Aaaaeaiea
Aeooaeueiuie a ianoiyuaa a?aiy yaeythony aii?inu iiauoaiey iaae?aeiinoe
e aeieaiaa/iinoe iaoei, i?eai?ia, onoaiiaie, iiauoaiea eo ea/anoaa e
yooaeoeaiinoe ?aaiou, a neaaeiaaoaeueii, aii?inu yeiiiiee iaoaeeia,
ai?ueau n ei??iceae e eciinii aeaoaeae iaoei. ?ieue yoeo i?iaeai a
aeieaiaa/iinoe iaoei e iaoaieciia, i?eai?ia e ae?oaeo iniaaiii aic?inea
a ianoiyuaa a?aiy, oae eae ?acaeoea aieueoeinoaa io?aneae i?iiuoeaiiinoe
(aaeaoeeiiiay, ?aeaoiay, oaieiyia?aaoeea, aoiiiay yia?aaoeea,
?aaeeiyeaeo?iieea e ae?.) naycaii n iiauoaieai iaa?ocie, oaiia?aoo?,
aa?anneaiinoe n?aae, a eioi?uo ?aaioaao aeaoaeue. ?aoaiea yoeo i?iaeai
i?aaeaea anaai naycaii n oi?i/iaieai iiaa?oiinoiuo nei?a ecaeaeee.
Eciaieoue naienoaa iiaa?oiinoe iiaeii ?acee/iuie niiniaaie: iaianaieai
ia iiaa?oiinoue iiaiai iaoa?eaea n iaiaoiaeeiuie naienoaaie; eciaiaieai
ninoaaa iiaa?oiinoiiai neiy iaoaeea.
Ai aoi?ii neo/aa iiaa?oiinoiua neie iaoaeea iiaeaa?aatho aeeoooceiiiie
oeieei-oa?ie/aneie ia?aaioea (OOI), a ?acoeueoaoa eioi?ie ia iiaa?oiinoe
ecaeaeey ia?acoaony iiaue, ioee/athueeny io na?aeoeaaeiu, nieaa.
OOI iicaieyao iieo/eoue a iiaa?oiinoiii neia ecaeaeey nieaa i?aeoe/anee
ethaiai ninoaaa e, neaaeiaaoaeueii, iaania/eoue eiiieaen iaiaoiaeeiuo
naienoa – oece/aneeo, oeie/aneeo, iaoaie/aneeo e ae?oaeo.
Iaeiei ec ?ani?ino?ai?iiuo iaoiaeia OOI yaeyaony oeaiaioaoeey. I?ioeann
oeaiaioaoeee oe?iei i?eiaiytho a i?iiuoeaiiinoe aeaaiaea?y aai aunieie
yooaeoeaiinoe e aeinooiiinoe. Ii iicaieyao nicaeaaaoue ia ?aai/ae
iiaa?oiinoe aeaoaee neie, iaeaaeathuee aunieie oa??aeinoueth iinea
caeaeee, eciininoieeinoueth, y?iceiiiie noieeinoueth, eiioaeoiie
auiineeainoueth e onoaeinoiie i?i/iinoueth i?e ecaeaa. Yoe naienoaa
iaania/eaathony i?e ioiineoaeueii iyaeie e ayceie na?aeoeaaeia,
i?eaeathuae aeaoaee iaiaoiaeeioth eiino?oeoeaioth i?i/iinoue.
1. Iienaiea aeaoaee e oneiaee a? ?aaiou
Coa/aoua eie?na iniiaiuie aeaoaeyie aieueoeinoaa iaoei e iaoaieciia. Iie
neoaeao aeey ia?aaea/e a?auaoaeueiuo aeaeaeaiee iaaeaeo ioaeaeueiuie
yeaiaioaie iaoaieciia.
A?auaiea ia?aaea?ony /a?ac coa/aoia caoeaieaiea. Ioeac eee ?ac?ooaiea
coa/aoiai eieana aea/?o ca niaie i?ae?auaiea ia?aaea/e e?ooyuaai iiiaioa
e ioeac aeaeaaoaeueiuo aa?aaaoia. Iaeaieaa caa?oaeaiiie /anoueth
coa/aoiai eieana yaeyaony coa. Ia ?enoiea 1 iieacaia noaia caoeaieaiey
coaueaa.
?en. 1 Noaia caoeaieaiey coaueaa
A i?ioeanna ?aaiou coauey eniuouaatho oaea?iua iaa?ocee, a ?acoeueoaoa
/aai a ieo aicieeatho eiioaeoiua iai?yaeaiey. Iiaa?oiinoue coaa ?aaioaao
ia eciin, a i?ioeanna ?aaiou coauey iaa?aaathony; aeey ioeaaeaeaiey ia
ieo iai?a?uaii iiaea?ony ianei.
Ii eiino?oeoeee aeaiiia coa/aoia eieani i?aaenoaaeyao niaie iieue
oeeeeiae?. Nia?oaee ?aniieiaeaiu yaieueaaioiua coauey, /a?ac eioi?ua
ia?aaea?ony a?auaoaeueiia aeaeaeaiea io aaaeouaai coa/aoiai eieana. Ii
aioo?aiiaio aeeaiao?o aeaiiiai coa/aoiai eieana auiieiaiu oeeoeu aeey
ia?aaea/e e?ooyuaai iiiaioa ia ?anni?u ei?iaee aa?aaaoia e aeaeaa ?ioi?o
aeaeaaoaey i?e aai caionea, /oi iaania/eaaao iiaea/o oiieeaa a eaia?o
nai?aiey.
A i?ioeanna ?aaiou coa/aoia eieani eniuouaaao noaoe/aneea,
aeeiaie/aneea, ciaeiia?aiaiiua e aea?aoeeiiiua iaa?ocee aaee/eiie aei
930 I. Aeaoaeue ?aaioaao a ianeyiie n?aaea n ?aai/ae oaiia?aoo?ie aei
300(N.
?en. 2 Yneec coa/aoiai eieana.
2. Oaoie/aneea o?aaiaaiey, i?aaeuyaeyaiua e iaoa?eaeo
oa?ie/anee ia?aaioaiiie aeaoaee
Oaoie/aneea o?aaiaaiey e iaoa?eaeo iacia/athony enoiaey ec oneiaee
?aaiou coa/aoiai eieana. O/eouaay, /oi aeaoaeue ?aaioaao a aeinoaoi/ii
neiaeiuo oneiaeyo, e iae i?aaeuyaeythony neaaeothuea oaoie/aneea
o?aaiaaiey:
;
;
;
;
;
.
3. Iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoue ia?aaioee aeaoaee
Aeaoaeue io caaioiaee aei iieiiai ecaioiaeaiey i?ioiaeeo neiaeiue
oaoiieiae/aneee ia?o?oo ii oeaoai i?aaei?eyoey (?en. 3):
C ( EO ( O1 ( I1 ( O2 ( I2 ( Na
?en. 3 Iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoue ecaioiaeaiey coa/aoiai eieana.
C – caaioiaeoaeueiue oeao; ?acea i?ooea ia caaioiaee aeeeiie 85ii,
aeeaiao?ii 65ii;
EO – eocia/ii-ooaiiiai/iue oeao; ooaiiiaea iaoiaeii ai?y/ae ooaiiiaee;
O1 – oa?ie/aneee oeao; i?iaaaeaiea i?aaeaa?eoaeueiie oa?ie/aneie
ia?aaioee iieiaie aeey niyoey aioo?aiieo iai?yaeaiee iinea ooaiiiaee e
aeey iiaeaioiaee no?oeoo?u e aeaeueiaeoae iaoaie/aneie ia?aaioea e
oa?ie/aneie ia?aaioea;
I1 – iaoaie/aneee oeao; i?iaaaeaiea /a?iiaie iaoaie/aneie ia?aaioee,
ia?acaiea coaueaa e ia?aaioea ia?oaeiuo iiaa?oiinoae aeey i?eaeaiey
aeaoaee iniiaiuo ?acia?ia, niaeanii /a?oaaeo;
O2 – oa?ie/aneee oeao; ieii/aoaeueiay oa?ie/aneay ia?aaioea aeey
iieo/aiey o?aaoaiuo naienoa;
I2 – iaoaie/aneee oeao; /enoiaay iaoaie/aneay ia?aaioea (oeeoiaaiea
?aai/eo iiaa?oiinoae aeaoaee);
Na – nai?i/iue oeao; nai?ea aeaoaeae a ocae.
4. Auai? iaoa?eaea aeey aeaiiie aeaoaee e iainiiaaiea auai?a
Aeey coa/aouo eie?n iiaeii i?eiaiyoue eiino?oeoeeiiiua oeaiaiooaiua eee
oeo/oaaiua noaee. O/eouaay, /oi ii oaoie/aneei o?aaiaaieyi o?aaothony
aunieea oa?aeoa?enoeee, neaaeoao ia?aoeoueny e eaae?iaaiiui noaeyi.
Aeaiiia coa/aoia eieani i?eaiaea ei?iaee aa?aaaoa aaeaoeeiiiiai
aeaeaaoaey ?aaioaao i?e oaiia?aoo?a aei 300(N, iiyoiio aeey iaai
neaaeoao aua?aoue iaeio ec oeaiaiooaiuo oaieinoieeeo noaeae n aunieie
oa??aeinoueth iiaa?oiinoe i?e aeinoaoi/iie oa??aeinoe na?aeoeaaeiu.
A ianoiyuaa a?aiy aeey ecaioiaeaiey ioaaonoaaiiuo coa/aouo eie?n oe?iei
i?eiaiythony oaieinoieeea noaee ia?eeoiiai eeanna, oaeea eae 20O3IAO
(YE415), 12O2I4A e 12O2IAOA (YE712)[ ], iiyoiio aeey aeaiiiai coa/aoiai
eieana neaaeoao i?eiaieoue oeaiaiooaiua noaee. Oeaiaiooaiua noaee aeaeyo
ia o?e a?oiiu: oaea?iaeenoua noaee n iaoi?i/iyaiie na?aeoeaaeiie;
ieceieaae?iaaiiua ni neaai oi?i/iyaiie na?aeoeaaeiie ; ioiineoaeueii
aunieieaae?iaaiiua noaee n na?aeoeaaeiie, neeueii oi?i/iyaiie i?e
oa?ie/aneie ia?aaioea.
O/eouaay aunieea o?aaiaaiey ii iaoaie/aneei naienoaai, i?aaeuyaeyaiua e
aeaiiiio coa/aoiio eieano, aeey iaai iiaeoiaeyo noaee o?aoueae a?oiiu.
Eo oeie/aneee ninoaa e iaoaie/aneea naienoaa i?eaaaeaiu ieaea a
oaaeeoea1 e oaaeeoea2.
Oeie/aneee ninoaa eiino?oeoeeiiiuo oeaiaiooaiuo noaeae AINO 4543-71
Oaaeeoea1
Ia?ea Niaea?aeaiea yeaiaioia, iann %
noaee N Cr Ni V W Mo Si Mn S P Fe
20O3IAOA 0,15…0,20 2,80…3,30 (0,5 0,60…0,85 0,30…0,50
0,35…0,55 0,17…0,37 0,25…0,50 (0,025 (0,030 i
n
12O2I4A 0,10…0,15 1,25…1,65 3,25…3,65 ____ ____ ____ 0,17…0,37
0,3…
0,6 (0,025 (0,025 i
i
12O2IAOA 0,09…0,16 1,9…
2,4 0,8…
1,2 0,18…
0,28 1,0…
0,28 ____ 0,17…0,37 0,3…
0,7 (0,025 (0,025 a
a
Iaoaie/aneea naienoaa eiino?oeoeeiiiuo oeaiaiooaiuo noaeae
Oaaeeoea2
(a (0,2 ( ( KCU HRC
noaee ia?aaioea IIa IIa % % IAeae/i( iia. na?aeoe.
20O3IAOA
oeaiaioaoeey 920…950°N
aun. ioione 650…670°N
caeaeea 890…930°N
iec. ioione 300…320°N
(1070
(880
(10
(50
(0,7
(60
(43
12O2I4A oeaiaioaoeey 900…950°N
aun. ioione 650…670°N
cae. a ianea 780…800°N
iec. ioione 150…170°N
(980
(785
(12
(55
(0,1
(58
(30
12O2IAOA oeaiaioaoeey 900…925°N
aun. ioione 650 ±10°N
caeaeea 880±10°N
iec. ioione 160…250°N
(1050
(940
(15
(63
(0,6
(60
(36
Noaeue 20O3IAOA – eiino?oeoeeiiiay oaieinoieeay aunieiea/anoaaiiay
noaeue. Iia ioiineony e ia?eeoiiio eeanno e auieaaeyaony a ioe?uouo
yeaeo?e/aneeo ia/ao, iaoiaeaie yeaeo?ioeaeiaiai e aaeooiii-aeoaiaiai
ia?aieaaa. Noaeue oi?ioi aeaoi?ie?oaony a ai?y/ai ninoiyiee. Noaeue
oaeiaeaoai?eoaeueii ia?aaaouaaaony ?acaieai. Aeaiiay noaeue i?eiaiyaony
aeey ecaioiaeaiey coa/aouo eie?n, aooeie, iaeueoeaa e ae?oaeo aeaoaeae,
?aaioathueo aei oaiia?aoo?u 350°N. I?eiaiaiea yoie noaee aeey aeaiiiai
coa/aoiai eieana iaoeaeaniia?acii, oae eae iia ia oaeiaeaoai?yao
oaoie/aneei o?aaiaaieyi ii ieanoe/iinoe.
Noaeue 12O2I4A – aunieiea/anoaaiiay eaae?iaaiiay oeaiaiooaiay noaeue. A
ioiaeae?iiii ninoiyiee yaeyaony aeiyaoaeoieaeiie, a a ii?iaeeciaaiiii
ninoiyiee ioiineony e ia?eeoiiio eeanno. I?eiaiyaony aeey ecaioiaeaiey
aeaoaeae naa?iuo eiino?oeoeee, a oaeaea coa/aouo eie?n. Noaeue oi?ioi
aeaoi?ie?oaony a ai?y/ai ninoiyiee; oaiia?aoo?iue eioa?aae aeaoi?iaoeee
1180-850°N. Yoa noaeue oi?ioi naa?eaaaony, eiaao aeinoaoi/ioth
i?ieaeeaaaiinoue iiaa?oiinoiiai neiy. Iinea ieii/aoaeueiie oa?ie/aneie
ia?aaioee eiaao aieueooth oa??aeinoue. I?eiaiaiea yoie noaee aeey
aeaiiie aeaoaee ia yeiiiie/ii: noaeue niaea?aeeo iiiai aeaoeoeeoiiai
ieeaey e yaeyaony aei?iainoiyuae.
Noaeue 12O2IAOA – aunieiea/anoaaiiay eaae?iaaiiay eiino?oeoeeiiiay
oeaiaiooaiay noaeue. A ioiaeae?iiii ninoiyiee yaeyaony aeiyaoaeoieaeiie,
a a ii?iaeeciaaiiii ninoiyiee ioiineony e ia?eeoiiio eeanno. I?eiaiyaony
aeey ecaioiaeaiey oyaeaei iaa?oaeaiiuo aeaoaeae naa?iuo eiino?oeoeee e
oceia, ia iiaeaa?aaaony oa?ie/aneie ia?aaioea iinea naa?ee. I?eiaiyaony
oaeaea aeey aeaoaeae, ?aaioathueo i?e iiauoaiiuo oaiia?aoo?ao aei 500°N.
Yoa noaeue eiaao aunieea i?i/iinoiua oa?aeoa?enoeee, iaaunieoth
noieiinoue. A? oeaeaniia?acii i?eiaieoue aeey aeaiiie aeaoaee.
Iienaiea aeeyiey eaae?othueo yeaiaioia ia no?oeoo?o e naienoaa
aua?aiiiai iaoa?eaea
Aeeyiea oaea?iaea.
Oaea?iae niaea?aeeony a noaee a eiee/anoaa 0,09…0,16%. Ii eiaao:
oaiia?aoo?o ieaaeaiey 3500°N; ieioiinoue 2,26 a/ni(; e?enoaeee/aneoth
?ao?oeo AOeE n ia?aiao?ii a ?aaiui 6,79(. Oaea?iae neeueii aeeyao ia
naienoaa noaee aeaaea i?e iacia/eoaeueiii eciaiaiee aai niaea?aeaiey.
Ecaanoii, /oi niaea?aeaiea oaea?iaea a noaee i?eaiaeeo e iiauoaieth
i?i/iinoe e nieaeaieth ieanoe/iinoe. Aeaiiay noaeue eae ?ac e ioiineony
e o?aoueae a?oiia ioiineoaeueii aunieieaae?iaaiiuo noaeae n oi?i/iyaiie
na?aeoeaaeiie. Na?aeoeaaeia a oaeeo noaeyo eiaao no?oeoo?o
iaeioaea?iaeenoiai ia?oaineoa. Aeey oiai, /oiau na?aeoeaaeia i?e yoii
iaeaaeaea aeinoaoi/iie ieanoe/iinoueth e ayceinoueth. Niaea?aeaiea
oaea?iaea a oaeeo noaeyo iau/ii ia?aie/eaaaony ieaeiei i?aaeaeii iaiaa
0,2% oaea?iaea [ ].
Aeeyiea o?iia.
=12,8% i?e 510°N. O?ii ioiineony e eaae?othuei yeaiaioai, iiauoathuei
e?eoe/aneea oi/ee An3 e An1(?en.4).
?en.5 Aeeyiea o?iia
ia oa??aeinoue oeaiaioi-
?en.4 *anoue aeeaa?aiiu
aaiiiai neiy
ninoiyiey Cr-Fe
O?ii iiieaeaao oaiia?aoo?o ia/aea ia?oaineoiiai i?aa?auaiey (Ii) e
oaaee/eaaao niaea?aeaiea aonoaieoa inoaoi/iiai. O?ii yaeyaony
ea?aeaeiia?acothuei yeaiaioii: i?e acaeiiaeaenoaee n oaea?iaeii
ia?acothony ea?aeaeu Cr7C3; Cr26C3, ?anoai?ythueany i?e iaa?aaa. O?ii
neeueii oaaee/eaaao i?ieaeeaaaiinoue e nieaeaao e?eoe/aneoth nei?inoue
caeaeee. O?ii oaaee/eaaao i?i/iinoue, i?e niaea?aeaiee aieaa 1% nieaeaao
ieanoe/iinoue e oaea?ioth ayceinoue. O?ii iiauoaao oa??aeinoue
oeaiaioiaaiiiai neiy i?e oaaee/aiee aai niaea?aeaiey aei 2…3%.
Aeaeueiaeoaa oaaee/aiea niaea?aeaiey o?iia ia i?eaiaeeo e iiauoaieth
oa??aeinoe oeaiaioiaaiiiai neiy, iiyoiio a aeaiiie noaee niaea?aeaiea
o?iia eae ?ac e ninoaaeyao ieiei 2% (?en.5). O?ii ieacuaaao
cia/eoaeueiia aeeyiea ia eciaiaiea eiioeaio?aoeee oaea?iaea a
oeaiaioiaaiiii neia. I?e oaaee/aiee niaea?aeaiey o?iia eiioeaio?aoeeth
oaea?iaea neaaeoao iiauoaoue. Ia oieueio oeaiaioiaaiiiai neiy e aaee/eio
ca?ia o?ii ia aeeyao.
Aeeyiea ieeaey.
ieeaeue ?anoai?yaony iaia?aie/aiii, oi anoue yaeyaony
aonoaioiia?aciaaoaeai. Ieeaeue iiieaeaao e?eoe/aneea oi/ee An3 e An1,
iiauoaao e?eoe/aneoth oi/eo A4 (?en.6), iiieaeaao oaiia?aoo?o ia/aea
ia?oaineoiiai i?aa?auaiey (Ii), oaaee/eaaao eiee/anoai aonoaieoa e
oiaiueoaao neeiiiinoue ca?ia aonoaieoa e ?inoo.
?en.7 Aeeyiea ieeaey
?en.8 Aeeyiea ieea-
ia oa??aeinoue oeaiai-
ey ia oa??aeinoue oea-
-oiaaiiiai neiy iinea
iaioiaaiiiai neiy
caeaeee e ioionea
?en.6 *anoue aeeaa?aiiu
ninoiyiey Fe-Ni
Noaeue, eaae?iaaiiay ieeaeai, oi?ioi ia?aaaouaaaony ?acaieai, oeeooaony
e naa?eaaaony. Ieeaeue ianeieueei oiaiueoaao oieueio oeaiaioiaaiiiai
neiy, niinianoaoao eciaeue/aieth ca?ia na?aeoeaaeiu. Eciaiaiea
niaea?aeaiey ieeaey io 0 aei 2% ia ieacuaaao nouanoaaiiiai aeeyiey ia
oaieii?i/iinoue e oa??aeinoue noaee. I?e niaea?aeaiee 0,8…1,2% a noaee
12O2IAOA ieeaeue iaania/eaaao oi?ioea iaoaie/aneea naienoaa. Ieeaeue
iiauoaao i?i/iinoue e aeaeaao noaeue iaiaa /oanoaeoaeueiie e
ieanoe/aneie aeaoi?iaoeee. Ieeaeue ieacuaaao aieueoia aeeyiea ia
no?oeoo?o e naienoaa oeaiaioiaaiiiai neiy (?en.7). Ii cao?oaeiyao
aeeoooceth oaea?iaea, aucuaaao oiaiueoaiea aeoaeiu neiy. A noaeue
iaeuecy aaiaeeoue aieueoia eiee/anoai ieeaey, oae eae oiaiueoaaony
oa??aeinoue oeaiaioiaaiiiai neiy ca n/?o ia?aciaaiey inoaoi/iiai
aonoaieoa (?en.8). Ieeaeue a eiiaeiaoeee n ae?oaeie yeaiaioaie, iai?eia?
n o?iiii, niinianoaoao oaaee/aieth i?i/iinoe i?e iiauoaiiuo
oaiia?aoo?ao. Yoi aaeeinoaaiiue yeaiaio, eioi?ue iiauoay oa??aeinoue e
i?i/iinoue, ia nieaeaao ieanoe/iinoue e ayceinoue.
Aeeyiea aieueo?aia.
Aieueo?ai (W) niaea?aeeony a noaee a eiee/anoaa 1,0…1,4%. Eiaao:
oaiia?aoo?o ieaaeaiey 3410°N; ieioiinoue 19,3 a/ni(; e?enoaeee/aneoth
?ao?oeo IOeE n ia?aiao?ii a ?aaiui 3,16(. Aieueo?ai iiauoaao
e?eoe/aneoth oi/eoA1, oai naiui ii noaeaao
– iaeanoue (?en.9).
?en.9 *anoue aeeaa?aiiu
ninoiyiey Fe-W
I?enoonoaea a noaee aieueo?aia i?aiyonoaoao ia?aciaaieth a?oaie
oeaiaioeoiie naoee, iaoneaaeeaathuae o?oieinoue iiaa?oiinoiiai neiy i?e
oaaee/aiee aeoaeiu neiy oeaiaioaoeee. Aieueo?ai neeueiaa o?iia iiauoaao
onoie/eainoue noaee i?ioea ioionea. Aieueo?ai io?eoeaoaeueii aeeyao ia
oaiii?iaiaeiinoue noaee. Oaeei ia?acii aieueo?ai, a aeaiiie noaee
iiauoaao oa??aeinoue oeaiaioiaaiiiai neiy.
Aeeyiea aaiaaeey.
?en.10 *anoue aeeaa?aiiu
ninoiyiey Fe-V
Aaiaaeee yaeyaony neeueiui ea?aeaeiia?acothuei yeaiaioii, niiniaai
oi?i/iyoue oa??aeue ?anoai?. I?e acaeiiaeaenoaee n oaea?iaeii aaiaaeee
ia?acoao ea?aeae VC e oai naiui iiauoaao oa??aeinoue oeaiaioiaaiiiai
neiy.
?ac?aaioea oaoie/aneiai i?ioeanna oa?ie/aneie ia?aaioee aeaoaee
Auai? iia?aoeee oa?ie/aneie ia?aaioee e ii?aaeaeaiea ?aaeeiia iia?aoeee
Oeaiaioaoeey.
Oeaiaioaoeey – i?ioeann ianuuaiey iiaa?oiinoiiai neiy noaee oaea?iaeii
n oeaeueth iiauoaiey i?i/iinoe, oa??aeinoe e eciininoieeinoe
iiaa?oiinoiiai neiy.
Ca aeoaeio oeaiaioiaaiiiai neiy i?eieiatho ?annoiyiea io iiaa?oiinoe
aei ia?aoiaeiie ciiu.
?acee/atho neaaeothuea aeaeu oeaiaioaoeee: oeaiaioaoeey n i?eiaiaieai
oa??aeiai ea?ath?ecaoi?a; aaciaay oeaiaioaoeey n i?eiaiaieai aeeaeeiai
eee aaciaiai ea?ath?ecaoi?a.
Iaeaieaa ia?niaeoeaiui yaeyaony aaciaay oeaiaioaoeey. Ii n?aaiaieth n
oeaiaioaoeeae a oa??aeii ea?ath?ecaoi?a iia eiaao neaaeothuea
i?aeiouanoaa: cia/eoaeueii nie?auaaony aeeeoaeueiinoue i?ioeanna
aeaaiaea?y auno?iio iaa?aao aeaoaee; aic?anoaao i?iioneiay niiniaiinoue
iai?oaeiaaiey, /oi aaae?o e iiauoaieth i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe o?oaea;
oeo/oathony oneiaey o?oaea; iiyaeyaony aiciiaeiinoue aaoiiaoecaoeee
i?ioeanna.
Aaciaay oeaiaioaoeey iiaeao i?iaiaeeoueny n i?eiaiaieai aeeaeeiai e
aaciaiai ea?ath?ecaoi?a. A ea/anoaa aeeaeeiai ea?ath?ecaoi?a, eae
i?aaeei, i?eiaiyaony neioei, a a ea/anoaa aaciaiai – yiaeiaac.
Neioei iieo/atho ec ieene oaea?iaea e aiaei?iaea, ia?acothueony i?e
ia?a?aaioea oa??aeiai oiieeaa. Neioei – yoi aanoeaaoiay aeeaeeinoue,
niaea?aeauay 90% ia?aoeiiauo i?aaeaeueiuo oaeaaiaei?iaeia. Nei?inoue
oeaiaioaoeee i?e i?eiaiaiee neioeia iiauoaaony ia 20% e ia 50%
iiieaeaaony auaeaeaiea naaee e eiena.
A oaooiuo ia/ao aeeaeeee ea?ath?ecaoi? iiaea?ony eaieyie, a eiathueeny
aaioeeyoi? nicaea?o aeaeaeaiea aaciaiai iioiea, e oeaiaioaoeey i?ioaeaao
?aaiiia?ii. Aeey oiaiueoaiey naaeaia?aciaaiey ea?ath?ecaoi? iiaeatho
oiieeaiui ianinii /a?ac oi?noiee a ?aniue?iiii ninoiyiee. Iioeiaeueiue
?anoiae neioeia ninoaaeyao 0,8e aaca ia 1ni(. Ninoaa ia?acothuaainy
aaca: NI 20…28%, I2 55…75%, NI4 2…5%. ?aaeei iiaea/e neioeia i?e
ianuuaiee ii?aaeaeytho iiuoiui ioo?i.
Aeey eaae?iaaiiuo noaeae oaiia?aoo?a oeaiaioaoeee i?eiaiyaony auoa
oi/ee An3, eiaaea onoie/ea aonoaieo, niiniaiue ?anoai?eoue a aieueoeo
eiee/anoaao oaea?iae. Aeey noaee 12O2IAOA eiathuae oi/eo An3 ?aaiie
840(N iioeiaeueiie oaiia?aoo?ie oeaiaioaoeee yaeyaony 960(N.
I?e eniieueciaaiee aeeaeeiai ea?ath?ecaoi?a yooaeoeaii i?eiaiyoue
eiiaeie?iaaiiue oeeee ianuuaiey aeey iieo/aiey ia iiaa?oiinoe
oeaiaioiaaiiiai neiy niaea?aeaiey oaea?iaea a i?aaeaeao 0,8…1%. Iinea
oeaiaioaoeee no?oeoo?a oeaiaioiaaiiiai neiy i?eaaaeaia ia ?enoiea 11.
?en.11 No?oeoo?a oeaiaioiaaiiiai neiy
?an/?o a?aiaie iaa?aaa e auaea?aeee i?e oeaiaioaoeee.
– a?aiy ioeaaeaeaiey.
– aaiiao?e/aneee iieacaoaeue oaea ?aaiue ioiioaieth iau?ia oaea V e
ieiuaaee aai iiaa?oiinoe F:
Aeey aeaiiie aeaoaee, eiathuae oi?io iieiai oeeeeiae?a, aaiiao?e/aneee
iieacaoaeue oaea W ?aaai:
D-ia?oaeiue aeeaiao? aeaoaee, ni; d-aioo?aiiee aeeaiao? aeaoaee, ni;
l-aeeeia aeaoaee, ni.
?acia?u aeaiiie aeaoaee neaaeothuea: D=3,6 ni, d= 1,2 ni, l=6,9 ni.
=1,4 , oiaaea:
Neaaeiaaoaeueii, a?aiy iaa?aaa aeaoaee ninoaaeyao:
?en.12 A?aoee ?aaeeia
oeaiaioaoeee
A?aiy auaea?aeee i?e oeaiaioaoeee caaeneo io oaiia?aoo?u iaa?aaa, aeaea
ea?ath?ecaoi?a, iniaaiiinoae noaee e o?aaoaiie aeoaeiu neiy. A aeaiiii
neo/aa oeaiaioaoeeth i?iaiaeyo a aaca, iieo/aaiii i?e ?aceiaeaiee
neioeia, i?e oaiia?aoo?a 960°N. Aeey iieo/aiey neiy aeoaeiie 1,0…1,6
ii a?aiy auaea?aeee aeieaeii ninoaaeyoue 5 /ania [ ]:
/
Ioeaaeaeaiea iinea oeaiaioaoeee i?iaiaeei ia aicaeooa.
Aunieee ioione.
Ioione – yoi iia?aoeey oa?ie/aneie ia?aaioee noaee, caeeth/athuayny a
iaa?aaa noaee aei oaiia?aoo?u ieaea An1, auaea?aeea i?e caaeaiiie
oaiia?aoo?a e iineaaeothuai ioeaaeaeaieai n ii?aaeae?iiie nei?inoueth.
A ecaeaeeyo ec aunieieaae?iaaiiuo o?iiiieeaeaauo noaeae iinea
oeaiaioaoeee a no?oeoo?a oeaiaioiaaiiiai neiy nio?aiyaony iiiai
inoaoi/iiai aonoaieoa. Aeey aai ono?aiaiey i?iaiaeyo aunieee ioione
650°N a oa/aiea 2-10/ [ ]. I?e oaeii ioionea i?ienoiaeeo auaeaeaiea
aeenia?niuo ea?aeaeia ec inoaoi/iiai aonoaieoa, oa??aeue ?anoai?
iaaaeiyaony oaea?iaeii e eaae?othueie yeaiaioaie, iiauoathony
oaiia?aoo?u ia/aea e eiioea ia?oaineoiiai i?aa?auaiey, /oi a eoiaa
i?eaiaeeo e oiaiueoaieth eiee/anoaa inoaoi/iiai aonoaieoa i?e
iineaaeothuae caeaeea. Oaeie aunieee ioione iaiaoiaeeii i?eiaiyoue e
aeey aeaiiie noaee[ ].
?an/?o a?aiaie iaa?aaa e auaea?aeee i?e aunieii ioionea.
A?aiy iaa?aaa i?e ioionea caaeneo io oaiia?aoo?u, iaa?aaaoaeueiie
n?aaeu, oi?iu e ?acia?ia aeaoaee. Aeey aeaiiiai coa/aoiai eieana,
eiathuaai aaiiao?e/aneee iieacaoaeue oaea W, ?aaiue 0,5 ii. A?aiy
iaa?aaa i?e ioionea n oaiia?aoo?ie 650°N ?ann/eouaaaony ii oi?ioea [
]:
?en.13 A?aoee ?aaeeia aunieiai
ioionea
O/eouaay iiieaeaiioth oaieii?iaiaeiinoue noaee, oaaee/eaaai a?aiy
iaa?aaa ia 50%:
.
?aaiui 3/ [ ]:
/
Caeaeea.
. Iioeiaeueiie ioeaaeaeathuae n?aaeie i?e caeaeea aeey aeaiiie noaee
yaeyaony ianei, oae eae iii auno?i ioeaaeaeaao noaeue a eioa?aaea
oaiia?aoo? ieieiaeueiie onoie/eainoe aonoaieoa e caiaaeeaii a eioa?aaea
oaiia?aoo? ia?oaineoiiai i?aa?auaiey, oi anoue i?e ioeaaeaeaiee a ianea
i?ienoiaeeo iaeiia?aiaiiia ia?oaineoiia?aciaaiea ai anae aeaoaee, e
nieaeaaony aiciiaeiinoue ia?aciaaiey caeaei/iuo o?auei. A ?acoeueoaoa
caeaeee i?i/iinoue e oa??aeinoue oaaee/eaathony, a ieanoe/iinoue e
ayceinoue nieaeaaony.
No?oeoo?a iinea caeaeee: ia iiaa?oiinoe iaeeieaieue/aoue ia?oaineo, n
?aaiiia?ii ?ani?aaeae?iiuie ea?aeaeaie e aonoaieo inoaoi/iue, a
na?aeoeaaeia – iaeioaea?iaeenoue ia?oaineo.
?an/?o a?aiaie iaa?aaa e auaea?aeee i?e caeaeea.
Aeey caeaeee iauaa a?aiy i?aauaaiey aeaoaee a ia/e ?ann/eouaaaony
neaaeothuei ia?acii:
– a?aiy auaea?aeee i?e ieii/aoaeueiii iaa?aaa.
A?aiy iiaeia?aaa ?ann/eouaaaony ii niiniao Niieueieeiaa [ ]:
– aaiiao?e/aneee iieacaoaeue oaea.
=1,3 iei/ni[ ],W=0,51ni (ni. ?aiaa). Neaaeiaaoaeueii, a?aiy iiaeia?aaa
aeaoaee ninoaaeyao:
Iaeiaei oaeia cia/aiea a?aiaie auaea?aeee i?e iiaeia?aaa iaaeinoaoi/ii,
oae eae aeaiiay noaeue yaeyaony eaae?iaaiiie e eiaao iiieaeaiioth
oaieii?iaiaeiinoue, iiyoiio neaaeoao oaaee/eoue a?aiy auaea?aeee,
aaaaey iii?aai/iue eiyooeoeeaio ?aaiue 3, oiaaea:
I?eieiaai a?aiy auaea?aeee i?e iiaeia?aaa ?aaiui 30iei.
Aeaeaa aeaoaeue ia?aiinyo a ae?oaoth ia/ue n oaiia?aoo?ie 880°N. A?aiy
ieii/aoaeueiiai iiaeia?aaa ?ann/eouaaaony aiaeiae/ii a?aiaie iiaeia?aaa
ii niiniao Niieueieeiaa [ ]:
I?eieiaai a?aiy ieii/aoaeueiiai iaa?aaa ?aaiui 20iei.
?en.14 A?aoee ?aaeeia caeaeee
I?eieiaai a?aiy ieii/aoaeueiie auaea?aeee ?aaiui 30iei.
Ia?aaioea oieiaeii.
Ia?aaioea oieiaeii caeeth/aaony a ioeaaeaeaiee caeae?iiie noaee aei
oaiia?aoo?u ieaea Ie. Oaiia?aoo?a Ie aeaiiie noaee ?aaia -70(N, iiyoiio
ia?aaioeo oieiaeii i?iaiaeeony i?e oaiia?aoo?a – 50(N.
?en.15 A?aoee ia?aaioee
oieiaeii
Ieceee ioione.
Ieceee ioione – yoi iia?aoeey oa?ie/aneie ia?aaioee, caeeth/athuayny a
iaa?aaa caeae?iiie noaee aei oaiia?aoo?u ia auoa oaiia?aoo?u a oi/ea
An1, auaea?aeea i?e yoie oaiia?aoo?a e ioeaaeaeaiee ia aicaeooa. Ieceee
ioione i?iaiaeyo aeey niyoey aioo?aiieo iai?yaeaiee, aicieeathueo i?e
caeaeea e ia?aaioee oieiaeii. Ieceee ioione aeaiiie noaee i?iaiaeyo n
iaa?aaii aei oaiia?aoo?u 250°N [ ].
?an/?o a?aiaie iaa?aaa e auaea?aeee i?e ieceii ioionea.
Iauaa a?aiy iaa?aaa e auaea?aeee i?e ieceii ioionea:
A?aiy iaa?aaa ii?aaeaeyaony a caaeneiinoe io aaiiao?e/aneiai iieacaoaey,
oaiia?aoo?u ioionea e iaa?aaaoaeueiie n?aaeu. Ii ni?aai/iui aeaiiui [ ]
aeey aeaiiie aeaoaee, eiathuae W ?aaiue 0,51ni, a?aiy iaa?aaa aeey
ioionea i?eieiaai 40iei.
A?aiy auaea?aeee i?e ieceii ioionea ii?aaeaeyaony neaaeothuei ia?acii:
?en.16 A?aoee ?aaeeia
ieceiai ioionea
I?e ieceii ioionea ia?oaineo caeaeee ia?aoiaeeo a ia?oaineo ioionea.
Auai? iai?oaeiaaiey aeey anao iia?aoeee oaoiieiae/aneiai i?ioeanna
Ii?aaeaeaiea oeia i?iecaiaenoaa.
Oei i?iecaiaenoaa ii?aaeaeyaony ii eiyooeoeeaioo cae?aieaiey iia?aoeee:
– a?aiy ia ia?aaioeo iaeiie naaeee, iei.
-aiaeiaay i?ia?aiia auionea, oo.
Ooo/iia a?aiy ?ann/eouaaaony ii oi?ioea:
– iniiaiia iia?aoeaiia a?aiy ia ia?aaioeo iaeiie naaeee, iei;
– iniiaiia oaoiieiae/aneia a?aiy, iei;
– aniiiiaaoaeueiia ia ia?ae?uaaaiia a?aiy, iei;
– eiee/anoai aeaoaeae a naaeea, oo;
– eiee/anoai iaeiia?aiaiii ianeoaeeaaaiuo ia/ae, aae;
– a?aiy ia i?aaiecaoeeiiiia ianeoaeeaaiea ?aai/aai ianoa a % io
iia?aoeaiiai;
– a?aiy ia oaoie/aneia ianeoaeeaaiea ?aai/aai ianoa a % io
iia?aoeaiiai;
– a?aiy ia ioaeuo e ee/iua iio?aaiinoe a % io iia?aoeaiiai.
Ii?aaeaeei oaeo i?iecaiaenoaa ii iia?aoeee caeaeee. Aeey aeaooniaiiie
?aaiou aeaenoaeoaeueiue aiaeiaie oiiae a?aiaie ?aaai 4180/, aiaeiaay
i?ia?aiia auionea ?aaia 200000oo.
;
[ ]
;
I?iecaiaenoai n eiyooeoeeaioii cae?aieaiey iia?aoeee ?aaiue 1,23
yaeyaony e?oiiina?eeiui (AINO 31108-74).
Auai? iniiaiiai iai?oaeiaaiey.
A e?oiiina?eeiii i?iecaiaenoaa i?eiaiythony ia/e ia?eiaee/aneiai e
iai?a?uaiiai aeaenoaey. O/eouaay niaoeeoeeo oa?ie/aneie ia?aaioee
aeaiiie aeaoaee auae?aai ia/e ia?eiaee/aneiai aeaenoaey. N?aaee ia/ae
ia?eiaee/aneiai aeaenoaey iaeaieueoaa ?ani?ino?aiaiea iieo/eee eaia?iua
e oaooiua yeaeo?e/aneea ia/e nii?ioeaeaiey. Aeey aeaiiie aeaoaee,
eiathuae oi?io iieiai oeeeeiae?a, oeaeaniia?acii aua?aoue oaooiua ia/e
aeey anao aeaeia oa?ie/aneie ia?aaioee.
Oaooiua ia/e eiaao ?yae i?aeiouanoa: ioiineoaeueiay i?inoioa
eiino?oeoeee; eiiiaeoiinoue; caa?ocea e aua?ocea aeaoaeae iaoaiece?iaaia
aeey /aai i?eiaiythony yeaeo?ioaeueoa?u, iinoiaua e?aiu; ia/e eaaei
aa?iaoece?othony n iiiiuueth iani/iuo caoai?ia. N o/?oii ?acia?ia
aeaoaee e aiaeiaie i?ia?aiiu auionea auae?aai neaaeothuea ia?ee ia/ae:
– aeey oeaiaioaoeee – oaooioth iooaeueioth yeaeo?iia/ue nii?ioeaeaiey
oeia NOOeI 6.12/9;
– aeey aunieiai ioionea – oaooioth yeaeo?iia/ue nii?ioeaeaiey oeia NOC
6.12/7;
– aeey caeaeee – oaooioth yeaeo?iia/ue nii?ioeaeaiey oeia NOI 6.12/10;
– aeey ieceiai ioionea – oaooioth yeaeo?iia/ue nii?ioeaeaiey oeia NOC
6.12/7;
– aeey ia?aaioee oieiaeii – oieiaeeeueiay onoaiiaea EOO.
Oaoie/aneea oa?aeoa?enoeee i?eaaaeaiu a oaaeeoea3.
Oaoie/aneea oa?aeoa?enoeee oaooiuo ia/ae Oaaeeoea3
Oa?aeoa?enoeee I a ? e e i a / a e
NOOeI 6.12/9 NOC 6.12/7 NOI 6.12/10
Onoaiiaeaiiay iiuiinoue, eAo 105 75 105
Onoaiiaeaiiay oaiia?aoo?a,°N 900 700 1000
Ianna caa?ocee, ea 800 900 1001
Aunioa, ii 3645 4130 3790
Aeeeia, ii 2720 2600 2000
Aeeaiao?, ii 2580 2380 2470
Yeaeo?iia/ue nii?ioeaeaiey aeey oeaiaioaoeee.
Oaooiua iooaeueiua yeaeo?iia/e i?aaeiacia/aiu aeey oeieei-oa?ie/aneie
ia?aaioee aeaoaeae e naaoeiai ioaeeaa i?iaieiee e eaiou ec /a?iiai e
oeaaoiuo iaoaeeia a aoioao. Iooaee e i?eniiniaeaiey ecaioiaeytho ec
o?iiiieeaeaaie noaee eee nieaaa. Iaoa?eaeii aeey iaa?aaaoaeae neoaeeo
ieo?ii O20I80 eee aacieeaeaaua nieaau oeia O27TH5O.
?en.17 Oaooiay iooaeueiay yeaeo?iia/ue oeia NOOeI
Oaiia?aoo?a oeaiaioaoeee 930 °N. A ea/anoaa oooa?iaee i?eiaiytho oaiio e
oaieiecieyoeeiiiua iaoa?eaeu. Yeaeo?e/aneea iaa?aaaoaee ?aniieaaatho ia
noaiao oaoou ia/e. NOOeI aeey aaciaie oeaiaioaoeee iaeeeo aeaoaeae.
Ia/ue eiaao aea?ioii?iue iooaeue, onoaiiaeaiiue ia iiaenoaaeo,
iie?athuothny ia oooa?iaeo iiaea ia/e. Oooa?iaea auiieiaia ec oaiioiiai
iaiaoii?iiai e oaieiecieyoeeiiiiai iaoa?eaeia. Iaa?aaaoaee ?aniieiaeaiu
ia noaieao e iiaeo oaoou ia/e. Niaoeeaeueiua i?eniiniaeaiey ec
aea?ii?i/iuo noaeae, onoaiaaeeaaaiua a iooaeue, eiatho nuaiiua aeieua n
ioaa?noeyie aeey i?ioiaeaeaiey aaca-ea?ath?ecaoi?a. Ia/ue cae?uaaaony
e?uoeie. E?uoea eiaao iaoaieci iiaeuaia e iiai?ioa. A e?uoea eiathony
ioaa?noey aeey iiaea/e a iooaeue aaca-ea?ath?ecaoi?a e ioaiaea
io?aaioaiiie aoiinoa?u. Ii oeaio?o e?uoee onoaiiaeai aaioeeyoi? aeey
ia?aiaoeaaiey aoiinoa?u a iooaea aeey iieo/aiey noaaeeueiuo ?acoeueoaoia
ii aeoaeia ianuuaiey oaea?iaeii ia?aaaouaaaiuo aeaoaeae. Aaioeeyoi?
aeeth/aaony iinea caa?ocee ia?oee aeaoaeae a iooaeue e ?aaioaao a
oa/aiea anaai a?aiaie oeieei-oa?ie/aneie ia?aaioee. Aeey ?aaiiia?iiai
iaa?aaa iooaey, a neaaeiaaoaeueii, e ia?aaaouaaaiuo aeaoaeae ia/ue ii
aunioa ?acaeaeaia ia aeaa naiinoiyoaeueiua oaiia?aoo?iua ciiu. Aa?oiyy
/anoue ia/e oa?yao aieueoa oaieiou a ie?oaeathuaa i?ino?ainoai, /ai
ieaeiyy /anoue, iiyoiio aa?oiyy ciia iio?aaeyao aieueoa yeaeo?e/aneie
yia?aee. A oaooiie ia/e n iooaeai eneeth/aaony acaeiiaeaenoaea
yeaeo?e/aneeo iaa?aaaoaeae n oeaiaioothuae aoiinoa?ie. Oneiaey ?aaiou
iaa?aaaoaeae a ia/ao n iooaeai e iau/iuo ia/ao n aicaeooiie aoiinoa?ie
aiaeiae/iu. Oaooiua ia/e ecaioiaeytho ?acee/iie iiuiinoe.
Yeaeo?iia/ue nii?ioeaeaiey aeey aunieiai, ieceiai ioionea e
caeaeee.
?en.18 Oaooiay yeaeo?iia/ue
oeia NOI, NOC
Ia ?enoiea 18 iieacaia oaooiay yeaeo?iia/ue oeia NOI, NOC n oaiia?aoo?ie
iaa?aaa aei 700 °N. Ia/ue ?aaioaao n ieeneeoaeueiie eee caueoiie
aoiinoa?ie e i?aaenoaaeyao niaie ea?ean, oooa?iaaiiue iaiaoii?iuie e
oaieiecieyoeeiiiuie iaoa?eaeaie. Naa?oo ia/ue ia?ae?uaaaony iiai?ioiie
e?uoeie n iaoaieciii iiaeuaia e iiai?ioa. Aaioeeyoi? ?aniieiaeai aieco
ia/e. Iaa?aaaoaee ?aciauaiu ia aieiauo noaieao ia/e. Iaaeaeo
iaa?aaaoaeyie e ia?aaaouaaaiuie aeaoaeyie eee ecaeaeeyie eiaaony ye?ai n
iai?aaeythueie aeey i?aaeio?aiaiey aai io iia?aaeaeaiee i?e caa?ocea
ecaeaeee (iai?eia?, a aeaea aoioia). Aeey iaania/aiey ?aaiiia?iinoe
iaa?aaa ia/ue ?acaeoa ii aunioa ia o?e oaiia?aoo?iua ciiu I-III.
Oaiia?aoo?o ecia?ytho oa?iiia?aie. ?acuai iaaeaeo ia/ueth e e?uoeie
oieioiytho n iiiiuueth iani/iiai caoai?a.
Caeaei/iue aae.
E iai?oaeiaaieth, i?aaeiacia/aiiiio aeey ioeaaeaeaiey i?e caeaeea,
ioiinyo iaiaoaiece?iaaiiua e iaoaiece?iaaiiua caeaei/iua aaee, a eioi?uo
aeaoaee ioeaaeaeathony a naiaiaeiii ninoiyiee, caeaei/iua i?annu,
caeaei/iua e aeaicaeaei/iua iaoeiu, a eioi?uo aeaoaee (oanoa?ie, aaeu,
eenou, ?anni?u) caeaeeaathony a caaeaoii ninoiyiee.
?en.19 Caeaei/iue aae n iaoaiece?iaai
iui ia?aiauaieai noiea
Iaiaoaiece?iaaiiue caeei/iue aae i?aaenoaaeyao niaie ?ieinoue
oeeeeiae?e/aneie eee i?yiioaieueiie oi?iu. Aae naa?eaatho ec eenoiaie
ieceioaea?iaeenoie noaee oieueiie 4—6 ii. A oa?ie/aneeo oeaoao
i?eiaiytho iaaieueoea caeaei/iua aaee aeey caeaeee iaeeeo e n?aaeieo
aeaoaeae. ?acia?u aaeia a ieaia (a ii): 60o700, 700o1200. Aeoaeia aaeia
ieiei 1000 ii. A iaiaoaiece?iaaiiuo aaeao ana i?ioeannu ii ia?aaea/a
aeaoaeae a aae, ia?aiauaieth a aaea e auaea/a eo ec aaea auiieiytho
a?o/ioth. I?eaioe?iai/iue iauai caeaei/iie aeeaeeinoe a aaea ninoaaeyao
15 e ia 1 ea ioeaaeaeaaiuo aeaoaeae. Aeey e?oiiuo aeaoaeae (ooaiiu, aaeu
e o. i.) ?acia?u caeaei/iuo aaeia iiaoo aeinoeaaoue ianeieueeeo iao?ia.
I?e ii?aaeaeaiee iauaia caeaei/iiai aaea e aai ?acia?ia neaaeoao
o/eouaaoue, /oi aeey iaania/aiey: ?aaiiia?iuo oneiaee ioeaaeaeaiey
aeaoaeae iaae ieie e iiae ieie aeieaeai auoue neie caeaei/iie aeeaeeinoe
oieueiie ia iaiaa 100ii. E?iia oiai, o?iaaiue caeaei/iie aeeaeeinoe
aeieaeai auoue, io e?ay aaea ia ?annoiyiee ia iaiaa, /ai 100—150 ii.
Aeey caeaeee aeaoaeae, i?eiaiytho aaee (?en.19) n iaoaiece?iaaiiui
ia?aiauaieai caeaei/iiai noiea, ia eioi?ue onoaiaaeeaaaony iiaeaeii n
iaa?aouie aeaoaeyie. I?e iiiiue iiaaiaoe/aneiai iiaeuaiieea noie iiaeao
iioneaoueny e iiaeieiaoueny a aaea.
Onoaiiaea aeey ia?aaioee oieiaeii.
Aeey ioeaaeaeaiey iaaieueoiai /enea ioaeaeueiuo aeaoaeae, iai?eia?,
?aaeouaai eino?oiaioa, eaeea?ia e ae?oaeo ecaeaeee ec aunieieaae?iaaiiie
noaee i?eiaiytho eaia?u iieaciui iauaiii 0,1—1,0i3. Eaia?a oeaoiay (EOO)
iai?oaeiaaia eiii?anni?iie onoaiiaeie, iaania/eaathuae ioeaaeaeaiea aei
—100°N, e yeaeo?iiaa?aaaoaeyie, iicaieythueie iaa?aaaoue eaia?o aei
155°N. Ia ?en.20 iieacai ?ac?ac eaia?u EOO. Iaoeiiia ioaeaeaiea
?aniieiaeaii a ieaeiae /anoe eaia?u. Yeaeo?e/aneea iaa?aaaoaee
?aniieiaeaiu iiae ?aai/ei i?ino?ainoaii eaia?u. E?ueue/aoea
?en.20 Eaia?a oeaoiay
aaioeeyoi?a, a?auaaiay yeaeo?iaeaeaaoaeai, iai?aaeyao iioie aicaeooa a
aicaeooiioeaaeeoaeue, a eioi?ii ?aciau?i ciaaaee, iineaaeiaaoaeueii
niaaeei?iiue ni ciaaaeeii enia?eoaey, i?eiayiiui e iiaa?oiinoe
aioo?aiiaai ei?iona eaia?u. *a?ac ieii a aeaa?e iiaeii i?e aeeth/aiiii
inaaoeoaeueiii i?eai?a iniao?eaaoue aioo?aiiaa i?ino?ainoai eaia?u.
Iia/iay iaoeia.
?en.21 Noaia iaeiaaaa?eoiie
iia/iie iaoeiu
A oa?ie/aneii i?iecaiaenoaa eniieuecotho iia/iua iaoeiu ?acee/iuo oeiia.
Ia ?enoiea 21 iieacaia iaeiaaaa?eoiay iia/iay iaoeia n ?ieeeiaui iiaeii
eiino?oeoeee CEE. Ia naa?iie ?aia onoaiiaeaia iia/iay eaia?a, aoiae a
eioi?oth cae?uo ?aceiiaie caneiieie. Eiioaeia? n oeiaeaiiuie aeaoaeyie
onoaiaaeeaatho ia ?ieeeiaue iiae. A i?ioeanna i?iiuaee eiioaeia?
niaa?oaao aica?aoii-iinooiaoaeueiua ia?aiauaiey a iia/iie eaia?a ni
nei?inoueth 2,9 i/iei.
Onoaiiaea aeey no?oeii-aa?aceaiie ia?aaioee aeaoaeae.
?en.22 Onoaiiaea aeey no?oeii-aa?aceaiie ia?aaioee aeaoaeae
No?oeii-aa?aceaiay ia?aaioea aeaoaeae i?aaenoaaeyao niaie i?ioeannu, i?e
eioi?uo ?aai/ee iaoa?eae (iaoaeee/aneee ianie, ae?iaue) aaiaeeony a
no?oth aaca eee aeeaeeinoe e iai?aaeyaony ia i/euaaioth iiaa?oiinoue. A
yoii neo/aa eeiaoe/aneay yia?aey, niiauaiiay aa?aceao, ?anoiaeoaony ia
oaeaeaiea caa?yciaiee n iiaa?oiinoe ia?aaaouaaaiie aeaoaee. Oae eae
no?oeii-aa?aceaiay ia?aaioea iniiaaia ia /enoi iaoaie/aneii aeaenoaee
aa?aceaa, yooaeoeaiinoue ia?aaioee oaaee/eaaaony n oaaee/aieai
oaa?aeinoe aa?aceaa e nei?inoe aai ia?aiauaiey. Ia ?enoiea 22 i?eaaaeaia
noaia iieoaaoiiaoe/aneie onoaiiaee aeey no?oeii-aa?aceaiie ia?aaioee
iaeeeo aeaoaeae. Onoaiiaea ninoieo ec ei?iona, aa?aaaia, iaaeniiaeueiiai
aoiea?a, iniiaiiai aoiea?a, i?eaiaea, niiae e yeaeo?ioeaoa. A ei?iona e
aa?aaaia eiathony aeaa?e aeey caa?ocee aeaoaeae. A aa?oiae /anoe
onoaiiaee iiiauaaony auoyaeiay aaioeeyoeey. Aioo?aiiyy iieinoue aa?aaaia
aeey ia?aaioee aeaoaeae iaeeoeiaaia ?aceiie. A?auaiea aa?aaai iieo/aao
io yeaeo?iaeaeaaoaey /a?ac ?aaeoeoi? e oeaiioth ia?aaea/o.
?aaioa onoaiiaee inouanoaeyaony neaaeothuei ia?acii: a aa?aaai
caa?oaeathony i/euaaiua aeaoaee, a aoiea? — iaoaeee/aneay ae?iaue.
Caa?oci/iua aeaa?e ieioii cae?uaathony e aeeth/aaony i?eaiae a?auaiey
aa?aaaia. I?e a?auaiee aa?aaaia ae?iaue caoaaouaaaony eiaoaie,
i?ee?aieaiiuie e oi?oeai aa?aaaia, e caa?oaeaaony a iaaeniiaeueiua
aoiea?a, ioeoaea ae?iaue naiioaeii iinooiaao a niiea. No?oy naeaoiai
aicaeooa n ae?iaueth iai?aaeaia a aoiea? ia aeaoaee.
E?oiiua iaoaeee/aneea /anoeoeu /a?ac ioaa?noey a aa?aaaia iiiaaeatho a
aoiea?, a iaeeea — ionanuaathony auoyaeiie aaioeeyoeeae. *a?ac 15—20 iei
i?eaiae aaoiiaoe/anee aueeth/aaony, aa?aaai inoaiaaeeaaaony e i/euaiiua
aeaoaee aua?oaeathony. A aiia?aoao aeey no?oeii-aa?aceaiie ia?aaioee
iaeaieaa eciaoeaathony niiea, ec eioi?uo n aieueoie nei?inoueth
aua?anuaathony /anoeoeu ?aai/aai iaoa?eaea.
?an/?o eiee/anoaa iai?oaeiaaiey.
Ii?aaeaeaiea iio?aaiiai eiee/anoaa ia/ae aeey eaaeaeie iia?aoeee:
;
– iio?aaiia a?aiy ?aaiou ia/e, ia/e-/an;
– aeaenoaeoaeueiue aiaeiaie oiiae a?aiaie, /;
ia/e-/an;
– iia?aoeaiia a?aiy ia oa?iiia?aaioeo iaeiie naaeee, /;
– eiee/anoai naaeie a aiaeiaie i?ia?aiia;
– aiaeiaay i?ia?aiia auionea, oo;
Ii?aaeaeei eiee/anoai iai?oaeiaaiey aeey anao iia?aoeee.
=4180/
Aeey oeaiaioaoeee: 2. Aeey aunieiai ioionea:
3. Aeey caeaeee:
;
i//;
;
;
.
4. Aeey ia?aaioee oieiaeii: 5. Aeey
ieceiai ioionea:
;
i//;
;
;
.
Auai? i?eniiniaeaiey
?en.23 Yoaaea?ea
Auai? iai?oaeiaaiey caaeneo io oaoiieiaee oa?ie/aneie ia?aaioee,
i?eiaiyaiiai iai?oaeiaaiey, iaoa?eaeia e aaaa?eoia ecaeaeey. Oae eae
i?eniiniaeaiea eniuouaaao iinoiyiiue ia?aiaae oaiia?aoo?. N?ie eo
neoaeau ia?aie/ai. A oaooiuo ia/ao i?eiaiythony i?eniiniaeaiey oeia
yoaaea?ea (?en.23). yoaaea?ee ecaioiaeythony ec aea?ii?i/iie noaee ia?ee
36O18I25N2. Ia yoaaea?eo i?e oeaiaioaoeee ?aciauaaony ii?yaeeii 70oo.
Auai? iaoiaeia eiio?iey
Eiio?ieue ia?aiao?ia oaoiieiae/aneiai i?ioeanna.
Eiio?ieue oaiia?aoo?u.
Eiio?ieue e ?aaoee?iaaiea oaiia?aoo?u a ia/ao i?iaiaeeony n iiiiuueth
iioaioeeiiao?ia. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy iaeaieaa niaa?oaiiui i?eai?ii
yaeyaony yeaeo?iiiue aaoiiaoe/aneee iioaioeeiiao? ENI-4. Ia?ae/iui
i?eai?ii-aeao/eeii yaeyaony oa?iiia?a, oei oa?iiia?u auae?aaony a
caaeneiinoe io ?aai/ae oaiia?aoo?u ia/e. Ia?ee e oaoie/aneea
oa?aeoa?enoeee oa?iiia? i?eaaaeaiu a oaaeeoea 4
Ia?ee e oa?aeoa?enoeee i?eiaiyaiuo oa?iiia? AINO 6616-74
Oaaeeoea4
Iia?aoeey Oaiia?aoo?a, (N Oei oa?iiia?u A?aaeoe?iaea Iaoa?eae
yeaeo?iaeia I?aaeae ecia?aiey i?e aeeeoaeueiie ?aaioa I?aaeae ecia?aiey
i?e e?aoeia?aiaiiie ?aaioa
oeaiaioaoeey
aun.ioione
caeaeea 960
650
880
OOA
OA o?iiaeue-
aethiaeue
50
1000
1300
ia?aaioea oieiaeii – 50 oa?iiiao? _____ _________ ______ ______
_________________
iec.ioione 250 OOE OE o?iiaeue-
eiiaeue 50 600 800
Eiio?ieue neioeia.
Eiio?ieue ?anoiaea neioeia inouanoaeyaony n iiiiuueth ?ioaiao?a e
aeieaeai ninoaaeyoue 6,5…7,2ie/iei eee 160…180eaiaeue/iei.
Eiio?ieue ea/anoaa oa?ie/anee ia?aaioaiiuo aeaoaeae.
Eiio?ieue ea/anoaa iinea oa?ie/aneie ia?aaioee i?iaiaeeony ii INO
10002-78, a?oiia eiio?iey 2oe.
Eiio?ieue aiaoiaai aeaea.
I?iaiaeeony aiaoiee iniio? aioiauo aeaoaeae ia ei?iaeaiea e eciaiaiea
?acia?ia. Eiio?ieue aiaoiaai aeaea i?iaiaeeony ia 100%.
Eiio?ieue oa??aeinoe oa?ie/anee ia?aaioaiiuo aeaoaeae.
Oa??aeinoue yaeyaony iaeiie ec oa?aeoa?enoee ea/anoaa oeaiaioaoeee.
Oa??aeinoue ecia?yaony iinea oeaiaioaoeee, caeaeee e ieceiai ioionea.
Eiio?ieue oa??aeinoe i?iaiaeeony ii iaoiaeo ?ieaaeea (AINO 9013-59) ia
i?eai?a OE-2 ioo?i aaeaaeeaaiey a ca/euaiioth iiaa?oiinoue aeiaciiai
eiiona i?e iaa?ocea ?=1470I. Iieacaiey i?eai?a nieiatho ii oeaea «N» –
/??iiai oeaaoa.
Eiio?ieue aeoaeiu oeaiaioiaaiiiai neiy.
Aeey eiio?iey aeoaeiu oeaiaioiaaiiiai neiy eniieuecotho i?ann A?eiaey.
Yoio iaoiae caeeth/aaony ai aaeaaeeaaiee a ca/euaiioth iiaa?oiinoue
caeae?iiiai oa?eea aeeaiao?ii 2,5ii i?e iaa?ocea ?aaiie ?=187,5I.
Eiio?ieue iee?ino?oeoo?u.
Iee?ino?oeoo?o enneaaeotho ia iee?ineiiao, au?acaiiuo ec oeaiaioiaaiiuo
e caeae?iiuo ia?acoeao n iiiiuueth niaoeeaeueiuo oeae, ?ac?aaioaiiuo
aeey aeaiiie noaee. Niaea?aeaiea oaea?iaea ii?aaeaeyaony iineieiui
oeie/aneei eee niaeo?aeueiui aiaeecii.
Aiciiaeiua aeaeu a?aea e iaoiaeu aai ono?aiaiey
Aeaoaeou aicieeathuea i?e oeaiaioaoeee.
1. O?iinoeoiay naoea – ia?acoaony i?e aioo?aiiai ieeneaiee. Aioo?aiiaa
ieeneaiea oiaiueoaao niaea?aeaiea eaae?othueo yeaiaioia a oa??aeii
?anoai?a, iiauoaao e?eoe/aneoth nei?inoue caeaeee. I?e caeaeea a ianea
i?eaiaeeo e ia ia?oaineoiiio i?aa?auaieth aonoaieoa. Aeey ono?aiaiey
o?iinoeoiie naoee ca 5…10iei aei ieii/aiey i?ioeanna a ia/ioth
aoiinoa?o aaiaeyo aiieae 2,5…10%. aeieaiaa/iinoue aeaoaeae iiaeii
iiauneoue, ono?aiyy ciiu aioo?aiiaai ieeneaiey iineaaeothuae
iaoaie/aneie ia?aaioeie.
2. Iaacoaea?iaeeaaiea iiaa?oiinoe oeaiaioiaaiiiai neiy – i?ienoiaeeo i?e
iiaenooaeeaaiee ia aicaeooa e i?e ionoonoaee aaoiiaoe/aneiai
?aaoee?iaaiey oaea?iaeiiai iioaioeeaea ai aoi?ii ia?eiaea ianuuaiey.
Aeey ono?aiaiey iaacoaea?iaeeaaiey i?aaeiieaaaaony ioeaaeeoue aeaoaee a
iioiea ia?aaioaiiuo aacia.
3. Ia?aaiiia?iay aeoaeia oeaiaioiaaiiiai neiy – yaeyaony ?acoeueoaoii
?aaiiia?iinoe oaiia?aoo?u a ?aai/ai i?ino?ainoaa eee ieioie oee?eoeyoeee
ia/iie aoiinoa?u, i?e ia?ooaiee iiaea/e ea?ath?ecaoi?a, iiieaeaiea
oaiia?aoo?u, iaaeinoaoi/iie auaea?aeea.
Aeaoaeou i?e caeaeea.
1.Iaaeia?aa – aicieeaao a oii neo/aa, anee noaeue auea iaa?aoa aei
oaiia?aoo?u ieaea e?eoe/aneie. *anoue ni?aeoa ia i?aa?auaaony a
aonoaieoa, a ?acoeueoaoa caeaeee iieo/aaony no?oeoo?a eiathuay ieceoth
oa??aeinoue. Yoio aeaoaeo iiaeii eni?aaeoue aeey /aai iaaeia?aooth
noaeue ioaeeaatho, a caoai i?iaiaeyo ii?iaeueioth caeaeeo.
2.Ia?aa?aa – iieo/aaony, anee noaeue auea iaa?aoa aei oaiia?aoo?u
iaiiiai auoa e?eoe/aneie eee i?e iioeiaeueiie oaiia?aoo?a auea aeaia
neeoeii aieueoay auaea?aeea. I?e ia?aa?aaa eae?o ?ino ca?ia aonoaieoa,
ia?oaineo noaiiaeony o?oieinoieeei. Eni?aaeyaony ioaeeaii, caeaeeie
Ia?aaeia – iieo/aaony a oii neo/aa, anee noaeue auea iaaeia?aoa aei
oaiia?aoo?u aeeceie e oaiia?aoo?a ieaaeaiey. Ia?aaeia oa?aeoa?ecoaony
iieaaeaieai e a nayce n yoei ieeneaieai iaoaeea ii a?aieoeai c??ai,
iiyoiio noaeue noaiiaeony i/aiue o?oieie. Ia?aaeiai yaeyaony
iaeni?aaeiui a?aeii.
Caeaei/iua o?aueiu – aicieeatho a ?acoeueoaoa ?aceiai ioeaaeaeaiey eee
iaa?aaa, ia?aa?aaa, ia?aaiiia?iiai ioeaaeaeaiey, iaee/ea a aeaoaeyo
ino?uo oaeia, ?enie e i.o.
Iyoienoay caeaeea – aicieeaao anee ia iiaa?oiinoe aeaoaee ieaeeia,
caa?yciaiea, ia?aaiiia?iay no?oeoo?a. A iaeioi?uo ciiao aianoi
ia?oaineoa iiaeao auoue o?iinoeo eee ni?aeo. Yoio a?ae ono?aiyaony ioo?i
i/enoee aeaoaeae e ia?aae caeaeeie i?iaiaeyo eiio?ieue noaee ia
iaeii?iaeiinoue.
Aeaoaeou aicieeathuea i?e ioionea.
1. Iaaeiioione – iieo/aaony i?e oaiia?aoo?a ioionea ieaea ii?iaeueiie a
?acoeueoaoa noaeue ia aeinoeaaao o?aaoaiuo naienoa. Eni?aaeoue
iaaeiioione iiaeii aeiiieieoaeueiui ioioneii.
2. Ia?aioione – iieo/aaony i?e oaiia?aoo?a ioionea auoa ii?iaeueiie eee
eciaiaiee aeeeoaeueiinoe ioionea. A ?acoeueoaoa ia?aioionea noaeue ia
aeinoeaaao o?aaoaiuo naienoa. Noaeue eiaao iiieaeaiioth oa??aeinoue e
i?i/iinoue.
Io?aia o?oaea
I?e i?iaaaeaiee iia?aoeee oa?ie/aneie ia?aaioee ia o/anoea aicieeatho
iianiua e a?aaeiua i?iecaiaenoaaiiua oaeoi?u, eioi?ua ieacuaatho
io?eoeaoaeueiia aicaeaenoaea ia caei?iauea e ?aaioiniiniaiinoue
/aeiaaea. Yeaiaiou oi?ie?othuea yoe oaeoi?u i?eaaaeaiu a oaaeeoea5.
Iianiua oaeoi?u oaoiieiae/aneiai i?ioeanna.
Oaaeeoea 5
?
i/i Iaeiaiiaaiea
iia?aoeee Iai?oaeiaaiea, i?eniiniaeaiea, eino?oiaio Iaoa?eaeu, nu?ue?
I?iecaiaenoaaiiay n?aaea Ie?oaeathuay n?aaea
1 Oeaiaioaoeey NOOeI 6.12/9
yoaaea?ea 12O2IAOA
neioei Aunieay oaiia?aoo?a,
i?iaeoeou ?aceiaeaiey neioeia, iiauoaiiia iai?yaeaiea oieiaaaeoueo
/anoae Auaeaeaiea oaiea, caa?yciaiea noi/iuo aiae
2 Aunieee e ieceee ioione NOC 6.12/7
yoaaea?ea 12O2IAOA Aunieay oaiia?aoo?a,
i?iaeoeou ?aceiaeaiey neioeia, iiauoaiiia iai?yaeaiea oieiaaaeoueo
/anoae Auaeaeaiea oaiea, caa?yciaiea noi/iuo aiae
3 Caeaeea NOI 6.12/10
caeaei/iue aae 12O2IAOA
ianei Iianiinoue aicai?aiey ianea, aunieay oaiia?aoo?a, i?iaeoeou
?aceiaeaiey neioeia, iiauoaiiia iai?yaeaiea oieiaaaeoueo /anoae
Auaeaeaiea oaiea, caa?yciaiea noi/iuo aiae
4 I?iiuaea iia/iay iaoeia
IIO ei?ceia 12O2IAOA
10% aiaeiue ?anoai? Na2CO3 Iiauoaiiay aeaaeiinoue, a?aaeiua enia?aiey
Caa?yciaiea noi/iuo aiae
5 Iaaeoaea aeae?iianeino?oeiay iaoeia
6 Ca/enoea noaiie
Ooi, iueaauaeaeaiey Caa?yciaiea noi/iuo aiae
7 Eiio?ieue oa??aeinoe oaa?aeiia? 2090O? 12O2IAOA Iaaeinoaoi/iay
inaau?iiinoue ______________
8 Eiio?ieue aeoaeiu neiy iee?ineii, iiee?iaaeueiue e?oa, auoyaeiie oeao
12O2IAOA
o?aaeoaee, iiee?iaaeueiay aeeaeeinoue A?aaeiua enia?aiey, ooi,
iaaeinoaoi/iay inaau?iiinoue, iiiaaeaiea o?aaeoaey ia ?oee Caa?yciaiea
noi/iuo aiae, a?aaeiua enia?aiey a aoiinoa?o
Ia?ii?eyoey ii oaoieea aaciianiinoe
E /eneo ia?ii?eyoee ii oaoieea aaciianiinoe i?e yenieoaoaoeee onoaiiaie
e i?eai?ia eiio?iey ia?aiao?ia oaoiieiae/aneeo i?ioeannia ioiinyony
neaaeothuea: i?e eiio?iea oaiia?aoo?u – i?ioiaeu e ia?ae/iui
i?aia?aciaaoaeyi oaiia?aoo?u onoaiiaeaiiui a o?oaeiiaeinooiiuo ianoao,
aeieaeiu auoue iaania/aiu niio?iauie ieiuaaeeaie e eanoieoeaie. Ana
i?eai?u, e eioi?ui iiaeaiaeeony yeaeo?iieoaiea aeieaeiu auoue cacaieaiu;
i?e eiio?iea ?anoiaea eiee/anoaa e o?iaiy – i?e yenieoaoaoeee
?anoiaeiia?ia ia?aiaiiiai ia?aiaaea aeaaeaiey iaiaoiaeeii iaania/eaaoue
na?in i?iaeoeoia i?iaeoaee a ae?aiaaeiua eee eaiaeecaoeeiiiua eeiee aeey
i?aaeioa?auaiey caa?yciaiey aicaeooa. Ana i?eai?u, e eioi?ui
iiaeaiaeeony yeaeo?iieoaiea, aeieaeiu auoue cacaieaiu. Aeey anao
n/ao/eeia, i?eai?ia, onoaiiaie ?aniieiaeaiiuo a o?oaeiiaeinooiiuo
ianoao, aeieaeiu auoue i?aaeoniio?aiu ieiuaaeee eee eieiaeoeu n oi?ioi
inaau?iiuie i?ioiaeaie.
I?e ?aaioa ia yeaeo?ioa?ie/aneii iai?oaeiaaiee n eiio?iee?oaiuie
aoiinoa?aie ia aeiioneaaony niaoeaaiea ai?th/eo aacia i?eiaiyaiuo i?e
i?eaioiaeaiee eiio?iee?oaiuo aoiinoa? n aicaeooii, ai ecaaaeaiee
ia?aciaaiey ac?ua/aoie niane. No?iaia niaethaeaiea i?aaee inoaiiaee
ia/ae e caiaiu eiio?iee?oaiie aoiinoa?u. Ia?aae aaaaeaiee a ia/ue
aoiinoa?u ec ia? iaiaoiaeeii i?aaeaa?eoaeueii oaeaeeoue aicaeoo. Aeey
i?iaeoaee ia/ae iaiaoiaeeii i?eiaiyoue eia?oiua aacu. Oaeaeaiea aacia
iaeaaeathueo ?aceei caiaoii ec ?aai/ae ciiu aeieaeii i?iaiaeeoueny
ianoiuie aaioeeyoi?aie n ioninaie. Aeey i?aaeioa?auaiey io?aaeaiey a
o?oaii?iaiaeao e aiia?aoao iaiaoiaeeii i?aaeoniao?eaaoue iaae?aeiua
niaaeeieoaee e i?ieeaaeee.
Ia?ii?eyoey ii io?aia ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu
Oa?ie/aneay ia?aaioea iaoaeea e yenieoaoaoeey yeaeo?iiai?oaeiaaiey a oie
eee eiie noaiaie ieacuaaao a?aaeiua aicaeaenoaey ia ie?oaeathuoth
n?aaeo, oae eae nii?iaiaeaeaaony ia?aciaaieai aieueoiai eiee/anoaa
a?aaeiuo aacia, iuee, caa?yci?iiuo aiae. Iiyoiio i?e yenieoaoaoeee
y.o.i. e auai?a n?aaeu i?e oa?ie/aneie ia?aaioea iaiaoiaeeii o/eouaaoue
noaiaiue io?eoeaoaeueiiai aicaeaenoaey yoeo oaeoi?ia ia ie?oaeathuoth
n?aaeo.
A oa?ie/aneii i?iecaiaenoaa e iniiaiui oaeoi?ai ieacuaathueo a?aaeiia
aeeyiea ia ie?oaeathuoth n?aaeo ioiinyony:
1. auaeaeaiea oaiea a aeinoa?o – ii/oe any yeaeo?iyia?aey, iio?aaeyaiay
ia/aie, i?aia?acoaony a oaiei e ?annaeaaaony a aeinoa?a a aeaea iioa?ue
eee i?e ioeaaeaeaiee iaa?aouo aeaoaeae. *ai iiuiaa yeaeo?iia/e, oai
nouanoaaiiaa yoio oaeoi?. Aeey oiaiueoaiey aaniieaciiai ?annaeaaiey
oaiea oeaeaniia?acii: oeo/oaiea oaieiecieyoeee e nie?auaiea anao aeaeia
iioa?ue, eniieueciaaiea oaiea iooiaeyueo aacia e ioeaaeaeathuae aiaeu
aeey oaoiieiae/aneeo eee eiiioiaeueiuo oeaeae;
auaeaeaiea a aoiinoa?o a?aaeiuo aacia – a oa?ie/aneeo oeaoao i?e iaa?aaa
a eiio?iee?oaiuo aoiinoa?ao, nooea e iaeioi?uo ae?oaeo iia?aoeeyo
auaeaeythony a?aaeiua aacu. Aeey oiaiueoaiey caa?yciaiey aoiinoa?u
i?iaiaeyony neaaeothuea ia?ii?eyoey: i?eiaiaiea nenoai aacioeaaeeaaiey e
aacii/enoee, caiaia oaoiieiae/aneeo i?ioeannia n aieueoei
aaciauaeaeaieai ia ae?oaea aieaa niaa?oaiiua;
caa?yciaiea aiaei?iia i?iecaiaenoaaiiuie noi/iuie aiaeaie – a
oa?ie/aneeo oeaoao a noi/iua aiaeu iiiaaeatho ?anoai?u eeneio, uaei/ae e
nieae, i?eiaiyaiua aeey o?aaeaiey aeaoaeae; aiaea eniieuecoaiay aeey
caeaeee e i?iiuaee ecaeaeee e ioeaaeaeaiey ia/iuo ono?ienoa. Aeey
iaaca?aaeeaaiey noi/iuo aiae i?iaiaeyony neaaeothuea ia?ii?eyoey:
noi/iua aiaeu aeieaeiu ia?aae eo na?inii i?ioiaeeoue ?acee/iua iaoiaeu
i/enoee, iaania/eaathuea IAeE a?aaeiuo aauanoa a aiaea; iinea ia?aaioee,
ionoaeaaiey e oeeueo?iaaiey noi/iua aiaeu na?anuaathony a auoiaoth
eaiaeecaoeeth;
eniieueciaaiea aiaeiuo ?ano?nia – yeaeo?ioa?ie/aneia iai?oaeiaaiea
yaeyaony e?oiiui iio?aaeoaeai aiaeu, ?anoiaeoaiie ia ioeaaeaeaiea
yeaiaioia ia/ae e onoienoa. E iae i?aaeuyaeythony aunieea o?aaiaaiey:
aeey oiaiueoaiey caai?a aiaeu ec enoi/ieeia e iaania/aiey a? ea/anoaa
iaiaoiaeeii i?eiaiyoue nenoaiu iai?ioiiai aiaeiniaaaeaiey.
Ia?ii?eyoey ii i?ioeaiiiaea?iie aaciianiinoe
I?e ianeoaeeaaiee yeaeo?iia/ae aeieaeiu auoue niaethaeaiu neaaeothuea
o?aaiaaiey aaciianiinoe:
ana oieiaaaeouea /anoe yeaeo?iia/ae, n eioi?uie aiciiaeii
nii?eeiniiaaiea ianeoaeeaathuaai ia?niiaea, aeieaeiu auoue eciee?iaaiu
eee ia?aaeaeaiu;
ia?aaeaeaiey e i?eai?u eiio?iey, e eioi?ui iiaeaiaeeony yeaeo?iieoaiea,
aeieaeiu auoue cacaieaiu;
yeaeo?e/aneea ia/e aeieaeiu eiaoue aeiee?iaeo aeey aaoiiaoe/aneiai
ioeeth/aiey iaa?aaaoaeueiuo yeaiaioia i?e ioe?uaaiee aeaa?oeu ia/e.
i?e yenieoaoaoeee yeaeo?ioa?ie/aneiai iai?oaeiaaiey aeieaeiu
eniieueciaaoueny ecieyoeeiiiua n?aaenoaa eiaeeaeaeoaeueiie caueou:
?oeaaeoeu, aeeyeaeo?e/aneea aaeioe, eia?eee e o.i.
5. i?e ianeoaeeaaiee yeaeo?ioa?ie/aneiai iai?oaeiaaiey I?aaeeaie
yenieoaoaoeee yeaeo?ionoaiiaie i?aaeoniio?aiu niaoeeaeueiua ia?u
aaciianiinoe aeey caueou ianeoaeeaathuaai ia?niiaea io aicaeaenoaey
aunieeo oaiia?aoo? e oaieiaiai eceo/aiey. Ana iaoaieciu oi?aaeaiey e
ianeoaeeaaiey ia/ae aeieaeiu auoue onoaiiaeaiu oae, /oiau ?aai/ee ia
iiaeaa?aaeny aicaeaenoaeth aunieeo oaiia?aoo? e a?aaeiuo aacia.
?aciinoue oaiia?aoo? ia iiaa?oiinoe ia/ae e ie?oaeathuaai aicaeooa ia
aeieaeia i?aauoaoue 45…60(N.
Ii?iaoeaiia iaania/aiea i?iaeoa
AINO 9012-59 Iaoaeeu. Iaoiaeu eniuoaiey. Ecia?aiea oa??aeinoe ii
A?eiaeth.
AINO 4543-71 Noaeue eaae?iaaiiay eiino?oeoeeiiiay. Ia?ee e oaoie/aneea
o?aaiaaiey.
AINO 1913-59 Iaoaeeu. Iaoiaeu eniuoaiey. Ecia?aiea oa??aeinoe ii
?ieaaeeo. Oeaeu A, A, N.
AINO 12.0.004-79 «NNAO. I?aaiecaoeey iao/aiey ?aaioathueo aaciianiinoe
o?oaea. Iauea iieiaeaiey.»
AINO 12.1.005-88 «NNAO. Iauea naieoa?ii-aeaeaie/aneea o?aaiaaiey e
aicaeooo ?aai/ae ciiu».
AINO 12.4.011-89 «NNAO. N?aaenoaa caueou ?aaioathueo a eeoaeiuo e
oa?ie/aneeo oeaoao».
AINO 12.0.002-80 «NNAO. Aaciianiinoue i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai iai?oaeiaaiey.
Iauea o?aaiaaiey».
AINO 12.4.011-89 «NNAO. N?aaenoaa caueou ?aaioathueo. Eeanneoeeaoeey».
AINO 12.3.004-75 «NNAO. Oa?ie/aneay ia?aaioea iaoaeeia. Iauea o?aaiaaiey
aaciianiinoe».
AINO 12.1.004-85 «NNAO. Iiaea?iay aaciianiinoue. Iauea o?aaiaaiey».
AINO 12.1.010-76 «NNAO. Ac?uaiaaciianiinoue. Iauea o?aaiaaiey».
Eeoa?aoo?a
Nia?aiaiiua oaoiieiaee a i?iecaiaenoaa aacioo?aeiiuo aeaeaaoaeae iiae
?aaeaeoeeae A.A.A?aoooeia, A.E.ssciaa, A.A.Ea?anaaa.
I.: Iaoeiino?iaiea, 1997a. 410n.
A.A.Aa?ueeaaue, «I?iecaiaenoai aeaoaeae aaeaoeeiiiuo aeaeaaoaeae».
I.: Iaoeiino?iaiea, 1977a.
3. Aoeyaa A.I., «Iaoaeeiaaaeaiea».
I.: Iaoeiino?iaiea, 1988a.
Aeieioia A.I., Eiiaeaeia A.A., «Iai?oaeiaaiea oa?ie/aneeo oeaoia e
eaaa?aoi?ee eniuoaiey iaoaeeia».
I.: Iaoeiino?iaiea, 1988a. 336n.
Yeaeo?ioa?ie/aneia iai?oaeiaaiea:
Ni?aai/iee iiae ?aaeaeoeeae A.I.Aeueoaaocaia.
I.: Yia?aey, 1980a. 416n.
Aaeaoeeiiiua iaoa?eaeu. Ni?aai/iee, oie I iiae ?aaeaeoeeae Ooiaiiaa
A.O., IIOE, 1975.
Ia?oaiianeay I.A., Naiioiaeneee A.E. «oaoiieiaey oa?ie/aneie ia?aaioee
iaoaeeia».
Oeeeeiia N.A., Oe?aa? E.A. «Ni?aai/iee oa?ienoa».
I.: Iaoeiino?iaiea, 1975a.
Aaoiei TH.A., Ooaeia A.E., Naeae A.A. «Oaoiieiaey oa?ie/aneie ia?aaioee
noaee».
I.: Iaoaeeo?aey, 1986. 424n.
Aieueo?ai ia?acoao ea?aeae W2C, eioi?ue i?e iaa?aaa eaaei ?anoai?yaony a
aonoaieoa. I?e iaee/ee aieueo?aia e?eoe/aneay nei?inoue caeaeee
nieaeaaony, a i?ieaeeaaaiinoue iiauoaaony. Oiaiueoaaony neeiiiinoue e
?inoo ca?ia aonoaieoa, iiauoaaony oaea?iay ayceinoue. Aieueo?ai iaiiiai
oaaee/eaaao oa??aeinoue oeaiaioiaaiiiai neiy, oiaiueoaao
/oanoaeoaeueiinoue e ia?aa?aao. Aieueo?ai eciaeue/aao no?oeoo?o noaee e
oaaee/eaaao niaea?aeaiea oaea?iaea a iiaa?oiinoiii neia.
Aaiaaeee (V) niaea?aeeony a noaee a eiee/anoaa 0,18…0,28%. Eiaao:
oaiia?aoo?o ieaaeaiey 1710°C; ieioiinoue 5,96 a/ni?; e?enoaeee/aneoth
?ao?oeo IOeE n ia?aiao?ii a ?aaiue 3,03(. Aaiaaeee iiauoaao e?eoe/aneea
oi/ee A1 e A3 e iiieaeaao e?eoe/aneoth oi/eo ia/aea ia?oaineoiiai
i?aa?auaiey (?en.10). aaiaaeee caaea?aeeaaao ?ino ca?ia aonoaieoa i?e
aunieeo oaiia?aoo?ao caeaeee. Aaiaaeee iacia/eoaeueii iiauoaao
eiioeaio?aoeeth oaea?iaea a oeaiaioiaaiiii neia. I?e aunieii
niaea?aeaiee aaiaaeey aeoaeia oeaiaioiaaiiiai neiy oiaiueoaaony.
Aeaiiay noaeue yaeyaony aunieieaae?iaaiiie, eiaao iiieaeaiioth
oaieii?iaiaeiinoue, iiyoiio a? iaa?aa i?ienoiaeeo iaaeeaiiaa. Neaaeoao
oaaee/eoue a?aiy iaa?aaa ia 30%:
neaaeoao oaaee/eoue au? ia 30%:
?aaiui 1 /an.
Oneiaiay oieueia ?aaia oaeoe/aneie oieueia aeaoaeae oiiiaeaiiie ia
eiyooeoeeaio oi?iu, eioi?ue i?eieiaai ?aaiui 2 [ ]:
Neaaeiaaoaeueii, a?aiy iaa?aaa ?aaii:
Iaeae?i a?aiy ieii/aoaeueiie auaea?aeee. Aeey iau/iuo noaeae:
Iiieaeaiea oaiia?aoo?u aei oaiia?aoo?u ieaea oi/ee eiioea ia?oaineoiiai
i?aa?auaiey Ie aucuaaao i?aa?auaiea aonoaieoa a ia?oaineo, /oi iiauoaao
oa??aeinoue noaee. Iaeiaei, iaeiia?aiaiii aic?anoatho aioo?aiiea
iai?yaeaiey, iiyoiio aeaoaeue ioeaaeaeatho iaaeeaiii e n?aco iinea
ia?aaioee oieiaeii i?iaiaeyo ieceee ioione.
Ii ni?aai/iui aeaiiui [ ] a?aiy auaea?aeee aeey no?oeoo?iuo i?aa?auaiee
i?eieiaai 2 /.
Neaaeiaaoaeueii, a?aiy auaea?aeee ?aaii:
/25iei
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