Iineianeee i?aeaia Eaieia, i?aeaia Ieoya?ueneie ?aaiethoeee
e i?aeaia O?oaeiaiai E?aniiai Ciaiaie
AINOAeA?NOAAIIUE OAOIE*ANEEE OIEAA?NEOAO
eiaie I.Y.Aaoiaia.
______________________________________________________
Oaeoeueoao ?E
Eaoaae?a ?E2
?aoa?ao ii aeenoeeieeia
“Eaca?iua iioeei-yeaeo?iiiua i?eai?u”
nooaeaioa
Iaei?iaa Iaaea
Eaiieaeiae/a, a?oiia ?E3-101.
?oeiaiaeeoaeue
Iaioeiia Aeaaeeie? Ai?eniae/
Oaia ?aoa?aoa:
“Iioe/aneay ia?aaioea eioi?iaoeee”
Anooieaiea
Naini?ecaoeey i?iecaiaenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe, o. a. caiaia i?aaiia
/oanoa /aeiaaea ia aeao/eee, aeieaeia ?anniao?eaaoueny a ea/anoaa
o?aoueae i?iiuoeaiiie ?aaiethoeee aneaae ca ia?auie aeaoiy —
iaoeiii-yia?aaoe/aneie e eioi?iaoeeiiii-eiiiuethoa?iie. Iio?aaiinoue a
aeao/eeao no?aieoaeueii ?anoao a nayce n ao?iui ?acaeoeai
aaoiiaoece?iaaiiuo nenoai eiio?iey e oi?aaeaiey, aiaae?aieai iiauo
oaoiieiae/aneeo i?ioeannia, ia?aoiaeii e aeaeei aaoiiaoece?iaaiiui
i?iecaiaenoaai. Iiieii aunieeo iao?ieiae/aneeo oa?aeoa?enoee aeao/eee
aeieaeiu iaeaaeaoue aunieie iaaeaaeiinoueth, aeieaiaa/iinoueth,
noaaeeueiinoueth, iaeuie aaaa?eoaie, iannie e yia?aiiio?aaeaieai,
niaianoeiinoueth n iee?iyeaeo?iiiuie ono?ienoaaie ia?aaioee eioi?iaoeee
i?e ieceie o?oaeiaieinoe ecaioiaeaiey e iaaieueoie noieiinoe. Yoei
o?aaiaaieyi a iaeneiaeueiie noaiaie oaeiaeaoai?ytho aieieiiii-iioe/aneea
aeao/eee.
Aieieiiii-iioe/aneea aeao/eee
Ia?aua iiiuoee nicaeaiey aeao/eeia ia iniiaa iioe/aneeo aieieii iiaeii
ioianoe e na?aaeeia 1970-o aiaeia. Ioaeeeaoeee i aieaa eee iaiaa
i?eaieaiuo ?ac?aaioeao e yenia?eiaioaeueiuo ia?acoeao iiaeiaiuo
aeao/eeia iiyaeeenue ai aoi?ie iieiaeia 1970-o aiaeia. Iaeiaei
n/eoaaony, /oi yoio oei aeao/eeia noi?ie?iaaeny eae iaeii ec iai?aaeaiee
oaoieee oieueei a ia/aea 1980-o aiaeia. Oiaaea aea iiyaeeny e oa?iei
“aieieiiii-iioe/aneea aeao/eee” (optical fiber sensors). Oaeei ia?acii,
aieieiiii-iioe/aneea aeao/eee — i/aiue iieiaeay iaeanoue oaoieee.
Io yeaeo?e/aneeo ecia?aiee e yeaeo?iiiui
Eiiaoe X IX aaea iiaeii n/eoaoue ia?eiaeii noaiiaeaiey iao?ieiaee a aa
iauai aeaea. E oiio a?aiaie i?iecioea ii?aaeaeaiiay nenoaiaoecaoeey a
iaeanoe yeaeo?ioaoieee ia iniiaa oai?ee yeaeo?iiaaiaoecia e oeaiae
ia?aiaiiiai oiea. Aei yoiai oece/aneea aaee/eiu ecia?yeenue aeaaiui
ia?acii iaoaie/aneeie n?aaenoaaie, a naie iaoaie/aneea ecia?aiey
?ani?ino?aiaiu auee iacia/eoaeueii. Yeaeo?e/aneea aea ecia?aiey
ia?aie/eaaeenue aaeaa ee ia eneeth/eoaeueii oieueei yeaeo?inoaoe/aneeie.
Iiaeii neacaoue, /oi iao?ieiaey, ?acaeaaynue ii ia?a i?ia?anna
yeaeo?ioaoieee, n eiioea XIX aaea noaea eae au aa ?iaeiie nano?ie.
?anniio?ei yoaiu e oniaoe yoiai ?acaeoey. A oa/aiea ianeieueeeo
aeanyoeia eao, aieioue aei aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu, iieo/eee
?ani?ino?aiaiea yeaeo?iecia?eoaeueiua i?eai?u, i?eioeei ?aaiou eioi?uo
iniiaai ia neeao acaeiiaeaenoaey yeaeo?e/aneiai oiea e iaaieoiiai iiey
(caeii Aei — Niaa?a). Oiaaea aea yoe i?eai?u aiaae?yeenue a auno?i
?acaeaathuothny i?iiuoeaiiinoue. Iniaaiiinoue ia?eiaea a oii, /oi iaoea
e oaoieea, i?e/anoiua e yeaeo?iecia?eoaeueiui i?eai?ai, noaiiayony
yae?ii iao?ieiaee e ecia?eoaeueiie eiaeono?ee.
Iinea aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu cia/eoaeueiua oniaoe a ?acaeoee yeaeo?iieee
i?eaaee e a?iiaaeiui ia?aiaiai a iao?ieiaee. A iyoeaeanyouo aiaeao
iiyaeeenue inoeeeeia?aou, niaea?aeauea io ianeieueeeo aeanyoeia aei
nioie e aieaa yeaeo?iiiuo eaii e iaeaaeathuea aanueia aunieeie
ooieoeeiiaeueiuie aiciiaeiinoyie, a oaeaea oeaeue ?yae iiaeiaiuo
ono?ienoa, eioi?ua noaee oe?iei i?eiaiyoueny a noa?a i?iecaiaenoaa e
iao/iuo enneaaeiaaiee. Oae ianooieea y?a yeaeo?iiiuo ecia?aiee.
Naaiaeiy, ii i?ioanoaee 30 eao, cia/eoaeueii eciaieeanue yeaiaioiay aaca
ecia?eoaeueiuo i?eai?ia. Io yeaeo?iiiuo eaii ia?aoee e o?aicenoi?ai,
eioaa?aeueiui noaiai (EN), aieueoei EN (AEN). Oaeei ia?acii, e naaiaeiy
yeaeo?iieea yaeyaony iniiaie ecia?eoaeueiie oaoieee.
Io aiaeiaiauo ecia?aiee e oeeo?iaui
Iaeiaei iaaeaeo yeaeo?iiiuie ecia?aieyie, eioi?ua i?iecaiaeeeenue a
1950-e aiaeu, e yeaeo?iiiuie ecia?aieyie 1980-o aiaeia aieueoay
?acieoea. Nooue aa caeeth/aaony a oii, /oi ai iiiaea ecia?eoaeueiua
i?eai?u aaaaeaia oeeo?iaay oaoieea.
Iau/ii yeaeo?iiiue ecia?eoaeueiue i?eai? eiaao no?oeoo?o, iiaeiaioth
ecia?aaeaiiie ia ?en. 1. Caeanue aeao/ee a neo/aa ecia?aiey
yeaeo?e/aneie aaee/eiu (yeaeo?e/aneee oie eee iai?yaeaiea) iniaie ?iee
ia ea?aao, e aeiaieueii /anoi auoiaeiui ono?ienoaii oaeiai ecia?eoaey
yaeyaony eiaeeeaoi?. Iaeiaei i?e eniieueciaaiee iiaeiaiiai i?eai?a a
eaeie-eeai ecia?eoaeueiie nenoaia nieioue e ?yaeii i?eoiaeeony
noaeeeaaoueny n iaiaoiaeeiinoueth ia?aaioee neaiaea ?acee/iuie
yeaeo?iiiuie noaiaie. Aiaae?aiea oeeo?iaie ecia?eoaeueiie oaoieee
iiae?acoiaaaao a eaeaaea, /oi oeeo?iaie neaiae iinooiaao
iaiin?aaenoaaiii io /oanoaeoaeueiiai yeaiaioa aeao/eea. Ii iiea yoi
nei?aa ?aaeeinoue, /ai i?aaeei. *aua aea anaai yoio neaiae eiaao
aiaeiaiaoth oi?io, e aeey iaai ia aoiaea aeiea ia?aaioee aeaiiuo
onoaiiaeai aiaeiai-oeeo?iaie i?aia?aciaaoaeue (AOeI). Oeeo?iaay aea
oaoieea eniieuecoaony aeaaiui ia?acii a aeiea ia?aaioee aeaiiuo e a
auoiaeiii ono?ienoaa (eiaeeeaoi?a) eee a iaeiii ec ieo.
?en. 1. Oeiiaay no?oeoo?a yeaeo?iiiiai ecia?eoaey
Iniiaiia i?aeiouanoai eniieueciaaiey oeeo?iaie oaoieee a i?ioeanna
ia?aaioee aeaiiuo — yoi n?aaieoaeueii i?inoay ?aaeecaoeey iia?aoeee
aunieiai o?iaiy, eioi?ua o?oaeii inouanoaeiu n iiiiuueth aiaeiaiauo
ono?ienoa. E oaeei iia?aoeeyi ioiinyony iiaeaaeaiea ooiia, on?aaeiaiea,
iaeeiaeiay ia?aaioea, eioaa?aeueiua i?aia?aciaaiey e ae?. I?e yoii
ooieoeeiiaeueiay iaa?ocea ia /oanoaeoaeueiue yeaiaio aeao/eea
oiaiueoaaony e nieaeathony o?aaiaaiey e oa?aeoa?enoeeai yeaiaioa. E?iia
oiai, aeaaiaea?y oeeo?iaie ia?aaioea noaiiaeony aiciiaeiui ecia?aiea
aanueia iaeuo aaee/ei.
Oeeo?ecaoeey e aieieiiii-iioe/aneea aeao/eee
Aaaeii ioiaoeoue, /oi iaeiei ec yoaiia ?acaeoey aieieiiii-iioe/aneeo
aeao/eeia auei ooieoeeiiaeueiia ?anoe?aiea iia?aoeee, auiieiyaiuo a
aeiea ia?aaioee aeaiiuo aeao/eea, iooai eo oeeo?ecaoeee e, /oi iniaaiii
nouanoaaiii, oi?iuaiea iia?aoeee iaeeiaeiiai oeia. Aaaeue a
aieieiiii-iioe/aneeo aeao/eeao eeiaeiinoue auoiaeiiai neaiaea
ioiineoaeueii ecia?yaiie oece/aneie aaee/eiu aeiaieueii /anoi
iaoaeiaeaoai?eoaeueia. Aeaaiaea?y aea oeeo?ecaoeee ia?aaioee yoa
i?iaeaia oaia?ue /anoe/ii eee iieiinoueth ?aoaaony.
Ia/aai e aiai?eoue, /oi aaaeiue noeioe iiyaeaiey aieieiiii-iioe/aneeo
aeao/eeia — nicaeaiea naieo iioe/aneeo aieieii, i eioi?uo aoaeao
?anneacaii ieaea, a oaeaea ac?uaiia?aciia ?acaeoea iioe/aneie
yeaeo?iieee e aieieiiii-iioe/aneie oaoieee nayce.
Noaiiaeaiea iioiyeaeo?iieee e iiyaeaiea iioe/aneeo aieieii
Eaca?u e noaiiaeaiea iioiyeaeo?iieee
?en. 2. Nieaeaiea ieieiaeueiuo iioa?ue ia?aaea/e aeey ?acee/iuo oeiia
iioe/aneeo aieieii
Iioiyeaeo?iieea — yoi iiaay iaeanoue iaoee e oaoieee, eioi?ay iiyaeeanue
ia nouea iioeee e yeaeo?iieee. Neaaeoao caiaoeoue, /oi a ?acaeoee
?aaeeioaoieee n naiiai ia/aea OO aaea iinoiyiii i?ineaaeeaaeanue
oaiaeaioeey inaiaiey yeaeo?iiaaieoiuo aiei ana aieaa aunieie /anoiou.
Auoaeathuaa ec yoiai oaeoa i?aaeiieiaeaiea, /oi iaeiaaeaeu ?aaeeioaoieea
e yeaeo?iieea aeinoeaioo iioe/aneiai aeeaiaciia aiei, noaiiaeony ana
aieaa e aieaa aeinoiaa?iui, ia/eiay n 1950-o aiaeia. Aiaeii
aicieeiiaaiey iioiyeaeo?iieee iiaeii n/eoaoue 1955-e, eiaaea A. Eiaaia?
(Loabner A. A. Optoelectronic devices and networks//Proc. 1AAA. 1955. V.
43. N 12. ?. 1897 — 1906) iienae iioaioeeaeueiua ia?aiao?u ?acee/iuo
iioiyeaeo?iiiuo ono?ienoa nayce, iui/a iacuaaaiuo iio?iiaie, o. a.
eiaaea auee ianoaeaeaiu iniiaiua oa?aeoa?enoeee niaaeeiaiey iioe/aneiai
e yeaeo?iiiiai ono?ienoa.
N oao ii? iioiyeaeo?iieea iai?a?uaii ?acaeaaaony, e iieaaatho, /oi aei
eiioea OO aaea iia i?aa?aoeony a ia?iiioth io?aneue iaoee e oaoieee,
niecia?eioth n yeaeo?iieeie. Iiyaeaiea a ia/aea 1960-o aiaeia eaca?ia
niinianoaiaaei onei?aieth ?acaeoey iioiyeaeo?iieee. Iioaioeeaeueiua
oa?aeoa?enoeee eaca?ia iienaiu aua a 1958 a., a oaea a 1960 a. aue
nicaeai naiue ia?aue eaca? — aaciaue, ia iniiaa niane aaeey e iaiia.
Aaia?e?othuea iai?a?uaiia eceo/aiea i?e eiiiaoiie oaiia?aoo?a
iieoi?iaiaeieeiaua eaca?u, eioi?ua a ianoiyuaa a?aiy iieo/eee iaeaieaa
oe?ieia i?eiaiaiea, noaee auioneaoueny n 1970 a.
Iiyaeaiea iioe/aneeo aieieii
Aaaeiui iiiaioii a ?acaeoee iioiyeaeo?iieee yaeyaony nicaeaiea
iioe/aneeo aieieii. Iniaaiii eioaineaiuie enneaaeiaaiey noaee a eiioea
1960-x aiaeia, a ?ac?aaioea a 1970 a. aia?eeaineie oe?iie “Ei?ieia”
eaa?oeaaiai aieieia n iaeui caoooaieai (20 aeA/ei) yaeeanue yiioaeueiui
niauoeai e iineoaeeea noeioeii aeey oaaee/aiey oaiiia enneaaeiaaiee e
?ac?aaioie ia ana 1970-a aiaeu.
Ia ?en. 2 iieacaii nieaeaiea ieieiaeueiuo iioa?ue ia?aaea/e aeey
?acee/iuo iioe/aneeo aieieii ia i?ioyaeaiee ieioaoeo aeanyoe n eeoiei
eao. Iiaeii caiaoeoue, /oi aeey eaa?oeaauo iioe/aneeo aieieii iioa?e ca
10 eao (a 1970-a aiaeu) oiaiueoeeenue i?eia?ii ia aeaa ii?yaeea.
Ecia/aeueiie e aeaaiie oeaeueth ?ac?aaioee iioe/aneeo aieieii auei
iaania/aiea eie iioe/aneeo nenoai nayce. Oai ia iaiaa a 1970-a aiaeu,
eiaaea a oaoieea iioe/aneeo aieieii i?eiaieoaeueii e iioe/aneei nenoaiai
nayce auee aeinoeaioou oaea cia/eoaeueiua oniaoe, aeeyiea aieieii ia
?acaeoea aieieiiii-iioe/aneeo aeao/eeia, i eioi?uo iieaeao ?a/ue a yoie
eieaa, ieacaeinue ianeieueei iaiaeeaeaiiui.
Iaeii- e iiiaiiiaeiaua iioe/aneea aieieia.
?en. 3. Iaeiiiiaeiaia (a) e iiiaiiiaeiaia (a) iioe/aneia aieieii
Iioe/aneia aieieii iau/ii auaaao iaeiiai ec aeaoo oeiia: iaeiiiiaeiaia,
a eioi?ii ?ani?ino?aiyaony oieueei iaeia iiaea (oei ?ani?aaeaeaiey
ia?aaeaaaaiiai yeaeo?iiaaieoiiai iiey), e iiiaiiiaeiaia — n ia?aaea/ae
iiiaeanoaa (ieiei nioie) iiae. Eiino?oeoeaii yoe oeiu aieieii
?acee/athony oieueei aeeaiao?ii na?aea/ieea — naaoiaaaeouae /anoe,
aioo?e eioi?ie eiyooeoeeaio i?aeiieaiey /ooue auoa, /ai a ia?eoa?eeiie
/anoe — iaiei/ea (?en. 3).
A oaoieea eniieuecothony eae iiiaiiiaeiaua, oae e iaeiiiiaeiaua
iioe/aneea aieieia. Iiiaiiiaeiaua aieieia eiatho aieueoie (i?eia?ii 50
iei) aeeaiao? na?aea/ieea, /oi iaeaa/aao eo niaaeeiaiea ae?oa n ae?oaii.
Ii iineieueeo a?oiiiaay nei?inoue naaoa aeey eaaeaeie iiaeu ?acee/ia, oi
i?e ia?aaea/a oceiai naaoiaiai eiioeuena i?ienoiaeeo aai ?anoe?aiea
(oaaee/aiea aeenia?nee). Ii n?aaiaieth n iiiaiiiaeiauie o iaeiiiiaeiauo
aieieii i?aeiouanoaa e iaaeinoaoee iaiythony ianoaie: aeenia?ney
oiaiueoaaony, ii iaeue (5…10 iei) aeeaiao? na?aea/ieea cia/eoaeueii
cao?oaeiyao niaaeeiaiea aieieii yoiai oeia e aaaaeaiea a ieo naaoiaiai
eo/a eaca?a.
Aneaaenoaea yoiai iaeiiiiaeiaua iioe/aneea aieieia iaoee
i?aeiouanoaaiiia i?eiaiaiea a eeieyo nayce, o?aaothueo aunieie nei?inoe
ia?aaea/e eioi?iaoeee (eeiee aa?oiaai ?aiaa a ea?a?oe/aneie no?oeoo?a
eeiee nayce), a iiiaiiiaeiaua /aua anaai eniieuecothony a eeieyo nayce
ni n?aaieoaeueii iaaunieie nei?inoueth ia?aaea/e eioi?iaoeee. Eiathony
oae iacuaaaiua eiaa?aioiua aieieiiii-iioe/aneea eeiee nayce, aaea
i?eaiaeiu oieueei iaeiiiiaeiaua aieieia. A iiiaiiiaeiaii iioe/aneii
aieieia eiaa?aioiinoue i?eieiaaiuo naaoiauo aiei iaaeaao, iiyoiio aai
eniieueciaaiea a eiaa?aioiuo eeieyo nayce iai?aeoe/ii, /oi e
i?aaeii?aaeaeeei i?eiaiaiea a iiaeiaiuo eeieyo oieueei iaeiiiiaeiauo
iioe/aneeo aieieii.
Iai?ioea, oioy i?e eniieueciaaiee iioe/aneeo aieieii aeey aeao/eeia
auoaoeacaiiua oaeoi?u oiaea eiatho ianoi, ii ai iiiaeo neo/ayo eo ?ieue
oaea eiay. A /anoiinoe, i?e eniieueciaaiee iioe/aneeo aieieii aeey
eiaa?aioiuo ecia?aiee, eiaaea ec yoeo aieieii oi?ie?oaony eioa?oa?iiao?,
aaaeiui i?aeiouanoaii iaeiiiiaeiauo aieieii yaeyaony aiciiaeiinoue
ia?aaea/e eioi?iaoeee i oaca iioe/aneie aieiu, /oi iainouanoaeii n
iiiiuueth iiiaiiiaeiauo aieieii. Neaaeiaaoaeueii, a aeaiiii neo/aa
iaiaoiaeeii oieueei iaeiiiiaeiaia iioe/aneia aieieii, eae e a
eiaa?aioiuo eeieyo nayce. Oai ia iaiaa, ia i?aeoeea i?eiaiaiea
iaeiiiiaeiaiai iioe/aneiai aieieia i?e ecia?aiee iaoeie/ii ec-ca
iaaieueoie aai aeenia?nee. Ei?i/a aiai?y, a naini?iie iioiyeaeo?iieea,
ca eneeth/aieai aeao/eeia-eioa?oa?iiao?ia, eniieuecothony iiiaiiiaeiaua
iioe/aneea aieieia. Yoi ianoiyoaeuenoai iauyniyaony aua e oai, /oi a
aeao/eeao aeeeia eniieuecoaiuo iioe/aneeo aieieii cia/eoaeueii iaiueoa,
/ai a nenoaiao iioe/aneie nayce.
Oa?aeoa?enoeee iioe/aneiai aieieia eae no?oeoo?iiai yeaiaioa aeao/eea e
nenoai nayce
I?aaeaea /ai ioeaieaaoue cia/eiinoue yoeo oa?aeoa?enoee aeey iaaeo
iaeanoae i?eiaiaiey, ioiaoei iauea aeinoieinoaa iioe/aneeo aieieii:
oe?ieiiieiniinoue (i?aaeiieaaaaony aei ianeieueeeo aeanyoeia oa?aaa?oe);
iaeua iioa?e (ieieiaeueiua 0,154 aeA/ei);
iaeue (ieiei 125 iei) aeeaiao?;
iaeay (i?eaeeceoaeueii 30 a/ei) ianna;
yeanoe/iinoue (ieieiaeueiue ?aaeeon ecaeaa 2 MM);
iaoaie/aneay i?i/iinoue (auaea?aeeaaao iaa?oceo ia ?ac?ua i?eia?ii 7
ea);
ionoonoaea acaeiiie eioa?oa?aioeee (ia?ae?anoiuo iiiao oeia ecaanoiuo a
oaeaoiiee “ia?aoiaeiuo ?acaiai?ia”);
aacuiaeoeoeeiiiinoue (i?aeoe/anee ionoonoaoao aeeyiea yeaeo?iiaaieoiie
eiaeoeoeee, a neaaeiaaoaeueii, e io?eoeaoaeueiua yaeaiey, naycaiiua n
a?iciauie ?ac?yaeaie, aeecinoueth e eeiee yeaeo?iia?aaea/e, eiioeuenaie
oiea a neeiaie naoe);
ac?uaiaaciianiinoue (aa?aioe?oaony aaniethoiie ianiiniaiinoueth aieieia
auoue i?e/eiie ene?u);
aunieay yeaeo?iecieyoeeiiiay i?i/iinoue (iai?eia?, aieieii aeeeiie 20 ni
auaea?aeeaaao iai?yaeaiea aei 10000 B);
aunieay ei??iceiiiay noieeinoue, iniaaiii e oeie/aneei ?anoai?eoaeyi,
ianeai, aiaea.
A iaeanoe iioe/aneie nayce iaeaieaa aaaeiu oaeea aeinoieinoaa aieieia,
eae oe?ieiiieiniinoue e iaeua iioa?e, i?e/ai a no?ieoaeuenoaa
aioo?eai?iaeneeo naoae nayce ia?yaeo n yoeie naienoaaie iniaia cia/aiea
i?eia?aoatho iaeue aeeaiao? e ionoonoaea acaeiiie eioa?oa?aioeee, a a
yeaeo?e/anee iaaeaaii?eyoiie ie?oaeathuae n?aaea — aacuiaeoeoeeiiiinoue.
Iineaaeiea aea o?e naienoaa a aieueoeinoaa neo/aaa caeanue ia ea?atho
eaeie-eeai caiaoiie ?iee.
A i?aeoeea eniieueciaaiey aieieiiii-iioe/aneeo aeao/eeia eiatho
iaeaieueoaa cia/aiea iineaaeiea /aou?a naienoaa. Aeinoaoi/ii iieaciu e
oaeea naienoaa, eae yeanoe/iinoue, iaeua aeeaiao? e ianna.
Oe?ieiiieiniinoue aea e iaeua iioa?e cia/eoaeueii iiauoatho aiciiaeiinoe
iioe/aneeo aieieii, ii aeaeaei ia anaaaea yoe i?aeiouanoaa iniciathony
?ac?aaio/eeaie aeao/eeia. Iaeiaei, n nia?aiaiiie oi/ee c?aiey, ii ia?a
?anoe?aiey ooieoeeiiaeueiuo aiciiaeiinoae aieieiiii-iioe/aneeo aeao/eeia
a aeeaeaeoai aoaeouai yoa neooaoeey iiiaiiiao eni?aaeony.
Eae aoaeao iieacaii ieaea, a aieieiiii-iioe/aneeo aeao/eeao iioe/aneia
aieieii iiaeao auoue i?eiaiaii i?inoi a ea/anoaa eeiee ia?aaea/e, a
iiaeao ea?aoue ?ieue naiiai /oanoaeoaeueiiai yeaiaioa aeao/eea. A
iineaaeiai neo/aa eniieuecothony /oanoaeoaeueiinoue aieieia e
yeaeo?e/aneiio iieth (yooaeo Ea??a), iaaieoiiio iieth (yooaeo Oa?aaeay),
e aea?aoeee, oaiia?aoo?a, aeaaeaieth, aeaoi?iaoeeyi (iai?eia?, e
ecaeao). Iiiaea ec yoeo yooaeoia a iioe/aneeo nenoaiao nayce
ioeaieaathony eae iaaeinoaoee, a aeao/eeao aea eo iiyaeaiea n/eoaaony
nei?aa i?aeiouanoaii, eioi?ia neaaeoao ?acaeaaoue.
Neaaeoao oaeaea ioiaoeoue, /oi iioe/aneea aieieia nouanoaaiii oeo/oatho
oa?aeoa?enoeee ono?ienoa, iniiaaiiuo ia yooaeoa Naiueyea.
Eeanneoeeaoeey aieieiiii-iioe/aneeo aeao/eeia e i?eia?u eo i?eiaiaiey
Nia?aiaiiua aieieiiii-iioe/aneea aeao/eee iicaieytho ecia?youe ii/oe
ana. Iai?eia?, aeaaeaiea, oaiia?aoo?o, ?annoiyiea, iieiaeaiea a
i?ino?ainoaa, nei?inoue a?auaiey, nei?inoue eeiaeiiai ia?aiauaiey,
onei?aiea, eieaaaiey, ianno, caoeiaua aieiu, o?iaaiue aeeaeeinoe,
aeaoi?iaoeeth, eiyooeoeeaio i?aeiieaiey, yeaeo?e/aneia iiea,
yeaeo?e/aneee oie, iaaieoiia iiea, eiioeaio?aoeeth aaca, aeico
?aaeeaoeeiiiiai eceo/aiey e o.ae.
Anee eeanneoeoee?iaaoue aieieiiii-iioe/aneea aeao/eee n oi/ee c?aiey
i?eiaiaiey a ieo iioe/aneiai aieieia, oi, eae oaea auei ioia/aii auoa,
eo iiaeii a?oai ?acaeaeeoue ia aeao/eee, a eioi?uo iioe/aneia aieieii
eniieuecoaony a ea/anoaa eeiee ia?aaea/e, e aeao/eee, a eioi?uo iii
eniieuecoaony a ea/anoaa /oanoaeoaeueiiai yeaiaioa. Eae aeaeii ec
oaaeeoeu 1, a aeao/eeao oeia “eeiee ia?aaea/e” eniieuecothony a iniiaiii
iiiaiiiaeiaua iioe/aneea aieieia, a a aeao/eeao naini?iiai oeia /aua
anaai — iaeiiiiaeiaua.
Oaaeeoea 1. Oa?aeoa?enoeee aieieiiii-iioe/aneeo aeao/eeia
No?oeoo?a Ecia?yaiay oece/aneay aaee/eia Eniieuecoaiia oece/aneia
yaeaiea, naienoai Aeaoaeoe?oaiay aaee/eia Iioe/aneia aieieii Ia?aiao?u e
iniaaiiinoe ecia?aiee
Aeao/eee n iioe/aneei aieieiii a ea/anoaa eeiee ia?aaea/e
I?ioiaeyuaai oeia Yeaeo?e/aneia iai?yaeaiea, iai?yaeaiiinoue
yeaeo?e/aneiai iiey Yooaeo Iieeaeuena Ninoaaeythuay iiey?ecaoeey
Iiiaiiiaeiaia 1… 1000B; 0,1…1000 A/ni
I?ioiaeyuaai oeia Neea yeaeo?e/aneiai oiea, iai?yaeaiiinoue iaaieoiiai
iiey Yooaeo Oa?aaeay Oaie iiey?ecaoeee Iiiaiiiaeiaia Oi/iinoue (1% i?e
20…85( N
I?ioiaeyuaai oeia Oaiia?aoo?a Eciaiaiea iiaeiuaiey iieoi?iaiaeieeia
Eioaineaiinoue i?iioneaaiiai naaoa Iiiaiiiaeiaia -10…+300( N
(oi/iinoue (1( N)
I?ioiaeyuaai oeia Oaiia?aoo?a Eciaiaiea iinoiyiiie ethieianoeaioeee
Eioaineaiinoue i?iioneaaiiai naaoa Iiiaiiiaeiaia 0…70( N (oi/iinoue
(0,04( N)
I?ioiaeyuaai oeia Oaiia?aoo?a I?a?uaaiea iioe/aneiai iooe Eioaineaiinoue
i?iioneaaiiai naaoa Iiiaiiiaeiaia ?aaeei “aee/auee”
I?ioiaeyuaai oeia Aeae?iaeonoe/aneia aeaaeaiea Iieiia io?aaeaiea
Eioaineaiinoue i?iioneaaiiai naaoa Iiiaiiiaeiaia *oanoaeoaeueiinoue …
10 iIa
I?ioiaeyuaai oeia Onei?aiea Oioioi?oainoue Eioaineaiinoue i?iioneaaiiai
naaoa Iiiaiiiaeiaia *oanoaeoaeueiinoue ieiei 1 ig
I?ioiaeyuaai oeia Eiioeaio?aoeey aaca Iiaeiuaiea Eioaineaiinoue
i?iioneaaiiai naaoa Iiiaiiiaeiaia Aeenoaioeeiiiia iaaethaeaiea ia
?annoiyiee aei 20 ei
Io?aaeaoaeueiiai oeia Caoeiaia aeaaeaiea a aoiinoa?a Iiiaieiiiiiaioiay
eioa?oa?aioeey Eioaineaiinoue io?aaeaiiiai naaoa Iiiaiiiaeiaia
*oanoaeoaeueiinoue, oa?aeoa?iay aeey eiiaeainaoi?iiai iee?ioiia
Io?aaeaoaeueiiai oeia Eiioeaio?aoeey eenei?iaea a e?iae Eciaiaiea
niaeo?aeueiie oa?aeoa?enoeee Eioaineaiinoue io?aaeaiiiai naaoa Io/eiaia
Aeinooi /a?ac eaoaoa?
Io?aaeaoaeueiiai oeia Eioaineaiinoue NA*-eceo/aiey Eciaiaiea
eiyooeoeeaioa io?aaeaiey aeeaeeiai e?enoaeea Eioaineaiinoue io?aaeaiiiai
naaoa Io/eiaia Ia?ac?ooathuee eiio?ieue
Aioaiiiai oeia Ia?aiao?u aunieiaieueoiuo eiioeuenia Eceo/aiea naaoiaiaea
Eioaineaiinoue i?iioneaaiiai naaoa Iiiaiiiaeiaia Aeeeoaeueiinoue o?iioa
aei 10 in
Aioaiiiai oeia Oaiia?aoo?a Eio?ae?aniia eceo/aiea Eioaineaiinoue
i?iioneaaiiai naaoa Eio?ae?aniia 250…1200( N (oi/iinoue (1%)
Aeao/eee n iioe/aneei aieieiii a ea/anoaa /oanoaeoaeueiiai yeaiaioa
Eieueoeaaie eioa?oa?iiao? Nei?inoue a?auaiey Yooaeo Naiueyea Oaca
naaoiaie aieiu Iaeiiiiaeiaia >0,02 (//
Eieueoeaaie eioa?oa?iiao? Neea yeaeo?e/aneiai oiea Yooaeo Oa?aaeay Oaca
naaoiaie aieiu Iaeiiiiaeiaia Aieieii n nio?aiaieai iiey?ecaoeee
Eioa?oa?iiao? Iaoa-Oeaiaea?a Aeae?iaeonoe/aneia aeaaeaiea Oioioi?oainoue
Oaca naaoiaie aieiu Iaeiiiiaeiaia 1…100 ?aae(aoi/i
Eioa?oa?iiao? Iaoa-Oeaiaea?a Neea yeaeo?e/aneiai oiea, iai?yaeaiiinoue
iaaieoiiai iiey Iaaieoino?eeoeey Oaca naaoiaie aieiu Iaeiiiiaeiaia
*oanoaeoaeueiinoue 10-9 A/i
Eioa?oa?iiao? Iaoa-Oeaiaea?a Neea yeaeo?e/aneiai oiea Yooaeo Aeaeioey
Oaca naaoiaie aieiu Iaeiiiiaeiaia *oanoaeoaeueiinoue 10 ieA
Eioa?oa?iiao? Iaoa-Oeaiaea?a Onei?aiea Iaoaie/aneia naeaoea e
?anoyaeaiea Oaca naaoiaie aieiu Iaeiiiiaeiaia 1000 ?aae/g
Eioa?oa?iiao? Oaa?e-Ia?i Aeae?iaeonoe/aneia aeaaeaiea Oioioi?oainoue
Oaca naaoiaie aieiu (iieeeioa?oa?aioeey) Iaeiiiiaeiaia —
Eioa?oa?iiao? Oaa?e-Ia?i Oaiia?aoo?a Oaieiaia naeaoea e ?anoe?aiea Oaca
naaoiaie aieiu (iieeeioa?oa?aioeey) Iaeiiiiaeiaia Aunieay
/oanoaeoaeueiinoue
Eioa?oa?iiao? Oaa?e-Ia?i Niaeo? eceo/aiey Aieiiaay oeeueo?aoeey
Eioaineaiinoue i?iioneaaiiai naaoa Iaeiiiiaeiaia Aunieay ?ac?aoathuay
niiniaiinoue
Eioa?oa?iiao? Iaeeaeueniia Ioeuen, nei?inoue iioiea e?iae Yooaeo
Aeiiea?a *anoioa aeaiee Iaeiiiiaeiaia, iiiaiiiaeiaia 10-4…108 i/n
Eioa?oa?iiao? ia iniiaa iiae n i?oiaiiaeueiie iiey?ecaoeeae
Aeae?iaeonoe/aneia aeaaeaiea Oioioi?oainoue Oaca naaoiaie aieiu N
nio?aiaieai iiey?ecaoeee Aac iii?iiai iioe/aneiai aieieia
Eioa?oa?iiao? ia iniiaa iiae n i?oiaiiaeueiie iiey?ecaoeeae
Iai?yaeaiiinoue iaaieoiiai iiey Iaaieoino?eeoeey Oaca naaoiaie aieiu N
nio?aiaieai iiey?ecaoeee Aac iii?iiai iioe/aneiai aieieia
Iaeioa?oa?iiao?e/aneay Aeae?iaeonoe/aneia aeaaeaiea Iioa?e ia
iee?iecaeaao aieieia Eioaineaiinoue i?iioneaaiiai naaoa Iiiaiiiaeiaia
*oanoaeoaeueiinoue 100 iIa
Iaeioa?oa?iiao?e/aneay Neea yeaeo?e/aneiai oiea, iai?yaeaiiinoue
iaaieoiiai iiey Yooaeo Oa?aaeay Oaie iiey?ecaoeee Iaeiiiiaeiaia
Iaiaoiaeeii o/eouaaoue i?oiaiiaeueiua iiaeu
Iaeioa?oa?iiao?e/aneay Nei?inoue iioiea Eieaaaiey aieieia Niioiioaiea
eioaineaiinoe iaaeaeo aeaoiy iiaeaie Iaeiiiiaeiaia, iiiaiiiaeiaia >0,3
i/n
Iaeioa?oa?iiao?e/aneay Aeica ?aaeeiaeoeaiiai eceo/aiey Oi?ie?iaaiea
oeaio?a ie?aoeaaiey Eioaineaiinoue i?iioneaaiiai naaoa Iiiaiiiaeiaia
0,01…1,00 I?aae
Iineaaeiaaoaeueiiai e ia?aeeaeueiiai oeia ?ani?aaeaeaiea oaiia?aoo?u e
aeaoi?iaoeee Ia?aoiia ?annayiea ?aeay Eioaineaiinoue ia?aoiiai ?annayiey
?aeay Iiiaiiiaeiaia ?ac?aoathuay niiniaiinoue 1 i
?en. 7. Aieieiiii-iioe/aneee aeao/ee aioaiiiai oeia.
?en. 6. Aieieiiii-iioe/aneee aeao/ee io?aaeaoaeueiiai oeia.
E?aoeay enoi?ey enneaaeiaaiee e ?ac?aaioie
A enoi?ee aieieiiii-iioe/aneeo aeao/eeia o?oaeii caoeene?iaaoue
eaeie-eeai ia/aeueiue iiiaio, a ioee/ea io enoi?ee aieieiiii-iioe/aneeo
eeiee nayce. Ia?aua ioaeeeaoeee i i?iaeoao e yenia?eiaioao n
ecia?eoaeueiie oaoieeie, a eioi?ie eniieueciaaeinue au iioe/aneia
aieieii, ia/aee iiyaeyoueny n 1973 a., a ai aoi?ie iieiaeia 1970-o
aiaeia eo /enei cia/eoaeueii oaaee/eeinue. A 1978 aiaeo Iyiioi Oinei
i?aaeeiaeee iauoth eeanneoeeaoeeth aieieiiii-iioe/aneeo aeao/eeia (?en.
4.), eioi?ay iaei ioee/aaony io nia?aiaiiie. N ianooieaieai 1980-o
aiaeia enoi?ey ?acaeoey aieieiiii-iioe/aneeo aeao/eeia ia?anoaao
cia/eoaeueiuie iiae?iaiinoyie.
Caeeth/aiea
?en.4. Eeanneoeeaoeey iniiaiuo no?oeoo? aieieiiii-iioe/aneeo aeao/eeia:
a) n eciaiaieai oa?aeoa?enoee aieieia (a oii /enea niaoeeaeueiuo
aieieii)
a) n eciaiaieai ia?aiao?ia ia?aaeaaaaiiai naaoa
a) n /oanoaeoaeueiui yeaiaioii ia oi?oea aieieia
Iniiaiuie yeaiaioaie aieieiiii-iioe/aneiai aeao/eea, eae iiaeii
caiaoeoue ec oaae. 1, yaeythony iioe/aneia aieieii, naaoieceo/athuea
(enoi/iee naaoa) e naaoii?eaiiua ono?ienoaa, iioe/aneee /oanoaeoaeueiue
yeaiaio. E?iia oiai, niaoeeaeueiua eeiee iaiaoiaeeiu aeey nayce iaaeaeo
yoeie yeaiaioaie eee aeey oi?ie?iaaiey ecia?eoaeueiie nenoaiu n
aeao/eeii. Aeaeaa, aeey i?aeoe/aneiai aiaae?aiey aieieiiii-iioe/aneeo
aeao/eeia iaiaoiaeeiu yeaiaiou nenoaiiie oaoieee, eioi?ua a niaieoiiinoe
n auoaoeacaiiuie yeaiaioaie e eeieae nayce ia?acotho ecia?eoaeueioth
nenoaio.
Nienie eeoa?aoo?u
Ieine O. e ae?. Aieieiiii-iioe/aneea aeao/eee.
Iaeaaeaiea
TOC \o “1-3” \t “PLM caaie 1;1;PLM caaie 2;2;PLM caaie 3;3”
Anooieaiea GOTOBUTTON _Toc356151623 PAGEREF _Toc356151623 2
Aieieiiii-iioe/aneea aeao/eee GOTOBUTTON _Toc356151625 PAGEREF
_Toc356151625 2
Io yeaeo?e/aneeo ecia?aiee e yeaeo?iiiui GOTOBUTTON _Toc356151626
PAGEREF _Toc356151626 2
Io aiaeiaiauo ecia?aiee e oeeo?iaui GOTOBUTTON _Toc356151627
PAGEREF _Toc356151627 3
Oeeo?ecaoeey e aieieiiii-iioe/aneea aeao/eee GOTOBUTTON _Toc356151628
PAGEREF _Toc356151628 4
Noaiiaeaiea iioiyeaeo?iieee e iiyaeaiea iioe/aneeo aieieii GOTOBUTTON
_Toc356151629 PAGEREF _Toc356151629 4
Eaca?u e noaiiaeaiea iioiyeaeo?iieee GOTOBUTTON _Toc356151630
PAGEREF _Toc356151630 4
Iiyaeaiea iioe/aneeo aieieii GOTOBUTTON _Toc356151631 PAGEREF
_Toc356151631 6
Iaeii- e iiiaiiiaeiaua iioe/aneea aieieia. GOTOBUTTON _Toc356151632
PAGEREF _Toc356151632 6
Oa?aeoa?enoeee iioe/aneiai aieieia eae no?oeoo?iiai yeaiaioa aeao/eea e
nenoai nayce GOTOBUTTON _Toc356151633 PAGEREF _Toc356151633 7
Eeanneoeeaoeey aieieiiii-iioe/aneeo aeao/eeia e i?eia?u eo i?eiaiaiey
GOTOBUTTON _Toc356151634 PAGEREF _Toc356151634 9
Aeao/eee n iioe/aneei aieieiii a ea/anoaa eeiee ia?aaea/e GOTOBUTTON
_Toc356151635 PAGEREF _Toc356151635 10
Aeao/eee n iioe/aneei aieieiii a ea/anoaa /oanoaeoaeueiiai yeaiaioa
GOTOBUTTON _Toc356151636 PAGEREF _Toc356151636 12
E?aoeay enoi?ey enneaaeiaaiee e ?ac?aaioie GOTOBUTTON _Toc356151637
PAGEREF _Toc356151637 15
Caeeth/aiea GOTOBUTTON _Toc356151638 PAGEREF _Toc356151638 15
Nienie eeoa?aoo?u GOTOBUTTON _Toc356151639 PAGEREF _Toc356151639
16
Iaeaaeaiea GOTOBUTTON _Toc356151640 PAGEREF _Toc356151640 16
PAGE
PAGE 16
E ae?oaei i?eai?ai
Eiaeeeaoi?
Aeie ia?aaioee aeaiiuo
Aeao/ee
Ecia?yaiay oece/aneay aaee/eia
Aeaoaeoi?
Enoi/iee naaoa
*oanoaeoaeueiue yeaiaio
Aeaoaeoi?
Enoi/iee naaoa
Aeaoaeoi?
*oanoaeoaeueiue yeaiaio
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