IINEIANEEE YENOA?IUE
AOIAIEOA?IUE OIEAA?NEOAO
Aeaaeaiey iaaeaaiaeee
Oaeoeueoao ineoieiaee
?aoa?ao ii eo?no “Aaaaeaiea a ineoiaiaeec”
Oaieeey, e.i. nooaeaioa
Nooaeai/aneee aeeao
I?aiiaeaaaoaeue ______________________
?aoeaicaio ______________________
1999
Niaea?aeaiea
Aaaaeaiea
1. Ineoiaeeiaie/aneay oai?ey ee/iinoe eae iniiaa ineoiaiaeeca
2. Ineoinaenoaeueiua noaaeee ?acaeoey
3. Ineoiaiaeeoe/aneay oa?aiey
4. ?acaeoea ineoiaiaeeca
Nienie eniieueciaaiiie eeoa?aoo?u
Aaaaeaiea
Ineoiaiaeec – yoi ineoioa?aiaaoe/aneee iaoiae, ?ac?aaioaiiue C.
O?aeaeii. Iniiaiiieaaathuei iiiyoeai aai yaeyaony i?aaenoaaeaiea i
aanniciaoaeueiuo ineoe/aneeo i?ioeannao e eniieuecoaiuo aeey eo aiaeeca
ineoioa?aiaaoe/aneeo iaoiaeao. Ineoiaiaeec aeeth/aao oai?ee iauaai
ineoe/aneiai ?acaeoey, ineoieiae/aneiai i?ienoiaeaeaiey iaa?icia e
ineoiaiaeeoe/aneie oa?aiee, yaeyynue caeii/aiiie e oeaeinoiie nenoaiie.
A iniiao oai?ee iauaai ineoe/aneiai ?acaeoey eaaea eiioeaioeey i
noaaeeyo aeaoneie naenoaeueiinoe, eioi?ie iinayuaia ioaeaeueiay aeaaa
iiaai ?aoa?aoa (“Ineoinaenoaeueiua noaaeee ?acaeoey”). Ia a? aaca O?aeae
iienae aaiaoe/aneea oeiu oa?aeoa?a, i?aaenoaaeaiey i ?aa?anna e oi/eai
oeenaoeee, eioi?uie yaeythony noaaeee ?acaeoey naenoaeueiinoe, e o/aiea
i noaeeiaoeee.
Oai?ey i?ienoiaeaeaiey iaa?icia aeeth/aao i?aaenoaaeaiea i
ineoieiae/aneii eiioeeeoa. O?aeae ii?aaeaeye aai eae ia?aaeeaaiea,
aicieeathuaa a ?acoeueoaoa noieeiiaaiey ii e?aeiae ia?a aeaoo
ianiaianoeiuo oaiaeaioeee, eioi?ua aeaenoaotho iaeiia?aiaiii eae iioeau,
ii?aaeaeythuea iaeiia?aiaiii /oanoaa e iiaaaeaiea. O?aeae auaeaeye
ineoiiaa?icu, aeooaeueiua iaa?icu e iaa?icu oa?aeoa?a.
Iie?aynue ia nianoaaiioth oai?eth ia i?aaiecaoeee ineoeee e iaoaieciao
a? ooieoeeiie?iaaiey e aicieeiiaaiey iaa?icia, O?aeae ?ac?aaioae
niioaaonoaothuea ineoiaiaeeoe/aneea ea/aaiua iaoiaeu. Eae oeaeue
ineoiaiaeeoe/aneie oa?aiee ii iacuaae iaeneiaeueii aeoaieia ?acaeoea
aanniciaoaeueiuo ineoe/aneeo i?ioeannia e i?aaenoaaeaiea eo niciaieth
aeey eioaa?aoeee.
Oaeaea a /enea iniiaaoaeae ineoiaiaeeca iacuaatho aeaoo aeeaeaeoeo
o/aieeia O?aeaea – Ea?ea Aonoaaa THiaa e Aeueo?aaea Aaeea?a, eioi?ua
ioioee io ineoiaiaeeca a neeo i?eioeeieaeueiuo ?acee/ee e nicaeaee naie
oai?ee (aiaeeoe/aneay ineoieiaey e eiaeeaeaeoaeueiay ineoieiaey
niioaaonoaaiii). Aeaeueiaeoaa ?acaeoea ineoiaiaeeca oei a ?aieao
iaiineoiaiaeeca. Iniaoth ?ieue a i?i nua?aei iai?aaeaiea, i?eaeathuaa
aieueoaa cia/aiea nioeeieoeueoo?aeueiui oaeoi?ai a ?acaeoee iaa?ica,
o/eouaathuaa aeeyiea iauanoaa ia auai? e oi?ie?iaaiea iaa?ioe/aneeo
neiioiiia. N?aaee aai i?aaenoaaeoaeae – Ea?ai Oi?ie, Y?eo O?iii,
Aeeueaaeuei ?aeo e ae?. E?aoeiio iienaieth acaeyaeia i?aaenoaaeoaeae
yoiai iai?aaeaiey ineoiaiaeeca oaeaea ioaaaeaia ioaeaeueiay aeaaa iiaai
?aoa?aoa (“?acaeoea ineoiaiaeeca”).
1. Ineoiaeeiaie/aneay oai?ey ee/iinoe C. O?aeaea
Ae?aooea ?anniio?th ineoiaeeiaie/aneoth oai?eth ee/iinoe O?aeaea eae
iniiao ineoiaiaeeca e ineoiaiaeeoe/aneie oa?aiee.
Oa?iei “ineoiaiaeec” eiaao o?e cia/aiey: oai?ey ee/iinoe e
ineoiiaoieiaee; iaoiae oa?aiee ee/iinoiuo ?anno?ienoa; iaeiiaoe, iaoiae
eco/aiey iainiciaiiuo iuneae e /oanoa eiaeeaeaeooia. ?anniio?th nia/aea
acaeyaeu O?aeaea ia i?aaiecaoeeth ineoeee. Niaeanii aai no?oeoo?iie
iiaeaee, a ineoe/aneie aeecie iiaeii auaeaeeoue o?e iniiaiua no?oeoo?u:
eae (Iii), yai (ss) e noia?yai (naa?o-ss). O?aeae aue neeiiai n/eoaoue
eo iaeeie i?ioeannaie, iaaeaee no?oeoo?aie, i?eaeaaay ia?iiiia cia/aiea
yoiio aeaeaieth eae i?aaeiinueea ineoiaiaeeoe/aneie oai?ee.
Eae (io eaoeineiai “iii”) icia/aao i?eieoeaiua, einoeieoeaiua e
a?iaeaeaiiua aniaeou ee/iinoe e iaiieiyao iiaaaeaiea /aeiaaea yia?aeae.
Eae eiaao naia oeaio?aeueiia cia/aiea aeey eiaeeaeaeooia ia i?ioyaeaiee
anae aeecie, iii ia eiaao eaeeo eeai ia?aie/aiee. ssaeyynue enoiaeiie
no?oeoo?ie ineoeee, “Iii” au?aaeaao ia?ae/iue i?eioeei anae /aeiaa/aneie
aeecie – iaiaaeeaiioth ?ac?yaeeo ineoe/aneie yia?aee, i?iecaiaeeiie
ia?ae/iuie aeieiae/aneeie iiaoaeaeaieyie, naea?aeeaaiea eioi?uo
i?eaiaeeo e iai?yaeaieth a ee/iinoiii ooieoeeiie?iaaiee. Yoa ?ac?yaeea
iieo/eea iacaaiea i?eioeei oaeiaieuenoaey. Iiae/eiyynue yoiio i?eioeeio
e ia aaaeay no?aoa eee o?aaiae, Eae iiaeao i?aaenoaaeyoue iianiinoue
aeey eiaeeaeaeooia e iauanoaa. Oaeaea iii ea?aao ?ieue iin?aaeieea
iaaeaeo niiaoe/aneeie e ineoe/aneeie i?ioeannaie.
O?aeae oaeaea iienae aeaa i?ioeanna, iin?aaenoaii eioi?uo Eae ecaaaeyao
ee/iinoue io iai?yaeaiey: ?aoeaeoi?iua aeaenoaey e ia?ae/iua i?ioeannu.
?aoeaeoi?iua aeaenoaey ia anaaaea yoe aeaenoaey i?eaiaeyo e niyoeth
iai?yaeaiey, e oiaaea anooiatho a aeaenoaey ia?ae/iua i?ioeannu,
oi?ie?othuea ineoe/aneea ia?acu, naycaiiua n oaeiaeaoai?aieai iniiaiie
iio?aaiinoe. Ia?ae/iua i?ioeannu – iaeiae/iay, e??aoeeiiaeueiay oi?ia
/aeiaa/aneeo i?aaenoaaeaiee. Iia oa?aeoa?ecoaony ianiiniaiinoueth
iiaeaaeyoue eiioeuenu e ?acee/aoue ?aaeueiia e ia?aaeueiia. I?iyaeaiea
iiaaaeaiey eae ia?ae/iiai i?ioeanna iiaeao i?eaanoe e aeaaee
eiaeeaeaeooia, anee ia iiyayony aiaoiea enoi/ieee oaeiaeaoai?aiey
iio?aaiinoae. N iiiaioa iniciaiey nouanoaiaaiey aiaoiaai ie?a /aeiaaeii,
aicieeaao neaaeothuay no?oeoo?a – yai.
Yai (io eaoeineiai “y”) – yoi eiiiiiaio ineoeee /aeiaaea, ioaa/athuee ca
i?eiyoea ?aoaiee. Yai /a?iaao ec Eae /anoue yia?aee aeey i?aia?aciaaiey
e ?aaeecaoeeth iio?aaiinoae a nioeeaeueii i?eaieaiii eiioaenoa,
iaania/eaay aaciianiinoue e naiinio?aiaiea i?aaiecia. Yai a naieo
i?iyaeaiey ?oeiaiaenoaoaony i?eioeeiii ?aaeueiinoe, oeaeue eioi?iai –
nio?aiaiea oeaeinoiinoe i?aaiecia iooai ion?i/ee oaeiaeaoai?aiey aei
iaoiaeaeaiey aiciiaeiinoe aai ?ac?yaeee e/eee niioaaonoaothueo oneiaee
aiaoiae n?aaeu. Yai auei iacaaii O?aeaeii aoi?e/iui i?ioeannii. Iaeiie
ec iniiaiuo oeaeae ineoiaiaeeoe/aneie oa?aiee yaeyaony inaiaiaeaeaiea
iaeioi?iai eiee/anoaa yia?aee yai aeey ?aoaiey i?iaeai ia aieaa aunieii
o?iaia ineoeee.
Noia?yai (“naa?o-ss”) – iineaaeiee eiiiiiaio ?acaeaathuaeny ee/iinoe –
nenoaia oeaiiinoae, ii?i e yoeee, ?acoiii niaianoeiua n i?eiyouie a
ie?oaeaiee /aeiaaea. Noa?-Yai yoi ii?aeueii-yoe/aneay neea ee/iinoe,
yaeythuayny neaaenoaeai i?iaeieaeeoaeueiie caaeneiinoe io ?iaeeoaeae.
Noia?yai iiae?acaeaeyaony ia aeaa iiaenenoaiu – niaanoue e yai-eaeaae, e
n/eoaaony noi?ie?iaaaoeiny, eiaaea ?iaeeoaeueneee eiio?ieue niaiyaony
naiieiio?ieai. Iii iuoaaony oaaaeeoue yai a i?aeiouanoaa
eaeaaeenoe/aneeo eaeae iaae ?aaeenoe/aneeie.
Aeaeaeoueie neeaie iiaaaeaiey O?aeae n/eoae einoeieou – ineoe/aneea
ia?acu oaeaniuo iio?aaiinoae, au?aaeaiiua a aeaea aeaeaiee. Eaaeaeue
/aeiaae eiaao ia?aie/aiiia eiee/anoai ineoe/aneie yia?aee, e oeaeue
ethaie oi?iu iiaaaeaiey yaeyaony niyoea iai?yaeaiey, aucaaiiiai
neiieaieai yoie yia?aee a iaeiii ianoa. O?aeae auaeaeye aeaa a?oiiu
einoeieoia – einoeieou aeecie e nia?oe. Ia?aay a?oiia (Y?in) aeeth/aao a
naay ana neeu, neoaeauea oeaee iiaeaea?aeaiey aeeciaiii aaaeiuo
i?ioeannia e iaania/eaathueo ?aciiiaeaiea aeaea, iai?eia?, naenoaeueiue
einoeieo. Yia?aey naenoaeueiiai einoeieoa iieo/eea iacaaiea eeaeaei. Oae
eae nouanoaoao iiiai naenoaeueiuo einoeieoia, O?aeae i?aaeiieiaeee, /oi
eaaeaeue ec ieo naycai n ii?aaeaeaiiui o/anoeii oaea, o.a. y?iaaiiie
ciiie, e auaeaeee /aou?a o/anoea: ?io, aion e iieiaua i?aaiu. Aoi?ay
a?oiia – einoeieou nia?oe (Oaiaoin) – eaaeeo a iniiaa anao i?iyaeaiee
aa?anneaiinoe, aeanoieinoe, oaeenoa e naiioaeenoa.
Aunaiaiaeaeaiea yia?aee i?ienoiaeeo aeaaiaea?y niaia iiaaaeai/aneie
aeoeaiinoe. Oaeia niauaiea eaaeeo a iniiaa oai?/anoaa, eeai, /oi aieaa
?ani?ino?aiaii, aeiiaoiea eiioeeeou ec-ca i?iaeai ia ?aaioa.
Iaeiie ec ooieoeee yai yaeyaony o?aaiaa, e a? iacia/aiea ninoieo a oii,
/oiau i?aaeoi?aaeaeaoue /aeiaaea i iaaeaeaathuaeny oa?ica, aeaaay
aiciiaeiinoue ee/iinoe a oa?iaeathueo neooaoeeyo ?aaae?iaaoue
aaeaioeaii. Ineoiaiaeeoe/aneay oai?ey auaeaeyao o?e oeia o?aaiae.
?aaeenoe/aneay o?aaiaa – yoi yiioeeiiaeueiue ioaao ia oa?ico e iiieiaiea
?aaeueiuo iianiinoae aiaoiaai ie?a. Iaa?ioe/aneay o?aaiaa –
yiioeeiiaeueiue ioaao ia iianiinoue oiai, /oi iai?eaieaiua eiioeuenu ni
noi?iiu eae noaioo iniciaiiuie. Ii?aeueiay o?aaiaa aicieeaao anaaaea,
eiaaea eae no?aieony e aeoeaiiio au?aaeaieth aaci?aanoaaiiuo iuneae eee
aeaenoaee, e noia?yai ioaa/aao ia yoi /oanoaii aeiu, nouaea.
Iiiiaatho ecaaaaoue iai?eaieaiuo einoeieoeaiuo eiioeuenia e iiiu?youe
oaeiaeaoai?aiea eo a iaaeeaaeauae oi?ia oae iacuaaaiua caueoiua
iaoaieciu yai: auoaniaiea, i?iaeoeey, caiauaiea, ?aoeeiiaeecaoeey,
?aaeoeaiia ia?aciaaiea, ?aa?anney, io?eoeaiea e noaeeiaoeey. Niaeanii
O?aeaeo, na?ueaciua ineoieiae/aneea i?iaeaiu aicieeatho oiaaea, eiaaea
niiniau caueou yai i?eaiaeyo e eneaaeaieth ?aaeueiinoe.
Ineoiaiaeeoe/aneay oai?ey O?aeaea – yoi i?eia? ineoiaeeiaie/aneiai
iiaeoiaea e eco/aieth iiaaaeaiey /aeiaaea. Oai?ey n/eoaao iiaaaeaiea
/aeiaaea caaeneiui io aioo?aiieo ineoieiae/aneeo eiioeeeoia. Ec aiaeeca
oai?ee neaaeoao, /oi O?aeae aue oaaaeaeai, /oi ee/iinoue ac?ineiai
oi?ie?oaony ec iiuoa ?aiiaai aeaonoaa. Oai?ey ee/iinoe O?aeaea
iineoaeeea iniiaie aeey ineoiaiaeeoe/aneie oa?aiee.
2. Ineoinaenoaeueiua noaaeee ?acaeoey ee/iinoe
Iaeia ec i?aaeiinueie ineoiaiaeeoe/aneie oai?ee ninoieo a oii, /oi
/aeiaae ?iaeaeaaony n ii?aaeaeaiiui eiee/anoaii eeaeaei, eioi?ay caoai
i?ioiaeeo a naiai ?acaeoee ianeieueei noaaeee, eiaioaiuo eae
ineoinaenoaeueiua noaaeee ?acaeoey. Ineoinaenoaeueiia ?acaeoea –
aeieiae/anee aeaoa?ieie?iaaiiay iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoue, ?acaa?ouaathuayny
a iaeciaiiii ii?yaeea e i?enouay anai ethaeyi, iacaaeneii io
eoeueoo?iiai o?iaiy. N nia?aiaiiie oi/ee c?aiey, “ineoinaenoaeueiia
?acaeoea /aeiaaea i?iaeieaeaaony anth aeeciue, a oiaea ?aoaiey caaea/
ee/iinoiiai e yiioeeiiaeueiiai ?acaeoey, nicaeaiey naiuee, ainieoaiey
aeaoae… A eiia/iii eoiaa, iineaaeiae noaaeeae ineoinaenoaeueiie
?acaeoey /aeiaaea yaeyaony i?iaeoeoeaiay e caei?iaay noa?inoue”.
O?aeaeii auea i?aaeeiaeaia aeiioaca i /aou?ao noaaeeyo: i?aeueiie,
aiaeueiie, oaeee/aneie e aaieoaeueiie. A ineoiaiaeeca o/eouaatho au?
ianeieueei oaeoi?ia, aaaaeaiiuo O?aeaeii. Iai?eia?, a neo/aa o?ono?aoeee
ineoinaenoaeueiua iio?aaiinoe ?aaaiea i?anaeathony ?iaeeoaeyie eee
ainieoaoaeyie, ia iaoiaey iioeiaeueiiai oaeiaeaoai?aiey; i?e
naa?ocaaioeeainoe ?aaaiie ia eiaao aiciiaeiinoe nai oi?aaeyoue naieie
aioo?aiieie ooieoeeyie. Ii a ethaii neo/aa i?ienoiaeeo neiieaiea
eeaeaei, /oi a c?aeua aiaeu iiaeao i?eaanoe e “inoaoi/iiio” iiaaaeaieth,
naycaiiiai n oie noaaeeae, ia eioi?oth i?eoeanue o?ono?aoeey eee
?aa?anney. Oaeaea aaaeiuie iiiyoeyie a ineoiaiaeeoe/aneie oai?ee
yaeythony ?aa?anney e oeenaoeey:
?aa?anney – aica?ao a iaeaieaa ?aiithth noaaeeth e i?iyaeaiea
?aay/aneiai iiaaaeaiey, oa?aeoa?iiai aeey yoiai ia?eiaea;
oeenaoeey – caaea?aeea eee inoaiiaea ?acaeoey ia ii?aaeaeaiiie noaaeee.
I?aeueiay noaaeey aeeeony io ?iaeaeaiey i?eia?ii aei 18-iany/iiai
aic?anoa. A yoio ia?eiae ii iieiinoueth caaeneo io ?iaeeoaeae, e
iaeanoue ?oa naycaia n nin?aaeioi/aieai i?eyoiuo iuouaiee e
oaeiaeaoai?aieai aeieiae/aneeo iio?aaiinoae. Ii iiaieth O?aeaea, ?io
inoaaony aaaeiie y?iaaiiie ciiie ia i?ioyaeaiee anae aeecie /aeiaaea.
I?aeueiay noaaeey caeai/eaaaony, eiaaea i?ae?auaaony ei?ieaiea
a?oaeueth. O?aeae iienae oeiu ee/iinoe, aicieeathuea i?e oeenaoeee ia
aeaiiie noaaeee:
I?aeueii-ianneaiue – aanaeue, iioeienoe/iue, iaeeaeaao “iaoa?eineiai”
ioiioaiey e naaa. Ii (iia) oa?aeoa?ecoaony aeiaa?/eainoueth,
ianneaiinoueth, iac?aeinoueth e /?acia?iie caaeneiinoueth.
I?aeueii-aa?anneaiue – au?aaeaaony a oaeeo /a?oao eae ethaiaue e nii?ai,
ianneieci, oeeie/iia ioiioaiea. Yoiio oeio naienoaaiii yenieoaoe?iaaoue
ae?oaeo ethaeae e aeiieie?iaaoue iaae ieie n oeaeueth oaeiaeaoai?aiey
naieo ioaeae.
Iniiaiui ?acoeueoaoii i?aeueiie noaaeee yaeyaony ioe?uoea ?aa?ieii
cia/eiiai ae?oaiai, niiniaiinoue iieo/aoue oaeiaeaoai?aiea io
yiioeeiiaeueiiai eiioaeoa n iaoa?ueth e aioiaiinoue eniuouaaoue
?aaeinoue io oaeaniiai eiioaeoa. *oanoai aaceniiai aeiaa?ey (eee aai
ionoonoaea) e ae?oaiio /aeiaaeo ii?aaeaeeo, eae aoaeoo neeaaeuaaoueny
yiioeeiiaeueiua eiioaeou n ae?oaeie ethaeueie.
Aiaeueiay noaaeey ia/eiaaony a aic?anoa io 18-oe ianyoeaa e
i?iaeieaeaaony aei o?aoueaai aiaea aeecie. A yoie noaaeee i?eo/aiey e
ooaeaoo ?aaaiie o/eony ?aca?aie/eaaoue o?aaiaaiey Eae (oaeiaieuenoaea io
iaiaaeeaiiie aeaoaeaoeee) e nioeeaeueiua ia?aie/aiey, enoiaeyuea io
?iaeeoaeae (naiinoiyoaeueiue eiio?ieue iaae iio?aaiinoyie). O?aeae
n/eoae, /oi ana aoaeouea oi?iu naiieiio?iey e naii?aaoeyoeee aa?oo
ia/aei a yoie noaaeee.
A ?acoeueoaoa o?ono?aoeee a yoio ia?eiae (iai?eia?, ?iaeeoaeueneiai
o?aaiaaiey “iaiaaeeaiii noiaeeoue ia ai?oie”) aiciiaeii oi?ie?iaaiea
aiaeueii-oaeaaeeaathuaai oeia ee/iinoe. Yoio oei a aieaa ac?ineii
aic?anoa /?acau/aeii neoi, iaoiaee/ai, ioieooaeai e oi?yi. Aoi?ie
?acoeueoao yoie aiaeueiie oeenaoeee – aiaeueii-auoaeeeaathuee. *a?oaie
oaeiai oeia yaeyaony neeiiiinoue e ?ac?ooaieth, aaniieienoai,
eiioeueneaiinoue e aeaaea naaeenoneoth aeanoieinoue.
Iaeioi?ua ?iaeeoaee iiiu?ytho naieo aeaoae e ?aaoey?iiio iii?iaeiaieth e
uaae?i oaaeyo ca yoi. N/eoaaony ./oi iiaeiaiue iiaeoiae ainieouaaao
iiceoeaioth naiiioeaieo e aeaaea iiaeao niinianoaiaaoue ?acaeoeth
oai?/aneeo niiniaiinoae.
Yiioeeiiaeueiia ioiioaiea e iaoa?e ia yoie noaaeee oa?aeoa?ecoaony
aiaeaaeaioiinoueth: iaeiia?aiaiiui ninouanoaiaaieai ethaae e iaiaaenoe,
aa?anneaiinoe e iio?aaiinoe a aeecinoe. A yoi a?aiy ?aa?iie /anoi
noaiiaeony oi?yiui, an? io?eoeathuei, aa?anneaiui ii ioiioaieth e
iaoa?e, eae au i?iaa?yy a? /oanoaa ia i?i/iinoue. Iaaaoeaiui
iineaaenoaeai yiioeeiiaeueiie o?aaiu, iieo/aiiie ia yoie noaaeee, iiaeao
auoue oaiaeaioeey e io?aaae?iaaieth aa?anneaiuo eiioeuenia ac?ineui
/aeiaaeii a aae?an iaeaieaa yiioeeiiaeueii cia/eiiai eeoea. Caaea/a
iaeaaeaiey naieie aa?anneaiuie eiioeuenaie, ?aoaiea i?iaeaiu nianoaaiiie
aiaeaaeaioiinoe anoue eoia aiaeueiie noaaeee ?acaeoey ?aa?iea.
Oaeee/aneay (Yaeeiiaa) noaaeey – ia?eiae iaaeaeo o?aiy e oanoueth
aiaeaie. Eioa?anu, iaoneiaeaiiua eeaeaei, niauathony a ciio aaieoaeee.
Ia i?ioyaeaiee oaeee/aneie oacu ineoinaenoaeueiiai ?acaeoey aeaoe iiaoo
enneaaeiaaoue iieiaua i?aaiu, ianoo?ae?iaaoue e i?iyaeyoue eioa?an a
aii?inao naycaiiuo n ?iaeaeaieai e iieiauie ioiioaieyie. Ii
iiaieth O?aeaea, aeaoe eiatho oioy au niooiia i?aaenoaaeaiea i
naenoaeueiuo ioiioaieyo e, eae i?aaeei, iiieiatho iieiaie aeo eae
aa?anneaiua aeaenoaey iooea ii ioiioaieth e iaoa?e. Aeiieie?othuee
eiioeeeo yoie noaaeee o iaeue/eeia iacuaaaony yaeeiiaui eiiieaenii, e
aiaeiae/iue o aeaai/ae – eiiieaen Yeaeo?u. Nooue yoeo eiiieaenia
caeeth/aia a iainiciaiiii aeaeaiee eaaeaeiai ?aaaiea iaeaaeaoue
?iaeeoaeai i?ioeaiiieiaeaiiiai iiea e ono?aiaiee ?iaeeoaey iaeiiai n iei
iiea. A ii?ia yoe eiiieaenu ?acaeaathony ii-?aciiio o iaeue/eeia e
aeaai/ae.
N iiiaioa ?iaeaeaiey aeaaiui enoi/ieeii oaeiaeaoai?aiey aeey iaeue/eea
yaeyaony iaoue eee oeao?a a? caiauathuay. Iaeue/ee oi/ao iaeaaeaoue
iaoa?ueth, oi/ao au?aaeaoue naie y?ioe/aneea /oanoaa oi/ii oae aea, eae
aeaeatho noa?oea. A oiaea a?aiy ioaoe aini?eieiaaony eae i?aiyonoaea e
iieo/aieth aaieoaeueiiai oaeiaeaoai?aiey. Oi anoue /oanoaa e ?iaeeoaeyi
iinyo aiaeaaeaioiue oa?aeoa?. Ionthaea, ec-ca niia?ie/anoaa eee a?aaeaeu
n iooeii, oae eae iaeue/ee /oanoaoao, /oi ioaoe ia aeaeaao oa?iaoue aai
?iiaioe/aneea /oanoaa e iaoa?e, a ?acoeueoaoa /aai aicieeaao iianiinoue
aiciacaeey, iiyaeyaony aiyciue eano?aoeee. Yoi canoaaeyao ioeacaoueny io
no?aieaiey e eioeanoo.
?ac?aoaiea yaeeiiaa eiiieaena i?ienoiaeeo ia aieaa iicaeiae noaaeee
?acaeoey, i?eia?ii iaaeaeo iyoueth e naiueth aiaeaie, eiaaea iaeue/ee
iiaeaaeyao naie naenoaeueiua aeaeaiey e ia/eiaao eaeaioeoeoee?iaaoue
naay n iooeii. Yoio i?ioeann, iieo/eaoee iacaaiea eaeaioeoeeaoeee n
aa?anni?ii, auiieiyao ianeieueei ooieoeee:
i?eia?aoaiea niaieoiiinoe oeaiiinoae, ii?aeueiuo ii?i, onoaiiaie,
iiaeaeae iiei?ieaaiai iiaaaeaiey;
a i?ioeanna eaeaioeoeeaoeee iaeue/ee iiaeao oaea?aeaoue iaoue, eae e
iauaeo ethaae, iooai caiauaiey, oae eae ii iaeaaeaao ea/anoaaie iooea;
eioa?iaeecaoeey ?iaeeoaeueneeo cai?aoia e ii?i, /oi aeaao ii/ao aeey
?acaeoey niaanoe eee noia?yai.
Aa?ney yaeeiiaa eiiieaena o aeaai/ae iacuaaaony eiiieaenii Yeaeo?u.
Anooiay a oaeee/aneoth noaaeeth, aeaai/ea iaia?oaeeaaao ionoonoaea
iaiena (/oi iiaeao neiaieece?iaaoue ionoonoaea neeu), eae o a?aoa e
iooea. Ii iiaieth O?aeaea, eioi?ia ?acaeaeyeinue aeaeaei ia anaie
ineoiaiaeeoeeaie, o aeaai/ae ?acaeaaaony caaenoue e iaieno,
au?aaeathuayny a ioe?uoie a?aaeaeaaiinoe e iaoa?e, oi?aeay, /oi oa
?iaeeea aa aac iaiena. No?aieaiea e iooeo oi?ie?oaony ia i?aaenoaaeaiee
i iai eae iaeaaeaoaey yoiai i?aaia. Naenoaeueiia oaeiaeaoai?aiea
oieone?oaony ia eeeoi?a, e o aeaai/ae 5-7 eao eeeoi?iay ianoo?aaoeey
nii?iaiaeaeaaony ianeoeeiiuie oaioaceyie, a eioi?uo eeeoi? noaiiaeony
iaienii. ?ac?aoaiea eiiieaena Yeaeo?u o aeaai/ae, ii O?aeaeo, eaeao oai
aea iooai /oi o iaeue/eeia, o.a. eaeaioeoeeaoeeae n iaoa?ueth.
Ac?ineua ioae/eiu n oeenaoeeae ia oaeee/aneie noaaeee aaaeoo naay
aea?cei, iie oaanoeeau e ii?iiao/eau, aeiaeaathony oniaoa (ineoiaiaeec
aeaeeo a yoii neiaiee/aneoth iiaaaeo iaae ?iaeeoaeai). O aeaiueiu
oaeee/aneay oeenaoeey i?eaiaeeo e neeiiiinoe oee?oiaaoue, iaieueuaoue, e
aanii?yaei/iui iieiaui naycyi, oioy iiaoo eacaoueny iaeaiuie e iaaeiiuie
a naenoaeueiii ioiioaiee. Ia?ac?aoaiiua eiiieaenu iiaoo aanoe e
iaa?ioe/aneei iiaeaeyi iiaaaeaiey, eiathueo ioiioaiey e eiiioaioeee e
o?eaeaeiinoe.
Eaoaioiue ia?eiae auaeaeyaony a i?iiaaeooea io 6-7 eao aei ia/aea
iiae?inoeiaiai aic?anoa e ii?aaeaeyaony eae oaca naenoaeueiiai caoeouey.
O?aeae oaeaeye iaei aieiaiey i?ioeannai a yoio ia?eiae, oae eae ii aai
iiaieth naenoaeueiue einoeieo a yoi a?aiy i?aaeiieiaeeoaeueii ae?aieao.
Aaieoaeueiay (ioaa?oaoiay) noaaeey – yoi ia?eiae, i?iaeieaeathueeny io
c?aeinoe aei nia?oe. A? ia/aeueiay oaca iau/ii niaiaaeaao n ia/aeii
oeieueiiai iao/aiey e oa?aeoa?ecoaony aeioeie/aneeie e oeceieiae/aneeie
eciaiaieyie a i?aaiecia. ?acoeueoaoii yoeo eciaiaiee yaeyaony
oa?aeoa?iia aeey iiae?inoeia oneeaiea aicaoaeeiinoe e iiauoaiea
naenoaeueiie aeoeaiinoe. Iieo/aaony, /oi anooieaiea a aaieoaeueioth
noaaeeth ioia/aii iaeaieaa iieiui oaeiaeaoai?aiey naenoaeueiiai
einoeieoa. ?acaeoea a ii?ia aaae?o e auai?o a?a/iiai ia?oia?a e
nicaeaieth naiuee.
Aaieoaeueiue oa?aeoa? yaeyaony eaeaaeueiui oeiii ee/iinoe a
ineoiaiaeeoe/aneie oai?ee. ?ac?yaeea eeaeaei a iieiaii aeoa iaania/eaaao
aiciiaeiinoue oeceieiae/aneiai eiio?iey iaae eiioeuenaie, iinooiathueie
io iieiauo i?aaiia. O?aeae aiai?ee, /oi aeey oiai /oiau noi?ie?iaaeny
ii?iaeueiue aaieoaeueiue oei oa?aeoa?a, /aeiaae aeieaeai ioeacaoueny io
ianneaiinoe, naienoaaiiie aeaonoao, eiaaea ana oi?iu oaeiaeaoai?aiey
aeaaaeenue eaaei.
Noieo ioiaoeoue nia?aiaiiua aicc?aiey ia yoio aniaeo oai?ee
ineoiaiaeeca. N nia?aiaiiuo iiceoeee, niauoey ia?auo iyoe – oanoe eao
aeecie ieacuaatho ?aoathuaa e aeieaia?aiaiiia aicaeaenoaea ia ?acaeoea
oa?aeoa?a /aeiaaea, ii i?e/eiu yiioeeiiaeueiiai aeeno?anna iiaoo auoue
ia oieueei a ineoio?aaiaoe/aneeo niauoeyo ?aiiaai aeaonoaa, ii e/eee a
niauoeyo aieaa iicaeiae aeecie. I?ioeua niauoey aeaonoaa aaaeiu oieueei
a oii neo/aa, anee iie noaeeeaathony ni niiniaiinoueth iaoeeaioa
yooaeoeaii ooieoeeiie?iaaoue a ianoiyuai. A aeaiiii neo/aa ineoiaiaeeoee
iiiiaaao iaoeeaioo iaia?oaeeoue, eae eiaiii i?iyaeythony aeaoneea ei?ie
yiioeeiiaeueiuo i?iaeai oaea ai ac?ineii aic?anoa, e i?aiaeieaoue eo.
3. Ineoiaiaeeoe/aneay oa?aiey
Eeanne/aneee ineoiaiaeec n/eoaaony iaeaieaa eioaineaiui e no?iaei ii
oi?i oeiii ineoioa?aiee. Iaoeeaio iinauaao ineoiaiaeeoeea io o??o aei
iyoe ?ac a iaaeaeth, e nai ea/aaiue eo?n i?iaeieaeaaony ianyoeu, a oi e
aiaeu. Iaoeeaio eaaeeo ia eooaoea e ia aeaeeo ineoiaiaeeoeea, neaeyuaai
iicaaee iaai. (Eniieueciaaiea i?aneiaooie eooaoee iiae/??eeaaao, /oi
ineoiaiaeec – yoi niaoeeaeece?iaaiiay oi?ia iauaiey). A i?ioeanna
ineoiaiaeeca iaoeeaio no?aieony e aicieeiiaaieth naiaiaeiuo
annioeeaoeee, oi anoue iuoaaony neacaoue an?, /oi aio i?eoiaeeo a
aieiao, aeaau i?ineaaeeoue aeaeaeaiea iuneae e eo ?aiiei ei?iyi;
i?ienoiaeeo oaeaea aiaeec niiaeaeaiee e /oanoaao ia?aiina, aicieeathueo
a i?ioeanna aiaeeca.
Nouanoaotho ianeieueei iniiaiuo i?eciaeia, ioee/athueo ineoiaiaeec io
ae?oaeo oi?i ineoioa?aiee:
a ineoiaiaeeca i?aeiouanoaaiii ia eniieuecothony eaea?noaaiiua
n?aaenoaa;
ineoiaiaeeoee ia aeaao /aoeeo e niaoeeoe/aneeo ?aeiiaiaeaoeee
ioiineoaeueii oiai, eae iaoeeaio aeieaeai oi?aaeyoue naiae aeeciueth eee
?aoaoue naie i?iaeaiu. Iai?ioea, aiaeeoee iiiiaaao iaoeeaioo iiiyoue,
ii/aio ii ianiiniaai ?aoaoue naie aeeciaiiua i?iaeaiu eee eaeie
aioo?aiiee eiioeeeo eeoaao aai i?eaioe?iaee, eae iinooiaoue a oao eee
eiuo aeeciaiiuo ianoiyoaeuenoaao.
Caaea/a ineoiaiaeeoeea – eniieuecoy eioa?i?aoaoeeth e i?iyniaiea,
iiii/ue iaoeeaioo a ?aeiino?oe?iaaiee no?oeoo?u oa?aeoa?a n oiaiueoaieai
iaoieiae/aneie caueou. Aaaeii, /oiau iaoeeaio oiae au?aaeaoue naie
/oanoaa e iunee, aue niiniaai ia?aiineoue yiioeeiiaeueiia iai?yaeaiea,
aucuaaaiia ineoiaiaeeoeeii, iaeaaeae niiniaiinoueth e onoie/eaiio
ineoioa?aiaaoe/aneiio aeueyino. Ioee/ea ineoiaiaeeoe/aneie ineoioa?aiee
– a a? iaiueoae eioaineaiinoe, oioy iia e iniiaaia ia i?eioeeiao e
iaoiaeeeao, eniieuecoaiuo a ineoiaiaeeca. A ineoiaiaeeoe/aneie
ineoioa?aiee aeoeaio aeaeaaony ia naiiiiciaiee e niiniaiinoe iinoiyiii
oaeoaeyoue iiieiaiea naiae aioo?aiiae ineoe/aneie aeecie.
Aeaaiay oeaeue ineoiaiaeeca e ineoiaiaeeoe/aneie ineoioa?aiee ninoieo a
iiiiue eeeaioo a iniciaiee i?e/ei aioo?aiieo eiioeeeoia, aicieeathueo a
?acoeueoaoa i?ioeai?a/eauo aeaoneeo ia?aaeeaaiee e i?iyaeythueony eae
neiioiiaie, oae e oi?ie?iaaieai ii?aaeae?iiuo aieaciaiiuo iaooa?iia
iiaaaeaiey e iaaeee/iinoiiai acaeiiaeaenoaey a c?aeii aic?anoa.
Ineoiaiaeeoe/aneay oa?aiey /anoi aanueia yooaeoeaia a a?oiiao eee a
aeiiieiaiea e eiaeeaeaeoaeueiui naainai.
Ineoiaiaeeoe/aneee iaoeeaio yaeyaony ?aaiii?aaiui ia?oia?ii
ineoiaiaeeoeea a oieeaeueiii enneaaeiaaiee naiae aeecie. Iaoeeaio
aeieaeai eaaeaoue ia eooaoea oaeei ia?acii, /oiau ia auoue a iiea c?aiey
ineoiaiaeeoeea, ii oae, /oiau naiaiaeii neuoaoue aai e ?acaiaa?eaaoue n
iei. Ia eiaaony ieeaeeo niaoeeoe/aneeo oai aeey ?acaiai?a. Iaoeeaio
iiaeao aiai?eoue i /ai oaiaeii, i /ai aio oi/aony aiai?eoue, ii ii ia
aeieaeai aiai?eoue ia yoii neeoeii iaei, e yoi aeieaeai auoue iiiieia, a
ia aeeaeia n aiaeeoeeii. A i?ioeanna aiai?aiey iaoeeaio aeieaeai
?anneacaoue i naiae ianoiyuae aeecie, iiaeaeeoueny ainiiieiaieyie i
i?ioeii, ?anneacaoue i ieaiao ia aoaeouaa. Ia/ou e niiaeaeaiey,
oaioacee, naenoaeueiua iunee, iaiaaenoue e aa?anney, e ae?oaea /oanoaa
ioiineoaeueii naay e ae?oaeo aeieaeiu auoue auneacaiu ethaui oaeiaiui
niiniaii. A oa/aiee a?aiaie, ioiouaiiiai ia aiaeec, aiaeeoee iiiiaaao
iaoeeaioo auneacaoue yiioeeiiaeueii icia/aiioth enoi?eth aai aeecie,
ane?uaay iainiciaaaaiua iioeau, no?aoe, e ainiiieiaiey, eioi?ua aeieaeiu
noaoue eioaa?e?iaaiiuie a aai ianoiyuoth aeeciue.
Niaeanii eiioeaioeee ineoiaiaeeca, aanniciaoaeueiiio cae?uo aeinooi a
niciaiea, o ii?iaa eioi?iai iaoiaeeony “oeaico?a”. Auoaniaiiua aea/aiey
ia eeoathony naiae yia?aee e iinoiyiii no?aiyony i?iaeoueny a niciaiea,
ii naeaeaoue iie yoi iiaoo eeoue /anoe/ii, ioo?i eiii?iienna e
eneaaeaiey. Eo iiaeii eco/eoue a i?ioeanna ineoiaiaeeca. N yoie oeaeueth
i?eiaiythony /aou?a ?acee/iua i?ioeaaeo?u:
eiio?iioaoeey (iaoeeaioo iaiaoiaeeii iieacaoue, /oi ii ecaaaaao /aai-oi;
ii aeieaeai ?acee/aoue oio ineoe/aneee oaiiiai, /oi yaeyaony i?aaeiaoii
aiaeeca;
eea?eoeeaoeey (i?iyniaiea, iiiauaiea cia/eiuo aeaoaeae a oieon
niciaiey);
eioa?i?aoaoeey (i?aia?aciaaiea iainiciaiiuo aeaoaeae a iniciaiiua);
ouaoaeueiay i?i?aaioea (eiiieaen i?ioeaaeo? e i?ioeannia, eiathueo ianoi
iinea einaeoa).
Iaeaieaa aaaeiie i?ioeaaeo?ie yaeyaony eioa?i?aoaoeey, ana inoaeueiua
eeai iiae/eiythony ae, eeai aaaeoo e iae, aeaeay a? yooaeoeaiie.
Ineoiaiaeeoe/aneea iaoiaeu, oaeei ia?acii, naiaeyony e
eioa?i?aoe?othuaio aiaeeco “eiii?iienniuo” ia?aciaaiee niciaiey, eioi?ua
i?iyaeytho naay a ?yaea i/aiue ?ani?ino?ai?iiuo iauaeaiiuo aeeciaiiuo
aeaenoaee (oeia iaiai?ie, ioeai/iuo aeaenoaee, caauaaiee neia e ei?i e
o.i.)
Niiaeaeaiey ea?atho aaaeioth ?ieue a ineoiaiaeeoe/aneie oa?aiee.
Niaeanii O?aeaeo, iie yaeythony “ei?ieaaneie aei?iaie e
aanniciaoaeueiiio”. A niao au?aaeathony aanniciaoaeueiua iio?aaiinoe,
ainiiieiaiey, eiioeeeou e aeaeaiey /aeiaaea. Niu iiaoo noaoue iooai
iiieiaiey ne?uouo aniaeoia “ss”, iniaaiii eiaaea enneaaeothony n
iiiiuueth e i?eaea/aieai eioa?i?aoaoeee aiaeeoeea. A niiaeaeaiee
ineoiaiaeeoee ?acee/aao yaiia niaea?aeaiea (eae i?eia? – ia?acu, acyoua
ec aia/aoeaiee aeeaeaeoaai aeiy) e ne?uoua iunee, i nouanoaiaaiee
eioi?uo niciaiea ia iiaeic?aaaao.
Aeey i?iieeiiaaiey a aanniciaoaeueiia oaeaea eniieuecoaony iaoiae
naiaiaeiuo annioeeaoeee, eioi?ue ecaanoai eae ooiaeaiaioaeueiia i?aaeei
ineoiaiaeeca e eioi?iio i?eaea?ony aieueoaa cia/aiea, /ai ae?oaei
iaoiaeai i?iaeooee?iaaiey iaoa?eaea a ineoiaiaeeoe/aneii i?ioeanna.
Nooue iaoiaea caeeth/aaony a oii, /oi iaaei ineaaeoue ana
caaea?aeeaathuea e e?eoeeothuea einoaioeee niciaiey; iaoeeaio iiaeao e
aeieaeai aiai?eoue oaeea aaue, eioi?ua ii n/eoaao o?eaeaeueiuie,
iinouaeiuie, iaaaaeeeauie. Oaeay ?aaioa ?iaeaeaao neeueiia nii?ioeaeaiea
niciaiey, ?iaeaeaaony aioo?aiiee i?ioano, iiae/an eaaeaony, /oi an? e
oae ynii e ia ioaeaeaaony a i?iyniaiee, eee iaiai?io – /oi an?
aano?aeii, neo/aeii e ia eiaao niunea. Naii iaee/ea nii?ioeaeaiey
yaeyaony i/aiue aaaeiui enoi/ieeii aiaeeca: oai, aaea iii i?enoonoaoao,
anoue e auoaniaiiia aea/aiea.
Oaeaea oeaiiui enoi/ieeii iaoa?eaea aeey ineoiaiaeeca yaeyaony ia?aiin
ia ineoiaiaeeoeea ?aiieo aeaoneeo /oanoa. Aiaeec nii?ioeaeaiey e
ia?aiina noae oeaio?aeueiui yeaiaioii ineoiaiaeeoe/aneiai i?ioeanna. A
oa/aiea eaaeaeiai ineoiaiaeeoe/aneiai naaina iaoeeaio aeaiiino?e?oao
iiaaaeaiea, eioi?ia iaoaao i?ia?anno ea/aiey. Iiaeiaiiai ?iaea aeeyiea
iacuaaaony nii?ioeaeaieai. Oae eae a ineoiaiaeeca nicaeathony ana
oneiaey, /oiau iaoeeaio iia aeinoe/ue naiaiaeu iunee e aeaenoaey,
io?eoeaoaeueiua yiioeeiiaeueiua neeu a aanniciaoaeueiii, eioi?ua aucaaee
i?iaeaio iaoeeaioa, i?iyaeythony eae i?aiyonoaey aa?aaeueiie oa?aiee.
Iaoeeaio iiaeao ii/oanoaiaaoue ianiiniaiinoue aiai?eoue aeaeueoa eee /oi
aio aieueoa ia/aai neacaoue; caoioaoue /oi-oi aaaeiia nio?aieoue a oaeia
io ineoiaiaeeoeea (iai?eia?, iaeioi?ua oaeou, eioi?uo ii nouaeeony); eee
ii/oanoaiaaoue, /oi oi, /oi ii aiai?eo – ia eiaao cia/aiey. Oaeaea
iaoeeaio iiaeao iinoiyiii iiaoi?youeny a naieo ?anneacao; ecaaaaoue
ianoaeaeaiey iaeioi?uo oai, caoioaoue caiyoueny /ai-oi ae?oaei; aeaeaoue
iieo/eoue niaao aianoi iiieiaiey; ?anneacuaaoue oieueei i?i iunee e
eaii?e?iaaoue /oanoaa (eee iaiai?io).
Aianoa iaoeeaio e aiaeeoee eco/atho cia/aiea e oeaeue eiie?aoiiai
nii?ioeaeaiey e i?iaotho iaeoe eeth/ e aai ?acaeiee?iaaieth oaeei
ia?acii, /oiau iaoeeaio i?iaeieaeee naie ee/iinoiue ?ino. Nia?aiaiiua
oa?aiaaou n/eoatho, /oi iaoeeaio iaycaoaeueii eniuouaaao iio?aaiinoue a
nii?ioeaeaiee, e eniieuecotho iyaeee iiaeoiae, /oiau iiii/ue aio a
i?aiaeieaiee i?iaeai nii?ioeaeaiey.
Ia?aiin iau/ii aicieeaao ec oeie/iuo ioiioaiee e cia/eiui ?iaeeoaeueneei
oeao?ai, eioi?uie a i?ioeii iaoeeaioa auee ?iaeeoaee, o/eoaey, a?aouey
eee nano?u. Eiiaaea /oanoaa e aiaeeoeeo i?aaenoaaeytho oaeoe/aneea
/oanoaa, iai?aaeaiiua ia ?aaeueiiai /aeiaaea ec i?ioeiai iaoeeaioa, ii
ia?aianaiiua a ianoiyuaa a?aiy ia iaeaieaa aeeceoth e iiaeoiaeyuoth
“?iaeeoaeueneoth oeao?o” – oi anoue ia aiaeeoeea.
Aeaeaei ia ana iaoeeaiou eniuouaatho eeanne/aneea oi?iu ia?aiina, ii
i?aeoe/anee aeey anao iaoeeaioia a oiaea aiaeeca iieacii eco/aiea e
iiieiaiea /oanoa, aicieeathueo o ieo ii ioiioaieth e aiaeeoeeo. Yoi
aanueia iiiiaaao iiieiaieth aeooaeueiuo ioiioaiee, au?aaeaiiinoe
iio?aaiinoe a ia?niiaeueiii ?inoa, iaeeaeaiee ni noi?iiu ae?oaeo e
ioiioaiee e iaoeeaioo. Oeaeue aiaeeoeea ninoieo a oii, /oiau iiii/ue
iaoeeaioo iao/eoueny iiieiaoue e i?eieiaoue ana aicieeathuea o iaai
/oanoaa iacaaeneii io oiai, eaeiau iie.
Ii i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoe ineoiaiaeeca ia eiaao ii?aaeae?iiuo ia?aie/aiee.
Iaeioi?ua iaoeeaiou iiaoo iieo/eoue iieueco oaea ca ei?ioeee i?iiaaeooie
a?aiaie (oanoue ianyoeaa eee iaiueoa), a ae?oaea iiaoo i?iaeieaeaoue
ea/aiea a oa/aiea ianeieueeeo eao. A eeanne/aneii ineoiaiaeeca n?aaeiee
iaoeeaio o/anoaoao a oa?aiee ieiei aeaoo eao. Oa?aiey n/eoaaony
caaa?oaiiie, eiaaea oeaee iaoeeaioa aeinoeaioou. Eiaaea iaoeeaio
niiniaai eiioi?oaaaeueii ia?aaeeaaoue ana aniaeou naieo /oanoa; eiaaea
ii niiniaai aaeaeaaoii aeeth/aoue ana yoe /oanoaa a ioiioaiey n
aiaeeoeeii (eia/a aiai?y, iniciaaaoue e iiaeaa?aaoue aiaeeco); eiaaea
/oanoaa ia iaoatho, a iiiiaatho a aeinoeaeaiee aai nianoaaiiuo eioa?ania
e oeaeae – oiaaea ineoiaiaeeoe/aneay oa?aiey caeii/aia.
4. ?acaeoea ineoiaiaeeca
O?aeaea ie?oaeaei iiiaeanoai o/aieeia. Iaoaeiaeaoai?aiiinoue
ineoiaiaeeoe/aneeie iaoiaeaie e iaiaoiaeeiinoue ia?aniio?a ?yaea
iinooeaoia i?oiaeienaeueiiai o?aeaeecia i?eaaee aai aeeaeaeoeo
iineaaeiaaoaeae e ee/iiio ?ac?uao n O?aeaeii, ii ia e ?ac?uao n
ineoiaiaeecii. Iaeaieaa naiiauoiuie ec o/aieeia auee Ea?e Aonoaa THia e
Aeueo?aae Aaeea?, nicaeaaoea nianoaaiiua iai?aaeaiey: niioaaonoaaiii
aiaeeoe/aneoth ineoieiaeth e eiaeeaeaeoaeueioth ineoieiaeth.
Ia?aui iiaiaaaaeaieai THiaa auei iiiyoea i “eieeaeoeaiii
aanniciaoaeueiii”. Ii i?ia?e /aoeia ?acaeaeaiea iaaeaeo
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiui e eieeaeoeaiui aanniciaoaeueiui. Eiaeeaeaeoaeueiia
aanniciaoaeueiia io?aaeaao ee/iinoiue iiuo ioaeaeueiiai /aeiaaea e
ninoieo ec ia?aaeeaaiee, eioi?ua eiaaea-oi auee niciaoaeueiuie, ii
oo?aoeee naie niciaoaeueiue oa?aeoa? a neeo caaaaiey eee iiaeaaeaiey.
Eieeaeoeaiia aanniciaoaeueiia – yoi iaua/aeiaa/aneee iiuo, oa?aeoa?iue
aeey anao ?an e ia?iaeia, iii i?aaenoaaeyao niaie ne?uoua neaaeu iaiyoe
/aeiaa/aneiai i?ioeiai. Iii caoeene?iaaii a ieoieiaee, ia?iaeiii yiina,
?aeeaeiciuo aa?iaaieyo e i?iyaeyaony, oi anoue auoiaeeo ia iiaa?oiinoue,
o nia?aiaiiuo ethaeae /a?ac niiaeaeaiey. Iiyoiio aeey THiaa aeaaiui
iieacaoaeai aeaenoaey aanniciaoaeueiiai yaeythony niiaeaeaiey e aai
ineoiaiaeeoe/aneay aeayoaeueiinoue.
THia io?eoeaao oai?eth naenoaeueiinoe O?aeaea, eae aaeeinoaaiiia
au?aaeaiea ineoe/aneie oeaeinoiinoe ee/iinoe e i?eaiaeeo iiiai/eneaiiua
i?eia?u iaa?icia, a eioi?uo ia ia?aaeiee ieai auoiaeeee i?iaeaia
nioeeaeueiie aaeaioaoeee, aeaaeaiea o?aae/aneeo ianoiyoaeuenoa aeecie,
niia?aaeaiey i?anoeaea e o.ae.
Aaeea? i?aia?aciaae enoiaeioth oai?eth ineoiaiaeeca, auaeaeea a ea/anoaa
oaeoi?a ?acaeoey ee/iinoe /oanoai iaiieiioeaiiinoe. No?aiynue
i?aiaeieaoue /oanoai iaiieiioeaiiinoe e naiiooaa?aeeoueny n?aaee
ae?oaeo, /aeiaae aeooaeece?oao naie oai?/aneea iioaioeee. Aaeea? iacaae
yoio i?ioeann eiiiainaoeeae eee naa?oeiiiainaoeeae. Naa?oeiiiainaoeey –
yoi iniaay nioeeaeueiay oi?ia ?aaeoeee ia /oanoai iaiieiioeaiiinoe. A
“eiiieaena iaiieiioeaiiinoe” Aaeea? aeaeae enoi/iee iaa?icia. Ii n/eoae,
/oi iaiaoiaeeii ciaoue eiia/ioth oeaeue ono?aieaiee /aeiaaea, aai
aanniciaoaeueiue aeeciaiiue ieai, i?e iiiiue eioi?iai ii noa?aaony
i?aiaeieaoue iai?yaeaiea aeecie e naith iaoaa?aiiinoue.
A eiioea 30-o aiaeia aiciee iaio?aeaeeci, eaeay eioi?iai ninoiyea
aeaaiui ia?acii a niaaeeiaiee o?aaeeoeeiiiiai ineoiaiaeeca n
nioeeieiae/aneeie oai?eyie. Iiaeaa?aioa e?eoeea ?yae iieiaeaiee
eeanne/aneiai ineoiaiaeeca a oieeiaaiee aioo?eineoe/aneeo i?ioeannia, ii
inoaaea aaaeiaeoea aai eiioeaioeee (e??aoeeiiaeueiua iioeau /aeiaa/aneie
aeayoaeueiinoe, ecia/aeueii i?enouea eaaeaeiio eiaeeaeaeo),
i?aaenoaaeoaee iaio?aeaeecia ia?aianee oeaio? oyaeanoe ia enneaaeiaaiea
iaaeee/iinoiuo ioiioaiee. I?e/eiie iaa?icia o /aeiaaea eie n/eoaeanue
o?aaiaa, ca?iaeaeaaoayny au? o ?aaaiea i?e noieeiiaaiee n enoiaeii
a?aaeaeaaiui aio ie?ii e oneeeaathuayny i?e iaaeinoaoea ethaae e
aieiaiey. Iicaea oaeie i?e/eiie noaiiaeony iaaiciiaeiinoue aeey
eiaeeaeaea aeinoe/ue aa?iiiee n nioeeaeueiie no?oeoo?ie nia?aiaiiiai
iauanoaa, eioi?ia oi?ie?oao o /aeiaaea /oanoai iaeeii/anoaa,
ioi?aaiiinoe io ie?oaeathueo, io/oaeaeaiea. Oi anoue iauanoai
?anniao?eaaaony eae enoi/iee io/oaeaeaiey e i?eciaaony a?aaeaeaaiui
ei?aiiui oaiaeaioeeyi ?acaeoey ee/iinoe e o?ainoi?iaoeee aa aeeciaiiuo
oeaiiinoae e eaeaaeia. *a?ac enoeaeaiea eiaeeaeaea iiaeao e aeieaeii
i?iecieoe enoeaeaiea anaai iauanoaa. E /eneo iaeaieaa ecaanoiuo
i?aaenoaaeoaeae iaio?aeaeecia ioiinyony Ea?ai Oi?ie, Y?eo O?iii,
Aeeueaaeuei ?aeo, A. Ia?eoca e ae?.
Aaaeouei i?aaenoaaeoaeai iaio?aeaeecia aue Y. O?iii. Ii n/eoae, /oi a
ee/iinoe iao ie/aai i?e?iaeaeaiiiai. Ana aa ineoe/aneea i?iyaeaiey – yoi
neaaenoaea iia?oaeaiiinoe ee/iinoe a ?acee/iua nioeeaeueiua n?aaeu.
Oi?ie, O?iii e Naeeeaai ioaa?aee iinooeaou ia iaeiicia/ii aiaoiie/aneie
aeaoa?ieiaoeee ?acee/ee iaaeaeo iieaie, i noaaeeyo ineoinaenoaeueiiai
?acaeoey e yaeeiiaii eiiieaena e naeaeaee oii? ia aaaeiinoue
iaaeee/iinoiuo acaeiiioiioaiee e nioeeieoeueoo?iiai aeeyiey ia
ee/iinoue.
Ia eaeae Ea?ai Oi?ie ai iiiaii iiaeeyei neaaeothuaa:
nii?ioeaeaiea aioeoaieiecio O?aeaea;
i?eioeeiu ia?enecia e nioeeaeecia;
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiay ineoieiaey Aeueo?aaea Aaeea?a;
aia?eeaineee oa?aeoa? ainieoaiey e ?acaeoey.
Oi?ie n/eoaea, /oi iniiaiua acaeyaeu O?aeaea ianoo ia naaa ioia/aoie
oeeinioneeo aicc?aiee XIX aaea. Oi?ie ia n/eoaea eeaeaei aaeeinoaaiiui
enoi/ieeii aeoeaiinoe eiaeeaeaea; oaeaea a? auea ioaa?aioou
eaeay O?aeaea ia yaeeiiaii eiiieaena eae iniiaiiieaaathuai iaa?ioe/aneii
eiioeeeoa e eioa?i?aoaoeey O?aeaeii aeaeaiey aeaiueiu noaoue ioae/eiie
enoiaey ec iinueee, /oi aeaiueia ecia/aeueii aeieiae/anee iaiieiioeaiia.
Ea?ai Xi?ie auaeaeyao aeaa iiiaioa, eioi?uie oa?aeoa?ecoaony ana
iaa?ioeee: ?eaeaeiinoue ?aaeoeee e ianiioaaonoaea iaaeaeo iioaioeeyie e
aeinoeaeaieyie. Eae iniiaa ana iaa?icia ae iacuaaeanue “aacaeueiay
o?aaiaa”, oi anoue “/oanoai nianoaaiiie iacaueuaiiinoe, neaainoe,
aaniiiiuiinoe, iacia/eoaeueiinoe a yoii i?aaeaoaeueneii, aoaeothuai,
oieaeathuai, ceii, iieiii caaenoe e a?aie ie?a”.
E. Oi?ie auaeaeeea o?e oeia iai?aaeaiiinoe iiaaaeaiey ee/iinoe ii
ioiioaieth e ie?oaeathuei aa ethaeyi: e ethaeyi (iio?aaiinoue a ethaae);
io ethaeae (eae iio?aaiinoue a iacaaeneiinoe); i?ioea ethaeae (eae
iio?aaiinoue ai aeanoe). I?e noieeii aeiieie?iaaiee a iiaaaeaiee
eiaeeaeaea iaeiiai ec yoeo aaeoi?ia neeaaeuaathony o?e oeia
iaa?ioe/aneie ee/iinoe (niioaaonoaaiii): oneoaeeeaay, euouay ethaae,
iaeia?aiey ethaie oeaiie; iuoathuayny io?aoeoueny io iauanoaa;
aa?anneaiay, aeaaeaeouay i?anoeaea e aeanoe. Iineieueeo ana yoe oi?iu
?aaeoeee yaeythony iaaaeaeaaoiuie, nicaeaaony ii?i/iue e?oa:
o?aaiaeiinoue ia ono?aiyaony, a iaiai?io, ia?anoaao, ii?iaeaeay ana
iiaua e iiaua eiioeeeou.
Oai?eth iaa?ica Oi?ie oi?ioee?oao oae: iniiaa caeeaaeuaaaony aacaeueiie
o?aaiaie a aeaonoaa e, no?aiynue ni?aaeoueny n oa?icie, enoiaeyuae io
a?aaeaeaaiiai aio ie?a, /aeiaae au?aaaouaaao iaeio ec o?ao caueoiuo
no?aoaaee. Aaaeiia ?acee/ea iiaeoiaeia Oi?ie e O?aeaea iaaethaeaaony a
naiie i?aeoeea ineoiaiaeeca: iaoiae Oi?ie eiaao aeaei nei?aa n
aeaoaeoaie a iaaeee/iinoiuo acaeiiioiioaieyo /aeiaaea, ?ane?uaathueieny
a ioiioaiee iaoeeaioa e naiaio aiaeeoeeo.
Iaio?aeaeenou (Oi?ie, Naeeeaai, O?iii e ae?.) i?eaianee a oai?eth e
i?aeoeeo ineoiaiaeeca neaaeothuea eaeae:
a) iniciaiea aaaeiinoe ?anniio?aiey nioeeaeueiuo e eoeueoo?iuo oaeoi?ia
aeey iiieiaiey /aeiaa/aneie i?e?iaeu;
a) aaaeiinoue iiieiaiey iaaeee/iinoiuo acaeiiioiioaiee aeey eco/aiey
ia?aciaaiey oa?aeoa?a, o?aaiaeiinoe e iaa?icia;
a) Yaeeiia eiiieaen, ia?aciaaiea Noia?yai e “iaiieiioeaiiinoue” aeaiueiu
– yoi eoeueoo?iua iniaaiiinoe;
a) ia oa?aeoa? yaeyaony ?acoeueoaoii naenoaeueiiai ?acaeoey, a oa?aeoa?
ii?aaeaeyao naenoaeueiia iiaaaeaiea.
Eaeae iaiineoiaiaeeca eiaee cia/eoaeueiia aeeyiea ia iauanoaaiioth
aeeciue, yoeeo, eoeueoo?o naiaai a?aiaie. Nia?aiaiiua ineoiaiaeeoeee
n/eoatho, /oi aiaa, a?aaeaeaaiinoue, caaeneiinoue e iiiaeanoai ae?oaeo
iiaoaeaeaiee iiaoo auoue oaeaea aaaeiu a oi?ie?iaaiee ee/iinoe. Aaaeue
anee ia?aoeoueny e enoi?ee, oi iiaeii i?aaenoaaeoue naaa, n eaeei
eiioeiaaioii iaoeeaioia eiae aeaei O?aeae. Aaconeiaii, nia?aiaiiua
iaoeeaiou eiatho o?oaeiinoe ia naenoaeueiie ii/aa, ia eioi?ua aeaeaeny
aeoeaio o O?aeaea, ii e oaeaea eiathony iiiaea ae?oaea i?iaeaiu –
/oanoaa aiaaa, iaeeii/anoaa, anaaiciiaeiua caaeneiinoe,
yecenoaioeeaeueiua i?iaeaiu oeia iaaeinoaoi/iinoue niunea nianoaaiiie
aeecie e o.ae.
Iinea O?aeaea iniiaiia aieiaiea ineoiaiaeeca auei iai?aaeaii ia eco/aiea
oiai, eae /aeiaae aoiaeeo a ie? eae ioaeaeueiay ee/iinoue, iaeaaeathuee
naiiniciaieai e /oanoaii iieiaeeoaeueiiai naiioaaaeaiey. A nia?aiaiiuo
iiaeaeyo ineoiaiaeec oaeaea eiaao aeaei n aa?anneae, ?aiieie
acaeiiioiioaieyie “iaoue-?aaaiie”, nioeeaeueiuie ioiioaieyie, naiaeiie
aeeiaieeie e ineoiniiaoe/aneeie i?iaeaiaie. ?aiiee ineoiaiaeec i?eaieai
oieueei aeey ea/aiey i?iaeai iaoeeaioia-iaa?ioeeia, ei?ie i?iaeai
eioi?uo a ?aiiai aeaonoaa. A iaoe aeie iaoeeaiou ia oae /anoi iinauatho
ineoiaiaeeoeea, eae ai a?aiaia eeanne/aneiai ineoiaiaeeca. Aiaeeoeee
eiatho aieueoia eiee/anoai ?aciiia?aciuo oaoiee, iicaieythueo aeaei
?aaae?iaaoue ia iiaaaeaiea iaoeeaioa. Nia?aiaiiue aiaeec aeeiaie/ii
iaiyaony, /oiau oaeiaeaoai?eoue iio?aaiinoe eae iaoeeaioa, oae e
i?aeoeeothuaai aiaeeoeea.
Caeeth/aiea
Ineoiaiaeec — ia oieue aeae ineoioa?aiaaoe/aneie e eeeie/aneie i?aeoeee.
Iaeiia?aiaiii ii yaeyaony oeeinioneei o/aieai i /aeiaaea, oeaeie
nioeeaeueiie oeeinioeae. A yoii niunea ineoiaiaeec noae iaiouaieaiie
/anoueth caiaaeiie eoeueoo?u, iiyoiio y n/eoath aai eco/aiea i/aiue
aaaeiui a eiioaenoa eioaa?aeueiiai, oeaeinoiiai ia?aciaaiey
ineoieiaa-eiinoeueoaioa iaoeo aeiae.
Nienie eniieueciaaiiie eeoa?aoo?u:
E. Oueaee, Ae. Ceaea?. “Oai?ee ee/iinoe”. NIa, 1999.
A.E. Einaaa, A.E. Eoiueeia. “Ineoinaenoaeueiia ?acaeoea ?aa?iea”. I,
1995.
“Ineoioa?aiaaoe/aneay yioeeeeiiaaeey” (iiae ?aaeaeoeeae A.Ae.
Ea?aana?neiai). NIa, 1998.
C. O?aeae. “Aaaaeaiea a ineoiaiaeec: Eaeoeee”. I, 1989.
Ae. Naiaeea?, E. Aey?, A. Oieaea?. “Iaoeeaio e ineoiaiaeeoee. Iniiau
ineoiaiaeeoe/aneiai i?ioeanna”. Ai?iiaae, 1993.
Einaaa A.E., Eoiueeia A.E. “Ineoinaenoaeueiia ?acaeoea ?aa?iea”. I,
1995. n. 4.
Einaaa A.E., Eoiueeia A.E. “Ineoinaenoaeueiia ?acaeoea ?aa?iea”. I,
1995. n. 9.
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