?aeueao (o?aioe. relief, io eao. relevo — iiaeieiath) (aaia?aoe/aneee),
niaieoiiinoue ia?iaiinoae iiaa?oiinoe nooe, aeia ieaaiia e ii?ae,
iiiaiia?aciuo ii i/a?oaieyi, ?acia?ai, i?ienoiaeaeaieth, aic?anoo e
enoi?ee ?acaeoey.
?aeueao (aaia?.) neaaaaony ec ni/aoathueony iaaeaeo niaie oi?i —
o??oia?iuo oae, caieiathueo ii?aaeae?iiua iau?iu caiiie ei?u. Iie
ia?aie/aiu aeaooia?iuie (iiaa?oiinoiuie) yeaiaioaie, eee a?aiyie
(neeiiaie, ai?eciioaeueiuie e noaai?eciioaeueiuie iiaa?oiinoyie). Oi?iu
iiaoo auoue iieiaeeoaeueiuie, eee auioeeuie (aicauoaiiinoe, ai?u e
ae?.), e io?eoeaoaeueiuie, eee aiaioouie (eioeiaeiu, ?a/iua aeieeiu e
ae?.), i?inouie e neiaeiuie — ineiaei?iiuie aoi?inoaiaiiuie
ia?iaiinoyie.
A caaeneiinoe io aaee/eiu oi?i ?acee/atho ianeieueeeo ii?yaeeia:
iaaa?aeueao, aeeth/athuee eae ieaiaoa?iua oi?iu (iai?eia?, iaoa?eeiaua
aunooiu, eiaea ieaaia), oae e oi?iu ianeieueei iaiueoaai ii?yaeea
(ai?iua nenoaiu, ?aaieiiua no?aiu); iae?i?aeueao (ai?iua o?aaou,
iaaeai?iua aiaaeeiu, aicauoaiiinoe, ieciaiiinoe); iaci?aeueao (ia?aae,
iiaeaiaeiua eaiueiiu, oieiu); iee?i?aeueao (ea?noiaua ai?iiee, noaiiua
aethaeoea e ae?.); iaii?aeueao (iaeue/aeoea caiaaeeiu, e?ioiaua e
no?/eiua eo/ee, oa?ieoieee e i?.). Yoi aeaeaiea oneiaii, o. e. oi/iua
eiee/anoaaiiua a?aieoeu iaaeaeo i?eaaae?iiuie eaoaai?eyie ia onoaiiaeaiu
Eiiieaenu yeaiaioa?iuo oi?i, noiaeiuo ii aiaoiaio iaeeeo,
i?ienoiaeaeaieth, caeiiiia?ii iiaoi?ythueany ia ii?aaeae?iiie
oa??eoi?ee, iacuaathony aaiaoe/aneeie oeiaie ?aeueaoa Oa??eoi?eaeueiia
iainiaeaiea eo iiaeao auoue naycaii n iniaaiiinoyie aaieiae/aneie
no?oeoo?u (iai?eia?, nooiai/aoue oei ?aeueaoa, i?aiaeaaeathuei
aicaeaenoaeai eaeiai-eeai aiaoiaai oaeoi?a ?aeueaoiia?aciaaiey
(eaaeieeiaue, aiaeiiy?iceiiiue, yieiaue e ae?. oeiu)), ainiiaenoaothuei
aeeyieai oaeoiie/aneiai oaeoi?a (ia?ae/ii-oaeoiie/aneee oei) e ae?.
Iaeia ec aeooaeueiuo e iaeaieaa neiaeiuo i?iaeai — nicaeaiea
aaiaoe/aneie eeanneoeeaoeee ?aeueaoa, eioi?ay iaiaoiaeeia ia oieueei
aeey oai?aoe/aneeo iaiauaiee, ii e aeey aaiii?oieiae/aneiai
ea?oia?aoe?iaaiey. A NNN? iaeaieaa ?ani?ino?ai?iiie yaeyaony
eeanneoeeaoeey, a iniiao eioi?ie iieiaeaii auaeaeaiea e?oiiuo
aaiaoe/aneeo eaoaai?ee ?aeueaoa, iaoneiaeaiiuo i?aiaeaaeathuei
aicaeaenoaeai yiaeiaaiiuo eee yeciaaiiuo ?aeueaoiia?acothueo i?ioeannia.
Oi?iu ?aeueaoa, a ia?aciaaiee eioi?uo aeaaiay ?ieue i?eiaaeeaaeeo
yiaeiaaiiui i?ioeannai, ioiinyony e ii?oino?oeoo?ai. A ii?oino?oeoo?ao
/aoei io?aaeathony aaieiae/aneea no?oeoo?u caiiie ei?u. Oae,
ieaooi?iaiiui aaieiae/aneei no?oeoo?ai n ai?eciioaeueiui caeaaaieai
neiaa a ?aeueaoa niioaaonoaotho aeaaiui ia?acii ?aaieiiua iaeanoe, a
neeaae/aoui no?oeoo?ai — ai?iua no?aiu. Aieaa iaeeea oi?iu ?aeueaoa,
eiathuea i?aeiouanoaaiii yeciaaiiia i?ienoiaeaeaiea (?a/iua aeieeiu,
ia?aae, aa?oaiu, ii?aiiua a?yaeu e ae?.), auaeaeythony eae
ii?oineoeueioo?u.
?aeueao Oe?aeiu aeiaieueii ?aciiia?acai. Ia ?aaieiiie oa??eoi?ee no?aiu,
yaeythuaeny /anoueth Ainoi/ii-aa?iiaeneie ?aaieiu, /a?aaeothony
ieciaiiinoe e aicauoaiiinoe. Ia caiaaea aicauoathony ai?iua oeaie
Oe?aeineeo Ea?iao, ia e?aeiai thaa – a?yaeu E?uineeo ai?
Iiaa?oiinoue oa??eoi?ee Oe?aeiu oi?ie?iaaeanue ia i?ioyaeaiee iiiaeo
aaieiae/aneeo yiio. Ia aa ?acaeoea iiaeeyee iiaaeoea (nia?aiaiiua)
oaeoiie/aneea aeaeaeaiey, ae?aaiea ieaaeaiaiey e ioeiaeaiey e?nna
(aeaeoiaaoay ii?enoay ii?iaea, ia?aciaaaoayny a eaaeieeiaue ia?eiae),
eieaaaiey o?iaiy ii?y, y?iceiiiay ?aaioa ?ae e aao?a, oicyenoaaiiay
aeayoaeueiinoue /aeiaaea.
*oi aea niaie i?aaenoaaeyao nia?aiaiiay iiaa?oiinoue Oe?aeiu? 70 % aa
ieiuaaee caieiatho ieciaiiinoe, 25% – aicauoaiiinoe e oieueei 5 % –
ai?u. Ieciaiiinoe, aicauoaiiinoe e ai?u iaiaeeiaeiau ii aunioa e oi?iai
?aeueaoa; ieciaiiinoe /a?aaeothony n aicauoaiiuie o/anoeaie, ?a/iuie
aeieeiaie, aaeeaie.
I?eiiaeiyoinoue ?aaieiiie /anoe oa??eoi?ee Oe?aeiu iaae o?iaiai ii?y
ninoaaeyao a n?aaeiai 175 i, a aa iaeneiaeueiay ioiaoea iaoiaeeony ia
Oioeineie aicauoaiiinoe – ai?a Aa?aea (515 i). Ia Aciai-*a?iiii?neii
iiaa?aaeuea aaniethoiua auniou eieaaethony a i?aaeaeao 10-15 i, ia
aicauoaiiinoyo – 300-400 i. Ai?iua o?aaou aeinoeaatho 1 700-2 000 i;
naiay aea aunieay oi/ea anae Oe?aeiu ai?a Aiaa?ea (2 061 i) a Oe?aeineeo
Ea?iaoao.
Ieciaiiinoe, aicauoaiiinoe e ai?u Oe?aeiu i?eo?i/aiu e ?acee/iui
oaeoiie/aneei no?oeoo?ai, eioi?ua aeeyee ia ?acaeoea nia?aiaiiiai
?aeueaoa, ia iiaa?oiinoue ioaeaeueiuo /anoae oa??eoi?ee. Ieciaiiinoe. Ia
naaa?a Oe?aeiu iaoiaeeony Iieanneay ieciaiiinoue, eiathuay iaeeii e
?aeai I?eiyoue e Aeiai?. Auniou aa ia i?aauoatho 200 i, oieueei
Neiaa/ainei-Ia?o/noeee e?yae iiaeieiaaony aei 315 i. Ia Iieanneie
ieciaiiinoe ?acaeoa aonoay naoue ?ae. O/anoee iaaeaeo ?aeaie eiatho
ieinei-aieienooth iiaa?oiinoue n oieiaie e iiieaeaieyie.
Ia tha io Iieanneie ieciaiiinoe aaeieue eaaiai aa?aaa Aeiai?a
i?inoe?aaony I?eaeiai?ianeay ieciaiiinoue. Aa iiaa?oiinoue iaeeiiaia a
caiaaeiii e thai-caiaaeiii iai?aaeaieyo, aaniethoiua auniou eciaiythony
io 170-140 aei 120-90 i. A aa i?aaeaeao auaeaeyaony oe?ieay aeieeia
Aeiai?a n e?ooui i?aaui aa?aaii e ianeieueeeie oa??anaie ia eaaii. Ia
ainoiea aeieeia Aeiai?a iinoaiaiii ia?aoiaeeo a Iieoaaneoth ?aaieio,
eiathuoth ieineoth e oieienooth iiaa?oiinoue n aeieeiaie e aaeeaie.
Ia thaa Oe?aeiu iaoiaeeony I?e/a?iiii?neay ieciaiiinoue. Aa iiaa?oiinoue
eiaao aaniethoiua auniou 150-120 i. Ieciaiiinoue iinoaiaiii nieaeaaony e
*a?iiio ii?th. Aeey aa ?aeueaoa oa?aeoa?iu oae iacuaaaiua noaiiua
aethaeoea e iiaeu.
*anoueth I?e/a?iiii?neie ieciaiiinoe yaeyaony Naaa?ie?uineay ?aaieia ia
E?uineii iieoino?iaa. Aa iiaa?oiinoue iinoaiaiii nieaeaaony e Neaaoo.
Aaniethoiua auniou ?aaieiu ia i?aauoatho 40 i iaae o?iaiai ii?y.
N thai-caiaaea e Oe?aeineei Ea?iaoai i?eeaaaao /anoue N?aaeiaaeoiaeneie
ieciaiiinoe – Caea?iaoneay ieciaiiinoue. Iia neaai iaeeiiaia ia
thai-caiaae; aa aaniethoiua auniou – 120-105 i. Iiaa?oiinoue
Caea?iaoneie ieciaiiinoe ia?acoao ieineay oa??ane?iaaiiay aeieeia ?aee
Oenu e aa i?eoieia.
Aicauoaiiinoe. A oeaio?aeueiie /anoe Oe?aeiu ?aniieiaeaia
I?eaeiai?ianeay aicauoaiiinoue, aaniethoiua auniou eioi?ie ninoaaeytho
320-280 i ia naaa?a e aei 170-150 i ia thaa. A aa ainoi/iie /anoe
auaeaeyaony naiaia?aciue ?aeii – Eaiaaneea ai?u. Caeanue iaoiaeeony
iiaeea aaiey oe?aeineiai ia?iaea Oa?ana Oaa/aiei.
Ia thaiainoiea ?aniieiaeaia I?eacianeay aicauoaiiinoue n aunioaie
300-150 i. Caeanue ?ani?ino?aiaiu inoaoee e?enoaeee/aneeo ii?iae,
eioi?ua ia?acotho aicauoaiey, iieo/eaoea iacaaiea
Aaeuiae-Iiaeea, 324 i).
A caiaaeiie /anoe Oe?aeiu ?aniieiaeaiu Iiaeieueneay e Aieuineay
aicauoaiiinoe, eo iiaa?oiinoe neeueii ?an/eaiaiu. Aaniethoiua auniou
ninoaaeytho 350-320 i (ai?a Eaioea,471 i). Ia Aieuineie aicauoaiiinoe
auaeaeyaony Ieci/neee e?yae, ia Iiaeieueneie – ioaeaeueiua ianneau-ai?u:
E?aiaiaoeeea ai?u, Aieiai?u, ?anoi/uea, Iiieuea, Oieo?u (Iaaeiai?u).
Ia Ainoiea Oe?aeiu iaoiaeeony Aeiiaoeeay aicauoaiiinoue.Aa n?aaeiea
auniou ninoaaeytho 300-175 i. Naiay aunieay oi/ea – ai?a Iiaeea Ia/aoiay
(367 i). Ia oa??eoi?eth Oe?aeiu caoiaeeo naieie thai-caiaaeiuie io?iaaie
N?aaeia?onneay aicauoaiiinoue. Aa auniou a i?aaeaeao Oe?aeiu ia
i?aauoatho 236 i. Caeanue i/aiue iiiai ia?aaia, aaeie.
N naaa?i-ainoiea e Oe?aeineei Ea?iaoai i?eeaaaao I?aaeea?iaoneay
aicauoaiiinoue n aonoie naoueth ?a/iuo aeieei. Aa auniou – 800-650 i.
Oioeineay aicauoaiiinoue i?aaenoaaeyao niaie aieienooth oieienooth
a?yaeo a iaaeaeo?a/uea I?ooa e Aeiano?a. N thai-caiaaea ia naaa?i-ainoie
a?yaea oyiaony ia 50 ei. Aa n?aaeiea auniou a caiaaeiie /anoe – 400-350
i, a ainoi/iie – aei 475-350 i. Caeanue iaoiaeeony iaeaunoay oi/ea
?aaieiiie /anoe Oe?aeiu. (Aniiiieoa, eae iia iacuaaaony.) Aicauoaiiinoue
neiaeeeanue ec ecaanoiyeia, aeei, aeinia; aa iiaa?oiinoue ?an/eaiaia
i?eoieaie ?ae Aeiano?a e I?ooa, eiathueie aeoaieea aeieeiu n e?oouie
neeiiaie. Aieueoay /anoue aicauoaiiinoe iie?uoa aoeiauie e
aeoaiai-a?aaiauie eanaie.
Ai?u. Oe?aeineea, eee Ainoi/iua, Ea?iaou, yaeythony /anoueth aieueoie
Ea?iaoneie nenoaiu. Yoi iieiaeua n?aaeiaaunioiua ai?u, ia?aciaaaoeany a
yiioo aeueieeneie neeaae/aoinoe. Eo auniou eieaaethony io 1200 aei 1600
i. Ai?u ninoiyo ec ianeieueeeo ia?aeeaeueiuo a?yae, i?inoe?athueony n
naaa?i-caiaaea ia thai-ainoie ia 270 ei. Ai?iua a?yaeu ia ainoiea
iieo/eee iacaaiea Aiaoieo Ea?iao. N?aaee ieo auaeaeythony ai?u
Aaneeaeu., Ai?aaiu e Iieoonei-Aoeiaeineea. Oeaio?aeueioth /anoue
caieiatho Aiaei?acaeaeueii-Aa?oiaeineea Ea?iaou nieceiai?iioaaeenoui
?aeueaoii, Iieiieinei-*a?iiai?neee o?aaao, ?aoianeea e *ea/eineea ai?u.
Naiie aunieie /anoueth Oe?aeineeo Ea?iao yaeyaony iannea *a?iiai?a n
ianeieueeeie aa?oeiaie (a oii /enea Aiaa?ea), eiathueie auniou aieaa
2000 i. A Oe?aeineeo Ea?iaoao anoue oaeiaiua ia?aaaeu: Oaeieneee,
Aa?aoeeee, Aeoeianeee, ssaeiieoeeee. Ii iei i?ioiaeyo iniiaiua iooe
niiauaiey – aaoiiiaeeueiua e aeaeaciiaei?iaeiua iaaeno?aee.
E?uineea ai?u caieiatho e?aeiee tha E?uineiai iieoino?iaa. Iie
i?inoe?athony n caiaaea ia ainoie ia 180 ei. Caeanue auaeaeythony o?e
ai?iua a?yaeu: Aeaaiay n aunioaie 1 200-1 500 i, Aioo?aiiyy n aunioaie
400-600 i e Aiaoiyy n aunioaie 250-350 i. Neeiiu a?yae anneiao?e/iu:
thaeiua – e?ooua e ia?uaenoua, naaa?iua – ioeiaea. Yoi aucaaii
?aciuaaieai iyaeeo ii?iae a ai?iuo ianeiaieyo, ninoiyueo ec ieanoia
?acee/iie oaa?aeinoe. Aeeeiiua e iieiaea neeiiu Aiaoiae e Aioo?aiiae
a?yae niaiaaeatho n iai?aaeaieai caeaaaiey noieeeo ai?iuo ii?iae –
ecaanoiyeia. E?ooua neeiiu ia?aciaaeenue aneaaenoaea ?ac?ooaiey iyaeeo
ii?iae – ia?aaeae e aeei. Oaeea anneiao?e/iua oi?iu ?aeueaoa iacuaatho
eoynoaie. Iaaeaeo eoynoiauie a?yaeaie a ?acoeueoaoa y?icee ia?aciaaeenue
iiieaeaiey.
A?yaea Aeaaiay – naiay aunieay a E?uineeo ai?ao. Iia i?aaenoaaeyao niaie
oeaiue ieineeo aaceaniuo ianneaia, eioi?ua iacuaatho yeeaie: yeea
Aaeaea?neay, Ae-Iao?eineay, sseoeineay, Ieeeoneay, Ao?cooneay, Aaaoaai,
*aou?aeaa, Aeaia?aeaee, Aeieai?oeianeay, Ea?aaeyeea. Ia Aaaoaai-yeea
iaoiaeeony iaeaunoay oi/ea E?uineeo ai? – ai?a ?iiai-Eio. (1 545 i).
I?ea?aaeiua neeiiu Aeaaiie a?yaeu caeai/eaathony THaeiui aa?aaii E?uia,
aaea ?ani?ino?aiaiu y?iceiiiua, iiieciaaua e aoeeaie/aneea oi?iu
?aeueaoa. Nia?aiaiiue aeae E?uineea ai?u, eae e Oe?aeineea Ea?iaou,
i?eia?aee a yiioo aeueieeneie neeaae/aoinoe. Ia Aeaaiie a?yaea anoue
Aiaa?neee ia?aaae, /a?ac eioi?ue i?ioiaeeo o?ieeaeaoniay eeiey io
Neioa?iiiey aei Aeooou e sseou.
Aeoaeia e aonoioa ?an/eaiaiey iiaa?oiinoe, e?ooecia neeiiia ineiaeiytho
oicyenoaaiiia eniieueciaaiea oa??eoi?ee, i?ieeaaeuaaiea aei?ia,
ieaie?iaaiea e cano?ieeo ianaeaiiuo ioieoia, ia?aaioeo caiaeue e
au?aueaaiea naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo eoeueoo?, ?aciauaiea naaeia e
aeiia?aaeieeia, eaniiiein e o. ae.
?aee e ica?a. Iniiaiua ?aee Oe?aeiu – Aeiai?, THaeiue Aoa e Aeoiae,
aiaaeathuea a *a?iia ii?a. Eiaaony aieaa 7000 ica? (a iieiao ?ae, a
oaeaea ia naaa?i-caiaaea, a Iieanuea – iaeaieaa caaiei/aiiii ?aeiia).
E?oiiaeoea aiaeio?aieeeua – E?aiai/oaneia, Eaoianeia,
Aeiai?iaeca?aeeineia, Eeaaneia e Eaiaaneia.
A iniiaa oa??eoi?ee ?innee eaaeao e?oiiua oaeoiie/aneea no?oeoo?u
(ieaooi?iu, ueou, neeaae/aoua iiyna), eioi?ua au?aaeaiu ?aciiia?aciuie
oi?iaie a nia?aiaiiii ?aeueaoa — ai?aie, ieciaiiinoyie, aicauoaiiinoyie
e ae?.
I niauoeyo aaieiae/aneiai i?ioeiai a eo o?iiieiae/aneie
iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoe aeaao i?aaenoaaeaiea aaeeiay iaaeaeoia?iaeiay
aaio?iiieiae/aneay oeaea. Aa iniiaiuie iiae?acaeaeaieyie yaeythony y?u:
a?oaeneay, i?ioa?icieneay, iaeaicieneay, iacicieneay, eaeiicieneay.
Ae?aaiaeoee eioa?aae aaieiae/aneiai a?aiaie (a?oae e i?ioa?icie)
iacuaatho oaeaea aeieaia?eai. Ii ioaaouaaao aieueoie ia?eiae — ii/oe 90%
anae aaieiae/aneie enoi?ee Caiee (aaniethoiue aic?ano ieaiaou, ii
nia?aiaiiui i?aaenoaaeaieyi, i?eieiaaony ?aaiui 4,6 ie?ae. eao).
Aioo?e y? auaeaeythony iaiueoea a?aiaiiua io?acee — ia?eiaeu (iai?eia?,
iaeaiaaiiaue, iaiaaiiaue e /aoaa?oe/iue a eaeiicieneoth y?o). I?e yoii a
aaieiae/aneie enoi?ee iineaaeiaai ieeeea?aea eao auaeaeytho ianeieueei
oaeoiie/aneeo oeeeeia (yiio): aaeeaeueneee (eiiaoe i?ioa?iciy),
eaeaaeiineee (?aiiee iaeaicie), aa?oeeineee (iicaeiee iaeaicie),
iacicieneee (iacicie), eaeiicieneee eee aeueieeneee oeeee (io 100 iei
eao e aei ianoiyuaai a?aiaie).
Nia?aiaiiue ?aeueao ethaie no?aiu — niaieoiiinoue ia?iaiinoae caiiie
iiaa?oiinoe ?aciiai ianooaaa. Ii oi?ie?oaony a ?acoeueoaoa
acaeiiaeaenoaey aioo?aiieo e aiaoieo nee, a iniiaa eioi?uo eaaeao ?aciua
enoi/ieee yia?aee (aioo?aiiea neeu Caiee, yia?aey Nieioea, aao?a,
aiaeu).
Aieueoay /anoue oa??eoi?ee iaoae no?aiu caiyoa ?aaieiaie. Yoi
iaoneiaeaii oai, /oi a i?aaeaeao ?innee iaoiaeeony ianeieueei e?oiiuo
ieaooi?i, ?acee/iuo ii aic?anoo. Eiathony aeaa e?oiiua ae?aaiea
aeieaia?eeneea ieaooi?iu (ooiaeaiaio eo noi?ie?iaaeny a iniiaiii a a?oaa
e i?ioa?icia) — yoi ?onneay e Neae?neay. (I?aaenoaaeaiea i aaieiae/aneii
no?iaiee e oneiaeyo caeaaaiey ii?iae io?aaeaiu ia oaeoiie/aneie ea?oa
?innee).
O/anoee ieaooi?i, aaea ooiaeaiaio iia?oaeai ia aeoaeio iiae inaaei/iue
/aoie, iacuaatho ieeoaie (Caiaaeii-Neae?neay ieeoa). Ianoa auoiaea
e?enoaeee/aneiai ooiaeaiaioa ia iiaa?oiinoue ieaooi?i iacuaathony ueoaie
(Aaeoeeneee ueo ia ?onneie eee Ainoi/ii-Aa?iiaeneie ieaooi?ia,
Aiaaa?neee e Aeaeaineee ueou Neae?neie ieaooi?iu).
O?e /aoaa?oe oa??eoi?ee ?innee caieiatho ?aaieiu. Auaeaeythony o?e
iaoe?iuo ?aaieiiuo i?ino?ainoaa: Ainoi/ii-Aa?iiaeneay (eee ?onneay)
?aaieia, N?aaeia-Neae?neia ieineiai?uea e Caiaaeii-Neae?neay ?aaieia.
Auniou aieueoae /anoe ?onneie ?aaieiu — iaiaa 200 i, iaeiaei a aa
i?aaeaeao anoue e aicauoaiiinoe (N?aaeia-?onneay, Niieainei-Iineianeay,
I?eaieaeneay, Naaa?iua Oaaeu, Oeiaineee e?yae). Ia thaa ?onneay ?aaieia
a?aie/eo n ai?aie Aieueoiai Eaaeaca, noi?ie?iaaaoeieny a nia?aiaiiue,
aeueieeneee oeeee ai?iia?aciaaiey.
Auniou i?aiaeaaeathuae /anoe Caiaaeii-Neae?neie ?aaieiu ia i?aauoatho
200 i. ?onneoth ?aaieio ioaeaeytho io Caiaaeiineae?neie ae?aaiea
O?aeueneea ai?u, i?ioyioaoeany n naaa?a ia tha ia 2,5 oun. ei. N
thai-ainoiea Caiaaeii-Neae?neoth ?aaieio ieaeieytho Aeoaeneea ai?u.
N?aaeia-Neae?neia ieineiai?uea eiaao auniou 500-800 i iaae o?iaiai ii?y,
aunoay oi/ea — ia ieaoi Iooi?aia (1701 i). Neae?neoth ieaooi?io n thaa
ia?aieytho iaeanoe ae?aaiaeoae (aaeeaeueneie) neeaae/aoinoe. A
nia?aiaiiii ?aeueaoa yoi Aaeeaeueneay ai?iay no?aia, Nayiu, Aienaeneee
e?yae. Noaiiaie o?aaao e Aeaeaineia iaai?uea ?aniieiaeaiu ia Aeaeaineii
ueoa — /anoe Neae?neie ieaooi?iu.
E ainoieo io ?aee Eaiu, aieioue aei *oeioee, a oaeaea a I?eii?uea
?aniieaaathony ai?iua ianneau iacicieneie neeaae/aoinoe (o?aaou:
*a?neiai, Aa?oiyineee, Eieuineia iaai?uea).
Ia e?aeiai naaa?i-ainoiea e ainoiea no?aiu i?ioiaeeo Oeoiieaaineee iiyn
neeaae/aoinoe, aeeth/athuee Eai/aoeo, ino?ia Naoaeei e a?yaeo
Eo?eeueneeo ino?iaia. Aeaeaa ia tha yoa iaeanoue iieiaeuo ai?
i?iaeieaeaaony ia ssiiineeo ino?iaao. Eo?eeueneea ino?iaa yaeythony
aa?oeiaie auni/aeoeo (ieiei 7 oun. i) ai?, iiaeieiathueony ni aeia ii?y.
Eo aieueoay /anoue iaoiaeeony iiae aiaeie.
Iiuiua ai?iia?aciaaoaeueiua i?ioeannu e iiaeaeaeee eeoinoa?iuo ieeo
(Oeoiieaaineie e Aa?aceeneie) a yoii ?aeiia i?iaeieaeathony.
Naeaeaoaeuenoaii yoiio yaeythony eioaineaiua caieao?ynaiey e
ii?ao?ynaiey. Aeey iano aoeeaie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe oa?aeoa?iu ai?y/ea
enoi/ieee, a oii /enea ia?eiaee/anee oiioaie?othuea — aaeca?u, a oaeaea
aua?inu aacia ec e?aoa?ia e o?auei, eioi?ua naeaeaoaeuenoaotho ia
aeoeaiuo i?ioeannao a aeoaeia iaae?. Aeaenoaothuea aoeeaiu e aaeca?u
iaeaieaa oe?iei i?aaenoaaeaiu ia iieoino?iaa Eai/aoea.
I?e oaeii iaeeee e ?aciiia?acee oi?i ?aeueaoa, iaoe?iinoe oa??eoi?ee,
?acee/ee aaieiae/aneiai no?iaiey e i?e?iaeii-eeeiaoe/aneeo oneiaee
anoanoaaiiui i?aaenoaaeyaony iaee/ea aieueoiai niaeo?a iieaciuo
eneiiaaiuo, i?aaenoaaeaiiuo a iaae?ao iaoaai ainoaea?noaa.
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