I?i?noa?noai ina?oe Oe?a?ie
*a?eanueeee ?iaeaia?ii-oaoiieia?/iee ?inoeooo
Eaoaae?a i?eeaaeiaoaeoaaiiy
Eo?niaa ?iaioa
ia oaio
«Oaoiieia?y neeaaeaiiy ? iiioaaeo ia/aoieo ieao»
ii eo?no
«Oaoiieia?y i?eeaaeiaoaeoaaiiy»
NI-56.998.002
Ea??aiee:
Eoeaoaiei A.I.
?ic?iaea:
nooaeaio ??? eo?no
a?oie I-56 O?O?N
Oaaaeaiei A.A.
I?aeien _____________
Iiia? cae?eiaee: ______
Ca?aoiaaii c ioe?ieith _____________
“____”__________ 1998?. I?aeien _____________
*a?eane 1998Ci?no
1 Iiioaae ae?oeiaaieo ieao . . . . . . . 3
Neeaaeaiiy ae?oeiaaieo ieao . . . . . 3
Iayiiy ae?oeiaaieo ieao . . . . . 7
Iaoiaee iayiiy . . . . . . . 8
Iayiiy caio?aiiyi . . . . . 8
Iayiiy oaeeath i?eiith . . . . 10
Ia?aa??ea iayieo c’?aeiaiue . . . . . 13
Iiaoi?ia iayiiy . . . . . . . 13
2 Iniiae ?ic?iaee oaoiieia?/iiai i?ioeano neeaaeaiiy ? iiioaaeo
?aae?iaeaeo?iiii? aia?aoo?e . . . . . . 15
Aea/aiiy i?eeaaeo oa oaoiieia?/ia aeiii?aoethaaiiy eiai eiino?oeoe?? ?
noai . . . . . . . 16
Neeaaeaiiy oa iiioaae aoaeiiiiai c?aceo oan? i?eeaaeo 17
?icae?eaiiy i?ioeano neeaaeaiiy ? iiioaaeo ia iia?aoe?? . 19
?ic?iaea ane?cii-iia?aoe?eieo oaoiieia?/ieo ea?o
neeaaeaiiy ? iiioaaeo . . . . . . 20
3 Oeiia? oaoiieia?/i? noaie i?ioeano neeaaeaiiy ? iiioaaeo
?aae?iaeaeo?iiii? aia?aoo?e ia ia/aoieo ieaoao . . . 26
4 ?ic?aooiie oeiiaeo ae?eyiie neeaaeaiiy ? iiioaaeo ia/aoieo
ieao a oiiaao ae??aiina??eiiai ? na??eiiai ae?iaieoeoaa . 30
Aeiaeaoie 1. Oace i?ioeano iaeee . . . . . 32
Aeiaeaoie 2. Iaoiaee iayiiy . . . . . . . 33
Aeiaeaoie 3. I?io?e? oaee? i?e iayii? oaeeath . . . . 34
Aeiaeaoie 4. Ooo/i? ii?ie /ano oa /an ia neeaaeaiiy ? iiioaae . 35
1 Iiioaae ae?oeiaaieo ieao
Neeaaeaeueii-iiioaaei? ?iaioe iiaeii? i?iaiaeeoeny ca?aeii c aeiiaaie
OO 5.633-5087-83, OO 5.663-18304-80, OO 5.633-18303-80 oa INO
4AI.091.202
I?aai?caoe?y ?iai/eo i?noeue neeaaeaeueii-iiioaaeieo ?ia?o iiaeiia
a?aeiia?aeaoe INO 4AI.091.092.
1.1 Neeaaeaiiy ae?oeiaaieo ieao
Neeaaeaiiy ae?oeiaaieo ieao ?c aeaeo?i?aae?iaeaiaio?a (A?A) oa
?ioaa?aeueieo noai (?N) ? ia?oei iaiao?aeiei aoaiii iiioaaeo i?eeaaeo /e
nenoaie. Aiia oa?aeoa?eco?oueny oei, ui A?A oa ?N aaiiao?e/ii
?ici?uothoueny ia ae?oeiaai?e ieao? ca?aeii ?c neeaaeaeueiei e?aneaiiyi
I91.994…
Oae ye neeaaeaiiy ? ia?oei aoaiii iiioaaeo, oi aeaoaeoe neeaaeaiiy a
?ac?, eiee aiie caeeoathoueny ia aeyaeaieie, iaaaoeaii aieeaathoue ia
iiaeaeueo? aoaie iiioaaeo ? ? i?e/eiith aeiaeaoeiaeo aeo?ao.
Iacaeaaeii a?ae iaoiaeo neeaaeaiiy iiaeia noi?ioethaaoe i?eioeei ca??ee
ae?oeiaaieo ieao: ieaoe ? eiiiiiaioe iiaeii? oae ia?ai?uoaaoeny iaeei
aei iaeiiai, uia a ?acoeueoao? oeueiai ia?ai?uaiiy an? aeaiaee
eiiiiiaio?a caeiyee nai? i?noey, coiiaeai? aeaeo?e/iith noaiith aocea ?
iaiao?aeiei eiioaeooaaiiyi c ae?oeiaaiith ieaoith.
?c aiae?co oeueiai i?eioeeio aecia/athoueny ?iai/? iia?aoe??, ye?
iiaeii? ?iaeoeny i?e neeaaeaii? ae?oeiaaieo ieao (?enoiie 1).
Ia?aae iiioaaeai an? A?A iiaeii? i?ioiaeeoe ao?aeiee eiio?ieue ii
aeaeo?e/ieo ia?aiao?ao. I?aai?caoe?y ao?aeiiai eiio?ieth caeaaeeoue a?ae
oeio ae?iaieoeoaa. A ianiaiio ae?iaieoeoa? eiio?ieue cae?eniththoue ia
niaoe?aeueieo noaiaeao, aea ia oeaeao i?eeaae?a iaianai? a?aie/i?
cia/aiiy ia?aiao??a A?A. An? i?eeaaee ia noaiaeao iiaeii? iaoe oi/i?noue
o a?aeiia?aeiino? c OO ia oe? ae?iae. ?ieiee ao?aeiee eiio?ieue
cae?eniththoue ?acii c i?aeaioiaeith aei iiioaaeo.
I?aeaioiaea A?A aei iiioaaeo aeeth/a? ne?aeoth/e iia?aoe??
?iciaeiaea aeaiaio?a;
ao?aeiee eiio?ieue;
oi?ioaaiiy aeaiae?a;
ia??caiiy aeaiae?a;
eoae?iiy aeaiae?a.
Eoae?iiy A?A iiaeiii i?iaiaeeoenue oeie ae i?eiiyie, ui ? ianooiia
iayiiy. I?e eoae?ii? A?A /ooeeaeo aei oaieiaiai aieeao, aeicaiey?oueny
eoae?iiy i?eii?i c iiieaeaiith oaiia?aoo?ith ieaaeaiiy (oaaeeoey 1).
Ae?oeiaaia ieaoa A?A
Caaaioaaeaiiy I???iooaaeueiee Caaaioaaeaiiy
a iaaacei i?eno??e a iaaacei
Iiaea/a ?eoooaaiiy Iiaea/a
aeaiae?a
I?eeii I?eeii
ae?oeiaaieo ieao Iiceoe?thaaiiy A?A
Anoaiiaeaiiy
A?A
O?enoaaiiy
A?A
Aea?ae
Ciiioiaaia
ieaoa
?enoiie 1 – Iniiai? aoaie i?ioeano cai?ee
Iniiai? aeai? i?eii?a oa ?o aeei?enoaiiy
Oaaeeoey 1
Ia?ea O?i?/iee neeaae, % Oaiia?aoo?a ieaaeaiiy, (C A?aieoey i?oeiino?
i?e ?icoyao, ea/ii2 I?ecia/aiiy
1 2 3 4 5
IIN-90 Ieiai(89-90); no?ia(0,15), naeiaoeue – ?aooa 222 4,3 Aeey iayiiy
aeaoaeae ? neeaaeaeueieo iaeeieoeue, ui a iiaeaeueoiio iie?eaathoueny
n??aeii /e cieioii
IIN-61 Ieiai(59-61); no?ia(0,8), naeiaoeue – ?aooa; aeii?oie ia a?eueoa
0,314 190 6-7 Aeey iayiiy a?aeiia?aeaeueieo aeaoaeae, eiee ia
i?eionoeiee /e iaaaaeaiee aenieee iaa??a a cii? iaeee, a oaeiae eiee
iio?aao?oueny i?aeaeuaia iaoai?/ia i?oei?noue
IIN-50 Ieiai(49-50); no?ia(0,8), naeiaoeue – ?aooa; aeii?oie ia a?eueoa
0,314 222 3,6 Oa naia, eiee aeiionoeia a?eueo aeua oaiia?aoo?a iaa??ao
IIN-40 Ieiai(39-40); no?ia(1,5-2), naeiaoeue – ?aooa; aeii?oie ia
a?eueoa 0,314 235 3,2 Aeey iaeee iaio a?aeiia?aeaeueieo no?oiii?ia?aeieo
aeaoaeae, eiee aeiionoeiee a?eueo aeuee iaa??a
IIN-30 Ieiai(29-30); no?ia(1,5-2), naeiaoeue – ?aooa; aeii?oie ia
a?eueoa 0,424 256 3,3 Aeey eoae?iiy oa iayiiy iaio a?aeiia?aeaeueieo
iaoai?/ieo aeaoaeae c i?ae?, ?? nieaa?a, noae?
IIN-18 Ieiai(17-18); no?ia(2-2,25), naeiaoeue – ?aooa 277 2,8 Aeey
iayiiy i?e iiieaeai?e aeiic? aei i?oeiino? oao, aeey eoae?iiy ia?aae
iayiiyi
IIN-4-6 Ieiai(3-4); no?ia(5-6), naeiaoeue – ?aooa; aeii?oie ia a?eueoa
0,424 265 5,8 Aeey iayiiyi caio?aiiyi o aaiio c ?icieaaeaiei i?eii?i
I?iaeiaaeaiiy oaaeeoe? 1
1 2 3 4 5
IINE-50 Ieiai(49,0-51,0); naeiaoeue (32); eaaei?e(17-19); aeii?oie ia
a?eueoa 0,35 145 – Aeey iayiiy aeaoaeae c i?ae? oa ?? nieaa?a, ui ia
aeiioneathoue i?noeaaiai ia?aa??ao
IINA-33 Ieiai(32,4-34,4); naeiaoeue (32,3-34,3); a?nioo(49,0-51,0);
aeii?oie ia a?eueoa 0,3 130 – Aeey iayiiy ieaaeeo caiia?aeiee?a; i?aeue,
n??aei, iaianaia ia ea?ai?eo iaoiaeii aiaethaaiiy e iayiiy eiinoaioaio
A ?iaeea?aeoaeueiiio ae?iaieoeoa? an? oe? ?iaioe aeeiiothoue a?o/io.
A ianiaiio ae?iaieoeoa? caeiaiiy oa ia??caiiy aeaiae?a A?A aeeiiothoueny
ia niaoe?aeueieo iai?aaaoiiaoao.
Anoaiiaeaiiy A?A ia ae?oeiaaio ieaoo neeaaea?oueny ?c ianooiieo
iia?aoe?e:
iiaea/a A?A a ciio anoaiiaeaiiy;
i???iooaaiiy aeaiae?a a?aeiinii iiioaaeieo ioai??a;
o?enaoe?y A?A a iio??aiiio iieiaeaii?.
Anoaiiaeththoue A?A a oae?e iine?aeiaiino?: ?acenoi?e, eiiaeainaoi?e,
i?e?inoaie.
?ici?uaiiy A?A ia ae?oeiaai?e ieao? iiaeiia ni?eyoe ni?iuaiith
oaoiieia?/iiai i?ioeano ? iiaeeeaino? canoiniaoaaoe iaoai?caoe?th.
Iaec?o/i?oa ?icoaoiaoaaoe an? aeaiaioe ia o?e noi?ii? ieaoe, aea iaia?
ae?oeiaaieo i?ia?aeiee?a. Oaea ?icoaooaaiiy iieaaoo? i?ioean iayiiy.
I?e ?ici?uaii? A?A iaiao?aeii aeio?eioaaoeny ia?aeaeueiino?. An? A?A
iiaeii? aooe i?oeii cae??ieaii? ia ieao?, uia ia aoei ci?uaiue i?e
iaoai?/ieo aieeaao.
Cae??ieaiiy A?A aeeiio?oueny a iniiaiiio ca aeiiiiiaith aeaiae?a.
Aeaiaee anoaaeythoue a ioai?e ? i?aeaeiathoue, i?ney /iai c’?aeiothoue c
ia/aoiei i?ia?aeieeii iayiiyi. Oaea c’?aeiaiiy caaacia/o? iaoai?/io
i?oei?noue ? aeaeo?e/iee eiioaeo.
Anoaiiaeaiiy ? cae??ieaiiy A?A ia ae?oeiaaieo ieaoao iiaea aooe
cae?eniaia iiai?noth ia aaoiiaoe/ieo e?i?yo. Canoinoaaiiy aaoiiaoe/ieo ?
iaoai?/ieo i?eno?i?a ia? niene o?eueee a aaaaoina??eiiio /e ianiaiio
ae?iaieoeoaao, oae ye oe? i?eno?i? neeaaei? e aei?iai eiooothoue.
1.2 Iayiiy ae?oeiaaieo ieao
Iaeiei c inoaii?o aoai?a o neeaaeaii? ae?oeiaaieo ieao ? iayiiy. I?e
iayii? iaiao?aeii caaacia/eoe iaoai?/ia cae??ieaiiy ? aeaeo?e/iee
eiioaeo i?ae i?ia?aeieeii ? A?A. Iayiiy i?iaiaeeoueny ia iia?o?? c
canoinoaaiiyi ??cieo oethn?a, ye? caoeuathoue iiaa?oi? c’?aeioaaieo
aeaiaio?a a?ae ieeneaiiy a i?ioean? iaa??ao.
Ie?ai? oaoiieia?/i? iia?aoe??, ui caaacia/othoue ye?ni? iayi?
c’?aeiaiiy ianooii? (aeiaeaoie 1):
io?eiaiiy iaoaeaaeo iiaa?oiiue oeyoii i/euaiiy a?ae iiaa?oiaaeo oa??a
i?e aeiiiiic? oethno;
iaa??aaiiy aeua oi/ee ieaaeaiiy i?eiith;
aeo?niaiiy oethno c aeiiiiiaith ianooiaeueiiai i?eiith;
?icieeaaiiy ??aeeiai i?eiith ii iaoaeaa?e iiaa?oi? – i?ioean cii/oaaiiy;
aeeooc?y aoii?a c oaa?aei? iaoaeaai? oace a ??aeeee i?eiie ?
iaaiaee – ooai?aiiy nieaaii? ciie;
ianooiia ia?iaea iayieo c’?aeiaiue – i/euaiiy, eiee aeaeaeythoueny
oethne, ui ni?eythoue ei?ic??.
Ia?aae iayiiyi an? ciathaai? iiaa?oi? i/euathoue a?ae caoenieo
iie?eoue. I?eiie, yeee canoiniao?oueny i?e iayii?, iiaeiai iaoe
oaiia?aoo?o ieaaeaiiy ia iaioa, i?ae ia 60(N ieae/a oaiia?aoo?e
ieaaeaiiy c’?aeioaaieo iaoae?a ? ia a?eueoa 300(N, oae ye ?? iaiaaeo?
a?aeiinii iaaeniea oa?i?/ia no?ee?noue iaeaea an?o A?A ? ae?oeiaaieo
ieao. Iae/ano?oa aeey aa?y/iai eoae?iiy i?ia?aeiee?a ae?oeiaaieo ieao
aeei?enoiao?oueny nieaa ?ica (ieiai – 28%, naeiaoeue – 22%, a?nioo –
50%), a aeey iayiiy – ieia’yii-naeioeaaee i?eiie IIN-61(ieiai – 60-62%,
naeiaoeue – 40-38%).
Oethn ? iaiaoaeaaei iaoa??aeii, yeee noai?th? ia?aaeoiiae aeey
i?oeiino? o i?noe? iayiiy. I?e oethnoaaii? cae?eniththoueny ianooii?
iia?aoe??:
oaeaeea ? iiaia cii/oaaiiy iaoaeaai? iiaa?oi? caaaeyee aieeao nee
iiaa?oiaaiai iaoyao;
aeaeaeaiiy ieeneaieo oa??a ia eiioaeooth/eo iaoaeao, a oaeiae ?ic/eiaiiy
? aeaeaeaiiy i?iaeoeo?a ?aaeoe?e i?e oaiia?aoo?? ieae/a oaiia?aoo?e
ieaaeaiiy i?eiith;
caoeno i/euaii? iaoaeaai? iiaa?oi? a?ae iiaiai ieeneaiiy.
Caeeoee oethno iiaeii? eaaei aeaeaeyoeny aai aooe iaeo?aeueieie, oiaoi
ia iiaeii? ci?ithaaoe aeaeo?e/i? ia?aiao?e ii/aoeiaiai iaoa??aeo ? ia
aeeeeeaoe ei?ic??. Iaea?eueo i?eaeaoiei ? oethn OEO (niniiaa eai?oieue –
10-40%, aoeeiaee nie?o – 59,9-89,9%, i?o?ia?ii?ae?en?oai – 0,05-0,1%).
1.3 Iaoiaee iayiiy
I?e iayii? eiiiiiaio?a c? noa?aeiaaeie aeaiaeaie (aeene?aoieo A?A, ?N a
ieanoianiaeo ei?ionao c? noa?aeiaaeie aeaiaeaie) aeey eiioaeooaaiiy
aeei?enoiao?oueny o?eueee oa noi?iia ae?oeiaaii? ieaoe, aea
i?iaiaeeoueny iayiiy. Ae?ioia? aeaiaee, ui aenooiathoue iaae ieaoith aei
3 ii i?oeii c’?aeiothoueny o?eueee iaoiaeii a?oiiaiai iayiiy. Oaeei
iaoiaeii ? iayiiy caio?aiiyi, i?e yeiio iaoaeaa? iiaa?oi? c? noi?iie
iayiiy i?ae /an caio?aiiy a iayeueio aaiio iie?eaathoueny i?eii?i.
?ieiee iaoaeaa? iiaa?oi? ia ieao? caoeuathoue a?ae cii/oaaiiy i?eii?i,
caeeoath/e a?eueieie eiioaeooth/? iiaa?oi? c? noa?aeiyie, uia caiia?aoe
ooai?aiith ia?aie/ie oa caeiiiieoe i?eiie. Oea naeaeoeaia iayiiy
aeinyaa?oueny ca aeiiiiiaith iayeueieo ianie, ye? ooai?ththoue oeyoii
iie?eooy i?ia?aeiee?a caoeniei iayeueiei eaeii. Iayeueia ianea caeeoa?
/enoeie o?eueee o? i?noey, ye? iiaeii? aooe iie?eo? i?eii?i. Aeey ?ioeo
iaoaeaaeo i?ia?aeiee?a caoeniee iayeueiee eae ? ia o?eueee
a?aeooiaooaaeueiith i?eiie ?a/iaeiith, aea ia iniia? naiai neeaaeo
(iiaeeo?eiaaia aiieneaeia niiea) caniaii ei?ic?eiiai caoenoo.
Iaoiaee iayiiy iiaeii? caaeiaieueiyoe aeiiae iioi/iiai ae?iaieoeoaa ?
aa?aiooaaoe iaae?ei?noue ciathaaieo c’?aeiaiue (uia iaioa 1% ciathaaieo
c’?aeiaiue i?aeeyaaee ianooiiiio aeiiathaaiith). sseui iayiiy caio?aiiyi
ia iiaeeeaa (iaoiiaeaia eiia?iaoe?y ?a/iaei, iaaaeeea ia?o?y, iniaeeaa
oi?ia eiiiiiaio?a), oi aeiaiaeeoueny canoiniaoaaoe ?io? iaoiaee,
iai?eeeaae, ?io?a/a?aiia iayiiy. ?o/ia iayiiy iayeueieeii
canoiniao?oueny o?eueee i?ae /an ?aiiioieo ?ia?o aeey iayiiy noa?aeiaaeo
aeaiae?a A?A. Aeey oeueiai ?niothoue oaeineiiaeai? aaaaoi/eneaii?
iayeueieee ? aeiiii?aei? caniae, ye? aeicaieythoue aeae?eyoe iaaio
e?euee?noue oaiea, aiineoe aeiciaaio e?euee?noue i?eiith ?
a?aeniieooaaoe caeao eiai e?euee?noue a?ae i?noey iayiiy. Iayiiy
ae?oeiaaieo ieao a?o/io ia iiaeiii canoiniaoaaoeny, ai aiii cia/ii
ciaioo? i?oei?noue ? iaae?ei?noue, oaoiieia?/i?noue oa yaey?oueny
eiino?oeoeaii oa aeiiii?/ii iaaeioe?eueiei.
1.3.1 Iayiiy caio?aiiyi
I?e iayiiy caio?aiiyi neeaaeaia ieaoa noi?iiith iayiiy iionea?oueny a
?icieaaeaiee i?eiie (iayeueia aaiia). I?e oeueiio ia noi?ii? iayiiy an?
aeaiaee A?A, ui aenooiathoue ?c iiioaaeieo ioai??a, c’?aeiothoueny c
eiioaeoieie ieiuaaeeaie ieaoe. Iaeii/anii an? iaoaeaa? iiaa?oi?
(i?ia?aeieee, iiioaaei? ioai?e) cii/othoueny i?eii?i, ine?eueee aiie ia
iie?eo? iayeueiith ianeith. A ieaoao c iaoae?ciaaieie ioai?aie i?eiie
iiaeiai i?aeiyoeny aei onoaiiai/ii? noi?iie, caaaeyee /iio
i?aeaeuo?oueny iaae?ei?noue eiioaeoo.
I?e iayii? caio?aiiyi iayeueiith aaiiith i?aeaiaeeoueny ia o?eueee
i?eiie, aea e iaiao?aeia e?euee?noue oaiea. Oae ye ia?ao?ae oaiea a?ae
??aeeiai i?eiith aei oaa?aeeo eiioaeooth/eo iaoae?a i?ioiaeeoue oaeaeei,
oi oaiia?aoo?a iayiiy onoaiiaeth?oueny i?ioyaii 1-2 naeoiae.
Uia ao?aoe oaiea aaiie aoee iacia/i?, noi?iia iayiiy ae?oeiaaii? ieaoe
iiia?aaeiuei i?ae?a??aa?oueny. Caaaeyee oeueiio aaea?oueny oaeiae
caiia?aoe oaieiaiai oaea?o /ooeeaeo aei iaa??ao aaciaeo iaoa??ae?a.
O?oaeiiu? iaa??ao aaaaoioa?iai? ae?oeiaaii? ieaoe a o?i, ui oaiei
oaeaeei a?aeaiaeeoueny /a?ac aaaaoi/enaeuei? i?ii?aeeia? i?aei?
iiaa?oi?. Uia ia ci?ieeeny oiiae iayiiy, iaiao?aeii i?aeo?eioaaoe
iino?eiee oaiia?aoo?iee ?aaeei iayeueii? aaiie.
Oaiia?aoo?a iayiiy iiaeiia aooe ii iiaeeeaino? a?eueo iecueeith, uia
ciaioeeenue ao?aoe i?eiith ca ?aooiie ieeneaiiy. I?iaeoeoe ieeneaiiy
ieaaathoue ia iiaa?oi? aaiie ? caa?oaeiththoue ??. Ia?aae iayiiyi aiie
iiaeii? aooe aeaeaeai?, oae ye ? ia?aiiiith aei ooai?aiiy ye?nieo iayieo
c’?aeiaiue e ?iiae? o aeaeyae? ie?aee caeeoathoueny ia ae?oeiaai?e
ieao?. Aeaeaeaiiy i?iaeoeo?a ieeneaiiy i?iaiaeeoueny iaeaea aeeeth/ii ca
aeiiiiiaith iaoai?/ieo i?eno?i?a (i/euaiiy, o?eueo?oaaiiy), oae ye ?io?
iaoiaee, iai?eeeaae, iie?eooy ianeii, eai?oieeth /e aineii, i?eaeaoi?
o?eueee oiiaii. Iaaeie?eii ? oa, ui caoeni? caniae caa?oaeiththoue
noi?iio iayiiy ? i?e ianooii?e ia?iaoe? iiaeii? aeaeaeyoeny i?e
aeiiiiic? ?ic/eiiee?a ? ieth/eo cania?a.
I?e iayii? caio?aiiyi iayeueia aaiia ii?yae c a?aeaea/ath iaaii?
e?eueeino? i?eiith ? oaieioe aeeiio? ua e ooieoe?th aeoea?caoe?? oethno.
Oethn iaiineoueny ia noi?iio iayiiy caio?aiiyi, ?ica?eceoaaiiyi,
iaiacoaaiiyi aai aaeeeaie. Eaoth/? eiiiiiaioe i?ae /an noo?iiy i?e
iiia?aaeiueiio i?ae?a??a? aeia?iaothoueny. Aeoeaia /anoeia oethno –
eai?oieue – ??aiii??ii ae?eaa? iayio iiaa?oith. I?e caio?aii? a
?icieaaeaiee i?eiie oethn noa? aeoeaiei, a?aeiiaeththoueny ieenee ?
aeo?niythoueny i?eii?i ?acii c i?iaeoeoaie a?aeiiaeaiiy c iayieo
c’?aeiaiue. Ia iaoaeaa?e i/euai?e iiaa?oi? cae?enith?oueny i?ioean
iayiiy.
Iaoiaee iayiiy caio?aiiyi iiae?eythoueny ia iaoiaee c? niie?eiith oa
ia?ai?uoaaiith iiaa?oiath aaiie (aeiaeaoie 2):
iayiiy caio?aiiyi c aa?oeeaeueiei ia?ai?uaiiyi;
iayiiy caio?aiiyi c iaoeeii ieaoe;
iayiiy c aeei?enoaiiyi eieeaaeueieo ?oo?a;
iiaa?oiaaa iayiiy ? iayiiy i?ioyaoaaiiyi;
iayoieeiaa iayiiy;
no?oiaiaaa iayiiy (niin?a sylvania);
eaneaaeia iayiiy;
iayiiy oaeeath i?eiith.
1.3.2 Iayiiy oaeeath i?eiith
Iayiiy oaeeath i?eiith iaea?eueo i?eaeaoia i?e eiioaeooaaii?
noa?aeiaaeo A?A c ae?oeiaaiith ieaoith. Ia?aaaaeia a?eueo?noue an?o
iaeiinoi?iii?o ae?oeiaaieo ieao ? ae?oeiaaieo ieao c iaoae?ciaaieie
ioai?aie a ianiaiio ae?iaieoeoa? eiioaeoothoue ca aeiiiiiaith oaeeaaiai
iayiiy.
I?eioeei iaoiaeo iieyaa? a oiio, ui ieaoa i?yiie?i?eii ?ooa?oueny /a?ac
a?aa?iue oaee? i?eiith. Oaeey i?eiith caeeoa?oueny a?eueiith a?ae
ieene?a caaaeyee iino?eiiio ?ooia?, ? ae?oeiaaia ieaoa oai?aoe/ii
caio?th?oueny o?eueee ia iaaaeee?e ieiu?. Aeey yeino? iayiiy aaaeeeaee
eoo aoiaeo ? aeoiaeo, a oaeiae oi?ia oaee? i?eiith. Caaaeyee oeueiio a
iniiaiiio ae??oo?oueny ieoaiiy, ooai?youeny /e i? ia?aie/ee e aeny/?
e?aieeie. Ia caiiaiaiiy iaoae?ciaaieo ioai??a aieeaa? oi?ia oaee?, yea
oi?io?oueny caaaeyee aaiiao?e/iiio aeeiiaiith oaeeaooai?thth/eo niiae a
oe?ieeo iaaeao (aeiaeaoie 5).
Aeiaaaeaii, ui iaea?eueo ni?eyoeeaith oiiaith iayiiy ? ?oo ae?oeiaaii?
ieaoe iacono??/ i?eiith ? i?e oeueiio aeo?eio?oueny eoo a?ae 0( aei 10(
a?aeiinii oaee? i?eiith. Ceaaea iaai?ioe oaeo/a aeca?eaei i?eiith
caiia?aa? ooai?aiith ia?aie/ie. Aoi?eiiith oaeeath, yea i?aeo?eio?oueny
o?ioe ieae/a, i?ae iniiaia oaeey ?icieaaeythoueny aeny/? e?aieeie, oae
ui iayi? c’?aeiaiiy ia ia?aaeuothoue anoaiiaeaii? aeiaaeeie.
Ieinea oaeey caaacia/o? a?eueo aeiaai/aniee eiioaeo c ae?oeiaaiith
ieaoith. Caaaeyee oeueiio caaacia/o?oueny iayiiy iaoae?ciaaieo ioai??a,
aea i?aeaeuo?oueny oaieiaa iaaaioaaeaiiy.
No/ani? iaoeie iayiiy oaeeath i?eiith ? eiiieaenieie ii?iae?ciaaieie
aoceaie, eio?? ?ici?uothoueny a e?ioe? neeaaeaeueii? e?i??. Aiie
aeeiiothoue iaeia ca iaeiith ianooii? aoaie (?enoiie 2):
1 Oethnoaaiiy. I?ae /an oe??? iia?aoe?? ia noi?iio iayiiy iaiineoueny
oethn. I?e oaeeaaiio oethnoaaii? o a?aeiia?aeiiio i?eno?i? noai?th?oueny
oaeey oethno caaaeoee a?ey 1 ni oa oe?eiith 30-35 ni, iaae yeith
i?ioiaeeoue ae?oeiaaia ieaoa. I?e oeueiio oethn cii/o? iiaa?oith ? ia
iniia? eai?ey?ii? ae?? i?iieea? ia noi?iio onoaiiaee A?A.
I?e i?iaeoaaii? iia?o?yi iaaiiai oeneo /a?ac aocuee? niiea oethn
cai?ith?oueny. sseui ?c oaee? ??aeeie aeoiaeeoue i?iia oaeey, oi
aiai?eoueny i?i i?iia oethnoaaiiy. Oiaueia ie?aee oethno, ui
iaiineoueny, ia iiaeiia ia?aaeuoaaoe 3-4 iei. sseui oiaueia ie?aee
aaeeea, oi a i?ioean? iayiiy aeey ?? aeaeaeaiiy iaiao?aeii aaaaoi oaiea
? oea iiaea noaoe ia?aaeoiiaith iaaeia?iye?nieo iayieo c’?aeiaiue.
O?enaoe?y ciiioiaaii?
ieaoe a o?ainii?oi?e ?ai?
Oethnoaaiiy
I?ae?a??a
Iaeea ia oaee? i?eiith
I?iieaaiiy oa noo?iiy
aocea (i?ney iaeee c ianeii)
?enoiie 2 – Oaoiieia?/i? aoaie i?ioeano oaeeueiai? iaeee
2 Noo?iiy e iiia?aaei? i?ae?a??aaiiy. I?ney oethnoaaiiy ae?oeiaaia ieaoa
ceaaea i?ae?a??aa?oueny ? /anoeiai i?iaeoaa?oueny aa?y/ei iia?o?yi. I?e
i?ae?a??aaii? c oethno aea?o?th?oueny ?ic/eiiee. I?ney oeueiai
ae?oeiaai? ieaoe iio?aieythoue ia ae?eyieo, aea aiie i?ae?a??aathoueny
c? noi?iie iayiiy ca aeiiiiiaith iaa??oi? oeyoii oaieiai? ?aae?aoe??
ieeoe. Oea i?aeaioiaeth? a?aeiiaethaaeueio ae?th oethno, ui ii/eia?
ieaaeoeny i?e oaiia?aoo?? aeua 130(N. Ae?oaa iaoa iiia?aaeiueiai iaa??ao
– oieeiooe oaieiaiai oaea?o ae?oeiaaii? ieaoe.
3 Iayiiy. I?e oe?e iia?aoe?? ieaoa i?iaiaeeoueny /a?ac a?aa?iue oaee?.
I?e oeueiio a ia?o?e oac? oethn noa? aeoeaiei. Ooai?th?oueny iaoaeaaa
iiaa?oiy, ? i?ney oeueiai oethn ?acii c i?iaeoeoaie ?aaeoe??
aeo?niy?oueny i?eii?i. Ia i/euai?e iaoaeaa?e iiaa?oi? i?ioiaeeoue
aaaeaiee i?ioean ca’yceo. Iayiiy i?iaiaeeoueny i?e oaiia?aoo??
240-270(N. Aea?aia oaiia?aoo?a i?aeo?eio?oueny iino?eiith. I?e
oaeaeeino? ia?ai?uaiiy a?ae 0,5 aei 3,0 i/oa /an iayiiy noaiiaeoue a?ae
1 aei 7 naeoiae. Caeaaei?noue /ano iayiiy a?ae oaiia?aoo?e cia?aaeaia ia
?enoieo 3. A caeaaeiino? a?ae aeiaaeeie ae?oeiaaieo ieao iiaeia
eiioaeooaaoe a?aeiia?aeii ca aiaeeio a?ae 200 aei 800 ieao.
t,c
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0 (C
200 220 240 260 280
?enoiie 3 – Caeaaei?noue /ano iayiiy a?ae oaiia?aoo?e iaeee
Aaaeeeaith i?iaeaiith ? ieeneaiiy ieiai-naeiaoeue. Oaeaeea ia?ai?uaiiy
i?eiith a?aee?eaa? aeinooi eenith iia?o?y aei a?eueii? a?ae ieene?a
iiaa?oi?, oiaoi ieneaeiee oa? caaaa/o?oueny, a aaiia, aiane?aeie
oeueiai, ca?aeith?oueny ieiaii, oiio a iayeueio aaiio iaiao?aeii
aeiaeaaaoe i?eiie, caaaa/aiee ieiaii.
?iiae?, i?e oaeeaaiio iayii? aeey aaeueioaaiiy ieeneaiiy ? ciaioaii?
oe?aeeeai? ae?? ieene?a ia iayi? c’?aeiaiiy aei ??aeeiai i?eiith
aeiaeathoue aee?e (ie?y c caieyiiai ai??oa, iaeueiiaa ie?y c iacia/iith
e?euee?noth aiaee). Aeiaaaey?oueny aee? iaeeaaeaiiyi ie?eii? oaee? ia
oaeeth i?eiith /e aaciina?aaeiuei ci?ooaaiiyi a i?eii?. Caaaeyee oeueiio
aeinyaathoue aeayeeo ia?aaaa (a?eueo iecueea oaiia?aoo?a iayiiy,
iacia/i? aeo?aoe i?eiith, aeeneo/a iiaa?oiy iayieo c’?aeiaiue). I?ney
iayiiy iaiao?aeia ye?nia i?iieaaiiy, i?e yeiio aee? aeaeaey?oueny aac
caeeoeo, a a??oiio ?ac? ooai?th?oueny iiaeeaia iniiaa aeey an?eyeeo
a?eaeiaeo eieii?e oa cieaeo?oueny ee?iaoe/ia no?ee?noue ae?iao. I?e
ia?ai?ooaaii? aee?o c i?eii?i a iayieo c’?aeiaiiyo niinoa??aa?oueny
ai?no ie??. Oiio a a?eueoino? aeiaaee?a i?aoeththoue aac aee??a ?
i?aeo?eiothoue oi?ioith o?eueo?aoe??th iacia/iee ai?no ieene?a o aaii? c
i?eii?i.
4 Ioieiaeaeaiiy. I?ney i?iaaaeaiiy oaeeaaiai iayiiy iaiao?aeia /anoeiaa
/a?aiaa ia?iaethaaiiy. Aiii iiaea aooe neeaaeiaith a i?ioean? i?iieaaiiy
? i/euaiiy (aee?iaa iayiiy). Caeeoee oethno a iniiaiiio ia iio?aaothoue
aeaeaeaiiy, oae ye canoiniaothoueny oethne, ui ia ni?e/eiythoue ei?ic??.
?aioiaiai ioieiaeaeaiiy iaiao?aeii oieeaoe, oae ye ?c-ca ??ciiiai?oiino?
eiao?oe??io?a e?i?eiiai ?icoe?aiiy aaciaiai iaoa??aeo ? iaoaeaai? oace
(i?aeue, i?eiie) iiaeooue ooai?eoeny o??ueie.
1.4 Ia?aa??ea iayieo c’?aeiaiue
I?ioean oaeeaaiai iayiiy cae?i/o?oueny a?coaeueiei eiio?ieai iayieo
ae?oeiaaieo ieao. Iaeyae ? aaaeeeaith iia?aoe??th aeey aeio?eiaiiy
iaaieo ia?aiao??a iaoiaeo. Iaeiie/aiiy oa?aeoa?ieo aeaoaeo?a (ia?aie/ee,
aeny/? e?aieeie, iacii/ai? i?noey) iiaeiia i?eaiaeeoe aei oa?i?iiai?
ia?ai?ia??ee ? aeiiaeaaiaeaeoaaiiy iaaieo oaoiieia?/ieo ia?aiao??a.
Ia ?enoieo 4 iieacaii iiceoe?th i?ioeano iayiiy oaeeath o caaaeuei?e
oaoiieia?? aeaioiaeaiiy aocea. ?aioaaaeuei?noue iaoeiiiai iayiiy
aei??th?oueny i?ioeaioii ianooiiiai aeiiathaaiiy. Iayiiy oaeeath ?
aoaeoeaiei, yeui iaioa 1% iayieo c’?aeiaiue aoaeooue i?aeeyaaoe
ianooiiiio aeiiathaaiith.
sse?ni? iayi? c’?aeiaiiy iathoue anaa?/ii caieiaiee eiion i?eiith, a
yeiio iaica?i?iei ieii /?oei i?iaeyaeathoueny eiioo?e aeaiae?a A?A.
I?eiie ia aeaiaeao A?A iiaeiai i?iaeyaeaoeny ii an?e iiaa?oi? ? aooe
a?eueiei a?ae aeaoaeo?a. Iiaa?oiy iayiiai eiiona iiaeiia aooe aeaaeeith.
I?e ii?iaeueiiio ci?? ia a?aenoai? aei 25 ni ia iiaeii? aooe iii?oi?
ii?e ? ?aeiaeie. Oe? aeiiae a?aeiinyoueny aei iaeiinoi?iii?o ieao ? ieao
c iaoae?ciaaieie ioai?aie.
1.5 Iiaoi?ia iayiiy
I?e iiaoi?iiio iayii? aeieea? iaaaciaea ?oeioaaiiy /ooeeaeo aeaiaio?a
?c-ca iiaoi?ii? ae?? oaiea. I?oei?noue c/aieaiiy i?ae? oaeiae iaiaaeaia,
a iniiaiiio i?e aeiiathaaii? a?aeoa?iaothoueny eiioaeoi? ieiuaaeee.
Ciaioaiiy aenieiai i?ioeaioo aeiiathaaiiy ? aaaeeeaei oaeoi?ii a
aoaeoeaiino? caaaeueiiai i?ioeano. Oiio iiaeii? aeaeaeyoeny o?eueee oae?
aeaoaeoe, ye? cieaeothoue iaae?ei?noue aoce?a /e iaeiicia/ii ia aeathoue
eiioaeoo. Oaeeie aeaoaeoaie ?:
oieiaei? iayi? c’?aeiaiiy;
iaaeaeei? eiioo?e i?ia?aeiee?a o iayiiio eiion?;
u?eeii? ii?e i?e ia?aoiae? iayiiai eiiona aei aeaiaeo;
aaaaoi/eneaii? ae??ai?, e?oae? ii?e i?e ia?aoiae? iayiiai eiiona aei
aeaiaeo;
ie?ai? aaeee?, ia e?oaei? oi?ie ioai?e a iayiiio eiion?;
iai?iieeiaiiy ia neeaaeaeueio noi?iio i?eiith;
iayiiy i?ney iaoai?/ieo iaaaioaaeaiue.
I?aeaioiaea Ia?aa??ea aeaiae?a Ia?aa??ea
eiiiiiaio?a eiiiiiaio?a ia ae?oeiaaieo ieao ia
(aioooy, ia??coaaiiy) caeaoi?noue aei iayiiy caeaoi?noue aei
iayiiy
Cai?ea
Iaeea oaeeath
i?eiith
Ia?aa??ea iayieo
c’?aeiaiue (a?coaeueii)
Aei?iaiaoaaiiy Ianooiia
aocea aeiiathaaiiy
?aiiio aocea
?enoiie 4 – I?ioean iaeee oaeeath i?eiith i?e aeaioiaeaii? aoce?a
Ia iiaeii? aeiiathaaoeny ae?oeiaai? ieaoe i?e oaeeo aeaoaeoao:
iiaeeaeai? iaeee (e?eueoea i?eiith aeaeii ia iaio noi?iiao ? caieiaia);
i?e iioiauaii? iayiiai c’?aeiaiiy (i?ia?ae ciaoiaeeoueny a i?eii? oae,
ui eiioo? /?oei aeaeii);
i?e iaaeeeoeo i?eiith ia i?ia?aeieeao;
i?e iayaiino? ie?aieo iaeaiueeeo ii? a iayiiio eiion? /e a?ey ia?aoiaeo
aei aeaiaeo c i?iaiaeo (aaee/eia ii? iaioa ia?a??co i?iaiaeo).
Aeeiiaiiy aeiia ii onoiaiith o?eueee oaoi?/ii iaa?oioiaaieo aeaoaeo?a,
a oaeiae iaeiicia/ia aecia/aiiy aeaoaeo?a i?eionea? aenieo
eaae?o?eaoe?th eiio?iethth/iai ? ?aiiiooth/iai ia?niiaeo. An? o?oaeiiu?
iiaeii? i?eiaaeaoe ia iino?eia ?ici?ciaaaiiy ? ioe?ieo an?o aeyaeaieo
aeaoaeo?a c oei, uia onoaaoe ?o ca aeiiiiiaith eiio?ieth ? ci?ie ie?aieo
nooiai?a i?ioeano iayiiy /e caaaeueiiai oaoiieia?/iiai i?ioeano.
2 Iniiae ?ic?iaee oaoiieia?/iiai i?ioeano neeaaeaiiy ?
iiioaaeo ?aae?iaeaeo?iiii? aia?aoo?e
Oaoiieia?/iee i?ioean neeaaeaiiy oa iiioaaeo aia?aoo?e aeeth/a? ianooiio
aoaie:
caaioiaeo iiioaaeieo i?iaiae?a, ca/enoeo, ae??aithaaiiy ? eoaeaeaiiy ?o
e?ioe?a, iiia?aaei? ?icoaooaaiiy ? a’yceo aeaeaoo?a, i?aeaioiaeo aei
iaeee aeaiae?a ?aae?iaeaoaeae ? o.?i.;
neeaaeaiiy oan?, oiaoi i?aeaioiaeo eiai aei iiioaaeo (e??ieaiiy ia oan?
aeaoaeae oa aoce?a);
cae??ieaiiy iiioaaeieo i?iaiae?a oa e?ioe?a ?aae?iaeaoaeae ia
eiioaeoieo iaethnoeao;
iaeeo aai aeaeo?icaa?thaaiiy c’?aeiaiue;
eiio?ieue yeino? aeeiiaieo ?ia?o.
A oiiaao na??eiiai oa ianiaiai ae?iaieoeoaa oe?iei canoiniao?oueny
ane?cii-iia?aoe?eia oaoiieia?y neeaaeaiiy ? iiioaaeo ?aae?iaeaeo?iiii?
aia?aoo?e.
Ane?cii-iia?aoe?eia oaoiieia?y ia?aaeaa/a? ?icae?eaiiy anueiai i?ioeano
neeaaeaiiy ? iiioaaeo ?aae?iaeaeo?iiii? aia?aoo?e ia ie?ai? i?ino?
iia?aoe??, ia yeeo aeei?enoiaothoueny aeeiiaaoe? a?eueo iecueei?
eaae?o?eaoe??, i?ae aeeiiaaoe? anueiai i?ioeano. Aiia aea? ciiao
i?aeaeueoe ae?iaieoeoai i?aoe?, yeino? i?iaeoeoe??, a oaeiae cieceoe
?ic?yaeiino? i?aoe?.
I?e ?ic?iaoe? ane?cii-iia?aoe?eii? oaoiieia?? ia eiaeio iia?aoe?th
neeaaea?oueny oaoiieia?/ia ea?oa, yea aeeth/a? ane?c, ei?ioeee iien
i?aoe?, ia?ae?e aeaoaeae ? aeei?enoiaoaaieo iaoa??ae?a.
Ane?c iiaeiai iieacoaaoe oo /anoeio neeaaeaiiy /e iiioaaeo, yea
aeeiio?oueny ia aeai?e iia?aoe??. A?i aeeth/a? iaiao?aei?noue
ei?enooaaiiy neeaaeaeueieie e?aneaiiyie, iiioaaeieie noaiaie, a oaeiae
aeaoaeueiei iienii ?iaioe.
Ei?ioeee iien i?aoe?, yeee aea?oueny a oaoiieia?/i?e ea?o?, iiaeiai
aeacoaaoe ia’?i oa iine?aeiai?noue ?? aeeiiaiiy.
E??i oiai, iien i?aoe? iiynith? ? ooi/ith? aeaye? aeaoae?
neeaaeaeueii-iiioaaeiiai i?ioeano, yeee aaaeei iieacaoe ia ane?co.
I?e ?ic?iaoe? ane?cii-iia?aoe?eii? oaoiieia??, iia?aoe?? i?ioeano
?iaeyoue ??aieie aai e?aoieie ii o?eaaeino?, ui aea? ciiao oaeaeeiio
ia?aoiaeo ia na??eiee aai ianiaee iioi/iee iaoiae ae?iaieoeoaa.
I?iaeooaaiith ane?cii-iia?aoe?eii? oaoiieia?? ia?aaeo? ?ic?iaea
?icai?iooi? oaoiieia?/ii? a?aeiiino? iine?aeiaiino? neeaaeaiiy ?
iiioaaeo ia ?yae iine?aeiaieo aeaiaioa?ieo ?ia?o – oaoiieia?/ieo
ia?aoiae?a.
Oaoiieia?/ia a?aeii?noue aeicaiey? oaeaeei oi?ioaaoe oaoiieia?/i?
iia?aoe?? iaiao?aeii? o?oaeii?noeino?, aecia/aoe iiiaieeaoo?o
iaiao?aeiiai iaeaaeiaiiy, ?ino?oiaioo, aeiiii?aeieo iaoa??ae?a, a oaeiae
iieaaoo? aecia/aiiy caaaeueii? o?oaeii?noeino? neeaaeaeueii-iiioaaeieo
?ia?o.
I?iaeooaaiiy oaoiieia?/iiai i?ioeano neeaaeaiiy ? iiioaaeo
?aae?iaeaeo?iiii? aia?aoo?e ae?eyoue ia oae? aoaie:
aea/aiiy i?eeaaeo ? oaoiieia?/ia aeiii?aoethaaiiy eiai eiino?oeoe?? ?
noaie;
neeaaeaiiy ? iiioaae aoaeiiiiai c?acea i?eeaaeo;
?icae?eaiiy i?ioeano neeaaeaiiy ? iiioaaeo ia iia?aoe??;
?ic?iaea ane?cii-iia?aoe?eieo oaoiieia?/ieo ea?o neeaaeaiiy ? iiioaaeo.
2.1 Aea/aiiy i?eeaaeo oa oaoiieia?/ia aeiii?aoethaaiiy eiai
eiino?oeoe?? ? noai
Ia?aae ?ic?iaeith oaoiieia?? neeaaeaiiy ? iiioaaeo iaiao?aeii aea/eoe
i?eioeei ae??, i?ecia/aiiy ie?aieo aeaoaeae, aoce?a oa eaioetha?a
ia?aaeaa/aiiai aei caioneo a na??eia ae?iaieoeoai ?aae?ioaoi?/iiai
onoaoeoaaiiy. Oea aeicaieeoue i?aaeeueii ae??oeoe ieoaiiy, ye?
aeieeathoue i?e i?iaeooaaii? oaoiieia??, iai?eeeaae, ?icoaooaaiiy
iiioaaeieo i?iaiae?a, ia’?aeiaiiy i?iaiae?a a aeaeaooe, i?aaeeueia
aeei?enoaiiy ei?ionieo iaethnoe?a ? o.?i.
I?e aea/aii? c?acea i?eeaaeo iaiao?aeii i?iaiae?coaaoe iniaeeaino?
eiino?oeoe??, ?icoaooaaiiy ? e??ieaiiy aoce?a o aeaoaeae, iniaeeaino?
iiioaaeo c oi/ee ci?o i?eaeaoiino? aei ae?iaieoeoaa, i?e oeueiio ne?ae
aeyaeoe iiaeeea?noue ni?iuaiiy neeaaeaiiy oa iiioaaeo ? iie?ioaiiy
oaoiieia?/iino? eiino?oeoe??.
Iaiao?aeii ?aoaeueii ia?aa??eoe iiioaae, ei?enooth/enue oaaeeoeyie
c’?aeiaiue, iiioaaeiith ? i?eioeeiiaith noaiaie, caa?ioa oaaao ia ia?ee
i?iaiae?a, aeei?enoiaoaaieo aeey iiioaaeo. Ne?ae ?aeiiaiaeoaaoe
iaea?eueo oaoiieia?/i? ia?ee i?iaiae?a. ?aeiiaiaeo?oueny ia’?aeioaaoe
i?iaiaee a iaeei caaaeueiee aeaeaoo, aai ae a aeae?eueea ie?aieo
aeaeaoo?a, i?e/iio ia’?aeiaiiy i?iaiae?a a aeaeaooe ?iaeyoue o aeiaaeeo
i?inoiai iiioaaeo. Caaioiaea aeaeaooa iiaea aooe aeae?eaia a naiino?eio
oaoiieia?/io iia?aoe?th c aeei?enoaiiyi niaoe?aeueieo oaaeii?a, cia/ii
ni?iuoth/eo oeae i?ioean, a oaeiae ni?eyth/eo iino?eiino? ? aeo?aoiino?
iiioaaeo.
A oiio aeiaaeeo, eiee aaaeei ?ic??cieoe iiioaaei? i?iaiaee a aeaeaoo? ii
?o eieuei?ia?e ?cieyoe??, ?aeiiaiaeo?oueny iaiineoe ia e?ioe? i?iaiae?a
eieuei?ia? i?oee oa?aith, aai aeei?enoiaoaaoe oei?a?i?eia? eieuei?ia?
aai i?iioia?iaai? iaeiia/ieee. Oaeo iaeiia/ieee aeia?a cae??ieythoue
e?ioe? ?cieyoe??, cai?ithth/e niaith ?cieyoe?th ieoeaie.
*anoi aeey ni?iuaiiy oaoiieia?? iiioaaeo oa neeaaeaiiy aia?aoo?e ? ??
aoce?a aaiaeyoue aeaye? ci?ie eiino?oeoe??: ci?iththoue i?noey
?icoaooaaiiy ie?aieo aeaoaeae aai niin?a ?o e??ieaiiy, a oaeiae
onoaiiaeththoue ia oan? aeiiii?aei? i?io?aei? aoiia? aooeee, iaethnoee ?
o.?i.
Iaiao?aeii caa?iooe oaaao ia ia?eoaaiiy aeaoaeae oa aoce?a, anoaiiaeaieo
ia oan?. Aiie iiaeii? iaoe ia?eoaaiiy c aieo iiioaaeo ca?aeii noaie.
A oiio aeiaaeeo, yeui ia?eoaaiiy a?aenooi?, eiai iaiao?aeii aaanoe.
I?ney eiino?oeoeaii-oaoiieia?/iiai aiae?co ?aae?iaia?aoo?e iaiao?aeii
iiaiaeeoe ana c na??eii-eiino?oeoi?nueeei a?aeae?eii, i?eioneath/e
ci?ie, a aaea iio?i aiineoe oe? ci?ie a e?aneaiiy ? noaie.
2.2 Neeaaeaiiy oa iiioaae aoaeiiiiai c?aceo oan? i?eeaaeo
Aoaeiiiee c?acie aeaioiaeythoue c a?aooaaiiyi caoaa?aeaeaieo
eiino?oeoeaii-oaoiieia?/ieo ci?i. Oey ?iaioa iiaeiia aeeiioaaoeny
aenieieaae?o?eiaaieie neeaaeaeueieeaie ? iiioaaeieeaie aia?aoo?e.
Ia oeueiio aoaio ?ai?oa anueiai ae??oothoue ieoaiiy i?i aeae?eaiiy ia
naiino?ei? iia?aoe?? neeaaeaiiy ? iiioaaeo oaeeo aoce?a, ye noaiaiae?,
?icoeai? ieaiee, aaeaoi? ia?aieea/?, ooainaeuei? ?icaoee c i?aeiayieie
i?iaiaeaie aai aeaeaooii, a oaeiae aeeth/athoue caaioiaeo iiioaaeieo
i?iaiae?a (??ceo, ca/enoeo ? eoaeaiiy e?ioe?a), caaioiaeo ?ciethth/eo
o?oaie ? i?aeaioiaeo aeaiae?a ?acenoi??a ? eiiaeainaoi??a aei iiioaaeo
(??ceo e?ioe?a aeaiae?a, ca/enoeo, eoaeaiiy ? iaaeaiiy ?i iaiao?aeii?
oi?ie).
Ia?a?aoiaai? o?oaeii?noe? ?iaioe iiaeii? aeeiioaaoeny ie?aii c
aeei?enoaiiyi aenieiae?iaie/iai iaeaaeiaiiy.
I?ney oeueiai aecia/athoue iaea?eueo oaoiieia?/io iine?aeiai?noue
aeeiiaiiy caaaeueiiai oaoiieia?/iiai i?ioeano neeaaeaiiy ? iiioaaeo
aia?aoo?e, a?aoiaoth/e cae/aeii canoiniaoaaio iine?aeiai?noue iiioaaeieo
?ia?o, c?o/ia aeeiiaiiy ?ia?o, oaoiieia?/io iaeii??aei?noue i?aoe?,
aeeeth/ath/e iiaeeea?noue ooeiaeaeaiiy iiioaaeieo c’?aeiaiue ?
anoaiiaethaaii? aeaoae? aai aocea ianooiieie iia?aoe?yie ?, ia e?iaoeue,
i?eeiathoue ni?yioaaiiy aeeiiaiiy ?ia?o.
I?ae cae/aeii canoiniaoaaiith iine?aeiai?noth aeeiiaiiy iiioaaeieo ?ia?o
?icoi?thoue oaeee ii?yaeie, i?e yeiio nii/aoeo iiioothoue ei?ioe?
ia?aie/ee ?c iaieaiiai ae?ioo, iio?i a?eueo aeiaa? ia?aie/ee c
?cieueiaaiiai ae?ioo, aeae? aeeiiothoue iiioaae i?iaiae?a, ye? eaeooue
a?ae ?icoeaieo ieaiie oa ?ioeo aoce?a, oeeaaeea aeaeaooa ? iiioaae eiai
i?iaiae?a, ?, ia?aoo?, iiioaae iaa?nieo aeaoaeae. Oaea iine?aeiai?noue
i?iaaaeaiiy iiioaaeo a ie?aieo aeiaaeeao iiaea o??oee i?iyoeny ii
aeuacaaaeaiei i??eoaaiiyi.
Oae ye neeaaeaeuei? ? iiioaaei? ?iaioe oaoiieia?/ii iaiaeii??aei?, ?o
iaeaaeeoue ?iciaaeiaoaaoe, oae ye neeaaeaeuei? ?iaioe, ui ? a?eueo
a?oaeie iiaeii? aeeiioaaoenue ?ai?oa.
A ie?aieo aeiaaeeao aeiionea?oueny /a?aoaaiiy neeaaeaeueieo ? iiioaaeieo
?ia?o, a naia: eiee iiaia cae?i/aiiy neeaaeaeueieo ?ia?o c?iaeoue
aaaeeei aeinooi aei aoce?a ? aeaoaeae aeey aeeiiaiiy iiioaaeieo ?ia?o, a
oaeiae i?e iayaiino? a aia?aoo?? e?eoeeo aai oi/ieo aeaoaeae ? aoce?a,
iiioaae yeeo ? i?e?aeiaiiy iaiao?aeii aeeiioaaoe a inoaiith /a?ao.
Iai?/ath/e iine?aeiai?noue ?ia?o ia neeaaeaiiy ? iiioaae aia?aoo?e,
iaiao?aeii iaeii/anii aecia/aoe iiiaieeaoo?o iaiao?aeii? inianoee oa
iaeaaeiaiiy ? caiiaeyoe ?o.
I?e aeeiiaii? aoaeiiiiai neeaaeaiiy ? iiioaaeo aia?aoo?e iaiao?aeii
aei??yoe aeiaaeeie iiioaaeieo i?iaiae?a e ?ciethth/eo o?oaie ?
iaea?aeaii? aeai? caiinyoue a oaaeeoe?, ye? iaiao?aei? aeey aeaioiaeaiiy
aeaeaoo?a i?eeaaeo.
I?e aecia/aii? aeiaaeeie i?iaiae?a iio??aii ciaiooaaoe e?euee?noue
?ici???a oaeei /eiii, uia a?aaeaoe?y i?iaiae?a ii aeiaaeei? ia aoea iaio
i?ae 10 ii. Iaiao?aeii a?aoiaoaaoe aeo?aoe i?iaiae?a ia e??ieaiiy
e?ioe?a ? oaeiae caian ia iiaoi?ia cae??ieaiiy i?e ia?ea?.
Oaeei /eiii, e??i iaiao?aeii? aeiaaeeie i?iaiaeo, i?e eiai i?e?aeiaii?
i?ae oi/eaie noaie, iaiao?aeii aeaoe caian ??aiee 30…40 ii.
I?e a?ae?iaoe? aeaeaooa noa?aiii iiioothoue i?iaiaee ia oan?, e?ioe?aee
i?iaiae?a cae??ieththoue aac iaeee ia eiioaeoieo iaethnoeao;
aei??ththoue aeiaaeeio eiaeiiai i?iaiaeo aei cae??ieaiiy eiai ae?oaiai
e?ioey.
I?ney oeeaaeee i?iaiae?a ia oan? ?o ia’?aeiothoue a aeaeaoo ?
oa’ycothoue i?oeiith ieoeith, a iio?i ca?eueiythoue e?ioe? ? aeaeaoo
aeeiathoue c i?eeaaeo. Eiio?ao?aoe?th aeaeaooa ia?aiinyoue ia ane?c a
ianooaa? 1:1, ia iniia? yeiai aeaioiaeythoue oaaeii aeey a’ycee
aeaeaooa, ane?c oaeiae aeei?enoiaothoue aeey ?ic?iaee oaoiieia?/ii?
ea?oe caaioiaee aeaeaooa.
Ia?aeaeueii c a?ae?iaeith aeaeaooa ?iaeyoue a?ae?iaeo neeaaeaiiy ?
iiioaaeo aoce?a ?aae?iaia?aoo?e, a iio?i ?iaeyoue caaaeueia neeaaeaiiy ?
iiioaae oan? i?eeaaeo, i?e oeueiio ooi/iththoue i?eeiyoo iine?aeiai?noue
i?aoe?, ei?aeoothoue oaaeeoeth c’?aeiaiue, cai??ththoue ? a?aei?/athoue
a iiia?aaeiuei neeaaeaieo oaaeeoeyo aeiaaeeie i?iaiae?a ? ?cieyoe?eieo
o?oaie.
A i?ioean? neeaaeaiiy ? iiioaaeo aoaeiiiiai c?aceo oan? aia?aoo?e
?iaeyoue a?ae?iaeo c?ace?a iaa?nieo ?acenoi??a, eiiaeainaoi??a ?
iai?ai?ia?aeieeiaeo i?eeaae?a. C?acee iaiao?aei? aeey i?aeaioiaee
aeaiae?a noaiieo aeaiaio?a ia?aae iiioaaeai a oiiaao na??eiiai
ae?iaieoeoaa.
A i?ioean? neeaaeaiiy ? iiioaaeo aoaeiiiiai oan? i?eeaaeo neeaaeathoue
?icai?iooo oaoiieia?/io a?aeii?noue caaaeueiiai neeaaeaiiy ? iiioaaeo
ae?iao. Iiae?ai? a?aeiiino? neeaaeathoue oaeiae aeey neeaaeaiiy ?
iiioaaeo neeaaeieo aoce?a oeio noaiaiaeae.
I?e neeaaeaii? oaoiieia?/ii? a?aeiiino? i?ioean caaaeueiiai neeaaeaiiy ?
iiioaaeo ?ic/eaiiaothoue ia iine?aeiaiee ?yae aeaiaioa?ieo ?ia?o, a?eueo
iaea ae?iaeaiiy yeeo oaoiieia?/ii iaiiaeeeai aai iaaeioe?eueii.
I?e neeaaeaii? oaoiieia?/ii? a?aeiiino? noai?iue ae?iaeaiiy
neeaaeaeueii-iiioaaeiiai i?ioeano aecia/athoue a eiaeiiio eiie?aoiiio
aeiaaeeo ?ici??ii i?eiouaiiai ?eoio iioieo. *ei iaioa i?eionea?oueny
?eoi, oei ae??ai?oa iiaeiii aooe ae?iaeaiiy aeey aeinyaiaiiy
neio?ii?caoe?? iia?aoe?e.
Caaaeueia o?oaeii?noe?noue ?ia?o ii neeaaeaiith ? iiioaaeo aecia/a?oueny
iaaeeaeaii i?ae?aooieii caaaeueii? e?eueeino? e??ieeueieo c’?aeiaiue,
cae??ieaieo aeee i?iaiae?a ? aeaiae?a iaa?nieo aeaoaeae, e?eueeino?
iaeie oiui, ia iniia? na?aaeiueiai cia/aiiy i?eeiyoeo ii?i /ano ia oe?
?iaioe.
I?ioean neeaaeaiiy ? iiioaaeo i?eeaaeo cae?i/o?oueny eiio?ieai, i?ney
yeiai eaeooue iano?ieea ? aei?iaiaoaaiiy, ca?aeii oaoi?/ieo oiia. I?e
iiai?e a?aeiia?aeiino? i?eeaaeo oaoi?/iei oiiaai a?i caoaa?aeaeo?oueny a
yeino? aoaeiiiiai.
2.3 ?icae?eaiiy i?ioeano neeaaeaiiy ? iiioaaeo ia iia?aoe??
?icae?eaiiy oaoiieia?/iiai i?ioeano neeaaeaiiy ? iiioaaeo aia?aoo?e
ia iia?aoe?? aai, ?ioeie neiaaie oi?ioaaiiy iia?aoe?e aeeiio?oueny ia
iniia? oaoiieia?/ii? a?aeiiino?. I?e oi?ioaaii? iia?aoe?? aeoiaeyoue ?c
iio??aiiai ?eoio iioieo ? o?oaeii?noeino? aeaiaioa?ieo ?ia?o,
i?eaaaeaieo a oaoiieia?/i?e a?aeiiino? c a?aooaaiiyi ii?yaeeo ?o
aeeiiaiiy.
Ii aeiaaio?eaaeino? iia?aoe?y iiaeiia aei??aithaaoe ?eoio aai ae e?aoia
eiio a oiio aeiaaeeo, eiee aeaye? i?ioeane oaoiieia?/ii iaaea?aei? aai
?o iaiiaeeeai ?ic/eaieoe.
I?e oi?ioaaii? iia?aoe?e oaoiieia?/iiai i?ioeano ia o?aaa
ia’?aeioaaoe i?ioeane neeaaeaiiy ? iiioaaeo; aeeeth/aiiy ?iaeoueny a oeo
aeiaaeeao, eiee aiie oaoiieia?/ii niieo/athoueny: anoaiiaeaiiy ?ai?oa
ciiioiaaii? ?icoeaii? iaiae? ? i?ae’?aeiaiiy i?iaiae?a, ui aeoiaeyoue c
ia?. E??i oiai neeaaeaiiy ia’?aeiothoue c iiioaaeai aeey neio?ii?caoe??
iia?aoe??.
I?ney cae?i/aiiy oi?ioaaiiy iia?aoe?e ?iaeyoue aeine?aeia neeaaeaiiy ?
iiioaae iaeiiai aecaiiey?a oan? i?eeaaeo ? ooi/iththoue o?oaeii?noe?noue
iai?/aieo iia?aoe?e, i?iaeiaaeoth/e o?iiiiao??aeo ? /anoeiaee ?iciiae?e
?ia?o.
? o?eueee i?ney ia?aa??ee ? ei?aeooaaiiy ?icae?eaiiy
neeaaeaeueii-iiioaaeieo ?ia?o ia ie?ai? iia?aoe?? aeeiio?oueny ?ic?iaea
ane?cii-iia?aoe?eieo oaoiieia?/ieo ea?o aeey eiaeiiai ?iai/iai i?noey.
2.4 ?ic?iaea ane?cii-iia?aoe?eieo oaoiieia?/ieo ea?o
neeaaeaiiy ? iiioaaeo
Caaaeueiee ii?yaeie ?ic?iaie
Aeo?aeieie aeaieie aeey ?ic?iaee oaoiieia?/ieo ea?o yaeythoueny aoaeiii?
c?acee, oaoi?/i? oiiae, neeaaeaeuei? e?aneaiiy, niaoeeo?eaoe??, noaie,
oaaeeoe? iiioaaeieo c’?aeiaiue, oaaeeoe? i?iaiae?a oa ?ciethth/eo
o?oaie.
Aeey ciaioaiiy iiaeeeaino? iiieeie ? iaoi/iino?, a oaeiae iieaaoaiiy
?iaioe ?ic?iaea ane?cii-iia?aoe?eieo oaoiieia?/ieo ea?o iiaeiia
i?iaiaeeoeny o a?aeiia?aeiino? c anoaiiaeaiith iine?aeiai?noth
iia?aoe?e.
Nii/aoeo ?ic?iaeythoue oaoiieia?/i? ea?oe neeaaeaiiy ? iiioaaeo i?inoeo
aoce?a ? caaioiaee aeaeaoo?a, ye? ia?aaeaa/a?oueny aeaioiaeyoe iica
iioieii caaaeueiiai neeaaeaiiy ? iiioaaeo, a iio?i aaea ea?oe
caaaeueiiai neeaaeaiiy ? iiioaaeo i?eeaaeo.
Aee?anethaaiiy ane?co
Ane?c iiaeiai aeaaaoe oi/i? ? iaaeyaei? oyaeaiiy i?i oa, ye? ? ye
anoaiiaeththoueny aeaoae? ia aeai?e iia?aoe??, ye ? ye? iiioothoueny
i?iaiaee /e A?A (aeaeo?i-?aae?iaeaiaioe), i?ae yeeie eiioaeoieie
iaethnoeaie ? yea ?o ?icoaooaaiiy ia oan? i?eeaaeo aai iaiae? aocea.
Ca?aene – ane?c iiaeiai a a?eueo?e nooiai? aeaaaoe oyaeaiiy i?i oa, ye ?
ui iiaeiii aooe c?iaeaii ia aeai?e iia?aoe??, i?ae oaeno ea?oe. Ane?c
ea?oe neeaaeaeueii? iia?aoe?? e?aneeoueny ia iniia? neeaaeaeueiiai
e?aneaiiy ? aoaeiio neeaaeaiiy.
Ane?c ea?oe iiioaaeii? iia?aoe?? neeaaea?oueny ia iniia? aoaeiiiiai
iiioaaeo, neeaaeaeueiiai e?aneaiiy, iiioaaeii? noaie, oaaeeoe?
c’?aeiaiue ? aeey ea?o caaaeueiiai iiioaaeo oan? – ia iniia? neeaaeaii?
?ai?oa oaoiieia?/ii? a?aeiiino? ? oaoiieia?/ieo ea?o neeaaeaiiy ?
iiioaaeo aoce?a.
Ia ane?cao oaoiieia?/ieo ea?o neeaaeaeueieo iia?aoe?e iiaeii? aooe
cia?aaeai?:
Aaciaa aeaoaeue aai ?? /anoeia (ieaoa, ieaiea, iaiaeue ? o.?i.) a
iieiaeaii?, iaea?eueo c?o/iiio aeey i?aoe?.
Aeaoae? oa aocee ye? anoaiiaeththoueny ia aeai?e iia?aoe?? c ?o
e??ieeueieie aeaiaioaie, c aeac?aeith ?o noaiiei iicia/aiue ?
ioia?aoe??th eiioaeoieo iaethnoe?a.
Aeiaeaoeiaa aeaoaethaaiiy neeaaeaiiy (i?e iaiao?aeiino?).
Ciinee, ui aeacothoue iiceoe?? ao?aeieo aeaoaeae, ca?aeii niaoeeo?eaoe??
aeaii? oaoiieia?/ii? ea?oe.
5. ?io? ciinee ? i?ei?oee, iiynithth/? ane?ce (i?e
iaiao?aeiino?).
Ia ane?cao oaoiieia?/ieo ea?o iiioaaeieo iia?aoe?e iiaeii? aooe
cia?aaeai?:
Iiioaaeiee aocie, oan? i?eeaaeo aai ?o /anoeie a iieiaeaii? iaea?eueo
c?o/iei aeey i?aoe?.
Anoaiiaeai? ia iaiae? aocea aai oan? aeaoae? i?ae eiioaeoieie
iaethnoeaie, ia yeeo ae?iaey?oueny iiioaae a aeai?e iia?aoe??, c
aeac?aeith noaiieo iicia/aiue oeeo aeaoaeae ? ioia?aoe?? ?o iaethnoe?a.
Eiioo?e aeaoaeae, anoaiiaeaieo ?ai?o, a?aeiinii yeeo iio??aii
i???iooaaoe ?icoaooaaiiy i?iaiae?a, aeaeaoo?a ? iaa?nieo ?aae?iaeaoaeae,
ui iiioothoueny a aeai?e iia?aoe??.
I?iaiaee, aeaeaooe ? ?aae?iaeaoae?, ui iiioothoueny a aeai?e iia?aoe?? c
aeacaieie ia?eiaaieie ciaeaie i?iaiae?a aeaeaooa (?o eie?? aai iiia?),
iiceoe?? iaeeie/ieo i?iaiae?a, ia?aie/ie oa ?cieyoe?eieo o?oaie ii
niaoeeo?eaoe?? aeaii? oaoiieia?/ii? ea?oe ? noaiieo iicia/aiue
?aae?iaeaoaeae.
?io? ciinee ? i?ei?oee, iiynithth/? ane?ce ? aeei?enoai? iicia/aiiy (
i?e iaiao?aeiino? ).
Cia?aaeaiiy anoaiiaethaaieo aeaoaeae ? aoce?a c ?o e??ieaiiyi aai
iiioaaeieie i?iaiaeaie ? iaa?nieie ?aae?iaeaoaeyie iiaeii? aeeiioaaoenue
oianoeie e?i?yie (oiaueiith 0,6…0,8 ii) aeey io?eiaiiy oi?ioiai
cia?aaeaiiy ane?c?a, a ?io? aeaeei? aeaiaioe iiaeii? cia?aaeaoeny
oiieeie e?i?yie (oiaueiith 0,1…0,2 ii).
Ia ane?cao ia aeacothoue neeaaeaiiy aai iiioaae aeaoaeae ? aoce?a
aeeiiaieo iiia?aaeiuei. Aeiyoeii yaeythoueny e?ioe? i?iaiae?a,
i?ee??ieaieo ia iiia?aaei?o iia?aoe?yo, ye? cia?aaeathoueny ia ane?cao
ioieoe?ii. *anoi aeieea? iaiao?aei?noue i?aeeeth/aiiy aei eiioaeoieo
iaethnoe?a aeae?eueeio i?iaiae?a ia ??cieo iia?aoe?yo, i?e/iio iaeea
aeeiio?oueny o?eueee a o?e iia?aoe??, aea i?aeeeth/a?oueny inoaii?e c
oeeo i?iaiae?a. A oeueiio aeiaaeeo c’?aeiaiiy iaeeith a?aei?/athoue
aaeeeith e?aieith, a c’?aeiaiiy aac iaeee caeeoathoue iaiii?/aieie. I?e
iaiao?aeiino? c’?aeiaiiy aac iaeee aeae?eeoe iniaeeai ae?acii, ne?ae
aeacaoe ?o eiioo?iith no??eeith, a a oaoiieia?/i?e ea?o? c?iaeoe
a?aeiia?aei? i?ei?oee. Iaieai? iiioaaei? i?iaiaee, aeaiaee
?aae?iaeaoaeae ? iaieai? e?ioe? ?cieueiaaieo i?iaiae?a cia?aaeathoueny
ia ane?c? oianoeie iaeeia?ieie e?i?yie.
A?ae??cee ?ciethth/eo o?oaie, ye? iaae?aathoue ia ia?aie/ee ?c iaieaiiai
ae?ioo ? ia aeaiaee ?aae?iaeaoaeae, c iaoith ae??ciaiiy ?o a?ae
?cieueiaaieo iiioaaeieo i?iaiae?a ia ane?cao ne?ae caoooiaoaaoe.
Iiaea?eieie e?i?yie c? oo?eooaaiiyi cia?aaeathoue ?cieueiaai? i?iaiaee.
Neeaaeaiiy iieno ?iaioe
Neeaaeaiiy iieno ?iaioe a ane?cii-iia?aoe?ei?e oaoiieia?/i?e ea?o?
?iaeoueny ia iniia? oaoiieia?/ieo a?aeiiinoae ? oaoiieia?/ieo
?ino?oeoe?e ia aeaiee aeae ?iaioe.
A ane?cii-iia?aoe?ei?e ea?o? iieacothoue iia?aoe?? oa ia?aoiaee,
iine?aeiai?noue yeeo iiaeiia a?aeiia?aeaoe iine?aeiaiino? aeeiiaiiy
?iaioe.
Ia?ao?ae aeeth/a? oaoiieia?/i? iaeiiiai?oi? /anoeie aai oaoiieia?/ii
iaa?ae’?ii? /anoeie iia?aoe??, iai?eeeaae, cae??ieaiiy ia?aie/ie ?c
iaieaiiai ae?ioo, cae??ieaieo e?ioe?a ?cieueiaaieo i?iaiae?a,
cae??ieaiiy aeaiae?a iaa?nieo ?aae?iaeaoaeae, iaeea ? i?iieaea
c’?aeiaiue ? o.?i.
Iienoth/e ci?no ia?aoiaeo, i?aaiooue aei a?aie/ii ei?ioei? ? c?icoi?ei?
aeeeaaeee, oae ye i?e aaeeeiio iien? oaoiieia?/ia ea?oa noa? iaio
c?o/iith aeey ei?enooaaiiy. Aei oiai ae, ye i?aaeei nooi?noue niiniao
aeeiiaiiy ?ia?o aea?oueny aeieeaaeii a oaoiieia?/ieo ?ino?oeoe?yo, c
yeeie iiaeiai aooe iciaeiieaiee iiioaaeiee aai neeaaeaeueiee ua aei
ii/aoeo i?aoe?. I?e ?ic?iaoe? ane?cii-iia?aoe?eieo ea?o a aeiaeaoeo aei
iieno ia?aoiae?a aea?oueny aeac?aea i?i aeiaea?aeaiiy o??? /e ?ioi?
?ino?oeoe?? i?e aeeiiaii? ?iaioe.
A ?icae?eao, a ye? aoiaeyoue aeaoae? ? neeaaeaeuei? iaeeieoe? iiaeii?
aooe aeacai? iiia?a ii niaoeeo?eaoe?? aoce?a ? aeaoaeae, c yeeie
i?iaiaeeoueny ?iaioa. Iiia?a noaaeyoueny a aeoaeeao i?ney iaca
a?aeiia?aeieo aoce?a ? aeaoaeae.
A ea?oo aeeth/athoue ia?aoiaee, iaiao?aei? aeey ia?aa??ee i?aaeeueiino?
? yeino? iiioaaeo ? neeaaeaiiy naiei aeeiiaaoeai, ui aaaeeeai aeey
iiioaaeieo iia?aoe?e, ai iaa?oue iacia/ia iiieeea iiaea i?ecaanoe aei
aaeeeeo cao?ao i?aoe? ii aeyaeaiith ? e?ea?aeaoe?? oeueiai aeaoaeoo,
eiee ia?aa??ea aeeiio?oueny ia a?eueo i?ci?e noaae?? i?aoe?.
Iaeaaeiaiiy oa ?ino?oiaioe
Iaeaaeiaiiy oa ?ino?oiaioe aecia/athoue ia?aeaeueii c iienii ia?aoiae?a;
a ea?o? aeacothoue iacae ? oeo? iaeaaeiaiiy oa ?ino?oiaio?a ca?aeii c
?nioth/eie ii?iaie o?eueee iaeei ?ac, ia ii/aoeo ?o canoinoaaiiy.
Ao?aei? aeaoae? ? aocee. Aeiiii?aei? iaoa??aee
Ao?aei? aeaoae?, aocee, a oaeiae aeiiii?aei? iaoa??aee, iaiao?aei? aeey
aeeiiaiiy ?ia?o, iieacothoue a niaoeeo?eaoe?? ia?aaeaa/ai?e a
ane?cii-iia?aoe?ei?e ea?o? a ii?yaeeo aeeiiaiiy ?iaioe.
I?e aaeee?e e?eueeino? ao?aeieo aeaoaeae (i?iaiaee, ?acenoi?e,
eiiaeainaoi?e, oiui) ia?aaeaa/athoue niaoe?aeuei? oaaeeoe?, ?icoaoiaai?
ia iie? ane?co. A oaaeeoeyo iieacothoue iicia/aiiy ?aae?iaeaoaeae ii
noai?, a oaeiae ?o iii?iaeuei? cia/aiiy.
Ioia?aoe?y oaoiieia?/ieo iia?aoe?e
?aeiiaiaeo?oueny canoiniaoaaoe oae caaio “i’yoeiao” nenoaio ioia?aoe??
oaoiieia?/ieo iia?aoe?e, oae ye ioia?aoe?th aeeiiothoue ?yaeii
iine?aeiaieo /enae, e?aoieo i’yoe (? 0;5;10;15…). I?e iaiao?aeiino?
aeeth/aiiy aeiaeaoeiaeo iia?aoe?e ioia?aoe?y iine?aeiaieo iia?aoe?e ia
ii?ooo?oueny.
Ii?ioaaiiy neeaaeaeueii-iiioaaeieo ? ?aaoethaaeueieo ?ia?o
Ii?ioaaiiy neeaaeaeueii-iiioaaeieo ?ia?o aeeiiothoue ia iniia? ea?o
oaoiieia?/ieo i?ioean?a, ye? aecia/athoue ii?yaeie aeeiiaiiy iia?aoe?e,
canoiniaoth/e i?eeaaee, ?ino?oiaioe, iaoa??aee ? ?aaeei ia?iaee, a
oaeiae ia iniia? ii?iaoea?a /ano. Ei?enooth/enue oeeie aeaieie, iiaeia
?ic?aooaaoe ii?ie /ano ia ??ci? oaoiieia?/i? aa??aioe i?ioean?a.
?ic?aooiie ii?i ooo/iiai /ano ia iia?aoe?th aecia/athoue ii
oi?ioe?:
OOO = OII * ( 1 + E / 100 ) (oa.) , (1)
aea OOO – ii?ia ooo/iiai /ano, oa.; OII – iia?aoeaiee /an, oa.;
E – /an ia i?aai?caoe?eii-oaoi?/ia ianeoaiaoaaiiy ?iai/iai
i?noey, a?aeii/eiie ? i?e?iaei? iio?aae o a?aenioeao a?ae
iia?aoeaiiai /ano.
?icaeyiaii i?eeeaae ?ic?aooieo ii?i ooo/iiai /ano ia
neeaaeaeueii-iiioaaei? ? ?aaoethaaeuei? ?iaioe:
I?EEEAAe 1.
Iia?aoe?y – onoaiiaea neeiaiai o?ainoi?iaoi?a ia oan? oaeaa?ci?a
(eaieaie);
Oei ae?iaieoeoaa – iioi/ii-ianiaa;
Iaeaaeiaiiy oa ?ino?oiaioe – eiiaae?? iaia?a?aii? ae??, a?cie;
?ino?oiaio – niaoe?aeueiee eeth/ aeey ?icaa?oaiiy eaiie;
Aaaa?eoe ? aaaa – 150*150*20 ii, aei 6 ea.
Ci?no ?iaioe
Acyoe neeiaee o?ainoi?iaoi? c aeaiaeaie, i?aeianoe, niieo/eoe eaiee c
ioai?aie oan? ? anoaiiaeoe o?ainoi?iaoi?.
Ia?aaa?iooe oan? ia 180 a?aae.
Acyoe niaoe?aeueiee eeth/ ? ?icaa?iooe eaiee.
4. A?aeeeanoe ?ino?oiaio.
?ic?aooiie ooo/iiai /ano. *an ia i?aai?caoe?eii-oaoi?/ia ianeoaiaoaaiiy
?iai/iai i?noey, a?aeii/eiie ? iniaeno? iio?aae i?e ?iaio? ia eiiaae???
aacia?a?aii? ae?? c iaei??th 10-oaeeeiiith ia?a?aith ia o?ce/io ca?yaeeo
neeaaea? 9.3% a?ae iia?aoeaiiai /ano, ca?aeii oaae.1.2.
?ic?aooiie iia?aoeaiiai /ano
Oaaeeoey 2
? Ci?no ?iaioe *an, oa.
1 Acyoe neeiaee o?ainoi?iaoi? ? i?aeianoe aei i?noey anoaiiaeaiiy 0,055
2 Anoaiiaeoe ia /ioe?e eaiee 0,130
3 Ia?aaa?iooe oan? ia 180( 0,045
4 Acyoe niaoe?aeueiee eeth/ 0,015
5 ?icaa?iooe eaiee o?ainoi?iaoi?a 0,120
6 A?aeeiaeeoe niaoe?aeueiee eeth/ 0,015
Anueiai 0,380
Oaeei /eiii OII = 0.380 oa.
Ooo/iee /an aecia/a?oueny ye:
OOO = OII * ( 1 + E/100 )=0.380(1+9.3/100)=0.415 (oa).
I?EEEAAe 2.
Iia?aoe?y – ?aaoethaaiiy II*-a?aeai oaeaa?ci?a.
Oei ae?iaieoeoaa – iioi/ii-ianiaee.
Iaeaaeiaiiy – eiiaae??.
I?eeaaee e ?ino?oiaioe – i?eeaaee oeio IIO, aee?ooee.
Ci?no ?iaioe
1. Ia?aeeth/eoe o?oeo iai?oae.
2. Aeeth/eoe i?ia?ae aeeaeaiiy.
3. I?ae’?aeiaiiy i?eeaaeo IIO.
Iaeaaeeoe II*-a?aeai ca?aeii oaoiieia?/iiai i?ioeano aeaiiai
i?aei?e?inoaa.
A?aeeeth/eoe i?ia?ae aeeaeaiiy.
6. A?aeeeth/eoe i?eeaae IIA.
7. Ia?aa??eoe iiioaae.
8. A?aei?oeoe a EIE ie?aoeai.
*an ia i?aai?caoe?eii-oaoi?/ia ianeoaiaoaaiiy ?iai/iai i?noey
a?aeii/eiie ? iniaeno? iio?aae (aeey an?o aeae?a ?ia?o)
(O a?aenioeao a?ae iia?aoeaiiai /ano)
Oaaeeoey 3
Iaeiaioaaiiy aeaiaio?a aeo?ao ?iai/iai /ano Eiiaae?? c ioeuenoth/ei
?eoiii ?ooo Eiiaae?? c i?eioniaei ?eoiii ?ooo Iiioaaeiee no?e Aaoiiao
aai iai?aaaoiiao
?iceeaaeaiiy, ?aaoethaaiiy, i?iieaea ? i?eae?aiiy ?ino?oiaioo ?
iaeaaeiaiiy ia ii/aoeo, ia i?ioyc? ? a e?ioe? ci?ie 0,5 0,5 0,6 0,6
I?aeaioiaea iaoa??ae?a ia i?ioyc? ci?ie 0,4 0,4 0,6 0,4
I?eae?aiiy ?iai/iai i?noey ia i?ioyc? oa i?ney cae?i/aiiy ci?ie 0,9 0,9
1,1 1,0
A?aeii/eiie ? iniaeno? iio?aae 4,8 5,0 4,8 4,8
Anueiai 6,6 6,8 7,1 6,8
C a?aooaaiiyi o?ce/ii? ca?yaeee (iaeia ia?a?aa ia 10 oa.) 2,5 2,5 2,5
2,5
Ia ciaoiaeaeaiiy aeaoaeo?a oa ?aiiio 10 10 10 10
Anueiai 9,1 9,3 9,6 9,3
?ic?aooiie iia?aoeaiiai /ano
Oaaeeoey 4
Ci?no ?iaioe *an, oa.
Ia?aeeth/eoe o?oeo iai?oae 0,10
I?e?aeiaoe (a?ae’?aeiaoe) i?ia?ae aeeaeaiiy 0,07
I?e?aeiaoe (a?ae’?aeiaoe) IIA 0,17
Iaeaaeeoe II*-a?aeai (6 ina?aeue) 1,30
Ia?aa??ea iiioaaeo 0,40
A?aei?oea a EIE (ie?aoeai) 0,10
Anueiai 2,14
?ic?aooiie ooo/iiai /ano. *an ia i?aai?caoe?eii-oaoi?/ia ianeoaiaoaaiiy
?iai/iai i?noey, a?aeii/eiie ? iniaeno? iio?aae i?e ?iaio? ia eiiaae???
c ioeuenoth/ei ?eoiii ?ooo c iaei??th 10-oaeeeiiith ia?a?aith ia o?ce/io
ca?yaeeo neeaaea? 9.1% a?ae iia?aoeaiiai /ano. Ia ciaoiaeaeaiiy
aeaoaeo?a ? iaeee ?aiiio aa?aii 10% a?ae iia?aoeaiiai /ano.
Anueiai io?eio?ii 19.1%
OOO = OII ( 1 + E / 100 )=2.14(1+19.1/100)=2.56 (oa).
3 Oeiia? oaoiieia?/i? noaie i?ioeano neeaaeaiiy ? iiioaaeo
?aae?iaeaeo?iiii? aia?aoo?e ia ia/aoieo ieaoao
Aeei?enoiaothoue ianooii? oeiia? noaie oaoiieia?/iiai i?ioeano
neeaaeaiiy ? iiioaaeo aia?aoo?e ia ia/aoieo ieaoao:
Neeaaeaiiy ? iiioaae aoce?a iaeiiieaoii? eiino?oeoe?? c ?o/iei
anoaiiaeaiiyi ?aae?iaeaiaio?a i?e aeei?enoaii? iaoiaeo ?iaeea?aeoaeueii?
iaeee;
Neeaaeaiiy ? iiioaae aoce?a iaeiiieaoii? eiino?oeoe?? c ?o/iei
anoaiiaeaiiyi ?aae?iaeaiaio?a i?e aeei?enoaii? iaoiaeo a?oiiai? iaeee;
Neeaaeaiiy ? iiioaae aoce?a iaeiiieaoii? eiino?oeoe?? c iaoai?ciaaiei
anoaiiaeaiiyi ?aae?iaeaiaio?a;
Neeaaeaiiy ? iiioaae aoce?a aeaiieaoii? eiino?oeoe??;
A caeaaeiino? a?ae noaie no?oeoo?a oaoiieia?/iiai i?ioeano iiaea
neeaaeaoenue c ianooiieo iia?aoe?e:
? noaia
1. Caaio?aaeuei? iia?aoe??:
a)i?aeaioiaea E?A aei iiioaaeo;
a)neeaaeaiiy ia/aoii? ieaoe;
Neeaaeaiiy ? iiioaae aoce?a (?iaeea?aeoaeueia, ia iioioe?, ia
aaaaoii?aaeiaoiiio eiiaae???).
?? noaia
1. Caaio?aaeuei? iia?aoe??:
a)i?aeaioiaea ?aae?iaeaiaio?a aei iiioaaeo;
a)neeaaeaiiy ia/aoii? ieaoe;
Anoaiiaeaiiy aeaoaeae ? ?aae?iaeaiaio?a ia eiiaae???:
a)?o/ia anoaiiaeaiiy;
a)?o/ia anoaiiaeaiiy, i?ae??cea ? oi?iiaea aeaiae?a ca
aeiiiiiaith
i?aeaeiaeueii? aieiaee;
a)eiio?ieue i?aaeeueiino? anoaiiaeaiiy ?aae?iaeaiaio?a ?
aeaoaeae;
3. A?oiiaa iaeea:
a)iaacaee?aiiy;
a)aenoooaaiiy;
a)oethnoaaiiy;
a)aenoooaaiiy;
ae)iaeea;
a)i?iieaea;
ae)aenoooaaiiy;
4. Aeiiaeea.
5. Inoaoi/ia i?iieaea.
6. Eiio?ieue.
??? noaia
1. Caaio?aaeuei? iia?aoe??:
a)i?aeaioiaea ?aae?iaeaoaeae ia eiiaae???;
a)neeaaeaiiy ia/aoii? ieaoe;
2. Anoaiiaeaiiy ?aae?iaeaiaio?a ia eiiaae???:
a)anoaiiaeaiiy ?aae?iaeaiaio?a c oeee?iae?e/iith oi?iith ei?iono
ca aeiiiiiaith oeeaaeaeueii? aieiaee;
a)anoaiiaeaiiy ae?iae?a ca aeiiiiiaith oeeaaeaeueii? aieiaee;
a)anoaiiaeaiiy o?aicenoi??a ca aeiiiiiaith oeeaaeaeueii? aieiaee;
a)anoaiiaeaiiy ?aae?iaeaiaio?a, ui ia i?aeeyaathoue iaoai?caoe??
a?o/io;
ae)eiio?ieue i?aaeeueiino? anoaiiaeaiiy ?aae?iaeaiaio?a ? aeaoaeae;
3. A?oiiaa iaeea.
4. Aeiiaeea.
5. Inoaoi/ia i?iieaea.
6. Eiio?ieue.
Oeiia? iia?aoe??
sse aeaeii c i?eaaaeaieo noai oaoiieia?/ieo i?ioean?a, aiie ae?acii
?icae?eai? ii aeaeai ?ia?o, oeiia? iia?aoe?? ye? iathoue niaaeeia?noue a
eiaei?e noai?.
Oeiia? iia?aoe?? neeaaeaiiy ? iiioaaeo aia?aoo?e ia ia/aoieo ieaoao
iathoue aecia/aio no?oeoo?o, yea iieacaia ieae/a.
Iia?aoe?? i?aeaioiaee ?aae?iaeaiaio?a oe?ieiai canoinoaaiiy aei
neeaaeaiiy.
1.Eiio?ieue ?aae?iaeaiaio?a ii iii?iaeai
“i?eaeaoiee–iai?eaeaoiee”.
2.?eooiaea aeaiae?a.
3.I?ae??cea aeaiae?a.
4.Ca/euaiiy aeaiae?a.
5.Aeeaaeea ?aae?iaeaiaio?a a oaoiieia?/io eanaoe.
6.Eoaeaeaiiy aeaiae?a ?aae?iaeaiaio?a.
7.Oi?ioaaiiy aeaiae?a ?aae?iaeaiaio?a.
Iia?aoe?? i?aeaioiaee ?aae?iaeaiaio?a aocueeiai canoinoaaiiy aei
neeaaeaiiy.
1.Eiio?ieue ?aae?iaeaiaio?a “i?eaeaoiee–iai?eaeaoiee”.
2.?eooiaea ae?ioyieo aeaiae?a ?aae?iaeaiaio?a.
3.I?ae??cea aeaiae?a ?aae?iaeaiaio?a.
4.Ca/euaiiy ae?ioyieo aeaiae?a.
5.Eoaeaeaiiy aeaiae?a ?aae?iaeaiaio?a.
6.Oi?ioaaiiy ae?ioyieo aeaiae?a ?aae?iaeaiaio?a.
7.Oi?ioaaiiy no??/eiaeo aeaiae?a.
8.I?ae??cea no??/eiaeo aeaiae?a.
9.Oi?ioaaiiy aeaiae?a ae?iae?a.
10.Oi?ioaaiiy aeaiae?a o?aicenoi??a.
Iia?aoe?? neeaaeaiiy ia/aoieo ieao.
1.Anoaiiaeaiiy ia ieaoo ionoio?eeo caeeaiie-i?noii?a.
2.Anoaiiaeaiiy ia ieaoo eiioaeo?a.
3.Anoaiiaeaiiy ia ieaoo ia?aie/ie.
4.Anoaiiaeaiiy ooe??a.
5.Anoaiiaeaiiy ia ieaoo ?aae?iaeaiaio?a.
6.I?aeaioiaea aeaiae?a ?aae?iaeaiaio?a.
7.Anoaiiaeaiiy ia ieaoo ae?iae?a.
8.Aeineeaaeaiiy ieaoe.
9.Eiio?ieue i?aaeeueiino? ? yeino? anoaiiaeaiiy ?aae?iaeaiaio?a.
Iia?aoe?? iaeee iiioaaeieo c’?aeiaiue ia ia/aoieo ieaoao.
1.Iaacaee?aiiy ieaoe.
2.Oethnoaaiiy i?noeue iaeee.
3.Iaeea c’?aeiaiue ia ieao?.
4.Aeiiaeea c’?aeiaiue.
5.I?iieaea ieaoe.
6.Aenoooaaiiy ieaoe.
Aea?? noaie i?ioeano
Noaia i?ioeano aeae?a?oueny a caeaaeiino? a?ae eiino?oeoeaieo
a?aei?iiinoae ia/aoii? ieaoe, a oaeiae na??eiino? ae?iaieoeoaa.
Ia?oa noaia ?aeiiaiaeo?oueny i?e aeaioiaeaii? aoce?a c aeainoi?iii?i
?icoaooaaiiyi ?aae?iaeaiaio?a ? aeaoaeae a?aeiinii ieaoe, a oaeiae
aoce?a, a yeeo aeaiaee ?aae?iaeaiaio?a ia i?aeaeiathoueny i?ney ?o
anoaiiaeaiiy ia ieaoo.
Ae?oaa noaia ?aeiiaiaeo?oueny i?e ae?iaieoeoao aoce?a, ei?ione
?aae?iaeaoaeae yeeo anoaiiaeththoue ia a?aenoai? a?ae iiaa?oi? ieaoe, a
oaeiae aoce?a, ei?ione ?aae?iaeaiaio?a yeeo anoaiiaeththoue u?eueii aei
iiaa?oi? ieaoe, aea ii aeiiii?/i?e aoaeoeaiino? ?o iaaeioe?eueii
ia?aaiaeeoe ia iaoai?ciaaia neeaaeaiiy.
O?aoy noaia. Oey noaia i?ioeano i?eionea? aenieo oaoiieia?/i?noue
eiino?oeoe?? aoce?a aeey caaacia/aiiy iaoai?ciaaiiai neeaaeaiiy ?
i?aaenoaaey? niaith i?ia?aneaiee oaoiieia?/iee i?ioean.
*aoaa?oa noaia ia? iaiaaeaia aeei?enoaiiy c iiaeyaeo iacia/iiai ia’?io
aeaioiaeaiiy aoce?a aeey aeaiieaoii? eiino?oeoe??.
4 ?ic?aooiie oeiiaeo ae?eyiie neeaaeaiiy ? iiioaaeo ia/aoieo
ieao a oiiaao ae??aiina??eiiai ? na??eiiai ae?iaieoeoaa
I?ia?aia caioneo
I?e neeaaeaii? ? iaeoe? ia/aoieo ieao iathoue cia/ia i?noea oaoiieia?/i?
cao?aoe, a ca’yceo c /ei ?ic?aooiie ae?eyiie iiaeiai aeeiioaaoenue ia
i?ia?ai? caioneo, aecia/ath/e ii oi?ioe?:
NS=N*j , (2)
aea NS – ??/ia i?ia?aia caioneo, oo.; N – ??/ia i?ia?aia aeioneo, oo.;
j – eiao?oe??io oaoiieia?/ieo aeo?ao.
E?euee?noue ?iai/eo i?noeue, ae?iaie/eo ?ia?oiee?a ? iaeaaeiaiiy
E?euee?noue ?iai/eo i?noeue ia eiaei?e iia?aoe?? aecia/a?oueny ii
oi?ioeo:
N=NS*t/O , (3)
aea N – e?euee?noue ?iai/eo i?noeue ia iia?aoe??; t – o?oaeii?noe?noue
aeeiiaiiy iia?aoe??, aiae.; O – ??/iee oiiae /ano ?iai/iai i?noey (i?e
aeaici?iiiio ?iceeaae? i?aoe?), aiae.
Eiao?oe??io caaaioaaeaiiy ?iai/eo i?noeue ? iaeaaeiaiiy aecia/a?oueny ii
oi?ioe?:
JC = N? / NI? , (4)
aea JC – eiao?oe??io caaaioaaeaiiy; N? – ?ic?aooieiaa e?euee?noue
?iai/eo i?noeue; NI? – i?eeiyoa e?euee?noue ?iai/eo i?noeue.
*enei ae?iaie/eo ?ia?oiee?a aecia/a?oueny ii oi?ioeo:
E?= Nt/O? , (5)
aea E? – iio??aia /enei ae?iaie/eo ?ia?oiee?a; Nt – caaaeueiee ia’?i
ae?iaieoeoaa ia ae?eyioe?, /ie/aiae; O? – ??/iee oiiae ?ia?oieea, aiae.
Oaoiieia?/ia ieaioaaiiy ? i?aai?caoe?y i?aoe? ia ae?eyieao
?iai/? i?noey ia ae?eyieao ?icoaoiaothoue ii oiaeo oaoiieia?/iiai
i?ioeano, ye? iniauothoue aa?noaeaie c aaaa?eoieie ?ici??aie
1250*750*800; aa?noae neeaaea?oueny c ?aie ? aeaio no?eie, ye?
e??ieyoueny aei ia?. Caa?oo ia?oueny e?eoea eieuei?o “neiiiaa e?noea”.
Ia ?iai/eo i?noeyo, i?ecia/aieo aeey eoaeaeaiiy, iaeee ? i?iieaee,
iaiao?aeii aiiioiaoaaoe i?noeaao aaioeeyoe?eio aeoyaeeo.
Ae?eyiea aeaioiaeaiiy ia/aoieo ieao iniauo?oueny ai?eciioaeueii
caieiaiei eiiaae??ii ia??iaee/ii? ae??.
?iai/? i?noey iinoa/athoue aeaoaeyie ? iaoa??aeaie aea?/? ca ci?io, a
oi/i?oa aei ii/aoeo ?iaioe ? a ia?aeith ia?a?ao. Oe? iaoa??aee
iinooiathoue ia ?iai/? i?noey ?c caaaeueiioeaoiai? iaoa??aeueii? eiii?e.
Aacia?a?aio ?iaioo ae?eyiee caaacia/othoue iaiao?aeiei canoaaeaiiyi a
eiii?ao, aaee/eia yeiai aecia/a?oueny oa?aeoa?ii ae?iaieoeoaa.
Iano?euei? ?o/i? i?eno?i? aeei?enoiaothoue aeey i?aeaioiaee aeaiaio?a
iaeiai canoinoaaiiy, a iai?aaaoiiaoe ? aaoiiaoe – aeey aeaiaio?a
oe?ieiai canoinoaaiiy.
Eoaeaeaiiy aeeiiothoue ia iai?aaaoiiaoe/iiio iaeaaeiaii? aeey iaeee oeia
AI-4 (na??eia ae?iaieoeoai), aai o aaiiao aeey eoaeaeaiiy
(ae??aiina??eia).
Neeaaei? ieaoe c neeaaeaeueii-iiioaaeii? ae?eueieoe? iinooiathoue a
ie?ai? iaeee, aea ?iaeyoue:
a) iaeeo ieao ia iaeaaeiaii? AI-4 c ianooiiith iaeeith ia ?iai/iio
i?noe? ia i?iiayieo i?noeue;
a) i?iieaeo ieao;
a) ia?aa??eo yeino? iaeee ? iiioaaeo eaae?o?eiaaieie i?aoe?aieeaie
oa eiio?iea?aie.
Aioia? ieaoe iinooiathoue a eiii?o aioiaeo ae?ia?a.
Aeiaeaoie 1
Oace i?ioeano iaeee
iia?o?y
ieeniee oa?
iniiaiee iaoae
oethn
ciauoaaiiy ieeneaii? iiaa?oi? iaoaeo oethnii
iniiaiee iaoae
a?aeiiaeaia iiaa?oiy iaoaeo
iniiaiee iaoae
??aeeee i?eiie
ciauoaaiiy i?eii?i iaoae?/ii? iiaa?oi?
iniiaiee iaoae
i?eiie
ciia nieaaeaiiy
iniiaiee iaoae
Aeiaeaoie 2
Iaoiaee iayiiy
a) a)
a) a)
ae) a)
?) ae)
a – iaeea caio?aiiyi c aa?oeeaeueiei ia?ai?uaiiyi;
a – iaeea caio?aiiyi c iaoeeii ieaoe;
a – iaeea i?ioyaoaaiiyi;
a – iaeea ?c canoinoaaiiyi eieeaaeueiiai ?ooo;
ae – iaeea caio?aiiyi c iayoieeiaei ?ooii ieaoe;
a – iaeea iaoiaeii sylvania;
? – eaneaaeia iaeea;
ae – iaeea oaeeath ii i?eioeeio no?eaiiy i?eiith.
Aeiaeaoie 3
I?io?e? oaee? i?e iayii? oaeeath
a) a)
a) a)
ae) a)
a – aeoaiaa oaeey; a – ieinea oaeey;
a – aeaeueoa-oaeey; ae – ieinea oaeey;
a – a?aeaeoa oaeey; a – aoi?eiia oaeey.
Aeiaeaoie 4
Ooo/i? ii?ie /ano oa /an ia neeaaeaiiy ? iiioaae
Ooo/ia ii?ia /ano
?ic?aooiie ii?i /ano ia iia?aoe?? neeaaeaiiy ? iiioaaeo ?ic?aoiao?oueny
ii oi?ioe?:
OOO = OII * E (oa.) , (1)
aea OOO – ooo/iee /an ia aeeiiaiiy iia?aoe??; OII – iia?aoeaiee
/an; E – eiao?oe??io, ui ia?aaeaa/a? i?aeaioia/i-caeeth/iee /an oa /an
ia i?aai?caoe?eii-oaoi?/ia ianeoaiaoaaiiy ?iai/iai i?noey, a?aeii/eiie ?
iniaeno? iio?aae.
I?e ?ic?aooieao ii?i ooo/iiai /ano ia ?aaoethaaiiy ? eiio?ieue a oi?ioe?
(1) aaiaeeoueny eiao?oe??io E?, ui a?aoiao? /an ia aeyaeaiiy ? ?aiiio
aeaoaeo?a ?aaoethaaeueieeii a i?ioean? ?aaoethaaiiy ae?iao, oiaoi
oi?ioea (1) iaaoaa? ianooiiiai aeaeyaeo:
Ooo = Oii * E? * EI (oa.) (2)
I?aeaioia/i-caeeth/iee /an, /an ia i?aai?caoe?eii-oaoi?/ia
ianeoaiaoaaiiy ?iai/iai i?noey, a?aeii/eiie ? iniaeno? iio?aae
Oaaeeoey 1
? Iaeiaioaaiiy aeaiaio?a cao?ao ?iai/iai /ano Ci?no ?iaioe *an a
i?ioeaioao a?ae iia?aoeaiiai
1 2 3 4
1 I?aeaioia/i-caeeth/iee /an a)Io?eiaiiy caaaeaiiy ia ci?io, oaoi?/ii?
aeieoiaioaoe??, ?ino?oiaioo ? iaoa??ae?a;
a)Iciaeiieaiiy c e?aneaiiyie ? ?ino?oeoe?yie. Iaeaaeea iaeaaeiaiiy ?
i?eeaae?a;
a)Caea/a ?iaioe, ?ino?oiaioo ? ioi?ieaiiy aeieoiaio?a. 2,0
I?iaeiaaeaiiy oaaeeoe? 1
1 2 3 4
2 I?aai?caoe?eii-oaoi?/ia ianeoaiaoaaiiy ?iai/iai i?noey ? o.?i.
a)?iceeaaeaiiy ? i?eae?aiiy ?ino?oiaioo ? i?eno?i?a ia ii/aoeo, ia
i?ioyc? oa a e?ioe? ci?ie;
a)I?aeiaeaaeea, eae?a?iaea ? ia?aa??ea i?eeaae?a ? i?eno?i?a ia i?ioyc?
ci?ie;
a)Iai?i aeaoaeoieo iaoa??ae?a, aeaeo?iaeaiaio?a ? aeaoaeae i?ioyaii
ci?ie;
a)Io?eiaiiy ae?iaie/iai ?ino?oeoaaeo i?ioyaii ci?ie;
ae)I?eae?aiiy ?iai/iai i?noey i?ioyaii ? i?ney cae?i/aiiy ci?ie. 4,5
3 A?aeii/eiie ? iniaeno? iio?aae a)Ae?iaie/a a?iianoeea;
a)A?aeii/eiie ? iniaeno? iio?aae. 7,5
Anueiai a i?ioeaioao a?ae iia?aoeaiiai /ano 14
Eiao?oe??io aei iia?aoeaiiai /ano – EI = 1+E 1,14
I?ei?oea. A aeaiiio aeiaaeeo i?aeaioia/i-caeeth/iee /an aecia/aii o
a?aenioeao a?ae iia?aoeaiiai /ano, oae ye a?i neeaaea? iacia/io /anoeio
?iai/iai /ano ? yaey?oueny iino?eiei i?e aeeiiaii? ?ia?o, ia?aaeaa/aieo
ii?iaoeaaie.
Oaaeeoey 2
?ici?? ia?o?e ieao, oo. Iii?aaiee eiao?oe??io E?
300 … 1000 1,0
150 … 300 1,1
50 … 150 1,2
Caaio?aea iiioaaeieo i?iaiae?a
Ci?no ?iaioe
1. A?aeiioaoe iaiao?aeio aeiaaeeio i?iaiaeo ? ae??aiyoe.
A?aei??yoe caaeaio aeiaaeeio i?iaiaeo ii e?i?eoe? aai cnoiooe e?iaoeue
i?iaiaeo aei e?ioey iiaeeoeue.
Acyoe iiaeeoe?, a?ae??caoe i?ia?ae, a?aeeeanoe iiaeeoe? ? i?ia?ae aai
iaoeniooe ?e/aa iiaeeoeue ? a?ae??caoe i?ia?ae.
*an ia caaioiaeo iiioaaeieo i?iaiae?a
Oaaeeoey 3
Ia?aiao?e ae?ioo ?o/i? iiaeeoe? Aaae?euei? iiaeeoe? Iaaeaeuei?
iiaeeoe?
Aeiaaeeia caaioiaee, ii
30 100 30 100 30 100
*an ia iaeei i?ia?ae, oa.
Ia?cieueiaaiee (0,2 0,068 0,063 0,046 0,061 — —
Ia?cieueiaaiee (0,5 0,065 0,070 0,051 0,057 — —
?cieueiaaiee (0,2 0,054 0,065 0,043 0,052 0,038 0,048
?cieueiaaiee (0,5 0,060 0,072 0,047 0,057 0,045 0,054
Aaaaoiaeeeueiee (0,5 0,066 0,079 0,052 0,063 0,047 0,057
Aaaaoiaeeeueiee (1,0 0,073 0,087 0,057 0,068 0,052 0,060
Ciyooy ?cieyoe??
Ci?no ?iaioe
1. Acyoe i?ia?ae ? a?aeiia?aeiee ?ino?oiaio.
2. Ca/enoeoe e?iaoeue i?iaiaeo ia iio??aio aeiaaeeio.
3. A?aeeeanoe i?ia?ae.
*an ia ciyooy ?cieyoe??
Oaaeeoey 4
Niin?a ca/enoee Ae?aiao? i?iaiaeo, ii
( 0,06 0,06…0,1 0,1…0,25 0,25…0,5 0,5…1,0
Ca/enoea iaeiiai e?ioey, oa.
Iaaeaea/iee iai?? 0,067…0,144 0,060…0,108 0,060…0,090 0,042…0,103
0,067…0,144
Aeaeo?iiiaethaa/ai ? iaaeaea/iei iaia?ii 0,084…0,199 0,076…0,178
0,071…0,205 0,079…0,113 0,101…0,144
Neaeueiaeai 0,109 0,084 0,070 0,108 0,140
Eoaeaeaiiy
Ci?no ?iaioe
1.Acyoe i?ia?ae ? a?aeiia?aeiee ?ino?oiaio.
2.Ca/enoeoe e?iaoeue i?iaiaeo ia iio??aio aeiaaeeio.
3.A?aeeeanoe i?ia?ae.
*an ia eoaeaeaiiy
Oaaeeoey 5
E?euee?noue ianeoaia Ae?aiao? aeaiae?a, ii
Oei ae?ioo Aeiaaeeia oth/eo 0…0,2 0,2…0,5
aeaeo?iaeaiaioo eoae?iiy, ii aeaiae?a aeaoae? *an eoae?iiy iaei???
aeaoae?, oa.
Iaieaiee iaeiiaeeeueiee i?ia?ae 0…10 1 0,134 0,124
2 0,199 0,179
Aaaaoiaeeeueiee i?ia?ae 0…10 1 0,139 0,129
2 0,209 0,189
Aeaiaee ?aae?ieaiaio?a 0…10 1 0,134 0,124
2 0,199 0,179
3 0,254 0,224
I?ei?oea. I?e aeei?enoaii? i?ioeaoo aei oaaee/iiai /ano o?aaa
aeiaeaaaoe 0.029 oa.
I?aeaioiaea aeaeo?iaeaiaio?a aei iiioaaeo
Ci?no ?iaioe
1.Acyoe aeaeo?iaeaiaio ? a?aeiia?aeiee ?ino?oiaio.
2.I?iaeeaeoenue, aei?aaeoe, ca/enoeoe ? o.?i.
3.A?aeeeanoe aeaeo?iaeaiaio ? ?ino?oiaio.
*an ia i?aeaioiaeo aeaeo?iaeaiaio?a aei iiioaaeo
Oaaeeoey 6
Iaeiaioaaiiy
Ae?aiao?
aeaiae?a, E?euee?noue ia?iaethaaieo aeaiae?a
i?eeiio ?ino?oiaio ii 2 3
*an ia iaeei aeaiaio, oa.
Ae??aithaaiiy aeaiae?a A?o/io 0,2…0,5 0,056…0,066 0,066…0,081
I?ioeao 0,2…0,5 0,095…0,105 0,110…0,125
Ca/enoea aeaiae?a Iaaeaea/iee iai?? 0,2…0,5 0,176…0,136 0,246…0,186
neaeueiaeue 0,2…0,5 0,155…0,115 0,200…0,155
Ia??cea aeaiae?a Iiaeeoe? 0,2…0,5 0,064…0,074 0,079…0,094
Onoaiiaea aeaoaeae ? aeaeo?iaeaiaio?a ia ieaoo
Ci?no ?iaioe
1. Acyoe a ei?iaoe? aeaoaeue aai aeaeo?iaeaiaio ? ?icaeeaeoenue.
I?e iaiao?aeiino? iiia?aaeiuei ?ici?aaeoe aeaiaee ? iaianoe oa? eeath ia
iniiao aeaoae? aeaeo?iaeaiaioo aai i?noea ?o anoaiiaeaiiy ia ieaoo.
Anoaiiaeoe aeaoaeue aai aeaeo?iaeaiaio ia ieaoo iaeiei ?c ianooiieo
niinia?a:
a) iaeeanoe aeaiaeaie ia eiioaeoi? ieiuaaeee ieaoe, iie?eo?
eiioaeoi?ii aai aac iueiai;
a) iaeeanoe iniiaith ia ieaoo ?c noi?uaiiyi aeaiae?a c
eiioaeoieie ieiuaaeeaie ieaoe;
a) i?iionoeoe aeaiaee a ioai?e ieaoe aai iniiaith a ai?caei
ieaoe.
I?e iaiao?aeiino? i?ae?aiooe aeaiaee c ?ioi? noi?iie ieaoe.
*an ia onoaiiaeo aeaoaeae ? aeaeo?iaeaiaio?a ia ieaoo
Oaaeeoey 7
Iaeiaioaaiiy aeaoaeae ? aeaeo?iaeaiaio?a E?euee?noue aeaiae?a Niin?a
anoaiiaeaiiy iaei??? aeaoae? *an anoaiiaeaiiy, oa.
1 2 3 4
Ooe??, no?eee, iaethnoee ? o.?i. 1 Iaeeaaeaiiy ia ieaoo 0,068…0,085
A ioai?e ieaoe 0,078…0,098
I?iaeiaaeaiiy oaaeeoe? 7
1 2 3 4
Ia?aie/ee c ae?ioo ae?aiao?ii 2 A iac ieaoe 0,083…0,105
aei 0,5 ii ? o.?i.
Iaeeaaeaiiyi ia ieaoo 0,093…0,118
Iniiaith c aeaiaeii ia eiioaeo ieaoe 0,096…0,151
Oi?oeai aeaiae?a ia eiioaeoe ieaoe 0,118…0,151
Iniiaith ia eiioaeo ieaoe, iie?eoee eiioaeoieii 0,113…0,150
?acenoi?e 2 Aeaiaeaie ia eiioaeoe ieaoe, iie?eo? eiioaeoieii 0,138…0,178
Aeaiaeaie a ioai?e ieaoe 0,138…0,168
Aeaiaeaie a ioai?e, caaeiath/e aeaiaee c ?ioi? noi?iie ieaoe 0,223…0,278
Iniiaith a ai?caei ieaoe aeey ea?eano 0,123…0,143
Aeaiaeaie a ioai?e ieaoe aai ea?eano 0,183…0,223
O?aicenoi?e (ae?aiao?ii aei 0,5 ii) 3 Aeaiaeaie a ioai?e ieaoe aai
ea?eano, caaeiath/e aeaiaee c ?ioi? noi?iie ieaoe 0,303…0,373
2 Aeaiaeaie a eiioaeoi? ioai?e 0,108…0,148
4 ieaoe 0,138…0,178
Ieaiee, iniiae, 6
0,168…0,218
ae?inae?, o?ainoi?iaoi?e 8
0,198…0,258
(c aei?noeeie aeaiaeaie 2 Aeaiaeaie a eiioaeoi? ioai?e 0,198…0,248
ae?aiao?ii aei 0,5 ii) 4 ieaoe, caaeiath/e aeaiaee c 0,288…0,368
6 ?ioi? noi?iie ieaoe 0,378…0,488
8
0,468…0,608
I?iaeiaaeaiiy oaaeeoe? 7
1 2 3 4
Ae?iaei? iao?eoe?,
eaoooee, ae?inae?, 2 A iac iniiaith, ae??aiyaoe ? iaiacaaoe eea?i
aeaiaee 0,228…0,248
oi?i?aeaeuei? o?ainoi?iaoi?e 2 Ia ieaoo, 0,248…0,275
4 ae??aiyaoe aeaiaee ? 0,328…0,361
(c aio/eeie i?iaiaeaie) 6 iaiacaaoe eea?i 0,408…0,448
8 iniiao 0,488…0,535
Iaeea e?ioe?a ia?aie/ie ? aeaiae?a aeaeo?iaeaiaio?a
Ci?no ?iaioe
1. Acyoe aeaeo?iiayeueiee, iaa?aoe i?eiith.
2. I?eiayoe e?iaoeue ia?aie/ee aai aea?ae aeaeo?iaeaiaioo.
A?aeeeanoe aeaeo?iiayeueiee.
Iaeea e?ioe?a ia?aie/ie ? aeaiae?a aeaeo?iaeaiaio?a
Oaaeeoey 8
Oa?aeoa?enoeea iaeee Ae?aiao? iaeee, ii *an iayiiy, oa.
1 2 3
Iaeea aeaiae?a aeaeo?iaeaiaio?a ? e?ioe?a ia?aie/ie 0,2 0,129…0,159
iaeeaaeaieo ia eiioaeoe ieaoe 0,5 0,140…0,185
Iaeea e?ioe?a ia?aie/ie ? aeaiae?a aeaeo?iaeaiaio?a 0,2 0,144…0,179
aaaaeaieo a ioai?e ieaoe 0,5 0,164…0,207
Iaeea e?ioe?a ia?aie/ie ? aeaiae?a aeaeo?iaeaiaio?a 0,2 0,159…0,199
i?e?aeiaieo aei iaethnoe?a aai ooe??a 0,5 0,179…0,226
Iaeea ia?aie/ie ye? i?ioiaeyoue /a?ac iaethnoee 0,5 0,119…0,146
Iaeea oi?oe?a aeaeo?iaeaiaio?a, iaeeaaeaieo 2 0,124…0,152
ia eiioaeoe ieaoe 4 0,154…0,196
I?iaeiaaeaiiy oaaeeoe? 8
1 2 3
Iaeea aeaiae?a ae?iaeii? iao?eoe? aei eiioaeo?a ieaoe 0,05 0,114…0,139
Iaeea aeaiae?a oi?i?aeaeueieo
o?ainoi?iaoi??a 0,1 0,169…0,212
aei eiioaeo?a ieaoe
I?ei?oea. Oaeeueiaa iaeea:
e??ieaiiy ia/aoieo ieao a ea?aooe? – 0.136 oa.
anoaiiaeaiiy ea?aoie ia eiiaae?? iaeee ? oaeeueiaa iaeea – 0.027 oa.
ciyooy ea?aoie c eiiaae??? iaeee – 0.027 oa.
I?e aeei?enoaii? i?ioeaoo aai niaoe?aeueiiai oaieia?aea?aeieea aei
oaaee/iiai /ano aeiaaaeoe 0,029 oa. ia ae?th “Acyoe ? a?aeeeanoe
i?ioeao (oaieia?aea?aeiee)”.
*an ia i?eeiie, ye? cono??/athoueny i?e ?aaoethaaii?
Oaaeeoey 9
? Ci?no ?iaioe Ooo/iee /an, oa.
1 2 3
1 Anoaiiaeoe no?oi (iai?oao) ?ainoaoii, iioaioe?iiao?ii, EAO?ii,
eiio?iethth/e ii i?eeaaeo 0,18
2 Iiaeaoe /anoioo a?ae aaia?aoi?a Anoaiiaethth/e e?iaii aaia?aoi?a 0,25
c ??aiai OMIN
(iai?oaith V aieueo) Eiio?iethth/e /anoioii??ii oaeeai??ii 0,52
3 Iiaa?oath/e ?aaoeyoi? iioaioe?iiao?a ai?aai ? ae?ai, aecia/eoe iaaeo
iioaioe?iiao?a 0,25
4 Anoaiiaeoe ia iaaacei? caoooaiue (iii??a, eiiaeainaoi??a) ??aaiue
(iii?o, ?iiino?), iaa?oath/e 6 eo?aaeae 0,32
5 Anoaiiaeoe ia aeac?aieeo ??aiy iaiao?aeiee ??aaiue ?o/eith “?aaoeyoi?
aeoiaeo aaia?aoi?a” aai iaa?oath/e a?nue aeaeaeea iioaioe?iiao?o ia
ieao? 0,20
6 Cai??yoe /anoioo /anoioii??ii a iio??ai?e oi/oe? ieaoe 0,25
I?iaeiaaeaiiy oaaeeoe? 9
1 2 3
7 I?aeeeth/eoe inoeeeia?ao aei iio??aii? oi/ee ieaoe, i?iaeyiooe oi?io
e?eai?, aiaaieaoenue a iayaiino? ?iioeueno – a?aeeeth/eoe 0,72
8 Ia?aeeth/eoe eeth/, ia?aieea/, iaoeniooe eiiieo, ia?aa??eoe a?coaeueii
iieace i?eeaae?a, ooiaea? caiaeaiiy (iiaaoaiiy) neaiaeueii? eaiii/ee,
ni?aoethaaiiy ?aea 0,17
9 Iaa?oath/e iaiaaeoth/? aaeioe, a?ae?aaoethaaoe ni?aoethaaiiy ?aea a
caaeaieo iaaeao 0,50
10 Aei??yoe niioai?aiiy ?iioeuen?a, ye? aiinyoue IOIA ca?aeii
?ino?oeoe?? 2,25
*an ia i?eeiie neeaaeaeueii-iiioaaeieo ?ia?o,
yeo cono??/athoueny i?e ?aaoethaaii?
Oaaeeoey 10
Iaeiaioaaiiy Ci?no ?iaioe Ooo/iee /an, oa.
Anoaiiaeoe Ciyoe
Ia?aie/ee Iiaea?ei? Acyoe ia?aie/eo, anoaiiaeoe 0,09 0,02
oeio “E??a” Iio??ei? Ciyoe ia?aie/eo, a?aeeiaeeoe 0,21 0,07
AEi?noea ia?aie/ea Acyoe ia?aie/eo, i?eiayoe 0,47 0,25
Ii?? iaaaioaaeaiiy Acyoe (ciyoe) ii??, anoaiiaeoe (a?aeeiaeeoe) 0,08
0,04
Eaa?oe. ?aae?ieaiie Acyoe (ciyoe) eaa?oe (?aae?ieaiio), anoaiiaeoe
(a?aeeiaeeoe) 0,22 0,15
Ae?ai aeey ?aae?ieaii Acyoe ae?ai, iaae?oe ia ?aae?ieaiio. Ciyoe ae?ai,
a?aeeeanoe 0,07 0,05
Ooaiiaeueiaai? ieaoe Acyoe ooaiiaeue, i?iooaiiaethaaoe ieaoo. A?aeeeanoe
ooaiiaeue 0,10 —
Caa’ycoaaiiy ieao Acyoe i?ia?ae (oiaaao), i?ioyaiooe a ioa?? aeaio ieao,
ca’ycaoe ieaoe 0,25 —
Iie?inoaie —— 0,135…0,210
I?aeaioia/i-caeeth/iee /an i?e ?aaoethaaii? ? eiio?ieth
Oaaeeoey 11
Ci?no ?iaioe *an, oa.
Io?eiaiiy ? caea/a ?iaioe, ia?yaeo, aeieoiaioaoe?? 3,0
Io?eiaiiy ?ino?oiaioo 2,0
Iciaeiieaiiy c aeieoiaioaoe??th ? ?iaioith, io?eiaiiy ?ino?oeoaaeo 9,2
Io?eiaiiy ? iai?i aea??eiaeo aeaiaio?a 3,0
Anueiai ia ia?o?th 17,2
Anueiai a i?ioeaioao a?ae iia?aoeaiiai /ano 4,1
*an ia i?aai?caoe?eii-oaoi?/ia ianeoaiaoaaiiy ?iai/iai i?noey,
a?aeii/eiie ? iniaeno? iio?aae
Oaaeeoey 12
Aeae cao?ao Ci?no ?iaioe % a?ae iia?aoeaiiai /ano
I?aeaioiaea i?eeaae?a e noaiae?a ia ii/aoeo ci?ie aei
Iia?aoe?eii-oaoi?/ia ?iaioe, iaeaaeea, eae?a?oaaiiy ? ia?aa??ea
i?eeaae?a
ianeoaiaoaaiiy ia i?ioyc? ci?ie. I?aeaioiaea ? i?eae?aiiy 2,9
?ino?oiaioo, c’?aeioaaeueieo eaaae?a aei ii/aoeo ? e?ioey
ci?ie. I?eae?aiiy ?iai/iai i?noey ia i?ioyc? ci?ie
A?aeii/eiie ? iniaeno? iio?aae A?aeii/eiie ? iniaeno? iio?aae
(aeeth/ath/e aeoeaiee a?aeii/eiie – ae?iaie/o a?iianoeeo) 5,1
Anueiai o a?aenioeao aei iia?aoeaiiai /ano 8,0
Nienie aeei?enoaii? e?oa?aoo?e
Aon?a A.I. “Oaoiieia?y ?aae?iaia?aoaoaeoaaiiy”. I.:”Aeua oeiea”–1972?.
“Ii?iaoeae /ano ia aeaioiaeaiiy aia?aoo?e ia i?e?iaeaiaioao (na??eia
ae?iaieoeoai ).”Iaoeiai-aeine?aeiee ?inoeooo aeiiii?ee ? ?ioi?iaoe?? ii
?aae?iaeaeo?ii?oe?. Iineaa 1971?.
“Ii?iaoeae /ano ia iaeaaeei-?aaoethaaeuei? ?iaioe ?aae?ioaoi?/ieo
ae?ia?a.” I?aei?e?inoai a/n A-8916.1984?.
Ii?iaoeae /ano ia ?aaoethaaeuei? ?iaioe aia?aoo?e aeaeaeiai ca’yceo
(aeiee, ieaoe). Iaoeiai-aeine?aeiee ?inoeooo aeiiii?ee ? ?ioi?iaoe?? ii
?aae?iaeaeo?ii?oe?. Iineaa 1974?.
Iin?aiee ii eo?niaiio oa aeeieiiiiio i?iaeooaaiith ii eo?no “Oaoiieia?y
i?eeaaeiaoaeoaaiiy” ?icae?e “?ic?aooiie oaoiieia?/ii iaa?oioiaaieo ii?i
/ano ia neeaaeaiiy ? iiioaae ia/aoieo ieao” aeey nooaeaio?a
niaoe?aeueiino? “I?eeaaeiaoaeoaaiiy” on?o oi?i iaa/aiiy (Oeeaae.
A.I.Eoeaoaiei.-*a?eane: *?O?, 1997.-44n.)
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