Ieai :
Aaaaeaiea
Enoi?ey iiaaeueiuo aieaciae a ?innee aei iiyaeaiey *a?iie Nia?oe.
*oiiua yieaeaiee a ?innee ni 2-e iieiaeiu aei eiioea XIV noieaoey.
*oiiua yieaeaiee XV e XVI noieaoey.
Iaoiaeu ai?ueau n /oiie a n?aaeiaaaeiaie ?one.
Caeeth/aiea.
Aeaeeia?aoey.
Aaaaeaiea
Iionoioeoaeueiua yieaeaiee e iaiaeaiee eioaeoeeiiiuo aieaciae eiaee
ianoi ai ana ia?eiaeu enoi?ee /aeiaa/anoaa. *enei eo aea?oa ii?ie
cia/eoaeueii i?aauoaei iioa?e ai a?aiy aiaiiuo aeaenoaee. Iaeiie ec
no?aoiuo iiaaeueiuo aieaciae ia?eiaea eeanne/aneiai n?aaeiaaaeiauey auea
/oia. A ie?iaie enoi?ee ecaanoiu 3 eieinnaeueiua iaiaeaiee /oiu. Ia?aay
— «/oia THnoeieaia» (a oanoii aaea I.Y.), eioi?ay, aueaey ec Aaeioa,
iionoioeea ii/oe ana no?aiu N?aaeecaiiiii?uey e nio?aiyeanue ieiei 60
eao. A ?acaa? yieaeaiee , a 542 a., a iaeiii Eiinoaioeiiiiea aaeaaeiaaii
oie?aee iiiaea nioie /aeiaae. Aoi?ay e naiay ceiaauay a enoi?ee
Caiaaeiie Aa?iiu iaiaeaiey — «*a?iay Nia?oue» (na?aaeeia OIV a.) — /oia
n i?eniaaeeiaieai ae?oaeo aieaciae. O?aouey – iaiaeaiey /oiu oaea a
Iiaia a?aiy, ia/aaoayny a 1892 a. a Eiaeee (aaea iiaeaei aieaa 6 iei.
/aeiaae) e io?aceaoayny yoii a OO aaea ia Aci?neeo ino?iaao, a THaeiie
Aia?eea e ae?oaeo oaieeao caiiiai oa?a.
Eco/aiea enoi?ee yieaeaiee i?aaenoaaeyao cia/eoaeueiue eioa?an.
Eco/ay enoi?e/aneee oiae yieaeaiee /oiu, iu aeaeei, /oi /oia a iaeioi?uo
iaeanoyo iiyaeyaony /anoi e n ecaanoiie i?aaeeueiinoueth, a ae?oaeo
?aaeei e a aeaea eneeth/aiee. Ionthaea iiaeii auaanoe caeeth/aiea, /oi a
ia?aii neo/aa aeieaeiu nouanoaiaaoue oneiaey, aeaaii?eyonoaothuea
?acaeoeth yieaeaiee, a ai aoi?ii — oneiaey, i?aiyonoaothuea oaeiio
?acaeoeth. Enoi?e/aneee iaci? /oiiuo yieaeaiee iiaeao neoaeeoue
iiaenii?ueai a eco/aiee yieaeaieieiaee /oiu e aeaoue ii?ith oeacaiey, ia
iaiaa oeaiiua, /ai aeaiiua, aeiauoua eeeie/aneeie,
iaoaeiai-aiaoiie/aneeie e aaeoa?eieiae/aneeie enneaaeiaaieyie.
Enoi?ey yieaeaie/aneeo aieaciae, aoiaey a ninoaa enoi?ee iaaeeoeeiu,
ninoaaeyao a oiaea a?aiy /anoue enoi?ee oeeaeeecaoeee. Ec ioiioaiey
ia?iaea e iiaaeueiui aieaciyi iiaeii noaeeoue i noaiaie eoeueoo?iinoe
aai. *ai ieaea ia?iae noieo a eoeueoo?iii ioiioaiee, oai ii aaniiiiuiaa
a ii ioiioaieth e ?aciiai ?iaea a?aaeiui aiaoiei aeeyieyi, a oii /enea e
e yieaeaie/aneei aieaciyi, oai naiaiaeiaa n ae?oaie noi?iiu yoe
iineaaeiea ?ani?ino?aiythony n?aaee iaai. I?iniao?eaay enoi?eth
iiaaeueiuo aieaciae n ae?aaiaeoeo a?aiai, iiaeii caiaoeoue, /oi yoe
aieacie, i?iecaiaeeaoea no?aoiua iionoioaiey a aieaa ioaeaeaiiua yiioe,
noaiiayony neaaaa a ea/anoaaiiii e a eiee/anoaaiiii ioiioaieyo ii ia?a
i?eaeeaeaiey e ianoiyuaio a?aiaie. Oiaea naiia iaaethaeaaony i?e
n?aaiaiea aeaenoaey yieaeaie/aneeo aieaciae n?aaee ?aciuo nia?aiaiiuo
ia?iaeia, noiyueo ia ?aciuo nooiaiyo oeeaeeecaoeee. Yieaeaiey, iaoiaey
ioii? o oeeaeeeciaaiiiai ia?iaea, ano?a/athuaai aa a eeoea naieo
i?aaenoaaeoaeae — a?a/ae ai anai?oaeee iaoee, oiiny ec aai n?aaeu eeoue
iaaieueoia /enei aea?oa, a oiaea a?aiy aani?aiyonoaaiii nae?ainoaoy
n?aaee ieaea noiyuaai a eoeueoo?iii ioiioaiee ia?iaea, ia iaeaaeathuaai
oaie ciaieyie, eioi?ua iaiaoiaeeiu aeey oniaoiie ai?ueau n iath.
Enoi?ey iiaaeueiuo aieaciae a ?innee
aei iiyaeaiey *a?iie Nia?oe.
Ia?aua, aieaa eee iaiaa iiae?iaiua naaaeaiey i iiaaeueiie aieacie,
iaoiaeeiua a eaoiienyo, ioiinyony e 1092 aiaeo. Ii/oe ai anao eaoiienyo
iu iaoiaeei iienaiea ii?a a ?innee, eioi?ia, ianiio?y ia ianeieueei
oaioanoe/aneia eceiaeaiea, ynii oeacuaaao ia oi, /oi a yoii aiaeo
nae?ainoaiaaea iiaaeueiay aieaciue, nii?iaiaeaeaaoayny iaiau/aeiie
nia?oiinoueth. I?eaiaeei neiaa eaoiienoea: «I?aaeeaii auoue Iieiouenea:
auaoa a iiue oooai (ooiai), noaiyuue ii oeeoeu, yei /aeiaaoeu ?euthua
aane; aua eoi aueacyoa ec oi?iieiu, oioy aeaeaoe, aauea oycaeai aoaeyoa
iaaeaeeii io aania ycaith, e n oiai oie?aoo, e ia noaoa eceaceoe ec
oi?ii, ii nai aea ia/aoa a aeia yaeyoeny ia eiieo, e ia aa eo aeaeaoe
naiao, ii eiiue eo aeaeaoe eiiuoa; e oaei ycaeyoo ethaee iieioueneey e
aai iaeanoue». Neaaeoy ii yoiio iienaieth, aieaciue i?aaenoaaeyea ia/oi
iaiau/aeiia, iaauaaeia. Aiacaiiinoue caaieaaaiey e auno?i ianooiaaoee
?ieiaie enoiae, aei oiai ii?aceee nia?aiaiieeia, /oi iie, ia iaoiaey
iauyniaiey yoei yaeaieyi, noaee eneaoue naa?ouanoanoaaiioth i?e/eio e
i?eienuaaee caaieaaaiea e nia?oue oaea?ai aania eee ia?oaaoeia,
acaeeaoeo ia eiiyo ii oeeoeai e i?aneaaeiaaaoeo ethaeae. Caaieaaaaiinoue
e nia?oiinoue auee, ii-aeaeeiiio, aanueia cia/eoaeueiu: anyeee, eoi
auoiaeee ec aeiio, iaieioaii caaieaaae e oaeaea iaieioaii oie?ae.
I?aaeaeu aeaenoaeoaeueiiai ?ani?ino?aiaiey aieacie iai a oi/iinoe
iaecaanoiu. A aieueoeinoaa enoi?e/aneeo ni/eiaiee XVIII e XIX aa.
Aiai?eony, /oi ii? ?ani?ino?aieeny ia Eeaa, e iiaanoaiaaiea eaoiienoea i
7000 oia?oeo n 14 iiya?y (Oeeeeiiaa aeiy) aei ianeaieoeu (ii Ea?aiceio,
aei 1 oaa?aey) ioiineony enoi?eeaie e yoiio ai?iaeo, ii a iniiaiuo
enoi/ieeao, eaoiienyo, ieaaea ia oiiieiaaony i Eeaaa. Noaeeoue i
oa?aeoa?a yoie, ii anae aa?iyoiinoe, yieaeaie/aneie aieacie, ia
iniiaaiee neoaeiuo e oaioanoe/aneeo eaoiieniuo aeaiiuo, iu ia iiaeai: i
neiioiiao a eaoiienyo ia aiai?eony ie/aai. Aaeaeo oiai, /oi aieaciue a
iaeiii ianoa eaoiienae iacuaaaony ycaith, a a ae?oaii – ?aiith, iiaeii n
iaeioi?ie aa?iyoiinoueth i?aaeiieiaeeoue, /oi iia nii?iaiaeaeaeanue
ia?oaeiuie neiioiiaie. Neaaeothuay a o?iiieiae/aneii ii?yaeea yieaeaiey
— e a oi aea a?aiy yieciioey, — i?eaiaeeony a eaoiienyo 1158 a. a
Iiaai?iaea. «Ii? aunoue iiia», aiai?eo eaoiienaoe, «a Iiaai?iaea a
ethaeao e a eiiao, yei ia eueca ayoa aeieoe oi?ao neaica ai?iae, ie ia
iiea aueoe, ni?aaea ?aaee ia?oauo; e neio ?iaaoue iii?a». Ia iniiaaiee
yoeo aeaiiuo, eiia/ii, iaaiciiaeii no?ieoue ieeaeeo i?aaeiieiaeaiee i
oa?aeoa?a aieacie.
A 1187 a. niiaa iinaoeea ?inneth iiaaeueiay aieaciue. «A oii aea eaoa»,
aiai?eo eaoiienaoe, «aunoue aieanoue neeia a ethaeao, ia ayoa ai ie
aaeeiaai aeai?a aac aieyuaai, a a eiii aeai?a ie eiai aea ia ayoa
cae?aaiai, iaeiio ayoa e aiaeu iiaeaoe, aii ana eaaeeoue aieii». Eae
aeaeii, caeanue aiai?eony oieueei i iiaaeueiii caaieaaaiee, ii i
nia?oiinoe ia oiiieiaaony; e iiyoiio iicaieeoaeueii aeoiaoue, /oi
aieaciue /oi aieaciue ia nii?iaiaeaeaeanue aieueoie nia?oiinoueth, eia/a
auei au o?oaeii iauynieoue naaa ionoonoaea oeacaiey a yoii ioiioaiee a
eaoiienyo, aaea yoi yaeaiea a iiaeiaiuo neo/ayo ieeiaaea ia oioneaaony
ec aeaeo, a iai?ioea anaaaea iiae/a?eeaaaony e ianoiyoaeueii iienuaaaony
o?iienoaie. A XIII noieaoee iu ano?a/aai a eaoiienyo iaiaeiie?aoii
niiauaiey i «ii?a» a ?innee. Ii /anoi, anee ia a aieueoeinoaa neo/aaa,
oaeie «ii?» caaenae ia io iiaaeueiuo aieaciae, a io aieiaea, ii/aio iu e
ia noaiai inoaiaaeeaaoueny ia iienaiee yoeo ii?ia. A 1230 a.
?ac?aceeanue a Niieainea no?aoiay yieaeaiey, nii?iaiaeaeaaoayny
a?iiaaeiith nia?oiinoueth, oioy a oi aea a?aiy ii anae ?one
nae?ainoaiaae oaeaniue aieiae, oianoee oaeaea iiiaeanoai aea?oa, ii a
eaoiienyo ?acei ioee/aaony ii? a Niieainea io «ii?a io aeaaea». «Oiai
aea eaoa aunoue ii? neeai a Niieainoea, nioai?eoa /aou?a neoaeaeieoeu e
iieiaeeoa a aeao 16 ounyoeue, a a o?aoueae 7000, a a /aoaa?oie 9000. Na
aea aunoue ii aeaa eaoa». Ianeieueei eao nionoy, 1237 a. iiaeiaiay aea
o/anoue iinoeaea Ineia e Ecai?ne. «A eaoi 1237 ayoa ii? cie ia ethaee a
Ineiaa e Ecai?nea, i?yoo ai noa?ua e iieiaeua ethaee, ioaee e aeaiu e
iaeua aeaoe…». Nia?oiinoue auea aei oiai neeueia, /oi i?e anao oea?eaao
auee au?uou yiu e a eaaeaeoth ec ieo oi?iieee ii 7-8 o?oiia. A 1265 a a
eaoiienyo niiaa ioia/aaony ii?: «Oiaaea aea ii? aaeueie cie ayoa ia
ethaeao», a a 1278 a. «iiice /aeiaaoeu oie?aoo ?acee/iuie iaaeoae». Ia
iniiaaiee yoeo e?aoeeo aeaiiuo, eiia/ii, iaeuecy aeaeaoue ieeaeeo
caeeth/aiee i oa?aeoa?a aieaciae. Aiciiaeii, /oi iiaaeueiua aieacie,
ainiiaenoaiaaaoea, ii caienyi o?iienoia, a eiioea XIII a. ii/oe anthaeo
a Caiaaeiie Aa?iia, a?aiy io a?aiaie caiineeenue e a ?inneth.
Ii-aeaeeiiio, iiaaeueiiio aieacie ia ia?aaiaeeeenue. Iie oyioeenue ec
aiaea a aiae, e aanneeueiue ii ioiioaieth e iei ia?iae, ia aoaeo/e a
ninoiyie i?aaei?eiyoue /oi-eeai e i?ae?auaieth eo, oa?iaeeai ian ana yoe
iaacaiaeu, n/eoay ec aiaeueae ea?ie ca a?aoe ethaeae. Iicaea oaea
?acaeeinue noaaa?iia i?aaenoaaeaiea i oii, /oi ii? iiaeao auoue aucaai
eieaeianoaii e io?aaeaieai aiaeu oaoa?aie, iiaeiaii oiio, eae a
Caiaaeiie Aa?iia ia?iae i?eienuaae iiyaeaiea /oiu io?aaeaieth eieiaeoeaa
aa?ayie.
Ia?aoiaey e XIV noieaoeth, iu ano?a/aai caeanue ia?aua ecaanoey i ii?a a
eaoiienyo iiae 1308 a.: «Oiai aea aeaoa», ieoao iiaai?iaeneee
eaoiienaoe, «aunoue eaciue io Aiaa, ia ethaee ii? e ia eiie, a iuoe
iiyaeioa aeeoi; e aunoue oeaa aei?ia caei». A 1321 a. iu ano?a/aai a
eaoiienyo iiyoue niiauaiea i ii?a, i?e/ai a iaeiie aiai?eony oieueei i
nia?oiinoe n?aaee ethaeae: «ii? aunoue ia ethaee», a a ae?oaie
i?eaaaeaii: — «e ia eiie». Iinea 20-eaoiaai ia?a?uaa. 1341 a. niiaa
iciaiaiiaaeny neeueiui ii?ii a Ineiaa e Ecai?nea, ai a?aiy aieiu n
eeaiineeie ?uoea?yie. «Ayoa ii? cie», aiai?eo eaoiienaoe, «ia ethaeao ai
Ineiaa e a Ecai?nea, i?yoo ai noa?uy e iieiaeuy ethaee, e /a?ioeu e
/a?ieoeu, ioaee e aeaiu e iaeuy aeaoee, ia aa ai eo aaea iia?aaaoe, ana
iiaeea aneiiaii ayoa ii anai oea?eaai; a aaea ianoi aneiiatho eee ioaeo
eee aeaia, e oo n iei iieiaeao iaeuo aeaoie, naia?i eee inia?i aieia n
aaeei a?ia». Yoi iineaaeiaa ecaanoea i iiaaeueiie aieacie, eioi?ia iu
iaoiaeei a eaoiienyo aei iiyaeaiey a ?innee *a?iie Nia?oe.
*oiiua yieaeaiee a ?innee
ni 2-e iieiaeiu aei eiioea XIV noieaoey.
Yieaeaiee /oiu, iionoioaaoea Aa?iio ai aoi?ie iieiaeia XIV noieaoey e
iieo/eaoea o nia?aiaiieeia iacaaiea *a?iie Nia?oe, ioee/aaony io anao
neaaeothueo., ?aaii eae io i?aaeuaeoueo /oiiuo yieaeaiee iaiau/aeiuie
?acia?aie e iniaaiiie ceiea/anoaaiiinoueth. Ie iaeia ec ae?oaeo
yieaeaiee ia ioaaouaaea iaeiia?aiaiii oaeie iaoe?iie iaeanoe eae yoa, ie
iaeia ia oianea oaeia ia?iiiia /enei aea?oa. Iaaea?ii iia caia/aoeaeanue
a iaiyoe ia?iaeia e ii anthaeo caianaia a eaoiiene, oiaaea eae i
iiiai/eneaiiuo ae?oaeo iiaaeueiuo aieaciyo ia inoaeinue ii/oe ieeaeeo
ainiiieiaiee. Oai aieaa oeaiii aeey ian oi niaeanea, eioi?ia iu iaoiaeei
a yoii ioiioaiee iaaeaeo naiui aaaeiui caiaaeiiaa?iiaeneei enoi?e/aneei
aeieoiaioii — iienaiea /oiu Aaa?eaey aea-Ithnne — e ?onneeie eaoiienyie.
Eae oai, oae e caeanue 1346 a. iacuaaaony aiaeii ia?aiai iiyaeaiey
*a?iie Nia?oe ia Ainoiea. A ?onneeo eaoiienyo iiae 1346 a. iu /eoaai:
«Oiai aea eaoa eaciue aunoue io Aiaa ia ethaee iiae ainoi/iith no?aiith
ia ai?iae I?ia/ue e Oacoi?ieaiue, e ia Na?ae, e ia Aacaeaae, e ia i?i/ea
a?aau ai no?aiao eo; aunoue ii? neeai ia aana?iaiu e ia oaoa?u, e ia
/a?eanu e ia anao oaii aeeaoueo yei ia eiio eo iia?aaaoe». A a 1346 a.
ia Ainoiea oie?aei aan/eneaiiia iiiaeanoai oaoa? e na?aoeeiia io
iaecaanoiie aiacaiiie aieacie. A ai?iaea Oaiia, iiaeaeanoiii oaoa?ai, a
yoii aiaeo i?iecioei noieeiiaaiea iaaeaeo iiiaieaie e aaioycoeaie,
neaaenoaea eioi?iai aaioycoea aaaeaee a Eaooo, aaea oaoa?u inaaeaeaee ec
a oa/aiea 3-o eao. N?aaee oaoa? iiyaeeanue /oia, e aaeaaeiaaii eo
oie?aei ianiaoiia /enei. Oiaaea iie a iaeanoi/aiee e io/ayiee noaee
a?inaoue o?oiu oia?oeo io /oiu i?e iiiiue iaoaoaeueiuo iaoei, a ai?iae,
n oeaeueth iiaoaeoue iai?eyoaey. Yoi ei aiieia oaeaeinue. A ai?iaea
ia/aeanue iaieea, e eoaeueyioeu, a?inea aai, aaaeaee e naaa ia ?iaeeio.
Aeaeaa aea-Ithnne ieoao, /oi ii aei?iaa n?aaee aaaeaioeaa ia/aeanue
oaeaniay yieaeaiey: ec 1000 inoaeinue oieueei 10 aeeauo. «?iaeiua e
ae?ocuey e ninaaee iiniaoeee e iai, ii iu i?eianee n niaie oaeenoaaiiua
no?aeu, i?e eaaeaeii neiaa ?ani?ino?aiyee iu naie nia?oiue yae». Aaeaeo
oaeiai oiaea /oiu, aeaaiui aea ia?acii aaeaeo oiai, /oi ia?aia ?acaeoea
aa a Aa?iia i?ienoiaeeei ia thai-ainoiea, ii ninaaenoao n ?inneae e
i?eoii a no?aia, n eioi?ie ?inney a oi a?aiy iaoiaeeeanue a iinoiyiiuo e
aeeceeo niioaieyo, iiaeii au auei aeoiaoue /oi ca?aca i?aaeaea anaai
i?iieeea a ?inneth n Ainoiea. Ii eaoiienyi, iaeiaei, ieacuaaaony, /oi
/oia iiyaeeanue aia?aua a ?innee eeoue a 1352 a., o.a. eao 5-6 nionoy
iinea iiyaeaiey aa a E?uio e Cieioie I?aea, e i?eoii ia ii ninaaenoao n
yoeie no?aiaie, a iai?ioea, ia caiaaea, a Ineiaa. I?aaaea, Ineia
iaoiaeeeny a oi a?aiy a iaeeaeaiiuo oi?aiauo niioaieyo n
caiaaeiiaa?iiaeneeie, e iniaaiii n aaicaeneeie ai?iaeaie, e iiyoiio
/oia, ainiiaenoaiaaaoay a 1349 a. oaea ai anae Aa?iia, eaaei iiaea auoue
caianaia ionthaea a Caiaaeioth ?inneth. Ii ana aea, inoaaony no?aiiui,
/oi ?ani?ino?aiaiea ca?acu ia i?iecioei ?aiueoa, e ii aeeaeaeoaio
i?yiiio iooe, oi anoue n ainoiea. Yieaeaiey 1352 a. iienuaaaony ai anao
eaoiienyo ?onneeo aei oiai ianoiyoaeueii, /oi iu iiaeai ec yoiai
eaoiieniiai iienaiey ninoaaeoue naaa aiieia ynioth ea?oeio yoiai
niauoey. *oia iiyaeeanue a Ineiaa eaoii 1352 a. e, ii-aeaeeiiio, n?aco
i?eiyea iaoe?iua ?acia?u. Nia?oiinoue auea a?iiaaeiay. Nayuaiieee ia
oniaaaee oi?iieoue ia?oauo. Ca ii/ue iaeiieyeinue aei 30 e aieaa o?oiia
o eaaeaeie oea?eae. A iaeei a?ia eeaee ii 3-5 o?oiia. Anao iaoye no?ao e
oaean. Aeaey aacaea e iinoiyiii ia?aae niaie nia?oue e n/eoay ?ieiaie
enoiae iaecaaaeiui, iiiaea noaee iiiuoeyoue oieueei i nianaiee aeooe,
ooiaeeee a iiianou?e, ?acaeaaaee eiouanoai naia, a eiiaaea aeaaea aeaoae
iinoi?iiiei, oai naiui ia?aaeaaay ca?aco a iiaua aeiia. Iaeiiaoe,
Ineiae/e, ia aeaey ieaaea nianaiey, ia ciay, eaeea i?eiyoue ia?u,
iineaee iineia a Iiaai?iae e a?oeaieneiio Aaneeeth, i?iny aai i?eaoaoue
a Ineia aeaaineiaeoue aeeoaeae e iiiieeoueny n ieie i i?ae?auaiee ii?a.
Aaneeee eniieiee eo i?inueao, i?eaoae a Ineia e iaioae ai?iae n e?anoiui
oiaeii. Ia ia?aoiii iooe ii caaieae e oia? 3 ethey. Aa?iyoii, ii
ca?aceeny a Ineiaa. Iiaai?iaeoeu i?eaacee oaei aai a Iiaai?iae e
iioi?iieee a niai?a Na. Nioee. Ianiio?y ia oi, /oi a Ineiaa oaea auee
ia?aua i?iaeanee niciaiey ca?aceoaeueiinoe aieacie, iiaai?iaeoeu,
ii-aeaeeiiio, ia i?eaeaaaee aieueoiai cia/aiey yoiio ianoiyoaeuenoao,
eia/a iie, aa?iyoii, ia ?aoeeenue au ia iiaeiaiue iinooiie. Iineaaenoaey
oaeie iainoi?iaeiinoe ia canoaaeee aeaeaoue naay. A aaaonoa ?ac?aceeanue
yieaeaiey /oiu a Iiaai?iaea. Caoai /oia i?iieeea a Eaaeiao, Nocaeaeue,
Niieaine, *a?ieaia, Eeaa e ?ani?ino?aieeanue ii anae ?innee. *oi
eanaaony neiioiiia yoie yieaeaiee, oi eaoiiene iu iaoiaeei eeoue i/aiue
e?aoeia, ii oai ia iaiaa oa?aeoa?iia niiauaiea, niaeanothuaany n
iienaieyie caiaaeiiaa?iiaeneeo a?a/ae e o?iienoia. Ii eaoiiene, aieaciue
ia/eiaeanue e?iaioa?eaieai, a ia o?aoee aeaiue ianooiaea nia?oue.
I/aaeaeii a ?innee ainiiaenoaiaaea eaai/iay oi?ia /oiu, iineieueeo i
aoaiiao a yoo yieaeaieth ia oiiieiaaony. Ie i ea/aiee, ie i iaoiaeao
i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiey ca?acu a eaoiienyo ie/aai ia oiiieiaaony. A 1360 a.
niiaa iienuaaaony a eaoiienyo ii? a ?innee, iiyoue a Ineiaa, e ineiae/e
a io/ayiee aeaey naia aanneeea i?ioea aieacie, ioi?aaeee iiyoue iineia a
Iiaai?iae, i?iny aeaaeueo i?eaoaoue e iei e aeaaineiaeoue ai?iae.
A?oeaieneii Aeaenae i?eaoae, aeaaineiaee ai?iae e iaioae aai n e?anoiui
oiaeii, e iinea yoiai, ii cayaeaieth eaoiienoea, ii? i?ae?aoeeny. A
iienaiee yoiai ii?a a ia?aue ?ac oiiieiaaony i i?eiooaiee aeaeac, i
e?iaioa?eaiee aea ia oiiieiaaony. I ?ani?ino?aiaiee ii?a ia ae?oaea
ai?iaea ia aiai?eony. A 1364 a. niiaa iiyaeeny ii?. Ii ia/aeny ia
Ieciaueyo Aieae e ?ani?ino?aieeny aeaeueoa ia naaa?. Iniaaiii
iino?aaeaee ai?iaea Ieaeiee Iiaai?iae, ?ycaiue, Eieiiia, Ia?aneaaeue,
Iineaa, Oaa?ue, Aeaaeeie?, ss?ineaaeue, Nocaeaeue, Aeieo?ia, Iiaeaene,
Aieie, Eino?iia, Aaeica?ne. A Iineaa nia?oiinoue a yoo yieaeaieth auea
oaeaniay: ia?oauo ia oniaaaee oi?iieoue, a iaeio iiaeeo oi?iieee ii 5-10
o?oiia. Neiioiiu aieacie ia yoio ?ac iienuaathony a eaoiienyo aeiaieueii
ianoiyoaeueii. O iaeioi?uo n?aco iiyaeyeinue e?iaioa?eaiea. E /a?ac 1-3
aeiy ianooiaea nia?oue, o ae?oaeo i?eiooaee eeioaoe/aneea aeaeacu a
?aciuo ianoao: oaeiua, caouei/iua, iiae/aethnoiua, iiaee?ueueoeiaua e
iaoiaua. E?iaioa?eaieth i?aaeoanoaiaaea ino?ay aieue a a?oaee, caoai
neaaeiaaee aea?, iaeeueiue iio, iciia. A 1374 a. a eaoiienyo iienuaaaony
ii?, ?ani?ino?aieaoeeny ii anae ?innee, e nae?ainoaiaaaoee oaeaea a
I?aea; iaeiia?aiaiii aue neioneee iaaeaae. Oae eae i neiioiiao aieacie a
eaoiienyo ie/aai ia neacaii, oi iu ia iiaeai noaeeoue i oii, eaeiai
?iaea auea yoi aieaciue. A 1387 a. a Niieainea niiaa no?aoii
nae?ainoaiaaea iaecaanoiay iiaaeueiay aieaciue oae, /oi a ai?iaea
inoaeinue a aeeauo, ii iaeiei eaoiienyi, oieueei 10, a ii ae?oaei,
oieueei 5 /aeiaae. Ii i i?eiaaeeao yoie aieacie a eaoiienyo ia aiai?eony
ie neiaa. Iai?ioea, i?e iienaiee ii?a, iinoeaoaai Ineia a 1388-1389 aa.,
e i?iieeoaai caoai a Iiaai?iae, aiai?eony, /oi ii oa?aeoa?eciaaeny
i?eiooaieai aeaeac, oae /oi iu iiaeai n/eoaoue aai iiaui aica?aoii /oiu.
Eiaaea ii? iiyaeeny a Ineiaa, oi ineiae/e niiaa ia?aoeeenue e aeaaeuea n
i?inueaie i?eaoaoue e iei e aeaaineiaeoue ai?iae, /oi ii e eniieiee,
oioy a eaoiienyo e neacaii, /oi ii e i?eaoaaoea n iei aica?aoeeenue a
Iiaai?iae caei?iauie, oai ia iaiaa, iaeiaei, a Iiaai?iaea nei?i ia/aeny
ii?. Ia ciay, /oi i?aaei?eiyoue i?ioea ii?a, iiaai?iaeoeu ?aoeee aeey
nianaiey naiaai iino?ieoue oea?eiaue Na. Aoaianeth, eioi?oth e
nii?oaeeee a 1 aeaiue, «e i?anoa ii?». E oaeiio i?eaio i?eaaaaee ia?iaeu
a naiai io/ayiee iaiaeiie?aoii a iineaaenoaee i?e iiyaeaiee ii?a. A
Ineiaa iienuaaaony ii? oaeaea a 1390 a. Auei ee yoi i?iaeieaeaieai /oiu
1389 a., eee auea ca?aca niiaa caianaia a Ineia ecaia, yoi ia?ac?aoeiue
aii?in. Ai anao eaoiienyo aeaiiuo i ii?a 1388, 1389, 1390 aa. aiai?eony
/oi aieaciue oa?aeoa?eciaaeanue iiyaeaieai aeaeac (aoaiiia), e
nia?oaeueiue enoiae ianooiae ia aoi?ie eee o?aoee aeaiue, eae e a
i?aaeiea yieaeaiee. Nia?oiinoue auea iniaaiii neeueia a Ineiaa.
*oiiua yieaeaiee XV e XVI noieaoey.
A 1401 a., a ii Ieeiiianeie eaoiiene a 1402 a., iienuaaaony ii? a
Niieainea, ii aac iaicia/aiey neiioiiia. Ii?, iiyaeaoeeny a 1403 a. a
Ineiaa, oa?aeoa?ecoaony a eaoiienyo eae «ii? aeaeacith», aaeaeo /aai iu
iiaeai aai i?e/eneeoue e /oiiui yieaeaieyi. Yoio ii? eioa?anai a oii
ioiioaiee, /oi caeanue aia?aua oiiieiaaony a eaoiienyo i neo/ayo
aucaei?iaeaiey, oioy e aiai?eony, /oi oaeie enoiae iaaethaeaaony ?aaeei;
aieueoeinoai aieueiuo oie?aei ia 2 eee 3 aeaiue aieacie, eae e a
i?aaeiea yieaeaiee. Ii? «aeaeacith» iiaoi?eeny a Ineiaa a 1406 e 1407
aa. Iineaaeithth yieaeaieth Ineiae/e iinoaaeee a aeio eiycth Aeaieeo
Aeaenaiae?iae/o, iiyoiio io?aeeenue io iaai, e i?ecaaee e naaa a eiycuey
a?aoa aaeeeiai eiycy Eiinoaioeia, iinea /aai, ii naeaeaoaeuenoao
eaoiienoea, i?ae?aoeeny ii?. A 1408 a. a eaoiienyo iienuaaaony neeueii
?ani?ino?aiaiiue ii? «ei?eioith». Ii aiaeiaee n eaoiieniuie iienaieyie
ae?oaeo yieaeaiee iiaeii i?aaeiieiaeeoue, /oi iiae neiaii «ei?eioith»
caeanue iiae?acoiaaaaony e?iaioa?eaiea, e aaeaeo ii/oe iianaianoiiai
?ani?ino?aiaiey yoiai ii?a, iiaeii i?aaeiieiaeeoue, /oi iu eiaai a
aeaiiii neo/aa aeaei n eaai/iie oi?iie /oiu. Iinea 9-eaoiaai ia?a?uaa
/oia niiaa iinaoeea ?inneth a 1417 a., caoaaoea, aeaaiui ia?acii,
naaa?iue iaeanoe e ioee/aynue no?aoiie nia?oiinoueth. Ii ea?oeiiiio
au?aaeaieth eaoiienoea, nia?oue eineea ethaeae, eae na?i eineo eieinuey.
N yoiai a?aiaie /oia, n ei?ioeeie ia?a?uaaie, noaea /anoi iinauaoue
?inneth. Caoai, a 1419 a., iienuaaaony a eaoiienyo ii?, nia/aea a Eeaaa,
a iioii ii anae ?I?innee, ?innee, ii i neiioiiao aieacie ie/aai ia
aiai?eony. Aiciiaeii, /oi yoi auei i?iaeieaeaiea yieaeaiee 1417-1418
aa., a iiaeao auoue, /oia, nae?ainoaiaaaoay a Iieueoa, auea caianaia
/a?ac Eeaa a ?inneth. A 1420 a. ii/oe ai anao eaoiienyo ano?a/aaony
iienaiea ii?a a ?aciuo ai?iaeao ?innee. A iaeioi?uo eaoiienyo ie/aai ia
aiai?eony i neiioiiao aieacie, a iaeioi?uo iia iacuaaaony ei?eioith, a
ae?oaeo neacaii, /oi ethaee oie?aee «aeaeacith». I/aaeaeii
iaaethaeaeenue n?aco iaa oi?iu /oiu — eaai/iay e aoaiiiay. Iniaaiii
iino?aaeaee ai?iaea Eino?iia, ss?ineaaeue, Aaee/, Ieanna, ?inoia,
Iiaai?iae e Ineia. Nia?oiinoue auea aei oiai neeueia, /oi iaeiio auei
niae?aoue oeaa n iieae, aneaaenoaea /aai, a naith i/a?aaeue, ?acaeeny
aieiae, oianoee oae aea ianno aea?oa. Ieeiiianeay eaoiienue niiauaao
aeaeaa i ii?a «ii anae caiee ?onneie» a 1423 a., ia i?eaiaey ieeaeeo
iiae?iaiinoae i oa?aeoa?a aieaciae. Iai?ioea, ii? 1424 a.
oa?aeoa?ecoaony a eaoiienyo ea?aeeiaeueiuie neiioiiaie /oiu —
e?iaioa?eaieai e i?eiooaieai aeaeac. I i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoe yieaeaiee
ie/aai ia aiai?eony a eaoiienyo. Aiiaua aea iiaeii neacaoue, /oi,
ia/eiay n 1417 a. /oiiua yieaeaiee ii/oe aani?a?uaii, eee n aanueia
ei?ioeeie ia?a?uaaie ainiiaenoaiaaee a ?innee oi a iaiueoae, oi a
aieueoae noaiaie, aei 1428 a. I?e iiyaeaiee ii?a a Ineiaa eiycue Oaaei?,
ec aiycie caaieaoue, aaaeae ec yoiai ai?iaea ni naiath *aeyaeueth a
Iineao. I/aaeaeii, a yoi a?aiy oaea nouanoaiaaei niooiia i?aaenoaaeaiea
ia oieueei i ca?aceoaeueiinoe aieacie, ii e i ca?aaeaiee ianoiinoe, aaea
iia nae?ainoaiaaea. Iaeiaei, aaanoai ia nianei eiycy; ii nei?i oia? a
Iineaa, — iiaeao auoue, io /oiu. A oa a?aiaia, eiaaea ia ciaee e ia
iiieiaee nouiinoe ca?acu, iiaeiaiua aaanoaa io yieaeaiee, a aieueoeinoaa
neo/aaa, eiia/ii, ia oieueei ia nianaee aaaeaaoeo, ii aeaaea neoaeeee
i?e/eiie ?ani?ino?aiaiey ca?acu ia iiaua iaeanoe. N 1427 ii 1442 aa. a
eaoiienyo ia oiiieiaaony ia yieaeaieyo, ii a 1442 a. a Ineiaa iiyoue
iiyaeeny ii?, oa?aeoa?eciaaaoeeny iiyaeaieai aeaeac, oae /oi iu iiaeai
i?e/eneeoue yoo yieaeaieth e /oiiui. Noaey ii eaoiienyi, iia
ia?aie/eeanue oieueei Ineiaii e i?ae?aoeeanue oieueei a 1443 a. Iinea
1443 a. iiyoue ianooiaao caoeouea aei 1455 a. A yoii aiaeo niiaa
iiyaeeny «ii? aeaeacith» a cein/anoiii Ineiaa, ioeoaea ii caoai
?ani?ino?aieeny ia Iiaai?iae. I?e iienaiee ii?a a Ineiaa eaoiienaoe
aiai?eo, /oi ii? ia/aeny a Iii/ueneii eiioea ai?iaea, o Oaaei?ea,
i?eaoaaoaai ec TH?ueaaa, ionthaea yieaeaiey ?ani?ino?aieeanue ii anaio
ai?iaeo, i?eai?iaeai, e anae iaeanoe Ineianeie. Yoi ia?aue ?ac, eiaaea
iu ano?a/aai a eaoiiene enoiaeioth oi/eo iiaaeueiie aieacie e niinia
caianaiey aa. Neaaeothuaa iienaiea iiaaeueiie aieacie iu ano?a/aai a
1478 a. ai a?aiy iaiaaeaiey oaoa? ia ai?iae Aeaenei, iie auee ioaeou e
i?iaiaiu ca Ieo. E «Aia, ieeoy ?iae o?enoeaineee, iinea nia?oiiinioth
ycao ia oaoa?, ia/aoa iiiai?anio oie?aou iiice a iieoeao eo…». Caeanue
aiai?eony oieueei i ii?a n?aaee oaoa?, a ae?oaii aea ianoa eaoiiene
neacaii, /oi auei «iiiai cea a caiea, aieiae, ii?, e a?aie». Ai a?aiy
aieiu aaeeeiai eiycy n Iiaai?iaeii a 1478 a. a inaaeaeaiiii ai?iaea
?acaeeny neeueiue ii?, i?iaeieaeaaoeeny e iinea iaaeaiey Iiaai?iaea, ii
ec eaoiiene ia aeaeii, eaeiai ?iaea auea yoa aieaciue. Oi aea naiia
i?eoiaeeony neacaoue i ii?a , iinoeaoai Ineia a 1487 a., e
i?iaeieaeaaoainy aua a 1488. Yoei ii?ii caeai/eaathony iiaaeueiua
aieacie 15 noieaoey. Caoai ianooiaao a yoi ioiioaiee caoeouea a oa/aiee
20 eao, a a 1506 a. iu ano?a/aai a Ineiaa niiaa no?aoiue ii?. A 1507 e
1508 aa. neeueiue ii? nae?ainoaiaae a Iiaai?iaea, iiaeao auoue,
caianaiiue ec Ineiaa. Nia?oiinoue a iaieo ai?iaeao auea iaiau/aeiay: a
Iiaai?iaea, aaea /oia aea?aeaeanue, ii eaoiienyi, o?e aiaea, ca iaeio
oieueei inaiue 15396 /ae. Iinea 15-eaoiaai ia?a?uaa Ineiao i?eoeinue
niiaa iino?aaeaoue io ii?a iaecaanoiiai oa?aeoa?a, oianoaai ianno
aea?oa, e i?iaeieaeaaoaainy e a 1522 a. I?e iienaiee yoiai ii?a iu
iiyoue iaoiaeei a eaoiienyo oeacaiey ioiineoaeueii oiai, aaea auee
ia?aua nia?oaeueiua neo/ae a ai?iaea. E?iia oiai, ii i?aaenoaaeyao
eioa?an a oii ioiioaiee, /oi caeanue iu aia?aua ano?a/aai oeacaiea ia
ono?ienoai canoaa: eiycue aaeae caia?aoue oeeoeo, ia eioi?ie ia/aeny
ii?, n iaieo eiioeia, a nai iieeioe ai?iae. Iaeiaei ia?iae ia iia
ioeacaoueny io noa?iai n?aaenoaa e iino?iee oea?eiaue. Ii?, iaeiaei, ia
i?ae?auaeny. Oiaaea nai aaeeeee eiycue, iia/aeaiiue o/anoueth Ineiaa,
aaeae iino?ieoue aua iaeio oea?eiaue. Ii-aeaeeiiio, ii? ia?aie/eeny
Ineiaii. Ii nia?oiinoue auea a?iiaaeiay, a 1522 a. a iaeio
«neoaeaeieoeo» iioi?iieee 11500 /ae. Aei 1552 a. a eaoiienyo aieueoa ia
oiiieiaaony i ii?a. Iaaeaeo oai, a caiaaeiiaa?iiaeneeo ainoaea?noaao ca
yoi a?aiy ii/oe aani?a?uaii nae?ainoaiaaea /oia. A 1551 a. iia auea a
Eeoeyiaeee, a 1552 a. iia ?ac?aceeanue ni no?aoiith neeith nia/aea a
Ineiaa, caoai a Iiaai?iaea, ianiio?y ia oi, /oi iiaai?iaeoeu i?e
iiyaeaiee /oiu a Ineiaa noaee i?eieiaoue ia?u i?ioea caianaiey aa. Iie
ono?ieee canoaau ia ineianeie aei?iaa, cai?aoeee ineiae/ai auacae a
ai?iae e ecaiaee aeaaea oaea auaoeo a Iiaai?iaea ineianeeo eoioeia n
oiaa?ii, i?e/ai i?eaaaaee e e?aeia aeanoieei ia?ai: oao eoioeia, eioi?ua
ia iiaeiiaaeenue yoiio ?anii?yaeaieth aaeaii auei eiaeoue, auaiceoue ca
ai?iae aianoa n oiaa?ii, e oai naeeaaoue eoioeia e oiaa?, a ai?iaeai,
eioi?ua aea?aeaee eo o naay iaeacuaaee eiooii. Yoi ia?aue ano?a/aaiue a
eaoiienyo i?eia? ono?ienoaa a ?innee canoaa a aieaa oe?ieeo ?acia?ao e
eneeth/aiey iaeiiai ai?iaea ec iauaiey n ae?oaei — iauyaeaiea aai
«iaaeaaiiieo/iui». Ii, aeieaeii auoue, yoe ia?u auee i?eiyou neeoeii
iicaeii, /oia, aa?iyoii, oaea auea caianaia a Iiaai?iae ineiae/aie,
eiaaea eo noaee ecaiiyoue ioooaea. Iaa ai?iaea no?aaeaee io iaa
iaeeiaeiai a oa/aiea 1552, 1553, 1554 aa. A Ineiaa oia?ei ca iaeei aiae
aieaa 25000 /ae., a a Iiaai?iaea, Noa?ie ?onna, e ai anae iiaai?iaeneie
iaeanoe 279594 /ae. Iniaaiii iiiai oia?ei nayuaiieeia, iiiaoia, e aiiaua
eeoe aeooiaiiai caaiey. *oi yieaeaiey auea /oiiay, ia yoi oeacuaatho
neiaa Ineianeie eaoiiene, /oi ethaee oie?aee «aeaeacith». Eae anaaaea,
ia?iae i?eaaaae e iau/iui n?aaenoaai: iieeoaai, iinoai, iino?ieea
oea?eaae e o.i. Yieaeaiey i?ae?aoeeanue, ii-aeaeeiiio, eeoue a eiioea
1551 a. Iaeiia?aiaiii a yoie /oiith ainiiaenoaiaaee a ?innee e ae?oaea
iiaaeueiua aieacie. Oae, a Nayaenea aienei aaeeeiai eiycy, aunooieaoaa
ia aieio n Eacaiueth, neeueii no?aaeaei a 1552 a. io oeeiae, a a 1553 a.
a inaaeaeaiiie Eacaie oaeaea ?acaeeanue yieaeaiey, oa?aeoa? eioi?ie ia
iiaeaeaaony ii?aaeaeaieth. ?acaeoea yoie aieacie eaoiienaoe noaaeo io
oiai ianoiyoaeuenoaa, /oi, eiaaea Eiaii io?acae eacaioeaa io aiaeu, iie
noaee aeiauaaoue aiaeo a ai?iaea, «ia/aoa aiaeo eiiaoe, e ia ia?aoioa,
ii oieii iae iioie aeieiiaoany ni?aaeai, e aei acyouey aceiaoo aiaeo n
ioaeeth, a oia aea aiaeu aieaciue ayoa a ieo, iooee e oie?aoo n iaa».
Iienaiea yoie aieacie ia eiaao i?yiiai ioiioaiey ie e yieaeaieieiaee
?innee aiiaua, ie e enoi?ee /oiiuo yieaeaiee a /anoiinoe, ii iu i?eaaee
neiaa eaoiienoea iioiio, /oi ec ieo iiaeii noaeeoue i niaa?oeaoainy oaea
iaeioi?ii i?ia?anna a aicc?aiee ia i?ienoiaeaeaiea aieaciae: aieaciue
oaea ia iauyniyaony aiaeueei aiaaii, a i?eaiaeyony oece/aneea i?e/eiu
i?ienoiaeaeaiey aa. Neaaeothuaa iienaiea yieaeaiee iu ano?a/aai a
eaoiienyo 1563 a. a Iieioeea. Nia?oiinoue auea aieueoay, ii, ii e?aoeiio
iienaieth eaoiienoea iaaiciiaeii ii?aaeaeeoue oa?aeoa? aieacie. A 1566
a. niiaa iiyaeyaony ii? a Iieioeea, caoai caoaaoee ai?iaea Ica?eua,
Aaeeeea Eoee, Oi?iiaoe e Niieaine, a a neaaeothuai aiaeo
?ani?ino?aieeanue ia Iiaai?iae, Noa?oth ?onno e i?iaeieaeaeny aei 1568
a. Ia yoio ?ac eaoiienaoe oaeaea ia oiiieiaao i neiioiiao aieacie. Caoi
iu a iienaiee yoie yieaeaiee iiyoue ano?a/aai oeacaiea ia ono?ienoai
canoaa e i?eiaiaiea e?aeia aeanoieeo ia? i?ioea caianaiey iiaaeueiie
aieacie, eae iu aia?aua yoi aeaeaee i?e iienaiee /oiu 1552 a. Eiaaea
ycaa aeioea aei Iiaeaenea 1556 a., Eaai IV i?eeacae ono?ieoue caeanue
canoaao e ia i?iioneaoue ieeiai a Iineao ec iaeanoae, a eioi?uo
ainiiaenoaiaae ii?. Oi/ii oae aea, a neaaeothuai aiaeo, ai a?aiy aieiu n
Iieueoae ec Eeaiiee ?onneea iieeiaiaeoeu i?einoaiiaeee ianooiaoaeueiua
aeaenoaey aienea, iianaynue ca?aceoaeueiie aieacie, nae?ainoaiaaaoae a
Eeaiiee. Yoi oeacuaaao ia oi, /oi a yoi a?aiy ia ?one noaee ioiineoue
aieaa niciaoaeueii e iianiinoe ca?aaeaiey e ia?aaeaeaoue naay
?aoeeiiaeueiuie ia?aie, a ia iino?ieeith oea?eaae a iaeei aeaiue,
a?anoiuie oiaeaie e o.i. Iineaaeiyy yieaeaiey 16 noieaoey, i eioi?ie
oiiieiaaony a eaoiienyo, auea a 1592 a. a Ineiaa e a Eaaiai?iaea. Ia?iae
ia?auaeny iiyoue e iiiiue naa?ouanoanoaaiiuo n?aaenoa, i?eneaiiuo oea?ai
ec Iineau, nayoie aiaea, iiuai /oaeioai?oeaa, o.i.
Iaoiaeu ai?ueau n /oiie a n?aaeiaaaeiaie ?one.
Ia?aiia/aeueii, ioiineoaeueii eaeeo-eeai oiiieiaiee i ia?ii?eyoeyo
i?ioea aieaciae, ea/aaiuo eee i?aaeio?aieoaeueiuo, a eaoiienyo iao. I
a?a/ao, e aeayoaeueiinoe eo ai a?aiy yieaeaiee, a eaoiienyo ia
oiiieiaaony ie neiaa, oioy a 11 noieaoee auee oaea a?a/e a ?innee. Ii
caaea/a eo caeeth/aeanue a oa a?aiaia e iicaea — aei 17 noieaoey — ii/oe
oieueei a ea/aiee eiycae, ai a?aiy aea yieaeaiee ?ieue eo, ii-aeaeeiiio,
naiaeeeanue e ioeth. Ia?iae niio?ae ia iiaaeueiua aieacie eae ia ia/oi
oaoaeueiia, iaecaaaeiia, iineaiiia ia iaai ?acaiaaaiiui Aiaii, e
iiyoiio, ii-aeaeeiiio, n/eoae eceeoiei, eee aeaaea iai?aaeeueiui,
ia?auaoueny a oaeeo neo/ayo, e iiiiue ethaeae. N 10 ii 2-e iieiaeiu 14
a. ie iaeia ec iiaaeueiuo aieaciae ia i?aaenoaaeyao a eaoiieniuo
iienaieyo eaeeo-eeai oeie/iuo /a?o, ia iniiaaiee eioi?uo iiaeii au auei
auneacaoue neieueei-ieaoaeue ii?aaeaeaiii i aa oa?aeoa?a. Eaoiienoeu ia
i?eaiaeyo ie ?aco ie iaeiiai aieaciaiiiai neiioiia iiiai/eneaiiuo yoeo
ii?ia, ia iienuaatho oa/aiea aieacie, ia aiai?yo ie/aai i
i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoe aa. Aaeeinoaaiiia yaeaiea, eioi?ia ia?auaei ia naay
eo aieiaiea — iioiio /oi aiooaei ei no?ao — yoi /?acau/aeiay
nia?oiinoue. Iu ciaai, /oi a oa a?aiaia ia oieueei ia i?eieiaeenue
ieeaeea ia?u e i?ana/aieth yieaeaie/aneeo aieaciae eee e ia?aaeaeaieth
caei?iauo io iianiinoe caaieaaaiey, ii iai?ioea, nouanoaiaaee oieueei
naiua aeaaii?eyoiua oneiaey aeey oiai, /oiau iiaaeueiua aieacie aeoaiei
oei?aiyeenue e aiciiaeii oe?iei ?ani?ino?aiyeenue. Aiciiaeiinoue
nianaiey io aieacie ia?iae aeaeae eeoue a ia?auaiee e Aiao, neoaeaiee
iieaaiia, iino?ieea oea?eaae. A XIV noieaoee iiyaeythony ia?aua aeaiiua
i i?ioeeaeoe/aneeo ia?ao: a?a/e ?aeiiaiaeiaaee «i/euaoue» aicaeoo /a?ac
iinoiyiiia aeaeaiea eino?ia ia ieiuaaeyo e aeaaea a aeeeeuao, eee eae
iiaeii nei?aa iieeaeaoue ca?aaeaiioth ianoiinoue. Ia ?one a XIV a. ia
iooe i?aaeiieaaaaiiai aeaeaeaiey ca?acu noaee aunoaaeyoue eino?u. Oae, a
1352 a., a Iiaai?iaea a nayce n yieaeaieae /oiu ai?iaeaia i?ineee
aeaaeueo «eino?u ia?yaeeoue a I?aoiaa». Nii?iaiaeaeaeenue ee yoe ia?u
oaeaea cai?aoii i?eacaeaoue a ai?iae ec ii?aaeaiiuo aieaciueth iano,
o.a. auee ee yoe eino?u canoaaaie — iaecaanoii. Aiciiaeii, yoa ia?a auea
i?aaeoanoaothuae ?ani?ino?aiaiiui iicaeiaa canaeai e canoaaai.
Eeoue iiiai iicaea, a 1552 a. iu ano?a/aai a eaoiiene ia?aue i?eia?
iienaiey ono?ienoaa canoaau a ?innee, i eioi?ii auei neacaii auoa. Eae
aeaeii ec Iiaai?iaeneie eaoiiene a 1572 a. a Iiaai?iaea auei cai?auaii
oi?iieoue ethaeae, oia?oeo io ca?aciie eee iiaaeueiie aieacie ieiei
oea?eaae, a aaeaii oi?iieoue eo aeaeaei ca ai?iaeii. Ia oeeoeao auee
ono?iaiu canoaau, a aeai?u, aaea oia? /aeiaae io iiaaeueiie aieacie,
aaeaii auei caie?aoue, ia auioneay eo ieo inoaaoeony a aeeauo, eioi?ui
i?enoaaeaiiua ei aeai?o noi?iaea iiaeaaaee ieuo n oeeoeu ia aoiaey ai
aeai?; nayuaiieeai cai?auaii auei iinauaoue ca?aciuo aieueiuo; ca
ineooaiea aeiiaiuo naeeaaee aianoa n aieueiuie. E?iia oiai, niae?aeenue
naaaeaiey i oii, ia nouanoaoao ee aaea-ieaoaeue ii?. A «Enoi?ee
Iineiaee» Ieeoiia iu iaoiaeei oeacaiea ia oi, /oi aiaeeeneiai iineaiieea
Aeaeaieeiniia, i?eaoaaoaai a 1571 a. a o?aoee ?ac a ?inneth, aeieaia
a?aiy caaea?aeeaaee a Oieiiai?u. Ii i?eaue ia ei?aaea /a?ac Aaeia ii?a,
iioiio /oi a ?innee a yoi a?aiy auea /oia. Niiauaiea Ieeoiia eioa?anii a
oii ioiioaiee, /oi caeanue iienai ia?aue i?eia? ea?aioeia a ?innee, e
i?eoii ii ioiioaieth e i?eaoaaoaio eiino?aioeo.
Caeeth/aiea.
A n?aaeiea aaea i?e/eiu yieaeaiee aeaenoaeoaeueii ia auee ecaanoiu. Eo
/anoi naycuaaee n caieao?ynaieyie, eioi?ua, eae ooaa?aeaeae iaiaoeeee
enoi?ee iaaeeoeeiu Aai?eo Aaca?, «ai ana a?aiaia niaiaaeaee n
iionoioaieyie io iiaaeueiuo aieaciae». Ii iiaieth ae?oaeo, yieaeaiee
aucuaathony «ieaciaie» — «ca?aciuie enia?aieyie», eioi?ua
«ii?iaeaeathony oai aieaieai, eioi?ia niaa?oaaony iiae caieae», e
auiineony ia iiaa?oiinoue i?e ecaa?aeaiee aoeeaiia. O?aouee aeoiaee, /oi
?acaeoea yieaeaiee caaeneo io iieiaeaiey, iiyoiio eiiaaea, a iieneao
ano?ieiae/anee aieaa aeaaii?eyoiiai ianoa ethaee iieeaeaee ii?aaeaiiua
ai?iaea, /oi a ethaii neo/aa iiieaeaei iianiinoue eo ca?aaeaiey. Ia?aay
iao/ii iainiiaaiiay eiioeaioeey ?ani?ino?aiaiey ca?aciuo aieaciae auea
auaeaeiooa eoaeueyineei o/aiui Aeaee?ieaii O?aeanoi?i (1478-1533). Ii
aue oaaaeaeai a niaoeeoe/iinoe «naiyi» ca?acu (oi anoue aicaoaeeoaey).
Niaeanii aai o/aieth, nouanoaoao 3 niiniaa ia?aaea/e eioaeoeeiiiiai
ia/aea: i?e iaiin?aaenoaaiiii nii?eeiniiaaiee n aieueiui /aeiaaeii,
/a?ac ca?aaeaiiua i?aaeiaou, e ii aicaeooo ia ?annoiyiee. Ioe?uoea
aicaoaeeoaeae eioaeoeeiiiuo caaieaaaiee, ia/aaoaany a eiioea i?ioeiai
aaea, a nayce n oniaoaie anoanoaiciaiey, naeaeaei aiciiaeiui eo eco/aiea
e niinianoaiaaei a aeaeueiaeoai eeeaeaeaoeee iaeioi?uo eioaeoeeiiiuo
aieaciae. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy iu eiaai iiiaeanoai aeaiiuo i ?acee/iuo
caaieaaaieyo. *oia — ino?ia eioaeoeeiiiia caaieaaaiea /aeiaaea e
aeeaioiuo. Ioiineony e ea?aioeiiui aieaciyi. Aicaoaeeoaeue — /oiiue
iee?ia, ioe?uoue a 1894 a. yiiineei o/aiui N.Eeoacaoi e o?aioeocneei
o/aiui A.Ea?naiii. ssaeyaony yeoeaaeaeiie, aeiiey?ii ie?aoaiiie
iaei/eie. Oi?ioi ?anoao ia iau/iuo ieoaoaeueiuo n?aaeao, /oanoaeoaeai e
aicaeaenoaeth oece/aneeo e oeie/aneeo oaeoi?ia e iau/iui
aeaceioeoee?othuei n?aaenoaai. I?e oaiia?aoo?a 100°N aeaiao a oa/aiea 1
ieioou.
*oia — caaieaaaiea, oa?aeoa?ecothuaany i?e?iaeiie i/aaiainoueth,
naycaiiia n ionouiiui, noaiiui e ai?iui eaiaeoaooii. A i/aaa
yieciioe/aneee i?ioeann iiaeaea?aeeaaaony ii?aaeaeaiiuie aeaeaie
a?ucoiia, iaeiaei aeey ca?aaeaiey ethaeae iianiu e ae?oaea a?ucoiu,
caeoeu, aa?aethaeu e o.i. Yieaeaieieiae/aneay iianiinoue oaaee/eaaaony
i?e caiina /oiu a iiioeyoeee neiaio?iiiuo (o.a. naycaiiuo n /aeiaaeii)
a?ucoiia, iai?eia?, e?un. Ca?aaeaiea /aeiaaea i?ienoiaeeo o?ainienneaiui
(/a?ac aeio) e ?aaeei eiioaeoiui (aeaaiui ia?acii i?e ?acaeaea ooo
aieueiuo aeeaioiuo) iooyie. Ca?aaeaiea io /aeiaaea — /a?ac aeio. I?e
ineiaeiaiee aoaiie oi?iu /oiu eaai/iie iiaaiiieae (aoi?e/iieaai/iay
/oia) i?ienoiaeeo ?ani?ino?aiaiea aicaeooii-eaiaeueiui iooai (iiaeiaii
a?eiio), aicieeatho neo/ae ia?ae/ii-eaai/iie /oiu, e?aeia ca?aceoaeueiua
aeey ie?oaeathueo. A caaeneiinoe io iaoaiecia ca?aaeaiey aoiaeiuie
ai?ioaie eioaeoeee iiaoo auoue eiaea, neecenoay iaiei/ea aa?oieo
aeuoaoaeueiuo iooae, eiiuthieoeaa aeac. Iaia?oaeaiu iineoaee /oiiuo
iee?iaia (a iiniaeioea).
Eieoaaoeeiiiue ia?eiae i?e /oia — io 2 aei 6 nooie. Eeeie/aneay ea?oeia
aieacie oa?aeoa?ecoaony ino?ui ia/aeii, iciiaii, neeueiie aieiaiie
aieueth. aicaoaeaeaieai, iii?a/aieai niciaiey. Oaiia?aoo?a aeinoeaaao
40°N, iaaethaeaaony aeia?aiey eiaee eeoea (oaaee/aiea e?iaaiaiieiaiey
eiaee), /anoi — neiioiiu ii?aaeaiey iaiei/ae iicaa. I?e aoaiiiie /oia
iiyaeythony aieaciaiiua aoaiiu ?acee/iie eieaeecaoeee. I?e eaai/iie —
neiioiiu ainiaeaiey eaaeeo. *oia i?ioaeaao, eae i?aaeei, oyaeaei. A
ianoiyuaa a?aiy e /oia nicaeaaony iaaini?eei/eainoue eiioiecaoeeae
aeeaie (ooaii ev) eee oeie/aneie /oiiie aaeoeeiie. I?e iianiinoe
ca?aaeaiey i?iaiaeeony aioeaeioeeii?ioeeaeoeea no?aioiieoeeiii, eioi?ue
i?eiaiytho e i?e ea/aiee aieueiuo /oiie ia?yaeo n i?ioeai/oiiue
eiioiiaeiaoeeiii.
Iooue i?ieaeaiiue /aeiaa/anoaii a ai?ueaa n ianniauie iiaaeueiuie
aieaciyie, aue aeieaei e oa?ienoui — io ia?aiia/aeueiuo iaaethaeaiee e
oaioanoe/aneeo i?aaenoaaeaiee ia eo i?e/eiao aei iao/ii iainiiaaiiuo
oai?ee eo aicieeiiaaiey, ?ac?aaioee n?aaenoa i?ioeeaeoeee eioaeoeee,
iaoiaeia ai?ueau n ieie aieioue aei eeeaeaeaoeee iaeioi?uo ec ieo.
Aeaeeia?aoey:
Iiiia?aoee:
Aea?aae, O.A. Enoi?ey /oiiuo yieaeaiee a ?innee. Aeenna?oaoeey Aeieoi?a
iaaeeoeeiu. NIa., 1905. (no?. 2-40)
Ai?enia, E.A. e ae?. Iaaeeoeeineay iee?iaeieiaey, ae?onieiaey,
eiioiieiaey. I., «Iaaeeoeeia» 1994. (no?. 286-289)
Aaneeueaa, E.A., Naaae, A.A. Enoi?ey yieaeaiee a ?innee. I., «Iaaeaec»
1960.
Noaouee:
Ni?ieeia, O.N. Yieaeaiee a N?aaeiea Aaea. // Oaeueaeoa? e aeooa?ea, ? 2,
1988.
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