N??a ???? «???a ???
[AINO ? 52462 – 2005]
O??? 1 «N??a ???? e ??y»
A? ???????
???yI????ueC???aI????i-
?????e
???????ae ??y, ?:
I?a ????y
???i ??a
Ae??e
??????a
??????
N?ue ????ay
???y, ?. 1,2,e.
N??-??e
I???i ???? ? ???a, ?.
A???
A?a, e.
ss?i, ???, ?.
O?????/i,?.
A?? ??y????? ?
N??? ??i???a ??i
100
4,03,2
20,0
20,0
0,05
43,1
4,0
0,5
194,85A????, %
I?a ????y
???i ??a
Ae??e
??????a
??????
N?ue ????ay
???y
N??-??e
A???
I???i ????
A???? ??????a
14,5
75,0
3,2
0,15
0,15
16,0
35,0AINO 27844
??????? ???? ??y
O?iyo ??a a ????o ????yo a ?????o ???yo. E ????o ??th ??nyo: ??, ????
????, ??, ??? ?e ????? ?????? e ??, a e ???????o — ???, ???a ????, y?a e
??? ?? ??y, ???????a ????? ??????? ??????o ???e.
Io ??? ??? ???a??i ??y, a ??oth ???ue ?? e ???e, ????e ?????e ???ey?y
???? ??u ?y ???a, ???? ?????ey ????? ???? e ???a??y ??????o ???a.
I?a ???????y ??othu?e ??????? ?????: ?????th?e, ??????th?e e ?????????
?????ueth, ??????? ?????th, ????ueth ???, a ??a ??? e ?????ueth e
????eth a ???? ????n?a. O?????? ???? ?? ??nyo ? ??????o ???a ???? e ???
e ????? ??aey??y a ?? ????a.
I???yth?y y? n???a a ?????e ?????e ????e e ???e ????, ???y ???y? n??ue i
???? ?? ? ????? ? ?a ???e ????e.
I???ay ??
I?a ??? ???? ?a???yi, ??????i ??oth?? ?????e e ????e?e ???y?: ????y ??
???i, I e II ???a— ???, ???????i ??a?i ? 1084 ? I???? ????e NNN? ? 8
??ey 1938 a., a ???y — AOO 1-53; ?? ??ay ??????y— AINO 7045—54,
?a?-????y ???y — AINO 12183—66, I?iu ???? ????-??? ???e ?? ?????th?y e
??? ???? ??i-??e?? ???e ??.
A ???o ??ayo ??????ue ?? ? ????????i ????i ???ey?ny ?????e ?????i ? i?
??a. I???oth ?? ????o ??a??atho ? iy?? ???u ? ???????th ? ??a 40% n
???ueth 15-20% ???e ???u ?e ? ??e iy?? ???u ? ???????th ? ??a 50%. I????
??a ????e ?? ?????tho ? iy?? ??e? ?e ? iy?? ???u n ?e ??th ? ??a 20%
???e.
A ????i ??a, ???ey?? ? ??e, ????? ??i y??y ?e e ????o ??i ? ??? i????
4%, a ?i ??a ????o ? ??a 3%. A ??? ??a ????? ??i y/?iy e ????o ??i ?? ?
??? ???a? 4%, a ?i ??a ????o ? ??a 3% *?? ?i ??? ??i ???????y ? ???e
??a.
A????oth?y ?????ue i?e ???????y ?????i ?????i ??, ???a ??ey?ny ???,
????? ? 100 a ?? ????ueth 14%, 60 ? ?? e 10 a ?????? ???e, a ???a 5 / ?e
30° N. I?a ?????i ???? ???i e I ??? ??ey? 1300— 1600 ?3 ??.
A????oth?y ?????ue i?e ???o ? ???y a ?e N???, ????? ? ???????o ????a e
??iy?y ????, o.a. ? ????-?????i ????a ??.
A???o ?????th?e ?????e ?? ???eytho ??i ??? ??a ? ?????e ?? ????a e
??n?????? ?????y ??? ??eyth??ny ?e ???? ?????i ??.
A????oth?y ?????ue i???? ?? ???i e I ??? ??e??ny ??oth?i ???i:
E????i ?????i A????oth?y ?????ue
??, ?3 ??
I?? 1300 I??y (?? «???y ? ??)
1300—1600 I????y
N?? 1600 A??ay
A?????ath?y ?????ue ?? ??????o ?????ue ??a ? ?a ????? a ?? ??eyth??y ?e
???? ????? ?c e ???o ? ????? ???a ??. O ????e ?? ??????th?y ?????ue a
?????? ???e ?????a ?????i e ????i ?????, ??coth?e a ??a ???e y????e ???.
N??????, ??????th?y ?????ue ?? ???o ? ??iy?y ? ??? e ????? ????????
????a, o. a. ? ???i-??????i ????a.
O?? ? ?? n ??ie ??????th?e ?????ueth ?????ny, ??i ???y? ????th ?o ??o,
o.a. ???? ??? ??????ath?e ?????ueth.
A????????y ?????ue ?? ???????y ?????i ?? (a ????o), ?????i ??e ?e ?????e
??a ????? ??????. I? ???o ? ??????? ??? ?? e ? ????e ? ???. A?? ??i
?????ay ?? ? ??? e ?? ? ??a ?????i ??? ??o ???th ????????oth ?????ue.
E???e ????ue ???, a ??i ????? ?? ??????? ?i??u ?????y ???? e ??? i???tho
??a, ?y?? ? ?????th?y ?????ue ??, a ??????th?y — i?a, ?i ?? ??a ????
???. Y? ???o ????ue, ???ay ???n? ??? ??.
Aeey ?????ey ??a i??iy? ?? ???? ???. E???? ??? ??? ?? ?????a ?????e.
O?????? ???? ?? ?????oth?y ??a «??? ??, ?o?ay ?? ??a ???a ??????a i
e???a ????? e ????? ?????/??o ????a. ????tho «???th» e «??oth» ??.
N??ay ?? ???? ??i ????? ???? ????, a ???????? ???? a ?e ??a ??a?. Iiy??
?a ???? ???e a?i- e ??????ath?e, a ??a ????????? ?????ueth. O?a ? ???e
?ee ????ny ???? ???, n ??? ?????ueth e ???e ??u. A?? ?i ???. N??y ?? ??o
???????a ????. O?a ? ??? ?? ????ny ???? ??? n ??e ?????th, ???e ??a
?????. A?? ??a ???e. I???ay ?? ???i ??a — y? ???o, ??iy?e, a ????, ?
????????o ??? y????a, ?ath?e ????ue, ?????oth ???? ? ?? ? ???? ??e ?43 ?
??a 5%, ????ue ? ??a 0,55%, ?? ??e ?e ??e n ???? ????.
O??? 2«???-????? n???a ????e ?? ???i ??a (%)» [AINO ? 52189-2003]
N?oN??aA??E???Oe?eth??I?? ???I????AE?uC?a (????ue ??)A??e ??12,079,00 ,
11,82,00,80,55
A??a ??i a ????e ?? ???e?y ????a (???e, ?????? e ?????, ????u, ??th??) e
???, ? ???a ???o ??nyo ???? ?n? e ???? ??a.
Ae??e ??????a
Ae??e ??????a y?yth?y ???? ??i ??y ?y ?????? ??????o ???e. O??????ay e
?i?????y ?? ???e ??th??ny a ??????i ?????e ??a ????i ????, ??eyth??y a
???? ????? ???ey, ???? ??o ?????? ??????o ???a, a ??a ?????e y??? e ???
????a ???e, ???oth?o a ?????? ?o? e ???a ???o??? ???e.
Ae? ??????o ???e
O?? ?e ?????? o?????? ???e ???ey?ny ????, ???a ???tho ????a ???? n
???i?i ???? ???? e y???.
A ??????i ?????? ???yth?y ??aee ??????a ???a??a, ??? ????? ??????, ???a
???, ????a ???, ????????a ?n?????a ???, ??? ??? e ?. Ae??e ??????a
?????? ????eytho ??e ????? ??oth ???? ????o ??? ??????oth a ???u
????ueth 67-75%, ????oth ? ?????o ?????o ??? ??i ??iy??i ?????y ????,
?????? ???? e ???? ???e a ???yo ?????e ay??e ??u ? ????y ???? ???e,
????? ?????? ?e ??o?????.
A????? ?? ???ey ??????o ?????? ???e ???eyao 12 ??e ? ?y ????e.
Ae??e ?????? ????e ????o c??? ???th?y ?i, ?i ?e ?atho ???th ???oth e
????oth ????? o???? e ??? ????th?y e n????eth ????, a ????? ?? ?????
?????a ????a ???? a i???? ??? ??????y ??a. A nay? n y?i ?e ? ??????e
????y ????? ?????? ???ey?e: ????? ????????e ???ey ??u, ??a, ???? ?????u
??u ?e ??a (?e ????? ???a), ????? i???e ????e ?e ?????o ????e??a e ?.
Ae??e ??????a ???a ?????tho ?? ???: ???i e I. Aeey ?????? ???o ??????o
???e ????th?y ??? ???e, ???th?a ???e ???????th e ???e ????n?th ?????ue
????o, y?yth?thny ???? ????i, ???e ?????y ? ????? ????, e ??ey??i
???????? ??????i ?a??y.
N??? ??? ???i n?? ?????atho ??? ?????e e ?????? ??????. N?? ???ey ???o
???e ???i ??a, ????? a ?????th ??, ???eytho 12 ?n. ? ?y ????e, I ??a – 5
?n. No??a ??? ???ytho a ????? 500 a ??? 1 ? ?????? ???e ?e ????e ?? 70
?i.
Ae???? ??? – ????eyao ??e ??oth ????th ????? ?n?e ???? ??????o ???e,
????oth ? ??? ??????y ??????e ????. [5]
N?ue ????ay ???y
I??oth ????oth ?? ???tho ? ????o ??????e. Ii ???o ?????? e ????e ??
????eytho ? ???oth ???th, ?????oth, ???oth, ????oth ? ?a ???o ??, e
????oth ?????????oth, ???a?th ??i ?????y ?????? ????.
A ??????i ?????? ???ytho ???th ???i?th ??, ???y a ??a???e n AINO 13830
???y ? ??? ??a: y??a, ???, ??? e ???.
E?????ey ???e ????? ?? a ?????? ? ????? ????a ?aea.
N?ue ??? y??a e ???i ??? ?? ??? ??a, a ?y ?? ???i e ???i ??? ???ath?y
??a ???e ??a, ?e ????e, ????? e ????? a ?????e ? ??n???ey e ???a i?????a
??. N?ue ??? ?? ?c ?????o ?????? ????, ???? ? ??, e ?c ??i???i ???, ????
???i ??ii ?c ?????? ?e??a.
O??i-????? ????? ???? ????o ??? ???e ????? ?? ?e??? a ??. 3
O???3 «O??i-????? ????? ???? ???e ????? ??»
I????eI?? ?y ???Y??aA??eI??eA??e
I???y ?ey,% a ????a ? NA
NaCl, ? ??a : 99.7 98.4 97.7 97.0
I?????? a ?? ???a,
? ??a 0.03 0.16 0.45 0,85
I???y ?ey ??e,%
Ia ??a ?y ??:
A????e 0.1 0.7 0.7 –
E???e – 0.35 0.35 0.35
N?????e e ???? – 3.2 4.00 5.0
Ii ????e ???y ???y ????ay ?? ??? ???????ue ????eyi, ?e???? ??.
E???? N????a
N?o y??a:
? 0,8 ? ?eth????, %, ? ??a 75,0
??a 0,8 ? 1,2 ? ?eth????, %, ? ??a 25,0
A??e e ??? ??a:
??e ? I
? 0,8 ? ?eth????, %, ? ??a 70,0
??a 1,2 ? ?eth????, %, ? ??a 10,0
??e ? 1
? 1,2 ? ?eth????, %, ? ??a 85,0
??a 2,5 ? ?eth????, %, ? ??a 3,0
??e ? 2
? 2,5 ? ?eth????, %, ? ??a 90,0
??a 4,0 ? ?eth????, %, ? ??a 5,0
??e ? 3
? 4,0 ? ?eth????, %, ? ??a 85,0
??a 4,0 ? ?eth????, %, ? ??a 15,0
Aeey ???a ???, ?a a ???? ?? ????ny ???a??i ??, a oe?yo ?????? ?????e
y?????i ??i ???atho ?? n ???? e?a (?????ay ??). A ?/a?? ???e ????tho
??ae ??y e ??o ??y. I???y ?ey ?? a ??e ?? ???ey? (40+15) ?a/a, ?i
??????o (40±15)10-4%.
I????th ?? ???eytho ? ????? a ???, ???th a ????? ?e a ???o. Ia ???ey?yo
?? ??yo a ??e??? ????? — ?????eyo ?e a ????, y??o n ????. Ia ?????? ??
????o a ?? ???ue?i???i ????.
I???i
(AINO ? 5217— 03). I???i — ???e ???o, ????a ???? i????y? ??e ???????oth
y???th ????? ?? «?? a ??» ?e «ae? a ??», ??????oth ??????, a ????o ???e
??yo ?????i?e ?? ?e ??i e ?? (???) n ?????i y?????a, ??, ???, ????a,
??????? e ??? ?????a. AE??ie ???e ??? a ???? ???? (65—75 % e ??e ??a
???e ???e), e ???? ???ytho ?????a ????ue?a e? ???? ??a.
I??i ??????? ????th ?e ??e?i ????atho n ??th ???ey ???? ???? ??a e ???a,
????i ???a? ??o. ????? ?????, ? ???-??/??a ????, ??y??? ??? e ???o e
????i ???i?i ??a. I???? ? y??????e ???? ?????otho, a ? ?????a ????y e
??????e ??? e ????? ??o. E???? ???u e ???? A a ????? ????ue? ???, ?i a
????i ??a, a ????? ??????ny a ?? ??ia.
????tho ????u ???a, iy?? e ???. Aeey ???a???i ?????? i?????? ????u ??e
IO (???e), II (iy??) e IAEI (???).Aeey ?????? ???o ???e ????tho ???? ??e
ION.
O??? 4 «I???????? n?e?? ????a ????o ???
Ia?ea ia?aa?eiaAeon e caiaoEiinenoaioeey e aiaoiee
aeaeOeaaoIO,ION,IOEAeon e caiao /enoua, n i?eaeonii e caiaoii aaaaeaiiuo
ieuaaeoniauo e a?iiaoe/aneeo aeiaaaie a niioaaonoaee n OAe ia ia?aa?ei
eiie?aoiiai iaeiaiiaaiey. Iinoi?iiiea i?eaeonu e caiaoe ia
aeiioneathony.I?e oaiia?aoo?a 20±2 0N
Eiinenoaioeey ieanoe/iay,ieioiay,iaeii?iaeiay;
i?e aaaaeaiee aeoniauo aeiaaaie aeiioneaaony iaaeouayny.
Iiaa?oiinoue n?aca aeanoyuay eee neaaiaeanoyuay, nooay ia aeae; i?e
aaaaeaiee ieuaaeoniauo aeiaaaie aeiioneaaony iaoiaay.Io naaoei-aeaeoiai
aei aeaeoiai, iaeii?iaeiue ii anae ianna eee iaoneiaeaiiue aaaaeaiiuie
aeiaaaeaie, a niioaaonoaee n IAe eee OAe ia ia?aa?ei eiie?aoiiai
iaeiaiiaaiey
O??? 5 «O??i-????? ???? ?????»
Iaeiaiiaaiea iieacaoaeyIi?ia aeey ia?aa?eiia
ia?ieoaa?aeuoiyaeeoaeeaeeeoIOIOEIONIIIAEEIAEIIanniaay aeiey aee?a,%39.0
– 84.039.0-82.060.0-95.0Ianniaay aeiey aeaae,% ia
aieaa61.040.0Oaiia?aoo?a ieaaeaiey aee?a, auaeaeaiiiai ec ia?aa?eia,0N27
– 3836-4425-3617-38Ianniaay aeiey niee,%0 – 1.5Eeneioiinoue ia?aa?eia,E
ia aieaa2.5Ia?aeeniia /enei a aee?a, auaeaeaiiii ec ia?aa?eia iieue
aeoeaiiai eenei?iaea/ea,ia aieaa:
I?e auionea n i?aaei?eyoey
A eiioea n?iea aiaeiinoe
5
10
A ????? ??????o ???e ? ??? ??yo ??a?i n ???? ??e ?? ? ??a 82 %. I?
??????e ?????, o ???o y? ???? ???ey? ??a 82 %, ????yo ????? ????e a
?????? n O???y? e ????? ? ??????a ???y ? ?????iy??? ??y.
AE?u ?y ????e, ???a??e e ??????e ????i??e. AE?u ?y ????e, e?????e e
??????e ?i?????e (AINO 28414—89) ?a???ytho ??e ????a ??e ??a, ???a ??o
????ue ???a ????, ??e???a ??a, ??y???????? e ???? ??, y????? e ???
?????.
A ??????e ??????? ???ytho ??oth?a ??: ?? ??? ??????e, ????? — «O?oth??»,
«O?????, «A?????», «N?i ??????».
AE? ??? ??i???? ?e ?????a 18 °N ??o ????oth ????th ?????eth, ???-??? ??
(?y ??????i — ? ???-????i ? ???i?), ?????e ? ?? ??a; ?? i????e,
?????oth?e ??????o ??, ?e ???? ??????? — n ?i??i ???e. I???y ?ey ?? a
???? ? ??a 99,7 %, ??e e ???o ???a — ? ??a 0,3 %; ????a ??i — ? ??a 0,8
? UeNII/a ????. Y?o ?? a ??????e ??????? ???c??i ?y ???e, a ????o ???o
a??o ????.
ss?a e y??a ????
ss?a e ???? ? ?????? ??? ???yth?y a ?i????a ????, ???? e ???o ???e. ss?a
? ??i???? ???ey?yo ???ytho a ???? ???a. O??a e ???a y?a ?????y ??e???ue
??? ?e ????a?e ????/?o ???o e ??? ?????? ???e (???e, ??u, ???e, ???y).
E??? y?a ?atho ??o 40…60 a. A ????? ??????o ???e ??a 1 y?a ??e??ny ?
40 a, a 25 y? — ? 1 ?.
E?e?a ???a y?a ??? ???????ue ????eyi AINO 27583-88.
Aeey ?????? ?????e ????tho y?a ???a ???a ? ??? ???ey ? ??a 25 ?o e y?a,
????any a ??????o ? ??a 120 ?o.
I???u y??a (AINO 30363—96) a?th?tho ??ea e ??a y??a ????, ?????i? ? ???o
y? e ???c???? ?y ???o ??e. E ??? ????i ??nyo ?e???? ?e ????a ???, ??? e
??e. E ??i — ??? (y??e ???e), ???, ??e.
AE??a y??a ???? — y? ????? ???? ?c ???? ????, ???, ???a a ????i ??iy?e,
?ae?a a ?????i e ??????i ??iy?e, ?e y?i ?e?e — ??? e ???e, ??????, ??e —
??????a?e. Oe?o ???a e ??? ? ???i ? i????i, ??a — ? ???-???i ? ???-????.
N?? y??a ???? — ???????a ?e a ?? ?a?e, ???e ??i ???ath?y ?e ?????? ???i.
Oe?o ???a (y??? ???a) ? ???-???i ? ?a???i, ??a — ? ??? ? ?????i.
Ii ???-????? ????eyi y??a i???u ??? ???? ????eyi, ??????? a ??. 6.
O??? 6 «I???????? i????e y??o ?????
I?aaiieaioe/aneea iieacaoaeeAeae ye/iiai i?iaeoeoaAEeaeeeeNooieAiaoiee
aeae e eiinenoaioeeyIaeii?iaeiue i?iaeoeo aac iinoi?iiieo i?eianaeAac
ineieeia nei?eoiu, ieaiie, oaa?aeue a ii?iaeaiiii ninoiyiee,aeeaeeee a
ioeaaeaeaiiii e ?acii?iaeaiiii ninoiyiee, i?e yoii aeaeoie- aonoie e
oaeo/ee,iai?ic?a/iue
Aaeie- naaoii?iieoeaaiueIi?ioeiia?aciue eee a aeaea a?aioe, eiii/ee
eaaei ?ac?ooathony i?e iaaeaaeeaaiee iaeueoeaiOeaaoIaeaiaea e aeaeoeaIo
aeaeoiai aei i?aiaeaaiaiIo naaoei-aeaeoiai aei i?aiaeaaiaiaaeeaIo
naaoei- aeaeoiai aei naaoei-caeaiiaiIo aaeiai aei aeaeoiaaoiaiCaiao,
aeon e i?eaeonAnoanoaaiiue,ye/iue, aac iinoi?iiiaai caiaoa
O??? 7 «O??i-????? ???? y??o ?????
Aeae i?iaeoeoaIanniaay aeiey,%, ia iaiaaIanniaay aeiey naiaiaeiuo
aee?iuo eeneio a aee?a, a ia?an/aoa ia ieaeiiaoth,% ia
aieaa?anoai?e-iinoue ,%Eiioeaio?aoeey aiaei?iaeiuo eiiia pHNooiai
aauanoaaaee?aAaeeiauo aauanoaAEeaeeee:
Iaeaiae
AEaeoie
Aaeie
Nooie:
Iaeaiae
AEaeoie
aaeie
25.0
46.0
11.8
91.5
95.0
91.0
10.0
27.0
–
35.0
50.0
–
10.0
15.0
11.0
45.0
35.0
85.0
–
–
–
4.0
4.0
–
–
–
–
Ia iaiaa 85.0
Ia iaiaa 40.0
Ia iaiaa 90.0
Ia iaiaa 7.0
Ia iaiaa 5.9
Ia iaiaa 8.0
–
–
Ia iaiaa 7.0
A? ?? ??? y??o ????a ????otho n ???oth?i ?????i ? ?????u ? ?? 6 0N.
O????? a ??? ??? ?????o y??o ????a ??? ?? ? ????o ? -6 ? -10 °N, ?y
?????o ? ??a 6 0N.
O?a, ?????a ????u e ?????ua ???? ??? ?????? ?????ue e ???? ?ae y??o
????a. ss??a ???? ????atho a ??oth ?ooth ???????th ??, ?????th ???ie
A??iy????? ???e ?y ?i ??a n ???? ?????. Aeey ??o y??o ????a ?? ??? ??
????????e (?y ???????) e ???? ???o io ??e e ??e.
N?? y??a ???? ??yo a ??o ???, ??? ??e???? ????yo ?e ??????e ????e ???a ?
??a 75 % e ?????a ? ?? 20 °N ? a?? 6 ?n; ?e ??a??? ? ?? 2 °N — ? ??a 2
?o.
AE??a y??a ???? ??yo a ??uo, ??? ???e??? ????yo i? ?????a ? ?? 5 °N ?
??a 24 /, a ?i ??a ? ???ey?e-?????? ? ??a 6 /.
I???? y??a ???? ??yo ?e ?????a ? ?? -18 °N ? ??a 15 ?n, ?e ?????a ? ??
-12 °N — ? ??a 10 ?n, ?e ?????a ? ?? -?N — ? ??a 6 ?n. Npoe ???? ??????o
??????ue.
N??
A oeaaiia/aiee i?eiaiytho naoa?-ianie e naoa?ioth ioae?o, eiee/anoai
eioi?uo ii?aaeaeyaony AINO 21 —94 e AINO 22—94. Naoa?-ianie aeiaaaeytho
a oanoi i?e ecaioiaeaiee aoei/iuo e naeiaiuo ecaeaeee a eiee/anoaa
2,5…30 % e ianna ioee, naoa?ioth ioae?o eniieuecotho aeey ioaeaeee
iiaa?oiinoe naeiaiuo ecaeaeee.
Naoa?-ianie ieacuaaao nouanoaaiiia aeeyiea ia ea/anoai oanoa e aioiaiai
oeaaa. Ii ?acaeeaeaao oanoi, iiyoiio iaaei aeaeaoue iii?aaeo ia
eiee/anoai aiineiie aiaeu; aai aeiaaaeaiea a iaaieueoii eiee/anoaa (aei
10 % e ianna ioee) onei?yao a?iaeaiea oanoa, a i?e iiauoaiiie aeice?iaea
oaiaoaao.
Aiaea
Ea/anoai ieoueaaie aiaeu ii?aaeaeyaony AINO 2874—90. Ia eaaeaeii
oeaaicaaiaea aeieaeiu auoue caianu oieiaeiie e ai?y/ae aiaeu,
?ann/eoaiiua niioaaonoaaiii ia 8 / e ia 4 / ?aaiou i?aaei?eyoey. Aeey
i?eaioiaeaiey oanoa ia 100 ea ioee ?anoiaeotho io 35 aei 75 e ieoueaaie
aiaeu. [3]
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