?aoa?ao ii ineoieiaee ee/iinoe
nooaeaioa a?oiiu EO 4-32
Aoeiiaa Aeaenay
ia oaio:
“?acaeoea yenia?eiaioaeueiie ineoieiaee a eiioea XIX – ia/aea XX aaea”.
Iineaa 1997a.
Ieai
Aaaaeaiea
Aoiaeo
Eaiia
Iiaua iaoiaeeee
Yaaeiaoc
A?aeyi e Oa?oa?
Caeeth/aiea
Nienie eeoa?aoo?u
Aaaaeaiea
N aiaae?aieai a ineoieiaeth yenia?eiaioa ioe?uaaaony aa eaoiienue a
ea/anoaa naiinoiyoaeueiie iaoee. Eiaiii aeaaiaea?th yenia?eiaioo iiene
i?e/eiiuo naycae e caaeneiinoae a ineoieiaee i?eia?ae oaa?aeoth ii/ao.
Ioe?ueanue ia?niaeoeaa iaoaiaoe/anee oi/iuo (a ia aiia?aaeaaiuo, eae o
Aa?aa?oa) ineoieiae/aneeo caeiiiia?iinoae.
Iiuo ?aaeeeaeueii eciaiee e?eoa?ee iao/iinoe ineoieiae/aneiai ciaiey. E
iaio noaee i?aaeuyaeyoueny o?aaiaaiey aini?iecaiaeeiinoe a oneiaeyo,
eioi?ua iiaoo auoue aiiaue nicaeaiu ethaui ae?oaei enneaaeiaaoaeai.
Iauaeoeaiinoue, iiaoi?yaiinoue, i?iaa?yaiinoue noaiiayony e?eoa?eyie
aeinoiaa?iinoe ineoieiae/aneiai oaeoa e iniiaaieai aeey aai ioianaiey a
?ac?yae iao/iuo.
Oeaio?aie ineoieiae/aneie ?aaiou noaiiayony niaoeeaeueiua eaaa?aoi?ee,
aicieeoea a ?acee/iuo no?aiao. Ia?aiia/aeueii i?ei?eoao i?eiaaeeaaeae
iaiaoeeei oieaa?neoaoai. Ia?aeeaeueii eioaineaiua enneaaeiaaiey
i?iaiaeeeenue a ?inne e Niaaeeiaiiuo Ooaoao Aia?eee e Neaiaeeiaaneeo
no?aiao. A eiie?aoiie iao/ii-enneaaeiaaoaeueneie i?aeoeea
eoeueoeae?iaaeenue iai?aaeaiey, iauaaeeiaiea eioi?uo inianoeei iieiaoth
ianooiaoaeueiiai aeooa iieiaeoth iaoeo yenia?eiaioaeueiui i?oaeeai
(ineoioeceieiaey i?aaiia /oanoa, ineoioeceea, ineoiiao?ey).
Aieueoei/oai yenia?eiaioaeueiuo ?aaio auei iinayuaii enneaaeiaaieth
naini?iuo ooieoeee. Nithc ineoieiae/aneiai ciaiey n oeceieiae/aneei
iniaaiii i?i/ai ia yoii o/anoea. Aeey anaai, /oi aeaeaeinue a iaeanoe
eco/aiey c?eoaeueiuo iuouaiee e aini?eyoee, ia?acoeii neoaeeea
«Oeceieiae/aneay iioeea» Aaeueiaieueoea». Iienaiea ineoieiaia. A
aoiaeoiaeie e ae?oaeo eaaa?ioi?eyo eco/aeenue ia?eoa?eeiia e
aeiieoey?iia c?aiea (Ee?oiai, Y Oeo/aia? e ae?.), c?eoaeueiay
aaeaioaoeey (A. Aoaa?o, A. A. Oieueeiai), eiio?ano, iineaaeiaaoaeueiua
ia?acu, oeaaoiiuouaiey e ae?. A 1894 aiaeo E. E?en ioe?ue ?acee/ea a
ooieoeeyo iaei/ae e eieai/ae e a yoii aea aiaeo A Eaiea – ?ieue
c?eoaeueiiai io?io?a.
Aoi?ui iinea Aaeueiaieueoea aaoi?eoaoii a iaeanoe oeceieiaee i?aaiia
/oanoa, aeeeoaeueiia a?aiy aue Yaaeueae Aa?eia (1834-1918), i?ioanni?
oeceieiaee a I?aaa. Ii ecia?ae ?yae i?eai?ia e i?eniiniaeaiee. Aioaaeoeo
a iaycaoaeueiue ieieioin. Ii aae n Aaeueiaieueoeai nii? ii
i?eioeeieaeueiui aii?inai oai?ee c?eoaeueiuco iuouaiee e aini?eyoee,
i?ioeaiiinoaaea aaeueiaieueoeaaneiio yiie?ecio (aeaeeiue ia?ac –
i?iaeoeo iiuoa e o.ae.) oai?eth iaoeaecia, niaeanii eioi?ie nao/aoea
ecia/aeueii iaaeaeaia niiniaiinoueth i?ino?ainoaaiiiai aeaeaiey.
Eaaeaeie aa oi/ea, niaeanii Aa?eiao, i?enoue o?e eieaeueiuo ciaeea,
iicaieythuea aacioiineoaeueii e oi?aaeiaieth (aeaeaeaieyi aeac)
aini?eieiaoue aunioo, eaaoth e i?aaoth iiceoeeth e aeoaeio. *oiau
iauynieoue noa?aineiie/aneia aeaeaiea, ii i?aaeiieiaeee, /oi eieaeueiue
ciae aeey aeoaeiu iiaeao auoue eae iiceoeaiui, oae e iaaaoeaiui.
Aa?eia auaeaeioe oaeaea iiaoth eiioeaioeeth oeaaoiuuouaiee. Aa?eia a
iniiao iauyniaiey oeaaoiiuuouaiey iieiaeee aeenneieeyoeeth e
anneieeyoeeth ianeieueeeo oeie/aneeo noano?aoia, eioi?ua aucuaatho
iuuouaiea aaei-/a?iiai, e?anii-caeaiiai e aeaeoi-neiaai. I?e
aeenneieeyoeee aicieeaao iaeii ec iuuouaiee, i?e anneieeyoeee –
i?ioeaiiieiaeiia aio. Iiiaiia?acea oeaaoia auaiaeeeinue eae o
Aaeueiaieueoea, ec ?acee/iie eiiaeiaoeee oeceieiae/aneeo i?ioeannia. Iaa
oai?ee oaeiaeaoai?eoaeueii iauyniyee ii?aaeaeiiua a?oiiu yaeaiee, ii
noaeeeaaeenue n iai?iaeieeiuie o?oaeiinoyie i?e ieiiuoea iauynieoue
ae?oaea yaeaiey. Iaa a oa/aiea aeanyoeeaoee iaoiaeeeenue a oeaio?a
aeeneonnee , eanathueony i?iaeai oeaaoiiai aeaeaiey.
Aoiaeo
Ana yanoaaiia iaia?oaeeaaeinue ?anoiaeaeaiea iaaeaeo enneaaeiaaoaeyie
?acee/iie iaoiaeieiae/aneie i?eaioaoeee. Iio/eoaeai a yoii ieaia
eiioeeeo iaaeaeo o/aieeaie Aoiaeoa e A?aioaii. E oa e ae?oaea
i?iaeaeaaeenue a ?onea eio?i niaeoeeiiecia. A yoi icia/aei
nin?aaeioi/aiii/oue ia oaiiiaiao iiciaiey. Ii Aoiaeo e aai
iineaaeiaaoaee no?iai ?i?eaea?aeeaaeenue eo?na ia enneonoaaiiue aiaeec,
ia iiene ia?aiyeaiaioia niciaiey, ioe?uaaaiuo eciu?aiiie eio?iniaeoeeae.
A?aioaii n/eoae, /oi oaiiiaiu niciaieyneaaeoaoiaaethaeaoue a eo
iaiin?aaenoaaiiie aeaiiinoe, aac niaoeeaeueiie ?aaiou noauaeoa iaae yoe
iaoa?eaeii. I?enooiea e eco/aieth neooiaie /oanoaeoaeueiinoe, E Oooio
aua?ae a ea/anoaa eniuooaiuo niaoeeaeenoia iocueaioia. Eo
naiiiaaethaeaiea aeaaaei eioth eioi?iaoeeth, /ai o eniuooaiuo,
o?aie?iaaiiuo ii aoiaeoianeei eino?oeoeeyi.
Oooio ioaa?a aeaiiua aoiaeoianeie eaaa?io?ee, eae eneonnoaaiiua, ia
niioaaonoaothuea ?aaeueiinoe niciaiey. Iaaeaeo iei e Aoiaeooii aniuoioea
iieaieea. ?acoeueoaou naieo enneaaeiaaiee Oooio eceiaeee a eaieoaeueiii
aeaoooiiiii o?oaea ii ineoieiaee aini?eyoey iocaeaeueiuo caoeia (1883 –
1890). Noieeiiaaiea iaaeaeo eaaa?ioi?eyie Aoiaeoa e Oooiioa ethaiiuoii
aoii ieaia, /oi enoiaeiay i?ia?aiia ?anuaieaiey niciaiey ia aai
no?oeoo?iua eiiiiiaiou noaea ?ac?ooaoueny a naiie i?aeoeea
enneaaeiaaiey, a ia ec-ca neaainoe oai?aoe/aneie noaiu. Eeoeai,
caieiathueiny i?ioanneaiaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoueth a ii?aaeaeaiiie noa?a
eoeueoo?u, aeiaa?yeinue aieueoa, /ai «/enoui» ineoieiaai. Aiaeec
niciaiey noaaeeny a caaeneiinoue io iiaie ia?aiaiiie – ?aaeueiie
aeayoaeueiinoe ee/iinoe.
A 90-o aiaeao e eco/aieth neooiauo iuouaiee i?enooieee a aoiaeoianeie
eaaa?ioi?ee Ne?ei/o? e E?thaa?. Ec iuouaiee ae?oaeo iiaeaeueiinoae
aieiaiea yenia?eiaioaoi?ia i?eaeaeee eiaeiua e inycaoaeoueiua (Aeeen,
Aieueaeoaeaea?, O?ae e ae?.) A oio aea ia?eiae iiyaeeenue e?iua ?aaiou
ii iaiiyoaeueiui (Oeaaa?aeaiaea?) e aeoniaui (eecia) iuouaieyi.
Eco/aiea ooieoeee ?aoeaio?i?ia eaaeaei ia a?aieoea n oeceieiaeae. Aoiaeo
e ae?oaea ineoieiae no?aieeenue iiaeeeth/eoue e e yoiio ia?aua?e/aneiio
o?iaith aieaa ieioi iiaeaeaaaeenue yenia?aiaioaeueiiio eiio?ieth, eo
enneaaeiaaiea iioei iiin?aaenoaiaaiiui iooai, /a?ac nainiiioi?iua aeou,
aaea iiaeii auei iauaeoeaii oeene?iaaoue iaa caaia i?ioeanna – eae aai
«aoiae», oae e «auoiae». Iaeaieaa oeie/iui e ?ac?aaioaaiui a yoii ieaia
aue yeniaieiaio ia ii?aaeaeiea a?aiaie ?aaeoeee. Nia?aa aai noaia
i?eiiyeanue e aei?a/aaiio o?iaith (ia/aei ?aaeoeee – naini?iua neaiaeu
?acee/iuo iiaeaeueiinoae, caaa?oaiea – aeaeaaoaeueiua ioaaou). Caoai aue
naeaeai oaa aia?aae:a noaio iiuoa aeeth/aeinue neiai – niaoeeoe/aneee
/aeiaa/aneee ?acae?aaeeoaeue.
Iaiaoeeee ineoieia Ethaeaea eaaiaa (1825-1885) onoaiiaee a aoiaeoianeie
eaaa?ioi?ee ?acee/ea iaaeaeo A? i?e ?aaeoeeyo, eioi?ua ii iacaae
naini?iie e iuoa/iie. A ia?aii neo/aa aieiaiea ieacuaaeinue iai?aaeaiiui
ia noeioe (A? aeeeiiaa), ai aoi?ii – ia i?aaenoiyuaa aeaeaeaiea. ?aaioa
E. Eaiaa noaea iauaeoii iiiaieaoieo iii?ia. Aa enoi?e/aneee yooaeo
ninoiye a oii, /oi auea iaia?oaeaia ?ieue i?aaeaa?eoaeueiie onoaiiaeeo
eniuooaiiai, au?aaeathuaeny ai aieiaiee.
Iaeiaei nai oaeoi? aieiaiey ioaeaeaeny a iauyniaiee. Aoiaeo n/eoae aai
i?iyaeaieai aiia?oeaioeee eae eiiaiaioiie neeu aeooe. Oaeia iauyniaiea
i?ioeai?a/eei iniiaiie, eacoaeueiie oaiaeaioeee yenia?eiaioaeueiie
ineoieaee. Iiyoiio iii ia auei i?eiyoi aieueoeinoaii ineoieiaia, a oii
/enea e oaie, eoi o/eeny o Aoiaeoa. N?aaee ieo eiaeenue «noaaea?u» ec
?innee – no?aiu, aaea a ianoaiiaea ?aceie iiey?ecaoeee nioeeaeueiuo nee
aii?inu ineoieaee aucuaaee oaeie aeao/ee eioa?an e oaeea aeao/ea
aeenneonnee, eae ie a eaeie ae?oaie. Eiaiii caeanue neiaeeeinue e
iieo/eei aaciaiai?i/ioth iiaeaea?aeeo i?ia?anneaiuo e?oaia iauanoaa
o/aiea Na/aiiaa, iaeaieaa iineaaeiaaoaeueii au?aceaoaa
anoanoaaiiaiiao/iua ono?aieaiey ie?iaie ineoieiae/aneie iunee. A ?yaea
?onneeo eaaa?ioi?ee iao/iia iiieiaiea ineoeee annioeee?iaaeinue n eiaiai
Na/aiiaa, n aai o/aieai i ?aoeaeoi?iie i?e?iaea ineoeee. Oaeeo aea
acaeyaeia i?eaea?aeeaaeenue A.I. Aaooa?aa, N.N. Ei?naeia, A.A. Oiea?neee
– ia?aua yiooceanou yenia?eiaioaeueiie ineoieiaee a ?innee. I?aaaea
aoiaeoianeay i?ia?aiia oaeaea iaoea a ?innee naieo i?eaa?aeaioeaa,
i?e/ai eiaiii n?aaee i?ioeaieeia na/aiianeie i?ia?aiiu. (A.E. *aeiaiia e
ae?.)
Eaiia
A Iiai?inneeneii oieaa?neoaoa a oeceieiae/aneie eaaa?aoi?ee aeeaeaeoaai
o/aieea Na/aiiaa A. Nie?i, a 80-o aiaeao ia/ae ?aaioo a ea/anoaa
ineoieiaa, yenia?eiaioaoi?a. I.I. Eaiaa, aica?aoeaoeeny ec Aa?iaiee,
aaea ii caieiaeny o Aoiaeoa. Neaaeoy neiaeeaoeeny o?aaeeoeee, ii eca?ae
a ea/anoaa enoiaeiie noaia naieo iiuoia ii?aaeaeiea A?. Iaeiaei eae
ia?aue, oae e aoi?ie /eaiu ioiioaiey «?acae?aaeeoaeue – ?aaeoeey»
eioa?i?aoe?iaaeenue ii iiaiio. Iiae ?acae?aaeeoaeai iiieiaeny
aini?eieiaaiue iauaeo, iiae ?aaeoeeae – aeo i?eniiniaeoaeueiiai
oa?aeoa?a, eiauee neiaeioth enoi?eth a aeecie i?aaiecia. O?aeoiaea
noeioea eae iauaeoa ?aaeoeee iai?aaeea iuneue I. Eaiaa ia
yenia?eiaioaeueiue aiaeec oiai, eae no?ieony ia?ac yoiai iauaeoa, o.a.
ec eaeeo iia?aoeee neeaaeuaaaony i?ioeann aini?eyoey. Ii auaeaeaaao
aeiioaco i oacao (nooiaiyo) aini?eyoey, iacaaiioth ei caeiiii
ia?oeaioeee: «I?ioeann anyeiai aini?eyoey ninoieo a /?acau/aeii auno?ie
niaia oeaeiai ?yaea iiiaioia eee nooiaiae, i?e/ai eaaeaeay i?aaeuaeouay
nooiaiue i?aaenoaaeyao ineoe/aneia nioiyiea iaia eiie?aoiiai, aieaa
iauaai oa?aeoa?a, a eaaeaeay iineaaeothuay – aieaa /anoiiai e
aeeooa?aioee?iaaiiiai». Eiaeeeaoi?ii oiai, ia eaeie nooiaie iaoiaeeony
a aeaiiue iiiaio aini?eyoea iiaeao neoaeeoue, ii Eaiaa,
i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoue A?. *ai A? aeeeoaeueiaa, oai nooiaiue auoa.
Enoiaey ec yoie iinueee. I. Eaiaa iauyniye e ioe?uoia aai
iaeiioaieeueoeai ?acee/ea a oeiao ?aaeoeee – aeaeaaoaeueiie e naini?iie:
A? i?e aeaeaaoaeueiii oeia ei?i/a ia iioiio, /oi nicaeaaony
iai?aaeaiiinoue aieiaiey (onoaiiaea) ia iuoa/iia aeaeaeaiea eae oaeiaia,
ii a neeo oiai, /oi noeioeii aeey yoiai aeaeaeaiey neoaeeo
iaaeeooa?aioee?iaaiiue «oie/ie» a niciaiee (ia?aay oaca aini?eyoey).
?aaeoeey aea, ioianaiiay Ethaeaeaii Eaiaa e naini?iiio oeio,
i?aaeiieaaaao ?an/eaiaiiue /oanoaaiiue ia?ac. (iineaaeothuea oacu
aini?eyoey).
Aiiaue i?iyaeyaony i?eioeei caaeneiinoe aeaeaeaiey io /oanoaiaaiey,
ciaeiiui iai ii na/aiianeie oai?ee, ?aaii eae e ni?eioeeiii oneiaeiaiey
/oanoaiaaiey a oiaea yaiethoeee niciaiey. Noieue aea aaaeiui aue auaiae
ia o/anoee iuooeu a iniciaiee ia?aca; ia yoii auaiaea aace?oaony
iioi?iay oai?ey aieiaiey I. Eaiaa. Iia aioeiiae eiaeaoa?ieienoe/aneie
o?aeoiaee aieiaiey, au?aaeaiiie aoiaeoianeie oai?eae aiia?oeaioeee.
Enoiaeiie e ooiaeaiaioaeueiie yaeyaony niaeanii Eaiaa, iai?iecaieueiay
?aaeoeaiinoue i?aaiecia, eiathuay aeieiae/aneee niune (iioeiecaoeeth
oneiaee ia?oeaioeee aiaoieo iauaeoia).
I. Eaiaa naeaeae i?aaeiaoii ouaoaueiiai yenia?eiaioaeueiiai eco/aiey
caia/aiiua O?aai/e/ai iai?iecaieueiua eieaaaiey aieiaiey i?e c?eoaeueiii
e neooiaii aini?eyoeyo. Yoio oaiiiai e aai iauyniaiea i?aaeeiaeaiiia I.
Eaiaa a 1888a., aucaaee a ineoieiae/aneie eeoa?aoo?a iaeeaeaiioth
aeeneonneth (Aoiaeo, Aeaeain, Naeee, Aieaeoei, ?eai e ae?.).
Eoiae naieo iiuoia I. Eaiaa eceiaeee a «Ineoieiae/aneeo enneaaeiaaieyo»
(1893) – eieaa, naeaeaoaeuenoaothuae i e?oiiuo naeaeaao a
yenia?eiaioaeueiie ineoieiaee, i?ienoaaeoeo n oao ii?, eae Aoiaeo
i?iaicaeanee ia?aoth i?ia?aiio aa ?ac?aaioee. A yenia?eiaioaeueioth
ineoieiaeth ia/eiatho aiaae?youeny aaiaoe/aneee e aeieiae/aneee
iiaeoiaeu. Iaeiei ec ieiia?ia ia yoii iooe e aue I. Eaiaa. Eae
ia?oeaioeey, oae e aieiaiea – aeaa eaoai?ee ineoe/aneeo aeoia,
iaoiaeeaoeony oiaaea a oeaio?a eioa?ania ineoieiae/aneie eaaa?aoi?ee, –
aaiaeeeenue ei a ?onei aeieiae/aneie aeaoa?ieiaoeee n aa aeaaiui
i?eioeeiii – i?eniiniaeaieai e n?aaea. Eiaiii yoio i?eioeei, niaeanii
Eaiaa, ii?aaeaeyao ia?aoiae e io ia?an/eaiaiiie ia?oeaioeee e
?an/eaiiaiiie, e io ?aoeeoi?iiai aieiaiey e aieaaiio. Iao?oaeii
caiaoeoue, /oi iai?aaeaiea, a eioi?ii ?aaioae Eaiaa, eiaei naiae
eiia/iie oeaeueth i?aiaeieaoue ?ac?ua iaaeaeo «iecoeie» e «aunoeie»
ineoe/aneeie i?ioeannaie, iaecaaaeiinoue eioi?iai aeey
yenia?eiaioaeueiie ineoieiaee Aoiaeo n/eoae aeneiiie.
Ia?ai?eaioaoeey eaaa?aoiiiai enneaaeiaaiey, ia/aoay a ?aaioao I. Eaiaa,
no?ieeanue ia eiie ioeaiea eio?iniaeoeee, /ai aoiaeoianeay. Ineoe/naeay
?aaeueiinoue aunooiaea eae naiinoiyoaeueiue iauaeo yenia?eiaioaeueiiai
eco/aiey (a ioee/ea io ?aaeueiinoe oeceieiae/aneie) ia oieueei ii
i?eciaeo aa eio?iniaeoeaiie aeaiiinoe. ?ieue naiiiaaethaeaiey, eae
enoi/ieea naaaeaiee i ineoe/aneie aeecie ia ioaa?aaeinue. Ii iauaeoii,
eco/aaiui a eaaa?aoi?ee, ieacuaaeenue ia oaiiiaiu «iaiin?aaenoaaiiiai
iiuoa», a i?eniitheoaeueiua ineoiiioi?iua aeaoenoaey eniuooaiiai eae
nouanoaa, eiathuaai ?yaeiaoth e eiaeeaeaeoaeueioth enoi?eth.
I?aaeiieaaaeinue, /oi neaaeu yoie enoi?ee a aeaea oac aini?eyoee e oeiia
aieiaiey iiaoo auoue ane?uou i?e niioaaonoaothuae i?aaiecaoeee
yenia?eiaioa.
O?oaeu I.Eaiaa, au?aaeay iiaua oaiaeaioeee a yenia?eiaioaeueiie
ineoieiaee, ieacaee ecaanoiia aeeyiea ia caiaaeiiaa?iiaeneeo
enneaaeiaaoaeae, a /anoiinoe ia O. ?eai (1839-1916), auaeaeioaoaai
aneaae ca I. Eaiaa iioi?ioth oai?eth aieiaiey.
Ioaeii, iaeiaei, ioiaoeoue, /oi iiaeaeue A?, n eioi?ie ?aaioae Eaiaa (e
eioi?ay aiiaua caieiaea oiaaea iaeii ec ii/aoiuo iano a ineoieiae/aneie
eaaa?aoi?ee), ia iiaea iaania/eoue yenia?eiaioaeueiia i?e/eiiia eco/aiea
aieaa neiaeiuo ineoe/aneeo oi?i, /ai oa, aeey aiaeeca eioi?uo iia auea
ecia?aoaia. Iiaeaeue A? iaiaaeaaeeaaea ia?niaeoeaie,
yenia?eiaioaeueiiai, eiee/anoaaiiiai aiaeeca aeeiaieee ineoe/aneoo
yaeaiee, ii eoiae aa eniieueciaaiey ai anao eaaa?aoi?eyo ie?a a oa/aiee
aeaoo aeanyoeeaoee i?eianee ?aca/a?iaaiea. Aeaaea a oeceieiae/aneeo
i?ioeannao ii ii?aaeaeaieth nei?inoe i?iaaaeaiey ia?aiuo i?ioeannia ia
ia?eoa?e/aneeo o/anoeao ia?aiie nenoaiu iieo/aeenue ianiaiaathuea
?acoeueoaou.
Aeaiiua aan/eneaiiuo iiuoia naeaeaoaeuenoaiaaeo ia oieueei i
iaiaaeaaeiinoe noauaeoeaii-ineoieiae/aneie iaoiaeeee,
eoeueoeae?iaaaoaeny oeieie Aoiaeoa, ii e i i?eioeeieaeueiie
iaaiciiaeiinoe iieo/eoue aeinoiaa?iua iieacaoaee, anee eaii?e?othony oa
?aaeueiua ineoieiae/aneea oaeoi?u, eioi?ua oi ooo oi oai cayaeyee i naaa
a ?aaeoeeyo eniuooaiuo. ?a/ue iiaea eaeoe n oi/ee c?aiey e?eoa?eaa
iao/iie iauaeoeaiinoe ia ia eneeth/aiee noauaeoa eae i?aaeiaoa
enneaaeiaaiey, a i iiaii niiniaa aai iauaeoeaiiai eco/aiey – eiii, /ai
eio?iniaeoeaiue.
Iaeuecy aeoiaoue, /oi ?aaioa. Cao?a/aiiay ia auyniaiea e i?iaa?eo A?,
auea aaniieaciie. Noaia iiuoa (aa iiaeneacaea i?aeoeea /aeiaa/aneie
aeayoaeueiinoe) auea ieiaeioai?iie, iicaieythuae iiaeaa?aiooue
yenia?eiaioaeueiiio e a ecaanoiuo i?aaeaeao aeaoa?ieienoe/aneiio aiaeeco
aeo /aeiaa/aneiai iiaaaeaiey. Iiaay eeiey iaiaoeeanue, eiaaea iniiaiuie
oa?ieiaie enoiaeiie noaiu noaee ?a/aaua eiiiiiaiou (neiai
?acae?aaeeoaeue e neiai – ?aaeoeey). Aiieia caeiiiia?iui yaeeny ia?aoiae
e yenia?eiaioaeueiiio enneaaeiaaieth ?a/aauo annioeeaoeee. Ni a?aiai
Aiaana e Aa?oee neiaa o?aeoiaaeenue eae caaiuey ii?aaeaeythueo
iiaaaeaiea /aeiaaea annioeeaoeaiuo oeaiae. Ia?aoiae e yenia?eiaioo n?aco
aea ii?iaeee iuneue i aiciiaeiinoe iiuoiie i?iaa?ee ?a/aauo
annioeeaoeee.
Iiaua iaoiaeeee
Oe?ieoth ecaanoiinoue annioeeaoeaiue yenia?eiaio i?eia?ae eeoue iinea
iiuoia O?ainena Aaeueoiia. (1822-1911), ?acoeueoaou eioi?uo auee
iioaeeeiaaiu a 1879 a. Ii ninoaaee nienee ec 75 neia, iiaeeeaaeuaae eo
iiae eieao e, eae oieueei aini?eieiae ia?aia neiai aeeth/ae naeoiaeiia?.
Iinea oiai eae neiai aucuaaei eaeia-eeai i?aaenoaaeaiea (ianeieueei
i?aaenoaaeaiee), ii inoaiaaeeaae naeoiaeiia? e caienuaae ?acoeueoao. Ii
n?aaiaieth n i?aaeiae nenoaiie oeenaoeee A? iaoiaeeea Aaeueoiia auea
ai?acaei iaiaa niaa?oaiiie, ii iia ?ani?ino?aiyea o?iiiiao?eth ia
aioo?aiiee ieai oinoaaiiie aeoeaiinoe. Eio?iniaeoeaiay onoaiiaea
Aaieeueoiia (eniuooaiue iaaethaeae ca oaeoaie nianoaaiiiai niciaiey)
auea aiieia nicao/ia acaeyaeai Aoiaeoa, n?aco aea eniieueciaaaoaai yoo
iaoiaeeeo, oioy ii e n/eoae «aunoea» ooieoeee ia iiaeeaaeaueie
yenia?eiaioo ( o Aaeueoiia aea ii nouanoao ca iaii?aaeaeaiiui
au?aaeaieai «annioeeaoeee eaeae» noiyee iuneeoaeueiua i?ioeannu).
Aoiaeo oi?inoee no?oeoo?o iiuoa, eniieueciaaa o?iiineii Aeiia. O?iiineii
aeeth/aeny iaeiia?aiaiii ni neiaii-?acae?aaeeoaeai. Eniuooaiue aeieaeai
aue a oio iiiaio, eiaaea iiae aia/aoeaieai i?aaeuyaeaiiiai neiaa o iaai
aicieeiao eaeia-eeai i?aaenoaaeaiea (o.a. eiia /ai cia/aiea
neiaa-?acae?aaeeoaey), aiciiaeii auno?aa iaaeaoue ia eeth/. No?aeee
o?iiineiia inoaiaaeeaaeenue e oeeoa?aeao iieacaae a?aiy, eioi?ia, eae
i?aaeiieaaaeinue, o?aaoaony aeey aeey onoaiiaeaiey annioeeaoeee iaaeaeo
i?aaenoaaeaieyie. A?aiy ieacuaaeinue ?acee/iui, /oi ioiineeinue ca n/ao
oa?aeoa?a annioeeaoeee. A ia eiaeeaeaeoaeueiuo iniaaiiinoae eniuooaiuo
eee eaeeo-eeai ae?oaeo oaeoi?ia.
Iaiuay iieo/aiiua a yoeo yenia?eiaioao (iie i?iaiaeeeenue
O?aoooieueaeii, 1883) ?acoeueoaou, Aoiaeo i?aaeeiaeee eeanneoeeaoeeth
iniiaiuo oeiia annioeeaoeee: a)neiaaniua, aicieeathuea a ?acoeueoaoa
oi?i/eaoaeny nayce neia; a)aiaoiea e a)aioo?aiiea (iniiaaiiua ia
eiae/aneeo ioiioaieyo cia/aiee). N iiyaeaieai a
yenia?eiaioaeueii-ineoieiae/aneie eaaa?aoi?ee oaeiai iauaeoa, eae neiai,
ia/aeenue aaaeiua eciaiaiey a oa?aeoa?a e iai?aaeaiiinoe aa ?aaiou.
Iaoiaeeee e yenia?eiaioaeueiua onoaiiaee, n eioi?uo ia/eiaeinue aeeciue
ineoieiaee eae iiuoiie iaoee, eiaee oeceieiae/aneia i?ienoiaeaeaiea. Iie
auee i?aaeiacai/aiu aeey eco/aiey nainiiioi?iuo aeoia. Aeinooiiuo
iaaethaeaieth e eiio?ieth ni noi?iiu eo ia?aoa?e/aneiai caaia. Eiia/ii,
e neiai aeeth/aao nainiiioi?ioth oaco: iii aini?eieiaaony iin?aaenoaii
i?aaiia /onoa e aini?iecaiaeeony a oi?ia iuoa/iie ?aaeoeee. Ii iii ia
iiaeao noaoue neiaii, ia aueaey ca i?aaeaeu /onoaeoaeueiinoe e
?aaeoeaiinoe i?aaiecia. Iaee/iua n?aaenoaa ineoieiae/aneie eaaa?aoi?ee
auee i?eaiaeiu eeoue aeey eco/aiey yoeo ooieoeee. Oi, /oi eaaeaei
iaaeaeo ieie, – iaeanoue /aeiaa/aneiai niciaiey a aa ioe?uaathuainy
noauaeoo naiaia?acee – iaoiaeeeinue aia yenia?eiaioaeueiiai eiio?iey.
Oai eaa/a auei Aoiaeoo e aai iineaaeiaaoaeyi ooaa?aeaeaoue, /oi
o?aaiaiaiea aeey ineoieiaee oaeiai iauaeoeaiiai iaiaea, eioi?ue
eneeth/ae au eio?iniaeoeeth, yaeyaony aanniuneeoeae.
Aneaae ca /oanoaaiiuie ia?acaie, neoaeeaoeie ia?ae/iui iaoa?eaeii
aiaeeca, a yoio cuaeee ianie naiiiaaethaeaiey iiiaaee ?a/aaua eiiiiiaiu
niciaiey. Yoe eiiiiiaiou anaaaea iaaeaeaiu cia/aieai, iiyoiio niuneiauie
ioiioaieyie naycaiu ia oieueei oa ?a/aaua annioeeaoeee, eioi?ua Aoiaeo
iiianoee a ?ac?yae aioo?aiieo, ii eana inoaeueiua. Iaaeaeo oai eiaiii
niuneiaie iiiaio e ii?aaeaeye iaiaeiicia/iinoue ?acoeueoaoia. Aaaeue
aeey aai iauaeoeaiiai o/aoa e aiaeeca yenia?eiaioaeueiay ineoieiaey
ieeaeeie n?aaenoaaie ia ?aniieaaaea. *oiau i?eaeaoue eco/aieth ?a/aauo
annioeeaoeee iauaeoeaiinoue, ioaeii nia?aa auei ecuyoue ec ieo cia/aiea,
iieo/eoue eo a «/enoie» eoeueoo?a.
Yaaeiaoc
Yoo caaea/o ?ac?aoee iaiaoeeee ineoieia aa?iaa Yaaeiaaoc (1850-1909),
o?oae eioi?iai «I iaiyoe» (1885) ioe?ue iiaoth yiioo a ?acaeoee
yenia?eiaioaeueiie ineoieiaee. Nai Yaaeiaaoc n/eoae, /oi naieie
iniiaiuie eaeayie ii iaycai Oaoia?o, «Yeaiaiou ineoioeceee» eioi?iai
iaoieeioee aai ia iuneue ia yenia?eiaioaeueii-iaoaiaoe/aneii eco/aiee
iaiyoe. Yoi naeaeaoaeuenoai iio/eoaeueii aeey iiieiaiey oaeoi?ia
iao/iiai i?ia?anna. Oaoia?ianeay ineoioeceea ia aeaaeaea eeth/ii e
?ane?uoeth yaeaiee iaiyoe, ii iia niaea?aeaea ia/oi aieueoaa, /ai
eiie?aoiua iaoiaeu ii?aaeaeaiey niioaaonoaey iaaeaeo ?acae?aaeeoaeyie e
iuuouaieyie, – iauee i?eioeei iiaeoiaea e ineoe/aneiio. Iia eiaea ia
oieueei niaoeeaeueii-iaoiaee/aneia, ii eiao/ii-iaoiaeieiae/naeia
cia/aiea, nicaeaaaea eioaeeaeooaeueiue «?aaeei», a eioi?ii a
aeaeueiaeoai ia/aeanue ?aaioa a ae?oaeo, ionoiyueo io iaa iaeanoyo.
Aeaeii, /oiaeei aea iaoiaeieiae/aneei, a ia oieueei iaoiaee/naeei aue
yooaeo enneaaeiaaiee e naiiai Yaaeiaaoca.
Iaoa?eaeii aeey yoeo enneaaeiaaiee iineoaeeee oa iacuaaaiua aaniuneaiiua
neiae – eneonnoaaiiua ni/aoaiey ?a/aauo yeaiaioia ( aeaoo niaeaniuo e
aeaniie iaaeaeo ieie), ia?aciaaiiua oaeei a?acii. /oiau ia aucuaaoue
ieeaeeo niuneiauo annioeeaoeee. I/euaiiua io niunea eaace?a/aaua
«eaaiou» eeoue aiaoia iioiaeeee ia aeaenoaeoaeueiua yeaiaiou
/aeiaa/aneie ?a/e. Ii /oiau i?iieeiooue a iaeanoue aunoeo ineoe/aneeo
i?ioeannia. Ioaeii auei nia?aa au/eaieoue iauee aeey anao ieo iiiaio
iao/aiey, onaiaiey. Eeoue iinea yoiai iiaeii auei au?aaioaoue iiiyoey,
ioaaouaathuea eo niaoeeoeeo.
Neea annioeeaoeaiie oai?ee ninoiyea a oii, /oi iia oeiaeea naiua iauea
caeiiiia?iinoe i?eia?aoaiey i?aaieciii iiuoa, iniuneea eo ia?aiia/aeueii
a «iaoaie/aneeo» eaoaai?eyo. *anoioa iiaoi?aiee e eo a?aiaiiie ii?yaeie
– oaeiau auee eii?aeeiaou, a eioi?uo ?aciauaeinue iiiaia?acea iiuoa. E
yoe eii?aeeiaou ia yaeyaony oeeoeeae – iie aeaenoaeoaeueii oieaa?naeueiu
aeey anao i?ioeannia iiaaaeaiey. Neaainoue annioeeaiecia auea
iaoneiaeaia oai, /oi ii, ia ?acee/ea iauaai e niaoeeoe/aneiai,
i?yiieeiaeiiai eo ioiaeaeanoaee. I?e eaaeaeii iiaii noieeiiaaiee ni
niaoeeoe/aneei aniuoeaaea iaoaeiaeaoai?aiiinoue enoiaeiie ea?oeiie,
aeaaaaoay iiaiae i?ioeaieeai i?e/eiiiai aicc?aiey noaaeoue aai a oeaeii
iiae niiiaiea.
Ecia?aoaiea Yaaeiaaoca iicaieeei ia?aeoe io oai?ee e yenia?eiaioo. Ii
nouanoao iii auei ia?aui nianoaaiii ineoieiae/aneei iaoiaeii, nicaeaiiui
ineoieiaii, iineieueei anaie i?aaeoanoaothueie iaoiaeaie
yenia?eiaioaeueioth ineoieiaeth niaaaeeee ae?oaea iaeanoe, aeaaiui
ia?acii oeceieiaey. Aaeaie ineoieiaey ?oeiaiaenoaiaaeanue o/aieai ia
annioeeaoeee. Oaia?ue iii iinooieei a eaaa?aoi?eth ia
yenia?eiaioaeueioth i?iaa?eo.
Aaieeueoii e Aoiaeo caiyeenue yoie i?iaa?eie ii/oe iaeiia?aiaiii n
Yaaeiaaocii, a ?acoeueoaou naieo eniuoaiee iioaeeeiaaee aeaaea ?aiueoa
aai. Ii ia noi?iia Yaaeiaaoca auei i?eioeeieaeueiia i?aeiouanoai. Iii
ninoiyei a ia?aoiaea e iauaeoeaiiio iaoiaeo. Aoiaeo n/eoae ono?aiaiea
eio?iniaeoeee ec ineoieiaee aanniuneeoeae. Ia oaeoth «aanniuneeoeo» e
?aoeeny Yaaeiaaoc.
O?aaiaaiey ia?aaeaoue iauaeoeaiiio iaoiaeo iaia?aie/aiiiio iieiiii/ey
auaeaeaaeenue e aei iaai. Ii ia?aui ?ac?aaioae yoio iaoiae eae
yenia?eiaioaeueiue. Caiaoei, /oi a naieo oai?aoe/aneeo acaeyaeao ii
aiana ia ioeacuaaeny io eio?iniaeoeeiienoneeo i?aaenoaaeaiee, a,
iai?ioea, eiaiii ia ieo no?ieae naith ineoieiae/naeoth nenoaio. («Iniiau
ineoieiaee»(1897-1902), «I/a?e i ineoieiee» (1908)). Ii naiiniciaiea
enneaaeiaaoaey e aai ?aaeueiua aeaenoaey (oae aea eae eio?iniaeoeey
/aeiaaea e aeaenoaeoaeueiue niune aai ineoe/aneeo aeoia0 ia anaaaea
iaeiicia/iu. I?e eco/aiee annioeeaoeee a aoiaeoianeie e ae?oaeo
eaaa?aoi?eyo iiuou noaaeeenue iaae iiiai/eneaiiuie eniuooaiuie.
Yaaeiaaoc ana enneaaeiaaiea i?iaae ia niiii naaa. Ii i?eiaiee ii
ioiioaieth e naaa iauaeoeaiue iaoiae a oo yiioo, eiaaea ii ioiioaieth e
eniuooaiui i?eiaiyeny noauaeoeaiue iaoiae. Ninoaaea nienie aieaa /ai ec
2300 aanniuneaiiuo neiaia, ii i?enooiee e eo onaiaieth, iieuecoynue
ianeieueeeie i?eaiaie.
Iaoiae cao/eaaiey ninoiye a neaaeothuai. Iinea iaeiie?aoiiai
i?i/eouaaiey ?yaea neiaia i?aaei?eieiaeanue iiiuoea eo aici?iecaanoe. A
neo/aa iaoaea/e iia iiaoi?yea/ue noieueei ?ac, neieueei o?aaiaaeinue
aeey aacioeai/iiai aini?iecaaaeaiey. *enei iiaoi?aiee i?eieiaeinue ca
eiyooeoeeaio caiiieiaiey. I?e ae?oaii iaoiaea (ii aue iacaai iaoiaeii
naa?aaeaiey) /a?ac ii?aaeaeaiiue i?iiaaeooie a?aiaie, iinea oiai eae
?yae aue cao/ai aiiaue i?aaei?eieiaeanue iiiuoea aai aiii?iecaanoe.
Eiaaea ecaanoiia eiee/anoai neiaia ia iiaei auoue ainnoaiiaeaii a
iaiyoe, ?yae niiaa iiaoi?yeny aei oi/iiai aini?iecaaaeaiey. *enei
iiaoi?aiee (eee a?aiy), eioi?ia iio?aaiaaeinue aeey ainnoaiiaeaiey
iieiiai ciaiey ?yaea, niniinoaaeyeinue n /eneii iiaoi?aiee (eee
a?aiaiai) i?e ia?aiia/aeueiii cao/eaaiee.
Auee ?ac?aaioaiu e ae?oaea iaoiaeu eae naiei Yaaeiaaocii, oae e
ineoieiaaie, i?iaeieaeeaoeie iaia/aiioth ei eeieth yenia?eiaioaeueiiai
eco/aiey iaiyoe. N?aaee iineaaeieo auaeaeyaony A. Itheea? (1850-1934),
?oeaiaeeoaeue eaaa?aoiee a Aaooeiaaia, aoi?ie ii cia/aieth a Aa?iaiee
(iinea aoiaeoianeie).
Iinea ooiaeaiaioaeueiuo ?aaio ii ineoioeceea («E iainiiaaieth
ineoioeceee», 1878a) A. Itheea? niaianoii n Ooiaiii, iie?aynue ia
aeinoeaeaiey Yaaeiaaoca, i?iaae na?eth noieue aeaooiaeaiaioaeueiuo ?aaio
ii iaiyoe («Yenia?eiaioaeueiua iaoa?eaeu e enneaaeiaaieth iaiyoe»,
1893).
Yaaeiaaoc e oa, eoi iioae ca iei, eco/aee annioeeaoeeth iaaeaeo ia
eiathueie eiie?aoiia cia/aiey nainiiioi?iuie yeaiaioaie ?a/e, a ia
oaiiiaiaie niciaiey. Iiyoiio e iieo/aiiua eie ?acoeueoaou ia caaenaee io
eio?iniaeoeee eniuooaiuo e, noaei auoue, oaeiaeaoai?yee o?aaiaaieth
o?aaiaaieath iauaeoeaiinoe. Eniuooaiue ia eio?iniaeoe?iaae – ii
aeaenoaiaae. E aai aeaenoaey io?aaeaeenue a e?eauo, iieacuaathueo
?aaeueiua caaeneiinoe eiee/anoaa onaiaiiuo aaeaieoe io /anoiou eo
iiaoi?aiey, ?ani?aaeaeaiey ai a?aiaie, iauaia cao/eaaaiiai iaoa?eaea e
o.ae. Oaeiaa auea, a /anoiinoe, ciaiaieoay «e?eaay caauaaiey»
Yaaeiaaoca, aiai?eaoay i oii, /oi iaeaieueoee i?ioaio caauoiai iaaeaao
ia ia?eiae, eioi?ue neaaeoao iaiin?aaenoaaiii ia?aae cao/eaaieai. Yoa
e?eaay i?eia?aea cia/aiea iaoiaee/aneiai ia?acoea, ii oeio eio?iai
no?ieeanue a aeaeueiaeoai e?eaua au?aaioee iaauea, ?aoaiey i?iaeaiu
eae?.
Naiay aunieay ioeaiea ?aaiou Yaaeiaaoca n oi/ee c?aiey aa aicaeaenoaey
ia yenia?eiaioaeueioth ineoieiaeth ia iiaeao auoue i?aoaaee/aiiie.
Aeaaea oaeie oaaaeaeaiiue eio?iniaeoeeiieno, eae Oeo/aia?, n/eoae
«aanniueaiiua neiae» iaeaieaa aaaeiui niauoeai a ineoieiaee iinea naiiai
A?enoioaey. Iacaaeneii io iaia?aiee naiiai Yaaeiaaoca aai iaoiae
ei?aiiui ia?acii eciaiee oa?aeoa? aeyoaeueiinoe yenia?eiaioaoi?a,
eioi?iai ia/eiatho eioa?aniaaoue ia noieueei auneacuaaiey eniuooaiiai
(io/ao a i ninoaaa nianoaaiiiai niciaiey), neieueei aai ?aaeue iua
aeaenoaey. A eio?iniaeoeeiiecia ia?aciaaeanue a?aoue, auno?i
?anoe?yaoeyny iioieii iiauo yenia?eiaioia.
Yaaeiaaoc ioe?ue iooue yenia?eiaioaeueiiio eco/aieth iaaueia. Ii
nouanoao aaaeue e nai ii oaea noiye o aai enoieia, eai, eae oaea
aiai?eeinue, annioeeaoeee, eca?aiiua eoi a ea/anoaa iauaeoa cao/eaaiey,
yaeyeenue noieueei aea naini?iuie, neieueei e iioi?iuie. Iie ioaaouaaee
naiue iauee aniaeo i?eia?aoaiey i?aaieciii iiauo ni/aoaiee nainiiioi?iuo
?aaeoeee a ?acoeueoaoa niaoeeaeueii i?aaieciaaiiiai oi?aaeiaiey. Ii
aianoa n oai iie aua ia auee eiiiiiaioaie iiaaaeaiey, eaeiauie yaeythony
enoeiiua iaauee, eai iiaaaeaiea anaaaea iauaeoeaii, o.a. i?aaiecoaony
niioaaonaaiii cia/eiui aeey i?aaiecia i?aaeiaoai e eo naycyi.
Eaoaai?eth cia/aiey neiaa Yaaeiaaoc ono?aiee. Yoi e iaoneiaeei aai
oniao. Eco/aiea naini?iuo i?ioeannia noaaeei naiae oeaeueth ioe?uoue
ia?ae/iua yeaiaiou – iuouaiey, eioi?ua naie ii naaa i?aaeiaoiai
cia/aieai ia iaeaaeatho. I?aaeiieaaaeinue, noi iie i?eia?aoatho aai
eeoue aeaaiaea?y aeiiieieoaeueiui iia?aoeeyi niciaiey. I?iaeaiu cia/aiey
ia nouanoaiaaei e aeey ineoioeceee – aaaeiaeoae ninoaaiie /anoe
yenia?eiaioaeueiie ineoieiaee oie yiioe, iineieueei ana caeiiiia?iinoe
onoaiaaeeaaeenue ia iai?aaeiaoiuo oaiiiaiao – iuouaieyo eae oaeiaui.
*oi eanaaony ?aaio ii A?, oi e caeanue io noaiu, eioi?ay neiaeeeanue a
iana?aaoi?ee a oiaea eco/aiey cia/eiie aeayoaeueiinoe
iaaethaeaoaey-ano?iiiia, inoaeny eiioo?, i?aaeiieaaathuee aano?aeoioth
iai?aaeiaoioa ?aaeoeeth ia aano?aeoiue iai?aaeiaoiue noeioe (I.I. Eaiaa,
i?aaei?eiyaoee iiiuoeo niaaeeieoue A? ni noaaeeyie aini?eyoey, inoaeny a
iaeeii/anoaa).
A?aeyi e Oa?oa?
Iienaiioth auoa neooaoeeth ?aoeoaeueii eciaieee iiuou aia?eeaineeo
ineoieiaia A?aeyia e Oa?oa?a ii au?aaioea iaauea i?eaia e iinueee
oaeaa?aii. Eo ?aaioa yaeeanue aoi?ie iinea iiuoia Yaaeiaaca aaaeiaeoae
aaoie ia iooe yenia?eiaioaeueiiai enneaaeiaaiey i?ioeanna iao/aiey. N
i?eaeeaeaieai aeeiaie/iiai XX aaea ?aaeueiie iiaeaeueth aeey ineoieiaee
noaiiaeony ia ?aaeoeey ano?iiiia, oeene?othuaai aeaeaeaiea caacae, a
aeayoaeueiinoue /aeiaaea, aeeth/aiiiai a eiiioieeaoeaiua nenoaiu, a
eio?uo nei?inoue ia?aaea/e eioi?iaoeee aunooiaao eae nouanoaaiiue oaeoi?
nioeeaeueii-yaiiiie/aneiai i?ia?anna.
A?aeyi e Oa?oa? iieo/eee e?eaoth, eioi?ay iieacuaaaea, eae oi?ie?oaony
iaaue oaeaa?aoenoa: neieueei aaeeieoe oaeaa?aoiiai oaenoa ii iao/aaony
iinueaoue e i?eieiaoue a aaeaieoeo a?aiaie. Yoe iiuou eae au naeeceee
yenia?eiaiou ioiineoaeueii A? n yenia?iaioaie Yaaeiaaoca: o?aaiaaeenue
eae n?i/iua aeaeaaoaeiua ?aaeoeee ia naini?iua neaiaeu, oae e iiuo
?aaiou. Ii n ?aaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoueth aioee a yenia?eiaio e iiaua
oaeoi?u.
Eniuooaiua A?aeyia e Oa?oa?a iia?e?iaaee ni cia/eiuie neaiaeaie,
i?ioeann onaiaiey eioi?uo, i?ioaeae naiaia?acii. I?ia?ann aeinoeaaeny ia
iooai iinoaiaiiiai ia?anoaiey aeinoeaeaiee, a nea/eiia?acii.
Iaia?oaeeaaeenue ia?eiaeu, eiaaea e?eaay oea ai?eciioaeueii (oae
iacuaaaiia ieaoi). Aiaeec yoeo ia?eiaeia iieacae, /oi iie neoaeao aeey
eniuooaiiai eae au oacie iiaeaioiaee e ea/anoaaiii eiie nenoaia
iia?aoeee, iaeaaeaiea eioi?ie e iicaieyei i?iaeaeiooueny aia?aae. Anee,
iai?eia?, ia?aiia/aeueii eniuooaiue iia?e?iaae ioaeaeueiuie aoeaaie, oi
caoai noaiaiue «aoeaaiiiai» iaauea niaiyeanue nooiaiueth «neiaaniiai»,
eiaaea noaaouaaeenue neiaa eae oeaeinoiua aaeaieoeu. Ii /oi
i?aaenoaaeyao yoa aieaa e?oiiay ii n?aaiaieth n ioaeaeueiie aoeaie
aaeaieoea, eae ia eiiieaen, eiathuee cia/aiea. Neaaeothuay nooiaiue,
aaaeouay io ieaoi aaa?o, a naith i/a?aaeue aeinoeaaaony i?e iaeaaeaiee
aua aieaa neiaeiuie no?oeoo?aie – ni/aoaiey neia e o.ae.
A yoe yenia?eiaioao aunooiaea e ae?uaay aaaeiay inaaiiinoue iiaaaeaiey,
eioi?ay oneieuecaea i?e ainiiaenoaiaaaoai aei oiai eio?iniaeoeeiiecia.
Ieacaeinue, /oi oniaoiinoue auiieiaiey iaauea caaeneo io oiaiey
aini?eiyoue io?acie oaenoa, eioi?ue aua ia noae iauaeoii ?aaeoeee, ii
noaiao ei a neaaeothuee iiiaio a?aiaie. Niciaiea eae au caaaaaao
aia?aae, ia?ae?uaay naini?iia iiea ca i?aaeaeaie iaiin?aaenoaaiii
aucoaathuaai aeaeaaoaeueioth ?aaeoeeth neaiaea e i?aaiecoy a nioaaonoaee
n yoe iiaaaeaiea.
Auaiaeu ec iiuoia A?aeyia e Oa?oa?a naeeaeaeenue a ?yaea ioieoia n oai,
noi auei onoaiiaeaii caoai a eeanne/aneeo yenia?eiaioao aia?eeaineiai
ineoieiaa Ae.I. Eaooaea (1860-1944), eco/aaoaai a 90-o aiaeao iauai
aieiaiey e iaaue /oaiey.
N iiiiuueth oaoeoineiia Eaooae ii?aaeaeye a?aiy, iaioiaeeiia aeey oiai,
/oiau aini?eiyoue e iacaaoue ?acee/iua iauaeou – oi?iu, aoeau, neiaa e
o.ae. Iauai aieiaiey eieaaaeny a i?aaeaeao iyoe iauaeoia. Ii inoaaaeny
oaeei aea e oiaaea, eiaaea yoeie iauaeoaie auee ia ioaeaeueiua
?ao?ioiaiiua aoeau, a ciaeiiua eniuooaiiio oeaeua neiaa e aeaaea
i?aaeeiaeaiey, o.a. ?a/aaua eee niuneiaua aaeaieoeu, ninoiyuea ec
cia/eoaeueii aieueoaai /enea aoea eee ciaeia. I?e yenia?eiaioao n
/oaieai aoea e ciaeia. I?e yenia?eiaioao n /oaieai aoea e neia ia
a?auathuainy aa?aaaia Eaooae caoeene?iaae oae aea eae A?aeyi e Oa?oa?,
oaiiiai aioeoeeiaoeee, «caaaaaiey» aini?eyoey aia?aae. Iiaua ?acoeueoaou
aeeyee ia noaoon ia oieueei yenia?eiaioaeueiie ineoieiaee oai?ee, eai
iaa iai?aaeaiey anaaaea ia?acaeaeueii naycaiu.
Iaaeiaa?ea e eio?iniaeoeee iaiaeiie?aoii auneacuaaee iiiaea oeeiniou e
iaoo?aeenou. Ii iaaaoeaiia ioiioaiea e iae naii ii naaa aua ia iiaei
eeoeoue aa aeaaiie ?iee, iineieueei iia iaeia «?aaioaea» a
ineoieiae/anie eaai?ioi?ee. Oaia?ue iieiaeaiea iaiyeinue. Auee iieo/aiu
?acoeueoaou, aaaeiua aeey oai?ee e i?aeoeee, aac ia?auaiey e
eio?iniaeoeee. Oai naiui yenia?eiaioaeueiay ineoieiaey auoiaeeea ia
iacaaeneiua io noauaeoeaiiai iaoiaea ?oaaaee.
E?eaay A?aeyia – Oa?oa?a eae au aeaiiino?e?iaaea ia?aie/aiii/oue e?eaie
Yaaeiaaoca. «Ieaoi» naeaeaoaeuenoaiaaei i oii, /oi onaiaiea – yoi ia
oieueei ooieoeey /enea iiaoi?aiee e a?aiaie. Aeiiieieoaeueiui oaeoi?ii
yaeyaeinue iaeaaeaiea i?eaiaie, niiniaaie aeaenoaey.
Caeeth/aiea
Oaeei ia?acii aeaeii, /oi ?aaiou Yaaeiaaoca, Eaooaea. A. Itheea?a, I.I.
Eaiaa, A?aeyia, Oa?oa?a e ae?oaeo eaaee a iniiao iai?aaeaiey, iee/iiai
io oeceieiae/aneie ineoieiaee Aoiaeoa. Iiaia iai?aaeaiea ioe?uei
nianoaaiii ineoieiae/aneea oaiiiaiu e caeiiiia?iua nayce iaaeaeo ieie,
niaoeeoe/iinoue eioi?uo iniiaaia ia iauaeoeaiuo iniaaiiinoyo
aeayoaeueiinoe /aeiaaea. Oai naiui iiceoeee ineoieiaee eae iaoee
nouanoaaiii oe?aieyeenue. Yoi iai?aaeaiea ia iie?aeinue ia
oeceieiae/aneea iiiyoey, ii aaaeue e a aoiaeoianeie oeiea iie ieeaeie
iauynieoaeueiie neeu ia eiaee, a anee e eniieueciauaaeenue, oi eeoue
aeey oiai, /oiau i?eaeaoue i?aaaeiiiaeiaea oaoeei
noauaeoeaii-ineoieiae/aneei aeiioacai.
Oeiea Aoiaeoa no?ieea naeth yenia?eiaioaeueiothi?ia?aiio ii noaia,
ii/a?iiooie ec ineoioeceieiaee i?aaiia /oanoa e ineoioeceee, o?aeooy
oi?ioeo «?acae?aaeeoaeue-?aaeoeey» eae aaeeinoaaiiue yoaeii
yenia?eiaioaeueiie ?aaiou, i?e/ai e iaeanoe ineoe/aneiai, niaeanii
aoiaeoianeie eioa?i?aoaoeee yoie oi?ioeu, ioiineony oieueei aa aoi?ay
/anoue – ?aaeoeey, iiae eioi?ie iiieiaeny aeaiiue a naiiiaaethaeaiee
oaeo niciaiey. Aai i?aaeiieiaaaiay oieeaeueiinoue e neoaeeea aeaaiui
aeiaiaeii a iieueco iacaaeneiinoe ineoieiae/naeiai enneaaeiaaiey io
oeceieiae/aneiai. Iiaia yenia?eiaioaeueiia iai?aaeaiea ia aieaa i?i/iuo
iauaeoeaiuo iniiaao ooaa?aeaeaei naiinoiyoaeueiinoe ineoieiae/aneeo
iiiyoee, eo ianaiaeeiinoue e oeceieiae/aneei.
A yenia?iaioaeueiie ineoieiaee, oaeei ia?acii i?ienouiaeeei ?anneiaiea,
aaaeiia aeey aoaeouaai yoie iaoee. I?aaiieee Aoiaeoa –
Etheueia(ath?oeao?aneay oeiea) e Oeo/aia?(«no?oeoo?iay ineoieiaey»)
i?iaeieaeaee eoeueoeae?iaaoue noauaeoeaiue iiaeoiae iaoiae. Ii ?yaeii n
iei oniaoii ionoaeaae naie i?aaa iauaeoeaiue iaoiae. Niinia eco/aiey
yaeaiee, eae o/eo enoi?ey iaoee, iaioaeaeei ioiiieiaiey eo i?e?iaeu.
Ooaa?aeaeaynue a eaaa?aoi?ee, iauaeoeaiue iaoiae aae e eciaiaieth
aicc?aiee ia nai ineoieiae/aneee oaeo.
Oioy iu e ioianee yenia?eiaioaeueioth ineoieiaeth e iaeiie ec io?aneae
ia?iaeaeaaoaeny iaoee, oaeia oieeiaaiea iiaeao auoue i?eiyoi oieueei
oneiaii. Yenia?eiaioaeueiue iaoiae ooaa?aeaeaaon a ineoieiaee ia ?oaaaea
XX aaea iianaianoii, ai anao aa io?aneyo. Ii i?eeaaaaony e ?acee/iui
iauaeoai e aeey ?aoaiey ?acee/iuo caaea/. Yenia?eiaio ia/eiaao
ii?aaeaeyoue oa?aeoa? ineoieiae/aneie iaoee a oeaeii.
Nienie eeoa?aoo?u
Richard Sweety «Business today», NY Post, 1994
Aa?ieueae Nieo «100 niaaoia ia/eiathuaio aecianiaio», I. , Aeaeiaay
aieia, 1995a.
Iaoaaeia A.I. «Yoeea aeciana», I. , I?ia?ann, 1993a.
Nieiaae/ee I.A. «O?iieee ie?aieae», I. , Iuneue, 1996a.
?aoa?ao ii ineoieiaee ee/iinoe
?acaeoea yenia?eiaioaeueiie ineoieiaee a eiioea XIX – ia/aea XX aaea
No?aieoea PAGE 3
Iineianeee Ainoaea?noaaiiue Oieaa?neoao eiaie I.Y. Aaoiaia
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