«i-
Yaai a®c c ?a®c? c !®«ie?a ?®«?cYaac a (a?a.34.18), ?a?cY¬
¤«i c®§??®cY?i F??Ya!?«?aa!?Y¬?? ?aY¤« F Yaai 5 ®a®cea
¬Ya ?§¬®c:
1. ?§!ea®c i ?a®¤a?ae?i !?«?aa!? ;
2. “¬YieY?Y ?®F«®eY?i !?«?aa!? ?YcYii ?§ ?a®c?;
3. “¬YieY?Y ?®iiF ae?? !?«aa!? a F«i?aa®®c®© ??a«®a®© c
?YcY?;
4. ˜ aaeY?Y ?YcY®c®© aY?aYae?? ?®iiF?a®c ®F® !?«?aa!?
c ¦Y«ci;
5. ˜®ceeY®Y ®!a a®Y cecY¤Y?Y !?«?aa!? ?§ FY? a®ae?a®c
?/?«? ¦Y«cea ? ??««ia®c.
– 46 –
˜®a¬ «ie© aa®cYi !?«?aa!? c ?« §¬Y a®aa c«iYa
0.3-1.0 ¬F/¤« (5-17 ¬??/«) ? a §¤®a®cea «i¤Y© aaaa?aaa® ®
?aY¤aac «iYa a®!®© Y?®iiF?a®c e© !?«?aa!?. …a«? aa®cYi
c ?« §¬Y Y?®iiF?a®c ®F® !?«?aa!? a®aa c«iYa ®a 1 ¤® 14
¬F/¤« (17-68 ¬??/«), a® ia® ic«iYaai ?a?c?®© FY¬®«?§ ?/?«?
aaeY?© aea?ae?© ?YcY?. …a«? aa®cYi !?«?aa!? ?YaYa®¤?a
aa®cYi 4 ¬F/¤« (68 ¬??/«), a® ia® ic«iYaai ac?¤YaY«iaac®¬
aaeY?i aea?ae?? ?YcY?, Y§ c?a?¬® ®a a®F®, ?¬YYa «? ¬Yaa®
®¤®caY¬Y® FY¬®«?§ ?«? Ya, ?®a?®«i?a ¬ ?a?¬ «i® ¤®aa?¦?-
¬ i a?®a®aai ®!a §®c ?i !?«?aa!? (8-?a a i ®a¬ ) Y ¬®-
¦Ya ?a?c®¤?ai ? ?®ic«Y?i !®«YY cea®?®F® aa®ci c ?« §¬Y Y-
?®iiF?a®c ®F® !?«?aa!? cY¬ 3.5-4.0 ¬F/¤« (60-68
¬?®«i/«) (4). •®ai ?a? ®aaa®¬ FY¬®«?a?cYa?®¬ ?a?§Y ®!a §®c –
?Y !?«?aa!? ?, a ??¬ ®!a §®¬, aa®cYi Y?®iiF?a®c ®F®
!?«?aa!? c ?« §¬Y ?aYc®aa®¤?a § cY?Y 4 ¬F/¤« (68
¬??®«i/«) ( ?a?¬Ya, ?a? aYa?®c?¤®?«Ya®c®© Y¬?? ?«? ?a?
? a®?a?§¬ «i®© ®c®© FY¬®F«®!?aa??).
˜Y?®eiF?a®c i F??Ya!?«?aa!?Y¬?i.
˜Y?®eiF?a®c i F??Ya!?«?aa!?Y¬?i ¬®¦Ya !«i¤ Yaai
?a?:
1. c®§a®aeY¬ ®!a §®c ?? !?«?aa!? ca«Y¤aac?Y FY¬®«?§ ?«?
YiaeaeY?a?c®F® ia?aa®?®i§ ;
2. ?a? aaeY?? ?®F«®eY?i !?«?aa!? ?YcYii;
3. ?a? aaeY?? ?®eiF ae?? !?«?aa!? c ?YcY?.
˜®ceeY®Y ®!a §®c ?Y !?«?aa!? .
˜®ceeY®Y ®!a §®c ?Y !?«?aa!? ¬®¦Ya ?¬Yai ¬Yaa® ?a?
FY¬®«?§Y ?«? ?a?, a ? §ec Y¬®©, eaa®c®© !?«?aa!?Y¬??.
?Y¬®«?§. ‚ ®a¬Y Y¦Y¤Yc® a §aae Yaai ®?®«® 1% ae?a?a-
«?aaieYF® ®!eY¬ ?a®c? (®?®«® 50 ¬«) ?, a ??¬ ®!a §®¬, ®?®«®
7 F FY¬®F«®!? . ˜®a?®«i?a ?§ 1 F FY¬®F«®!? , a® ?a? ae?§?®-
«®F?cYa??a aa«®c?ia Y¦Y¤Yc® ?§ FY¬®F«®!? ®!a §aYaai ?a?-
¬Ya® 250-300 ¬F !?«?aa!? (78). ˜« F®¤ ai ?a?c? ¬, ®??-
a e¬ ceeY, ?®ceeY®Y ®!a §®c ?Y !?«?aa!? c ?« §¬Y ?a?
FY¬®«?§Y Y§ c?aY«i®. •®ai ¤«i FY¬®«?a?cYa?®© ¦Y«aaa? ?®-
ceeY?Y Y?®eiF?a®c ®F® !?«?aa!? ic«iYaai a a ?aYae¬,
a ?¦Y ?®aeYaa ae?? ?®eiF?a®c ®F® !?«?aa!? (
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