NAIA?NEAss AINOAeA?NOAAIIAss YEIIIIE*ANEAss AEAAeAIEss
Eaoaae?a “Yeiiiieea i?iiuoeaiiinoe”
Eiio?ieueiay ?aaioa
ii eo?no: Yeiiiieea i?aaei?eyoee
ia oaio: Iniiaiie eaieoae i?aaei?eyoey.
auiieieea: nooaeaioea oaeoeueoaoa aoi?iai aunoaai ia?aciaaiey,
niaoeeaeueiinoe oeiainu e e?aaeeo, 4 eo?na
Oaiiaaeiaa Aaeeia Ay/aneaaiaia
i?eiye: Ce?eei Aiaoieee Eaaiiae/.
a. Naia?a 1998 aiae
Niaea?aeaiea.
Aaaaeaiea.
Iniiaiie eaieoae i?aaei?eyoey, aai ninoaa e no?oeoo?a.
Ioeaiea e o/?o iniiaiiai eaieoaea.
Eciin e aii?oecaoeey iniiaiiai eaieoaea. Eeceia iniiaiiai eaieoaea.
Iieacaoaee eniieueciaaiey iniiaiiai eaieoaea.
Caeeth/aiea. (. Aaaaeaiea.
Aaconeiaii, /oiau i?ienoiaeeei ii?iaeueiia ooieoeeiie?iaaiea
i?aaei?eyoey, iaiaoiaeeii iaee/ea ii?aaeae?iiuo n?aaenoa e enoi/ieeia.
Iniiaiua i?iecaiaenoaaiiua oiiaeu, ninoiyuea ec caeaiee, nii?oaeaiee,
iaoei, iai?oaeiaaiey e ae?oaeo n?aaenoa o?oaea, eioi?ua o/anoaotho a
i?ioeanna i?iecaiaenoaa, yaeythony naiie aeaaiie iniiaie aeayoaeueiinoe
oe?iu. Aac eo iaee/ey a?yae ee iiaei /oi-eeai inouanoaeoueny.
?aoeeiiaeueiia e yeiiiiiia eniieueciaaiea iniiaiuo oiiaeia yaeyaony
ia?aii/a?aaeiie caaea/ae i?aaei?eyoey.
Eiay yniia i?aaenoaaeaiea i eaaeaeii yeaiaioa iniiaiuo oiiaeia a
i?iecaiaenoaaiiii i?ioeanna, i eo oece/aneii e ii?aeueiii eciina, i
oaeoi?ao, eioi?ua aeeytho ia eniieueciaaiea iniiaiuo oiiaeia, iiaeii
auyaeoue iaoiaeu, i?e iiiiue eioi?uo iiauoaaony yooaeoeaiinoue
eniieueciaaiey iniiaiuo oiiaeia e i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo iiuiinoae
i?aaei?eyoey, iaania/eaathuay nieaeaiea ecaea?aeae i?iecaiaenoaa e,
eiia/ii, ?ino i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe o?oaea. ((. Iniiaiie eaieoae
i?aaei?eyoey, aai ninoaa e no?oeoo?a.
Iniiaiie eaieoae – yoi aeaiaaeiay ioeaiea iniiaiuo oiiaeia.
Iniiaiua oiiaeu i?iiuoeaiiiai i?aaei?eyoey i?aaenoaaeytho niaie
niaieoiiinoue iaoa?eaeueii-aauanoaaiiuo oeaiiinoae, nicaeaiiuo
iauanoaaiiui o?oaeii, aeeeoaeueii o/anoaothueo a i?ioeanna i?iecaiaenoaa
a iaeciaiiie iaoo?aeueiie oi?ia e ia?aiinyuea naith noieiinoue ia
ecaioiaeaiioth i?iaeoeoeeth ii /anoyi ii ia?a eciina.
Nouanoaoao ianeieueei eeanneoeeaoeee iniiaiuo oiiaeia.
A caaeneiinoe io oa?aeoa?a o/anoey iniiaiuo oiiaeia a noa?a
iaoa?eaeueiiai i?iecaiaenoaa iie iiae?acaeaeythony ia:
i?iecaiaenoaaiiua iniiaiua oiiaeu (iaoeiu, iai?oaeiaaiea,
aeae?ioaoie/aneea nii?oaeaiey – ieioeiu, eaiaeu, aiaei?iu; o?ainii?oiua
nii?oaeaiey – iinou, aei?iae, oiiiaee; yeaeo?inaoe, o?oaii?iaiaeu e
ae?.). Iie ooieoeeiie?otho a i?ioeanna i?iecaiaenoaa, iinoiyiii
o/anoaotho a i?i, eciaoeaathony iinoaiaiii, ia?aiiny naith noieiinoue ia
aioiaue i?iaeoeo, iiiieiythony iie ca n/?o eaieoaeueiuo aeiaeaiee;
iai?iecaiaenoaaiiua iniiaiua oiiaeu (aeeeua aeiia, aeaoneea naaeu,
oeieu, aaie, i?a/a/iua e ae?. iauaeou auoiaiai e eoeueoo?iiai
iacia/aiey, cae?aaiio?aiaiey e o.ae.).Iie i?aaeiacia/aiu aeey
ianeoaeeaaiey i?ioeanna i?iecaiaenoaa, e iiyoiio a i?i iaiin?aaenoaaiii
ia o/anoaotho, e ia ia?aiinyo naiae noieiinoe ia i?iaeoeo, iioiio /oi ii
ia i?iecaiaeeony; aini?iecaiaeyony iie ca n/?o iaoeeiiaeueiiai aeioiaea.
Iniiaiua oiiaeu – aaaeiaeoay e i?aiaeaaeathuay /anoue anao oiiaeia a
i?iiuoeaiiinoe (eiathony a aeaeo iniiaiua e iai?ioiua oiiaeu, a oaeaea
oiiaeu ia?auaiey). Iie ii?aaeaeytho i?iecaiaenoaaiioth iiuue
i?aaei?eyoee, oa?aeoa?ecotho eo oaoie/aneoth iniau?iiinoue,
iaiin?aaenoaaiii naycaiu n i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoueth o?oaea,
iaoaiecaoeeae, aaoiiaoecaoeeae i?iecaiaenoaa, naaanoieiinoueth
i?iaeoeoeee, i?eaueueth e o?iaiai ?aioaaaeueiinoe.
Niaeanii nouanoaothuae eeanneoeeaoeee iniiaiua oiiaeu i?iiuoeaiiinoe ii
naiaio ninoaao a caaeneiinoe io oeaeaaiai iacia/aiey e auiieiyaiuo
ooieoeee iiae?acaeaeythony ia neaaeothuea aeaeu:
caeaiey;
nii?oaeaiey;
ia?aaeaoi/iua ono?ienoaa;
iaoeiu e iai?oaeiaaiea, a oii /enea:
neeiaua;
?aai/ea;
ecia?eoaeueiua e ?aaoee?othuea i?aaeiaou;
au/eneeoaeueiay oaoieea;
i?i/ea.
o?ainii?oiua n?aaenoaa;
eino?oiaiou;
i?iecaiaenoaaiiue eiaaioa?ue e i?eiaaeeaaeiinoe;
i?i/ea iniiaiua oiiaeu (?aai/ee neio, iiiaieaoiea ianaaeaeaiey).
Eaaeaeay a?oiia ninoieo ec iiiaeanoaa ?aciiia?aciuo n?aaenoa o?oaea. A
a?oiia caeaiey auaeaeytho o?e iiaea?oiiu: i?iecaiaenoaaiiua caeaiey,
iai?iecaiaenoaaiiua caeaiey e aeeeue?. Nii?oaeaiey aeaeyony ia
iiaecaiiua, iaooyiua e aaciaua neaaaeeiu, ai?iua au?aaioee. E
ia?aaeaoi/iui ono?ienoaai ioiinyo o?oaii?iaiaeu e aiaeii?iaiaeu. Neeiaua
iaoeiu yoi oo?aeiu, yeaeo?iaeaeaaoaee. ?aai/ea iaoeiu e iai?oaeiaaiea
iiae?acaeaeythony a caaeneiinoe io io?aneae eniieueciaaiey. Eino?oiaiou
e eiaaioa?ue o/eouaathony a ninoaaa iniiaiuo oiiaeia oieueei a oii
neo/aa, anee iie neoaeao aieueoa iaeiiai aiaea e noiyo aieueoa 300
?oaeae5 ( anee iaiueoa – oi yoi oaea iaeioeaiiua e auno?ieciaoeaathueany
i?aaeiaou e aeeth/athony a ninoaa iai?ioiuo oiiaeia).
Caeaiey e nii?oaeaiey i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai iacia/aiey, ia?aaeaoi/iua
ono?ienoaa, iaoeiu e iai?oaeiaaiea, o?ainii?oiua n?aaenoaa oi?ie?otho
iniiaiua oiiaeu i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai iacia/aiey.
Niioiioaiea ioaeaeueiuo a?oii iniiaiuo oiiaeia a eo iauai iau?ia
i?aaenoaaeyao niaie aeaeiaoth (i?iecaiaenoaaiioth) no?oeoo?o iniiaiuo
oiiaeia. A caaeneiinoe io iaiin?aaenoaaiiiai o/anoey a i?iecaiaenoaaiiii
i?ioeanna i?iecaiaenoaaiiua iniiaiua oiiaeu iiae?acaeaeythony ia:
aeoeaiua (ianeoaeeaatho ?aoathuea o/anoee i?iecaiaenoaa e oa?aeoa?ecotho
i?iecaiaenoaaiiua aiciiaeiinoe i?aaei?eyoey) e ianneaiua (caeaiey,
nii?oaeaiey, eiaaioa?ue, iaania/eaathuea ii?iaeueiia ooieoeeiie?iaaiea
aeoeaiuo yeaiaioia iniiaiuo oiiaeia).
A iniiaiii, ianna i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo iniiaiuo oiiaeia a i?iiuoeaiiinoe
nin?aaeioi/aia a aeoeaiie /anoe.
Ninoaa e no?oeoo?a iniiaiuo oiiaeia caaenyo io iniaaiiinoae
niaoeeaeecaoeee io?anee, oaoiieiaee e i?aaiecaoeee i?iecaiaenoaa,
oaoie/aneie iniau?iiinoe. No?oeoo?a iniiaiuo oiiaeia iiaeao auoue
?acee/ia ii io?aneyi i?iiuoeaiiinoe e aioo?e ioaeaeueiie io?anee a nayce
n oaie aea i?e/eiaie.
Aeey eo/oaai eniieueciaaiey iniiaiuo oiiaeia a i?ioeanna eo
yenieoaoaoeee iaiaoiaeeii aanoe /?oeee o/?o iaee/ey e aeaeaeaiey
iniiaiuo oiiaeia ia i?aaei?eyoee. Yoio o/?o aeieaeai iaania/eoue ciaiea
iauae aaee/eiu iniiaiuo oiiaeia, eo aeeiaieee, noaiaie eo aeeyiey ia
o?iaaiue ecaea?aeae i?iecaiaenoaa e ae?oaea.
(((((Ioeaiea e o/?o iniiaiiai eaieoaea.
O/?o iniiaiuo oiiaeia a aeaiaaeiii au?aaeaiee i?iecaiaeeony aeey
onoaiiaeaiey niaoeaaaiinoe iniiaiuo oiiaeia i?iiuoeaiiinoe e ia/eneaiey
aeaiaaeiuo noii niioaaonoaaiii niaoeaaaiinoe (aii?oecaoeeiiiua
io/eneaiey), aeey o/?oa aeeiaieee, no?oeoo?u iniiaiuo oiiaeia,
ii?aaeaeaiey naaanoieiinoe i?iaeoeoeee e ?aioaaaeueiinoe i?aaei?eyoee.
A nayce n aeeeoaeueiinoueth ooieoeeiie?iaaiey iniiaiuo oiiaeia, eo
iinoaiaiiui niaoeaaieai e eciaiaieai ca yoi a?aiy oneiaee
aini?iecaiaenoaa nouanoaoao ianeieueei iaoiaeia aeey ioeaiee iniiaiuo
oiiaeia: ii ia?aiia/aeueiie (aaeainiaie), ainnoaiiaeoaeueiie,
inoaoi/iie, eeeaeaeaoeeiiiie e n?aaeiaaiaeiaie noieiinoe iniiaiuo
oiiaeia.
Ia?aiia/aeueiay noieiinoue iniiaiuo oiiaeia – yoi noieiinoue (oeaia)
i?eia?aoaiey aeaiiiai aeaea iniiaiuo oiiaeia; o?ainii?oiua ?anoiaeu ia
aeinoaaeo; noieiinoue iiioaaea, iaeaaeee e o.i. Yoa noieiinoue
au?aaeaaony a oeaiao, aeaenoaiaaaoeo a iiiaio i?eia?aoaiey aeaiiiai
iauaeoa, e ia iniiaaiee a? aaee/eiu noieiinoe ia i?aaei?eyoeyo
i?ienoiaeyo ?aaeno?aoeey yeaiaioia iniiaiuo oiiaeia, o/?o eo ia aaeaina
i?aaei?eyoey, aneaaenoaea /aai iia au? iacuaaaony aaeainiaie
noieiinoueth iniiaiuo oiiaeia.
A nayce n aeeeoaeueiinoueth i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai ooieoeeiie?iaaiey e iiae
aeeyieai ?inoa i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe o?oaea oeaia iniiaiuo oiiaeia,
nicaeaiiuo a ?aciia a?aiy, iiaeao nieaeaoueny (yoi aiciiaeii a
ii?iaeueiuo yeiiiie/aneeo oneiaeyo, i?e ieceii i?ioeaioa eioeyoeee).
Aeey ono?aiaiey eneaaeathuaai aeeyiey oeaiiaiai oaeoi?a
iniiaiua oiiaeu ioeaieaatho ii eo ainnoaiiaeoaeueiie noieiinoe, oi anoue
ii noieiinoe eo i?iecaiaenoaa a oneiaeyo naaiaeiyoiaai aeiy.
Aeey ii?aaeaeaiey ainnoaiiaeoaeueiie noieiinoe ?aaoey?ii i?iecaiaeyony
ia?aioeaiee iniiaiuo oiiaeia n iiiiuueth aeaoo iniiaiuo iaoiaeia: 1)
ioo?i eiaeaenaoeee eo aaeainiaie noieiinoe; 2) ioo?i i?yiiai ia?an/?oa
aaeainiaie noieiinoe i?eiaieoaeueii e oeaiai, neeaaeuaathueiny ia 1
yiaa?y i/a?aaeiiai aiaea.
A nia?aiaiiuo oneiaeyo i?e aunieii o?iaia eioeyoeee eae ieeiaaea ?aiueoa
aicieeaao iaiaoiaeeiinoue ia?eiaee/aneie ia?aioeaiee iniiaiuo oiiaeia e
ii?aaeaeaiey eo ainnoaiiaeoaeueiie noieiinoe, niioaaonoaothuae ?aaeueiui
yeiiiie/aneei ianoiyoaeuenoaai.
Iaeiaei i?e oaeii iaoiaea, eae e i?e ioeaiea ii ia?aiia/aeueiie
noieiinoe, iaeuecy onoaiiaeoue noaiaiue eciioaiiinoe iniiaiuo oiiaeia.
Aianoa n oai oaeay ioeaiea i?aaenoaaeyao cia/eoaeueioth neiaeiinoue
ec-ca iaiaoiaeeiie ia?aioeaiee anao yeaiaioia iniiaiuo oiiaeia. Iiyoiio
oaeay ioeaiea inouanoaeyaony eeoue ia?eiaee/anee.
Inoaoi/iay noieiinoue i?aaenoaaeyao niaie ?acieoeo iaaeaeo
ia?aiia/aeueiie noieiinoueth e ia/eneaiiui eciinii (noieiinoue iniiaiuo
oiiaeia, ia ia?aian?iiay ia aioiaue i?iaeoeo). Aeey aaiaeeiuo a
yenieoaoaoeeth iiauo i?aaei?eyoee ioeaiea iniiaiuo oiiaeia ii yoiio
iaoiaeo niaiaaeaao n ioeaieie ii ia?aiia/aeueiie noieiinoe. Aeey
aeaenoaothueo – aoaeao iaiueoa ia?aiia/aeueiie noieiinoe ia aaee/eio
eciina iniiaiuo oiiaeia.
Iia iicaieyao noaeeoue i noaiaie eciioaiiinoe n?aaenoa o?oaea,
ieaie?iaaoue iaiiaeaiea e ?aiiio iniiaiuo oiiaeia. Anoue aeaa aeaea
inoaoi/iie noieiinoe: 1) iia ii?aaeaeyaony ii ia?aiia/aeueiie noieiinoe,
ii?aaeaeyaiie ii ia?a ia/eneaiey aii?oecaoeee, 2) ii ainnoaiiaeoaeueiie
noieiinoe, ii?aaeaeyaiie yenia?oiui ioo?i a i?ioeanna ia?aioeaiee
n?aaenoa o?oaea.
Ioeaiea ii ainnoaiiaeoaeueiie noieiinoe n o/?oii eciina aea?o
aiciiaeiinoue ii?aaeaeeoue oaeoe/aneoth noieiinoue nouanoaothueo
iniiaiuo oiiaeia, a oaeaea n?aaieaaoue iau?iu iniiaiuo oiiaeia
ioaeaeueiuo i?aaei?eyoee io?anee i?iiuoeaiiinoe.
Eeeaeaeaoeeiiiay noieiinoue – yoi noieiinoue ?aaeecaoeee eciioaiiuo e
niyouo n i?iecaiaenoaa iniiaiuo oiiaeia (/anoi yoi oeaia eiia).
N?aaeiaaiaeiaay noieiinoue iniiaiuo oiiaeia ii?aaeaeyaony ia iniiaa
ia?aiia/aeueiie noieiinoe n o/?oii eo aaiaea e eeeaeaeaoeee ii
neaaeothuae oi?ioea:
On=Oi(a) + Oaa **I/12 – Oe(12-I)/12,
aaea On- n?aaeiaaiaeiaay noieiinoue iniiaiuo oiiaeia;
Oi(a)- ia?aiia/aeueiay (aaeainiaay) noieiinoue iniiaiuo oiiaeia;
Oaa – noieiinoue aaaae?iiuo oiiaeia;
*I – /enei ianyoeaa ooieoeeiie?iaaiey aaaae?iiuo iniiaiuo oiiaeia;
Oe – eeeaeaeaoeeiiiay noieiinoue;
I- eiee/anoai ianyoeaa ooieoeeiie?iaaiey auauaoeo iniiaiuo
oiiaeia.
Aeaiaaeiay ioeaiea iniiaiuo oiiaeia io?aaeaaony a o/?oa ii
ia?aiia/aeueiie (aaeainiaie), ainnoaiiaeoaeueiie, iieiie e inoaoi/iie
noieiinoe.
((((Eciin e aii?oecaoeey iniiaiiai eaieoaea. Eeceia iniiaiiai eaieoaea.
Iniiaiua oiiaeu iiaeaa?aathony oece/aneiio e ii?aeueiiio eciino eae a
i?ioeanna eo eniieueciaaiey, oae e i?e aacaeaenoaee. A iineaaeiai neo/aa
oece/aneee eciin iniiaiuo oiiaeia caeeth/aaony a iioa?a eie naienoa iiae
aeeyieai aoiinoa?iuo oneiaee, a oaeaea a ?acoeueoaoa aioo?aiieo
i?ioeannia, i?ienoiaeyueo a no?iaiee iaoa?eaea, ec eioi?iai iie
ecaioiaeaiu.
I?e oece/aneii eciina i?ienoiaeeo oo?aoa iniiaiuie oiiaeaie eo
iio?aaeoaeueiie noieiinoe, o.a. oooaeoaiea oaoieei-yeiiiie/aneeo e
nioeeaeueiuo oa?aeoa?enoee iiae aicaeaenoaeai i?ioeanna o?oaea, nee
i?e?iaeu, a oaeaea aneaaenoaea iaeniieueciaaiey iniiaiuo oiiaeia.
Cia/eoaeueiay aeiey onoa?aaoeo iniiaiuo oiiaeia a i?iecaiaenoaa aucuaaao
nouanoaaiiua iioa?e, oae eae, ai-ia?auo, noa?aiea iai?oaeiaaiey o?aaoao
oaaee/aiey aeiaeaiey n?aaenoa a eaieoaeueiue ?aiiio aeey iiaeaea?aeaiey
aai a ?aai/ai ninoiyiee; ai-aoi?uo, onoa?aaoaa i?iecaiaenoai ia eiaao
aiciiaeiinoe eniieueciaaoue iiaoth oaoieeo – ii e?aeiae ia?a
iieiinoueth. Aneaaenoaea yoiai iau?i i?iaeoeoeee e oneoa oiaiueoaaony.
Ia ?acia?u oece/aneie niaoeaaaiinoe iniiaiuo oiiaeia a i?ioeanna eo
eniieueciaaiey aeeytho iiiaea oaeoi?u, a o./.:
noaiaiue iaa?ocee iniiaiuo oiiaeia a i?iecaiaenoaaiiii i?ioeanna.
Iaeiaei, iaaei o/eouaaoue, /oi iiauoaiea noaiaie iaa?ocee iniiaiuo
oiiaeia yeiiiie/anee oeaeaniia?acii, o.e. niinianoaoao eo/oaio
eniieueciaaieth iniiaiuo oiiaeia e nieaeaieth naaanoieiinoe i?iaeoeoeee,
oae eae ia aaeeieoeo i?iaeoeoeee i?eoiaeeony iaiueoay /anoue eciina
iniiaiuo oiiaeia.
ea/anoai iniiaiuo oiiaeia; yaeyaony ee iai?oaeiaaiea noaoeeiia?ii
onoaiiaeaiiui eee ia?aiiniui, – ia?aiiniia niaoeaaaony auno?aa.
iniaaiiinoe oaoiieiae/aneiai i?ioeanna e noaiaiue caueou iniiaiuo
oiiaeia io aeeyiey aiaoieo oneiaee;
ea/anoai ooiaea ca iniiaiuie oiiaeaie;
no?iaia niaethaeaiea oaoiieiae/aneeo ?aaeeiia, oaoie/anee a?aiioiay
yenieoaoaoeey iaoei e iai?oaeiaaiey.
Iaoeiu, noaiee e ae?. aeaeu iniiaiuo oiiaeia ia oieueei oece/anee
niaoeaathony, ii e noaiiayony ionoaeuie ii naiae oaoie/aneie
oa?aeoa?enoeea e yeiiiie/aneie yooaeoeaiinoe. Iie iiaeaa?aathony
ii?aeueiiio eciino.
?acee/atho aeaa oi?iu ii?aeueiiai eciina:
ia?aay au?aaeaao oiaiueoaiea noieiinoe iaoeiu eee iai?oaeiaaiey aac
niioaaonoaothuaai oece/aneiai eciina aneaaenoaea oaeaoaaeaiey eo
aini?iecaiaenoaa;
aoi?ay – oiaiueoaiea noieiinoe a ?acoeueoaoa aiaae?aiey iiauo aieaa
i?iecaiaeeoaeueiuo iaoei eee iai?oaeiaaiey, iaoneiaeaiiiai ia
oiaiueoaieai i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe eee iiuiinoe, a oai /oi aeaeueiaeoay
yenieoaoaoeey noa?uo iaoei ii n?aaiaieth n iiauie i?eaiaeeo e aieueoei
ecaea?aeeai i?iecaiaenoaa.
Ii?aeueiue eciin ia?aiai aeaea naycai ia n i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoueth n?iea
neoaeau iai?oaeiaaiey, ia ni noaiaiueth aai oece/aneiai eciina, a n
oaiiaie oaoie/aneiai i?ia?anna, i?eaiaeyuaai e nieaeaieth noieiinoe
ecaioiaeaiey i?iaeoeoeee aneaaenoaea ?inoa i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe o?oaea a
io?anee, i?iecaiaeyuae iiaua iniiaiua oiiaeu.
I?e ii?aeueiii eciina ia?aiai aeaea iio?aaeoaeueiay noieiinoue iniiaiuo
oiiaeia ia eciaiyaony. A iiauo iaoeiao, aiaeiae/iuo i?aaeiei, iao
ieeaeeo eiino?oeoeaiuo eciaiaiee; i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue iai?oaeiaaiey
oaeaea inoa?ony i?aaeiae. Eciaiyaony eeoue ainnoaiiaeoaeueiay noieiinoue
iniiaiuo oiiaeia.
Aaaeiui yaeyaony i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiea ii?aeueiiai eciina oiiaeia.
I?aaeoi?aaeaeaiea ii?aeueiiai eciina iniiaiuo oiiaeia, i?aaeaea anaai
ioiineony e eo ianneaiie /anoe: caeaieyi, nii?oaeaieyi, eiiioieeaoeeyi.
Iie iaiiiai aieaa aeieaiaa/iu, /ai iai?oaeiaaiea. Iiyoiio a eo ?aoaieyo
aeieaeia auoue o/oaia iineaaeothuay caiaia oaoiieiaee e iai?oaeiaaiey.
I?aaeeueiia onoaiiaeaiea noaiaie eciina iniiaiuo oiiaeia eiaao aaaeiia
cia/aiea aeey ii?aaeaeaiey ainnoaiiaeoaeueiie noieiinoe iniiaiuo oiiaeia
e ?acia?a aii?oecaoeeiiiuo io/eneaiee, eioi?ua yeiiiie/anee aiciauatho
eciin.
Eciin iniiaiuo oiiaeia ii?aaeaeyaony e o/eouaaaony anaie i?aaei?eyoeyie
iacaaeneii io oi?i nianoaaiiinoe ii anai aeaeai iniiaiuo oiiaeia,
iacaaeneii ia/eneyaony ii iei aii?oecaoeey eee iao.
Ii ioaeaeueiui iauaeoai iniiaiuo oiiaeia noiia eciina onoaiaaeeaaaony ii
ia?a iaiaoiaeeiinoe ia iniiaaiee eiathueony a eiaaioa?iuo ea?oi/eao
aeaiiuo i ia?aiia/aeueiie eee ainnoaiiaeoaeueiie noieiinoe iauaeoa,
ii?iaoeaiiai a?aiaie iaoiaeaeaiey aai a yenieoaoaoeee e aeaenoaiaaaoeo
ii?i aii?oecaoeeiiiuo io/eneaiee.
Noiia eciina ii iieiinoueth naii?oece?iaaiiui iniiaiui oiiaeai ia
ia/eneyaony.
Eciin io?aaeaaony i?aaei?eyoeyie e i?aaiecaoeeyie, enoiaey ec
onoaiiaeaiiuo aaeeiuo ii?i aii?oecaoeeiiiuo io/eneaiee.
Oece/aneee eciin ii?aaeaeyaony ia iniiaaiee n?ieia neoaeau iniiaiuo
oiiaeia:
Eci.(o)=Oo/Oi*100%,
aaea Oo – oaeoe/aneee n?ie neoaeau (eao);
Oi – ii?iaoeaiue n?ie neoaeau (eao).
Ii?aeueiue eciin ia?aiai aeaea ii?aaeaeyaony ia iniiaaiee niioiioaiey
aaeainiaie e ainnoaiiaeoaeueiie noieiinoae:
Eci.(i1)= (Oa-Oa)/Oa*100%,
aaea Oa – aaeainiaay noieiinoue (oun.?oa.);
Oa – ainnoaiiaeoaeueiay noieiinoue (oun.?oa.).
Ii?aeueiue eciin aoi?iai aeaea /aua anaai ii?aaeaeyaony ia iniiaa
n?aaiaiey i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe iai?oaeiaaiey:
Eci.(i2)=(I?.2-I?.1)/I?.2*100%,
aaea I?.1 – i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue aeaenoaothueo iniiaiuo oiiaeia;
I?.2 – i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue iiauo iniiaiuo oiiaeia.
Iaeiaei i?e yoii ia o/eouaaaony yeiiiiey nu?uey e iaoa?eaeia eee
yeiiiiey ?aai/ae neeu, /oi iiaeao auoue iaania/aii iiauie iniiaiuie
oiiaeaie. Iiyoiio aeey aieaa oi/iiai o/?oa ii?aeueiiai eciina aoi?iai
aeaea neaaeoao n?aaieaaoue iniiaiua oiiaeu e ecaea?aeee i?iecaiaenoaa,
i?eiaiyy neaaeothuoth oi?ioeo:
Eci.(i2)=(Ecae.2-Ecae.1)/Ecae.2*100%,
aaea Ecae.1 – ecaea?aeee i?iecaiaenoaa aeaenoaothueo iniiaiuo oiiaeia
(?oa);
Ecae.2 – ecaea?aeee i?iecaiaenoaa iiauo iniiaiuo oiiaeia (?oa.).
Iniiaiua i?iecaiaenoaaiiua oiiaeu, o/anoaoy a i?ioeanna i?iecaiaenoaa,
ii /anoyi ia?aiinyo naith noieiinoue ia i?iecaaae?iioth aioiaoth
i?iaeoeoeeth eee ieacaiiua oneoae.
Aaee/eia ia?aiineiie ia i?iaeoeoeeth noieiinoe ii?aaeaeyaony:
ia?aiia/aeueiie noieiinoueth iniiaiuo oiiaeia;
aeaeii iniiaiuo oiiaeia;
io?aneaaie niaoeeoeeie i?iecaiaenoaa.
Iniiaiua ooieoeee aii?oecaoeee – yoi iaania/aiea aini?iecaiaenoaa,
ainnoaiiaeaiea iniiaiuo oiiaeia e o/?o. A ea?oi/eao o/?oa iniiaiuo
n?aaenoa io?aaeathony aeaiiua ii aii?oecaoeee e ii?aaeaeyaony aaee/eia
eciina iniiaiuo oiiaeia ca aiaeu eo yenieoaoaoeee.
Oaeaea aii?oecaoeey a ii?aaeae?iiie noaiaie auiieiyao e noeioee?othuoth
ooieoeeth, i?aaeoniao?eaay iaeaieaa iieiia eniieueciaaiea iniiaiuo
oiiaeia: /ai aeeeoaeueiaa ia?eiae ooieoeeiie?iaaiey iai?oaeiaaiey, oai
aieueoa i?iecaiaeeony i?iaeoeoeee e oai nei?aa aoaeao ia?aianaia
noieiinoue iniiaiuo oiiaeia. Yoi iicaieeo oiaiueoeoue eo
iaaeiaii?oecaoeeth aneaaenoaea ii?aeueiiai eciina e nieceoue iioa?e
i?aaei?eyoey, /oi i/aiue aaaeii a oneiaeyo ?uiea.
Aeaiaaeiia au?aaeaiea ia?aian?iiie /anoe noieiinoe iniiaiuo oiiaeia
iacuaaaony aii?oecaoeeiiiuie io/eneaieyie. Aii?oecaoeeiiiua io/eneaiey
aoiaeyo a ninoaa naaanoieiinoe i?iaeoeoeee (ecaea?aeae i?iecaiaenoaa).
Aaee/eia aii?oecaoeeiiiuo io/eneaiee ii?aaeaeyaony ii ii?iai
aii?oecaoeee io ia?aiia/aeueiie (aaeainiaie) noieiinoe iniiaiuo oiiaeia
n o/?oii n?iea eo neoaeau.
A niioaaonoaee n yoei ii?ia aii?oecaoeee ?ann/eouaaaony ii oi?ioea:
Ia=( Oi(a) – Oe)/ (Oi(a)* (ne)*100%,
aaea Ia – ii?ia aii?oecaoeee iniiaiuo oiiaeia a aiae (%),
Oi(a) – ia?aiia/aeueiay (aaeainiaay) noieiinoue iniiaiuo oiiaeia,
Oe) – eeeaeaeaoeeiiiay noieiinoue,
(ne – ii?iaoeaiue n?ie neoaeau iniiaiuo oiiaeia.
Ii?ia aii?oecaoeee i?aaenoaaeyao niaie aiaeiaie i?ioeaio iiaaoaiey
noieiinoe iniiaiuo oiiaeia.
A ?yaea io?aneae a caaeneiinoe io oaoiieiae/aneeo iniaaiiinoae
i?iecaiaenoaa, ?aaeeia e niaiiinoe ?aaiou iai?oaeiaaiey e ae?oaeo
oaeoi?ia ii?iu aii?oecaoeee iiaoo auoue iiauoaiu eee iiieaeaiu.
A oneiaeyo ?uii/iuo ioiioaiee aaee/eia aii?oecaoeeiiiuo io/eneaiee
ieacuaaao nouanoaaiiia aeeyiea ia yeiiiieeo i?aaei?eyoey. N iaeiie
noi?iiu, neeoeii aunieay aeiey io/eneaiee oaaee/eaaao aaee/eio
ecaea?aeae i?iecaiaenoaa, a neaaeiaaoaeueii, nieaeaao
eiieo?aioiniiniaiinoue i?iaeoeoeee, oiaiueoaao iau?i iieo/aiiie i?eauee
e iiyoiio nie?auaao aeeaiacii aiciiaeiinoae i?aaei?eyoey ii aai
yeiiiie/aneiio o?iaith ?acaeoey.
N ae?oaie noi?iiu, caieaeaiiay aeiey io/eneaiee oaeeeiyao n?ie
iai?a/eaaaiinoe n?aaenoa, aeiaeaiiuo a i?eia?aoaiea iniiaiuo oiiaeia, a
yoi aaae?o e eo noa?aieth e, eae neaaenoaea yoiai, nieaeaieth
eiieo?aioiniiniaiinoe, iioa?e naieo iiceoeee ia ?uiea.
?an/?o aii?oecaoeeiiiuo io/eneaiee i?iecaiaeeony iaoiaeii i?yiiai n/?oa
ia iniiaaiee n?aaeiaaiaeiaie noieiinoe ioaeaeueiuo aeaeia iniiaiuo
oiiaeia e onoaiiaeaiiuo ii?i aii?oecaoeee.
Iie ?ann/eouaathony ii eaaeaeiio aeaeo iniiaiuo oiiaeia ia eai?aiiio e
ia iieiia ainnoaiiaeaiea iniiaiuo oiiaeia.
Aii?oecaoeeiiiua io/eneaiey ia iieiia ainnoaiiaeaiea aeoeaiie /anoe
iniiaiuo oiiaeia (iaoei, iai?oaeiaaiey, o?ainii?oiuo n?aaenoa)
i?iecaiaeeony a oa/aiea ii?iaoeaiiai n?iea neoaeau iniiaiuo oiiaeia eee
n?iea, ca eioi?ue aaeainiaay noieiinoue yoeo oiiaeia iieiinoueth
ia?aiineony ia ecaea?aeee i?iecaiaenoaa e ia?auaiey.
Ii anai ae?oaei iniiaiui oiiaeai aii?oecaoeeiiiua io/eneaiey ia iieiia
ainnoaiiaeaiea i?iecaiaeyony a oa/aiea oaeoe/aneiai n?iea eo neoaeau.
Nouanoaoao eeanneoeeaoeey iaoiaeia ia/eneaiey aii?oecaoeee. Ai-ia?auo,
iiaeii auaeaeeoue ?aaiiia?ii-i?yiieeiaeiue iaoiae.
I?e ?aaiiia?ii-i?yiieeiaeiii iaoiaea i?ienoiaeeo ?aaiiia?iia nienaiea
noieiinoe iniiaiuo oiiaeia a oa/aiea onoaiiaeaiiiai n?iea aai neoaeau.
E?iia ?aaiiia?iiai (eeiaeiiai) a ie?iaie i?aeoeea i?eiaiythony iaoiaeu
onei?aiiie (?aa?anneaiie) aii?oecaoeee. Iaoiaeu onei?aiiie aii?oecaoeee
a oa/aiea ia?aie iieiaeiu ii?iaoeaiiai n?iea neoaeau iniiaiuo oiiaeia
iicaieytho aicianoeoue aei 60 – 75% eo noieiinoe, a i?e eniieueciaaiee
?aaiiia?iiai iaoiaea auei au aiciauaii oieueei 50% noieiinoe iniiaiuo
oiiaeia. Ai aoi?oth iieiaeio n?iea neoaeau iniiaiuo oiiaeia aaee/eia
aii?oecaoeee oiaiueoaaony.
N?aaee iaoiaeia onei?aiiie aii?oecaoeee auaeaeytho:
iaoiae ii oaeaiaiiie ii?ia;
eoioeyoeaiue.
A iaoae no?aia i?eiaiyaony iaoiae ii oaeaiaiiie ii?ia, eiaaea
ooaa?aeae?iiay a onoaiiaeaiiii ii?yaeea ii?ia aii?oecaoeee ia
niioaaonoaothuee eiaaioa?iue iauaeo oaaee/eaaaony, ii ia aieaa /ai a 2
?aca.
I?aaei?eyoey iiaoo i?eiaiyoue iaoiae onei?aiiie aii?oecaoeee a ioiioaiee
iniiaiuo oiiaeia, eniieuecoaiuo aeey oaaee/aiey auionea n?aaenoa
au/eneeoaeueiie oaoieee, iiauo i?ia?anneaiuo aeaeia iaoa?eaeia, i?eai?ia
e iai?oaeiaaiey, ?anoe?aiey yenii?oa i?iaeoeoeee, a neo/ayo, eiaaea iie
caiaiytho eciioaiioth e ii?aeueii onoa?aaooth oaoieeo (i?e yoii
ii?iaoeau niaeaniauaathony n ainoaea?noaaiiuie oeiainiauie i?aaiaie).
Yoio iaoiae ia ?ani?ino?aiyaony ia iaoeiu e iai?oaeiaaiea n ii?iaoeaiui
n?ieii neoaeau aei 3-o eao, ia oieeaeueioth oaoieeo, i?aaeiacia/aiioth
oieueei aeey i?iecaiaenoaa ia?aie/aiiiai e?oaa ecaeaeee.
A iineaaeiaa a?aiy a ?acaeouo no?aiao eniieuecoaony iiaue iaoiae
onei?aiiiai nienaiey noieiinoe iaoei – eiiaeiaoeey iaoiaeia ?aa?anneaiie
e i?ia?anneaiie aii?oecaoeee.
I?aaei?eyoea, eniuouaathuaa iaiaoiaeeiinoue a iaiiaeaiee iai?oaeiaaiey
eee a ?anoe?aiee ia?ea iai?oaeiaaiey eiaao 2 aiciiaeiinoe: i?eia?anoe
iai?oaeiaaiea eee acyoue aai a a?aiaeo. Iaeiei ec aeaeia a?aiaeu
yaeyaony eeceia.
Eeceia – yoi aeae i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe, iai?aaeaiiue ia
eiaanoe?iaaiea a?aiaiii naiaiaeiuo eee i?eaea/?iiuo oeiainiauo n?aaenoa,
eiaaea ii aeiaiai?o oeiainiaie a?aiaeu (eeceiaa) a?aiaeiaeaoaeue
(eeceiaiaeaoaeue) iaycoaony i?eia?anoe a nianoaaiiinoue iaoneiaeaiiia
aeiaiai?ii eiouanoai o ii?aaeae?iiiai i?iaeaaoea e i?aaeinoaaeoue yoi
eiouanoai a?aiaeaoi?o (eeceiaiiieo/aoaeth) ca ieaoo ai a?aiaiiia
iieueciaaiea aeey i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo oeaeae.
Iniiaiia ioee/ea eeceiaa io ae?oaeo aeaeia a?aiaeu ninoieo a oii, /oi a
eeceia naea?ony eiouanoai, ?aiaa ia eniieueciaaiiia eeciaiaeaoaeai, a
niaoeeaeueii ei i?eia?ao?iiia n oeaeueth ia?aaea/e a iieueciaaiea
eeciaiiieo/aoaeth.
Eeceia eeanneoeoee?oaony ii neaaeothuei i?eciaeai, Ii ninoaao o/anoieeia
eeceia iiaeao auoue i?yiui e einaaiiui. Ii oeio eiouanoaa – aeaeaeeiinoe
e iaaeaeaeeiinoe. Ii noaiaie – n iieiie e iaiieiie ieoiaaiinoueth. A
caaeneiinoe io oneiaee aii?oecaoeee – n iieiie e iaiieiie aii?oecaoeeae.
A niioaaonoaee n aeaoiy iineaaeieie i?eciaeaie, auaeaeytho oeiainiaue e
iia?aoeaiue eeceia. Ii iau?io ianeoaeeaa-iey eiouanoaa – eeceia auaaao
– “/enoue” (aac ianeoaeeaaiey), n iieiui iaai?ii oneoa eee n /anoe/iui
iaai?ii oneoa. A caaeneiinoe io naeoi?a ?uiea nouanoaoao aioo?aiiee (a
i?aaeaeao iaeiie no?aiu) e aiaoiee (iaaeaeoia?iaeiue) eeceia.
Aeey ?innee a iaeaieueoae noaiaie oa?aeoa?ai oeiainiaue eeceia. Ii
oa?aeoa?ecoaony oai, /oi n?ie, ia eioi?ue caeeth/aaony aeiaiai? iaaeaeo
eeceiaiaeaoaeai e eeciaiiieo/aoaeai niaiaaeaao ii i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoe
ni n?ieii iiiie aii?oecaoeee iai?oaeiaaiey, o.a. a oa/aiea n?iea eeceiaa
auiea/eaaaony any noieiinoue eiouanoaa.
Iia?aoeaiue eeceia ioee/aaony oai, /oi n?ie aeiaiai?a ii iaio ei?i/a,
/ai n?ie neoaeau iai?oaeiaaiey. Eeceiaiaeaoaeue ca a?aiy aeaenoaey
aeiaiai?a aiciauaao eeoue /anoue noieiinoe iai?oaeiaaiey. A yoii neo/aa,
inoa?ony aunieie inoaoi/iay noieiinoue iai?oaeiaaiey, e eeciaiaeaoaeue
ian?o iiauoaiiue ?ene ii aiciauaieth yoie noieiinoe (iniaaiii i?e
ionoonoaee ni?ina ia iaai), oae eae aeieaeai naeaaaoue aai a
iieueciaaiea ianeieueei ?ac.
*anoiui neo/aai i?yiiai eeceiaa yaeyaony aica?aoiue eeceia. I?e yoii
aeaea eeceiaa nianoaaiiee eiouanoaa i?iaea?o aai eeciaiaeaoaeth e
iaeiia?aiaiii caeeth/aao aeiaiai? ia iieueciaaiea yoei eiouanoaii. Oi
anoue, i?iaeaaaoe e eeciaiiieo/aoaeue – iaeii e oi aea th?eaee/aneia
eeoei. Yoio aeae eeceiaa iniaaiii yooaeoeaai aeey i?aaei?eyoee ni
neiaeiui oeiainiaui iieiaeaieai. I?aaei?eyoeth, ioaeaeathuaiony a
eiouanoaa auaiaeii i?iaeaoue aai eeceiaiaie eiiiaiee e i?iaeieaeaoue ei
iieueciaaoueny. Yoi ia eneeth/aao aiciiaeiinoe iineaaeothuaai aueoia
eiouanoaa.
Eeceia ii inoaoi/iie noieiinoe i?eiaiyaony ia oaea auaoaa a
yenieoaoaoeee iai?oaeiaaiea. Iauaeo eeceiaa a yoii neo/aa ioeaieaaaony
ii inoaoi/iie noieiinoe, /oi nieaeaao cao?aou eeceiaiiieo/aoaey.
Eeceia iaeaaeaao iiiaeie aeinoieinoaaie, iiaeii ia?a/eneeoue iaeioi?ua
ec ieo:
Ai-ia?auo, iia aea?o aiciiaeiinoue eiiiaieyi iiaea?iece?iaaoue e
i?aaieciauaaoue iiaia i?iecaiaenoai aac iiaeeecaoeee aieueoeo oeiainiauo
?ano?nia.
Ai-aoi?uo, aeey iaeeeo e n?aaeieo oe?i eeceia /anoi yaeyaony
aaeeinoaaiii aiciiaeiui niiniaii oeiaine?iaaiey eo eiaanoeoeee.
A-o?aoueeo, inaiaiaeaeaao a?aiaeaoi?a io i?ioeaaeo? e ?anoiaeia,
naycaiiuo n aeaaeaieai eiouanoaii (iai?eia?, io iaeiaa ia eiouanoai).
A-/aoa??ouo, iicaieyao aeeth/aoue a naaanoieiinoue i?iaeoeoeee, ?aaio,
oneoa i?ioeaiou ca iieo/aiiua ca?iiua n?aaenoaa, a oii /enea e?aaeeou
aaieia, eniieuecoaiua noauaeoaie eeceiaa aeey inouanoaeaiey iia?aoeee
oeiainiaiai eeceiaa, a oaeaea eeceiaiauo ieaoaaeae.
A-iyouo, iicaieyao nieaeaoue iaeia ia i?eaueue, oae eae eeceiaiaua
ieaoaaee o eeceiaiiieo/aoaey ioiinyony ia cao?aou.
Yooaeoeaiinoue eeceiaa iiaeoaa?aeaeaia i?aeoeeie a NOA, Aiaeee, Aa?iaiee
e ae?oaeo ainoaea?noaao ?uii/iie yeiiiieee. A ?innee eeceia iaoiaeeony a
noaaeee ?acaeoey.
(((Iieacaoaee eniieueciaaiey iniiaiiai eaieoaea.
I?e eiathuainy oaoie/aneii o?iaia e no?oeoo?a iniiaiuo i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo
oiiaeia oaaee/aiea auionea i?iaeoeoeee, nieaeaiea naaanoieiinoe e ?ino
iaeiieaiee i?aaei?eyoee caaenyo io noaiaie eo eniieueciaaiey.
Ana iieacaoaee eniieueciaaiey iniiaiuo i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo oiiaeia iiaoo
auoue iauaaeeiaiu a o?e a?oiiu:
iieacaoaee yenoaineaiiai eniieueciaaiey iniiaiuo i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo
oiiaeia, io?aaeathuea o?iaaiue eniieueciaaiey eo ii a?aiaie;
Iieacaoaee eioaineaiiai eniieueciaaiey iniiaiuo oiiaeia, io?aaeathuea
o?iaaiue eniieueciaaiey ii iiuiinoe (i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe);
iieacaoaee eioaa?aeueiiai eniieueciaaiey iniiaiuo i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo
oiiaeia, o/eouaathuea niaieoiiia aeeyiea anao oaeoi?ia – eae
yenoaineaiuo, oae e eioaineaiuo.
E ia?aie a?oiia iieacaoaeae ioiinyony: eiyooeoeeaio yenoaineaiiai
eniieueciaaiey iai?oaeiaaiey, eiyooeoeeaio niaiiinoe ?aaiou
iai?oaeiaaiey, eiyooeoeeaio caa?ocee iai?oaeiaaiey, eiyooeoeeaio
niaiiiai ?aaeeia a?aiaie ?aaiou iai?oaeiaaiey.
Eiyooeoeeaio yenoaineaiiai eniieueciaaiey iai?oaeiaaiey (Eyeno)
ii?aaeaeyaony ioiioaieai oaeoe/aneiai eiee/anoaa /ania ?aaiou
iai?oaeiaaiey e eiee/anoao /ania aai ?aaiou ii ieaio:
Eyeno=(iai?.o./ (iai?.ie.,
aaea (iai?.o -oaeoe/aneia a?aiy ?aaiou iai?oaeiaaiey, /;
(iai?.ie – a?aiy ?aaiou iai?oaeiaaiey ii ii?ia (onoaiaaeeaaaony a
niioaaonoaee n ?aaeeiii ?aaiou i?aaei?eyoey e n o/?oii ieieiaeueii
iaiaoiaeeiiai a?aiaie aeey i?iaaaeaiey ieaiiai-i?aaeoi?aaeeoaeueiiai
?aiiioa), /.
Eyeno iieacuaaao ia neieueei aue eniieueciaai ieaiiaue oiiae a?aiaie
iai?oaeiaaiey.
Eiyooeoeeaio niaiiinoe ?aaiou iai?oaeiaaiey ii?aaeaeyaony eae ioiioaiea
iauaai eiee/anoaa io?aaioaiiuo iai?oaeiaaieai aeaiiiai aeaea a oa/aiea
aeiy noaiei-niai e iauaio eiee/anoao noaieia, cae?aie?iiuo ca
i?aaei?eyoeai.
En=(n./ (,
aaea – (n oaeoe/anee io?aaioaiiia /enei noaiei-niai ca nooee;
( – iauaa eiee/anoai noaieia a ia?ea.
Eiyooeoeeaio caa?ocee iai?oaeiaaiey oaeaea oa?aeoa?ecoao eniieueciaaiea
iai?oaeiaaiey ai a?aiaie. Onoaiaaeeaaaony ii aeey anaai ia?ea iaoei,
iaoiaeyueony a iniiaiii i?iecaiaenoaa. ?ann/eouaaaony eae ioiioaiea
o?oaei?ieinoe ecaioiaeaiey anao ecaeaeee ia aeaiiii aeaea iai?oaeiaaiey
e oiiaeo a?aiaie aai ?aaiou. Eiyooeoeeaio caa?ocee iai?oaeiaaiey a
ioee/ea io eiyooeoeeaioa niaiiinoe o/eouaaao aeaiiua i o?oaei?ieinoe
ecaeaeee. Ia i?aeoeea eiyooeoeeaio caa?ocee iau/ii i?eieiatho ?aaiui
aaee/eia eiyooeoeeaioa niaiiinoe, oiaiueoaiiie a aeaa ?aca (i?e
aeaooniaiiii ?aaeeia ?aaiou) eee a o?e ?aca (i?e o??oniaiiii ?aaeeia).
Ia iniiaa iieacaoaey niaiiinoe ?aaiou iai?oaeiaaiey ?ann/eouaaaony e
eiyooeoeeaio eniieueciaaiey niaiiiai ?aaeeia a?aiaie ?aaiou
iai?oaeiaaiey. Ii ii?aaeaeyaony aeaeaieai aeinoeaiooiai a aeaiiii
ia?eiaea eiyooeoeeaioa niaiiinoe ?aaiou iai?oaeiaaiey ia onoaiiaeaiioth
ia aeaiiii i?aaei?eyoee (a oeaoa) i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoue niaiu.
Eni.?. =En/(n,
aaea En – eiyooeoeeaio eniieueciaaiey niaiiiai ?aaeeia a?aiaie ?aaiou
iai?oaeiaaiey;
(n – i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoue niaiu.
Iiieii aioo?eniaiiuo e oeaeiaeiaaiuo i?inoiaa aaaeii ciaoue, ianeieueei
yooaeoeaii eniieuecoaony iai?oaeiaaiea a /anu aai oaeoe/aneie caa?ocee.
Yoa caaea/a ?aoaaony n iiiiuueth au/eneaiey iieacaoaeae eioaineaiiai
eniieueciaaiey iniiaiuo oiiaeia, io?aaeathueo o?iaaiue eo eniieueciaaiey
ii iiuiinoe (i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe). Aaaeiaeoei ec ieo yaeyaony
eiyooeoeeaio eioaineaiiai eniieueciaaiey iai?oaeiaaiey.
Eiyooeoeeaio eioaineaiiai eniieueciaaiey iai?oaeiaaiey ii?aaeaeyaony
ioiioaieai oaeoe/aneie i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe iniiaiiai oaoiieiae/aneiai
iai?oaeiaaiey e aai ii?iaoeaiie i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe, o.a. i?ia?anneaiie
oaoie/anee iainiiaaiiie i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe.
Eeio. =Ao/Ai,
aaea Ao – oaeoe/aneay au?aaioea iai?oaeiaaieai i?iaeoeoeee a aaeeieoeo
a?aiaie;
Ai – oaoie/anee iainiiaaiiay au?aaioea iai?oaeiaaieai i?iaeoeoeee a
aaeeieoeo a?aiaie (ii?aaeaeyaony ia iniiaa ianii?oiuo aeaiiuo
iai?oaeiaaiey).
E o?aoueae a?oiia iieacaoaeae eniieueciaaiey iniiaiuo oiiaeia ioiinyony
eiyooeoeeaio eioaa?aeueiiai eniieueciaaiey iai?oaeiaaiey, eiyooeoeeaio
eniieueciaaiey i?iecaiaenoaaiiie iiuiinoe, iieacaoaee oiiaeiioaea/e e
oiiaei?ieinoe i?iaeoeoeee.
Eiyooeoeeaio eioaa?aeueiiai eniieueciaaiey iai?oaeiaaiey ii?aaeaeyaony
eae i?iecaaaeaiea eiyooeoeeaioa eioaineaiiai e yenoaineaiiai
eniieueciaaiey iai?oaeiaaiey e eiiieaenii oa?aeoa?ecoao yenieoaoaoeeth
aai ii a?aiaie e i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe (iiuiinoe). Cia/aiea yoiai
iieacaoaey anaaaea ieaea cia/aiee aeaoo i?aaeuaeoueo, oae eae ii
o/eouaaao iaeiia?aiaiii iaaeinoaoee e yenoaineaiiai e eioaineaiiai
eniieueciaaiey iai?oaeiaaiey.
?acoeueoaoii eo/oaai eniieueciaaiey iniiaiuo oiiaeia yaeyaony, i?aaeaea
anaai, oaaee/aiea iau?ia i?iecaiaenoaa. Iaiauathuee iieacaoaeue
yooaeoeaiinoe iniiaiuo oiiaeia no?ieoueny ia i?eioeeia niecia?aiey
i?iecaiaenoaaiiie i?iaeoeoeee ni anae niaieoiiinoueth i?eiai?iiuo i?e a?
i?iecaiaenoaa iniiaiuo oiiaeia. Yoi iieacaoaeue auionea i?iaeoeoeee,
i?eoiaeyuaeny ia 1 ?oaeue noieiinoe iniiaiuo oiiaeia, – oiiaeiioaea/a.
Aeey ?an/?oa aaee/eiu oiiaeiioaea/e eniieuecoaony oi?ioea:
Oioae =O/O,
aaea O – iau?i oiaa?iie eee aaeiaie, eee ?aaeeciaaiiie i?iaeoeoeee,
?oa.;
O – n?aaeiaaiaeiaay noieiinoue iniiaiuo i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo oiiaeia
i?aaei?eyoey, ?oa.
Oiiaei?ieinoue i?iaeoeoeee – aaee/eia, ia?aoiay oiiaeiioaea/a. Iia
iieacuaaao aeieth noieiinoe iniiaiuo oiiaeia, i?eoiaeyuothny ia eaaeaeue
?oaeue auioneaaiie i?iaeoeoeee. Anee oiiaeiioaea/a aeieaeia eiaoue
oaiaeaioeeth e oaaee/aieth, oi oiiaei?ieinoue – e nieaeaieth.
Caeeth/aiea.
Yooaeoeaiia eniieueciaaiea iniiaiuo oiiaeia yaeyaony i/aiue aaaeiie
ia?iaeiioicyenoaaiiie caaea/ae. A? ?aoaiea icia/aao oaaee/aiea
i?iecaiaenoaa iaiaoiaeeiie iauanoao i?iaeoeoeee, iiauoaiea ioaea/e
nicaeaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai iioaioeeaea e aieaa iieiia
oaeiaeaoai?aiea iio?aaiinoae ianaeaiey, oeo/oaiea aaeaina iai?oaeiaaiey
a no?aia, nieaeaiea naaanoieiinoe i?iaeoeoeee, ?ino ?aioaaaeueiinoe
i?iecaiaenoaa, iaeiieaiee i?aaei?eyoey.
?acee/atho yenoaineaiua e eioaineaiua oaeoi?u oeo/oaiey eniieueciaaiey
iniiaiuo oiiaeia.
Yenoaineaiia oeo/oaiea eniieueciaaiey iniiaiuo oiiaeia i?aaeiieaaaao:
oaaee/aiea ?aaiou aeaenoaothuaai iai?oaeiaaiey a eaeaiaea?iue ia?eiae.
Yoi aiciiaeii ca n/?o:
nie?auaiey e eeeaeaeaoeee aioo?eniaiiuo i?inoiaa iai?oaeiaaiey ioo?i
iiauoaiey ea/anoaa ?aiiioiiai ianeoaeeaaiey iai?oaeiaaiey,
naiaa?aiaiiiai iaania/aiey iniiaiiai i?iecaiaenoaa ?aai/ae neeie,
nu?ue?i, oiieeaii, iieooaa?eeaoaie;
nie?auaiey oeaeiaeiaaiuo i?inoiaa iai?oaeiaaiey, iiauoaiey eiyooeoeeaioa
niaiiinoe aai ?aaiou.
iiauoaiea oaeaeueiiai aana aeaenoaothuaai iai?oaeiaaiey a ninoaaa anaai
iai?oaeiaaiey, eiathuaainy ia i?aaei?eyoee, ca n/?o:
oiaiueoaiey eiee/anoaa eceeoiaai iai?oaeiaaiey;
auno?iai aiaea/aiey a i?iecaiaenoai iaonoaiiaeaiiiai iai?oaeiaaiey.
Cia/eoaeueii oe?a aiciiaeiinoe eioaineaiiai iooe oeo/oaiey
eniieueciaaiey iniiaiuo oiiaeia.
Eioaineaiia oeo/oaiea i?aaeiieaaaao iiauoaiea noaiaie caa?ocee
iai?oaeiaaiey a aaeeieoeo a?aiaie. Yoi aeinoeaaaony ca n/?o:
iiaea?iecaoeee aeaenoaothueo iaoei e iaoaieciia, onoaiiaeaiee
iioeiaeueiiai ?aaeeia eo ?aaiou;
oaoie/aneiai niaa?oainoaiaaiey i?oaeee o?oaea e oaoiieiaee
i?iecaiaenoaa;
nie?auaiee n?ieia aeinoeaeaiey i?iaeoiie i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe oaoieee;
niaa?oainoaiaaiey iao/iie i?aaiecaoeee o?oaea, i?iecaiaenoaa e
oi?aaeaiey;
eniieueciaaiea nei?inoiuo iaoiaeia ?aaiou;
iiauoaiey eaaeeoeeaoeee e i?ioanneiiaeueiiai ianoa?noaa ?aai/eo;
niaa?oainoaiaaiey no?oeoo?u iniiaiuo oiiaeia. Eeoa?aoo?a:
A.ss Ai?oeieaeue “Yeiiiieea i?aaei?eyoey”, I, 98a.
A.I. A?oceiia, A.Ae. A?eaia “Yeiiiieea i?aaei?eyoey”, I, 97 a.
I.I. Aieueaeei, E.I. Nooeieia “Ii?aeueiue eciin iniiaiuo oiiaeia
i?aaei?eyoee a oneiaeyo IO?”, I, 86 a.
Eoei E.E. “Yeiiiieea nioe. i?iiuoeaiiinoe”, I,
Na. Ii?iaoeaiuo aeieoiaioia “I ninoaaa cao?ao e aaeeiuo ii?iao
aii?oecaoeeiiiuo io/eneaiee”, I, 95 a.
A.E. Nie?ieoeeee “Yeiiiie/aneea iieacaoaee i?iiuoeaiiinoe”, I, 89 a.
“A?aiaea e eeceia”, (na?ey “Aooo/?o naaiaeiy”), I, 97 a.Caaea/a ? 14.
1.Cao?aou ia iaoa?eaeu (/oaoi):
Aan aeaoaee – 100 ea
Noieiinoue /oaoia – 8 600 oun.?oa./o.
Iooiaeu n iaeiie aeaoaee – 12%
Cao?aou ia aeaoaeue = 112 ea*8,6 o.?oa./o=963,2 o.?oa
?aaeecaoeey iooiaeia
Iau?i iooiaeia n aeaoaee=100 ea*0,12=12 ea
Noieiinoue, ii eioi?ie ?aaeecothony iooiaeu=100 o.?oa./o
Noieiinoue iooiaeia n iaeiie aeaoaee=12 ea*0,1 o.?oa./ea=1,2 o.?oa.
Iao. Cao?aou ia 1 aeaoaeue=963,2-1,2=962 o.?oa.
Cao?aou ia iieaoo o?oaea:
oiea?yi – 2,5 /*25,350 o. ?oa=63,375 o. ?oa.
o?aca?iaueeai – 3,6 /*30,600 o. ?oa.=110,16 o. ?oa.
naa?eeeueueeai – 2,4 /*21,860 o. ?oa.=52,464 o. ?oa.
Eoiai: 225,999 o. ?oa.
Ca?ieaoa n ia/eneaieyie (39%)=225,999+225,999*0,39=314,139 o. ?oa.
Oeaoiaua ?anoiaeu (160%)=314,139*1,6=502,622 o. ?oa.
Iauacaaiaeneea (120%)=314,139*1,2=376,967 o. ?oa.
Eoiai i?iecaiaenoaaiiua ?anoiaeu: 962+314,139+502,622+376,967=2155,728
o. ?oa.
Aiai?iecaiaenoaaiiua (4%)=2155,728*0,04=86,229 o. ?oa.
Iieiay naaanoieiinoue=2155,728+86,229=2241,957 o. ?oa.
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