IEIENOA?NOAI NAssCE ?O
IINEIANEEE OAOIE*ANEEE OIEAA?NEOAO
NAssCE E EIOI?IAOEEE
EAOAAe?A NENOAI ?AAeEINAssCE
AeIEEAAe
II OAIA:
“N?aaiaiea e auai? iioeiaeueiie nenoaiu ii?aaeaeaiey ianoiiieiaeaiey
iiaeaeaeiuo iauaeoia aeey eniieueciaaiey ia oa??eoi?ee ?innee.”
IINEAA
1996
Aeey ?aoeaicee
Iaeaaeaiea
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………no?.
Aaaaeaiea………………………………………………………
………………………………….3
1 Iniiaiua o?aaiaaiey, i?aaeuyaeyaiua e nenoaiai neaaeaiey
ca iiaeaeaeiuie
iauaeoaie………………………………………………………
……5
2 Iienaiea nouanoaothueo e ieaie?oaiuo ioa/anoaaiiuo
e ca?oaaaeiuo nenoai, i?aaenoaaeythueo aiciiaeiinoue
neaaeaiey ca ianoiiieiaeaieai iiaeaeaeiuo
iauaeoia…………………….6
2.1 Iaaeaeoia?iaeiay nenoaia niooieeiaie nayce “EIIA?NAO”……….6
2.2 Iaaeaeoia?iaeiay niooieeiaay nenoaia “EINIAN-NA?NAO”………8
2.3 Niooieeiaay nenoaia
“EO?N”……………………………………………………11
2.4 niooieeiaay nenoaia
“AIIAOe”………………………………………………….13
3 Iainiiaaiea auai?a
nenoaiu……………………………………………………….1
4
4 Iienaiea nenoaiu “I?AEIII” e aa oaoie/aneea oa?aeoa?enoeee..17
4.1 Iacia/aiea
nenoaiu………………………………………………………..
…………17
4.2 I?eioeei
?aaiou…………………………………………………………
……………..17
4.3 Oi?iaou ia?aaeaaaaiuo
niiauaiee…………………………………………….18
4.4 Acaeiiaeaenoaea n ae?oaeie
naoyie……………………………………………….19
4.5 Ciiu ianeoaeeaaiey e a?aiy aeinoaaee
niiauaiee………………………..19
Caeeth/aiea…………………………………………………….
………………………………..21
Eeoa?aoo?a……………………………………………………..
……………………………….22
Aaaaeaiea
A ianoiyuaa a?aiy o iiiaeo aaaeiinoa e i?aaiecaoeee aicieeaao
iaiaoiaeeiinoue iia?aoeaiiai neaaeaiey ca ianoiiieiaeaieai e ninoiyieai
iiaeaeaeiuo iauaeoia, a oaeaea ia?aaea/e ia ieo iia?aoeaiie eioi?iaoeee.
I?aeoe/anee ana caeioa?aniaaiiua aeeniao/a?neea neoaeau a ianoiyuaa
a?aiy eiatho a naiai ?anii?yaeaiee oa eee eiua oaoie/aneea n?aaenoaa,
iicaieythuea inouanoaeyoue eiio?ieue/neaaeaiea ca ia?aaeaeaeaieai naieo
iauaeoia. Iaeiaei nouanoaothuea n?aaenoaa ia yaeythony niaa?oaiiuie,
iaeaaeatho iaeie noaiaiueth aaoiiaoecaoeee e eiatho iaeoth
aeinoiaa?iinoue.
A iineaaeiea aiaeu ianoiyoaeueii noaaeony caaea/a i aiaae?aiee iiauo
iaaeaaeiuo oaoie/aneeo n?aaenoa, eioi?ua iicaieeee au inouanoaeyoue
aaoiiaoece?iaaiiue nai? aeeniao/a?neie eioi?iaoeee n iiaeaeaeiuo
iauaeoia, a oaeaea ia?aaeaaaoue eioi?iaoeeth ia iauaeou. Oaoie/anee yoa
caaea/a iiaeao auoue auiieiaia oeaeui ?yaeii n?aaenoa, eae
o?aaeeoeeiiiuo, oae e niooieeiauo. Ia i?aeoeea, iaeiaei, ie iaeia ec
aiciiaeiuo nenoai oae e ia auea ?aaeeciaaia ia oa??eoi?ee ?innee.
Nicaeaiea oaeie nenoaiu iicaieeo iaania/eoue aaoiiaoece?iaaiiue nai?
eioi?iaoeee i aeeneieaoeee iiaeaeaeiuo iauaeoia, ianeoaeeaaaiuo a ?aieao
aeaiiie nenoaiu aia caaeneiinoe io eo ianoiiieiaeaiey ia Caiiii oa?a,
o.a. a aeiaaeueiii ?aaeeia. I?e yoii n?aaenoaa nenoaiu aoaeoo
aaoiiaoe/anee au/eneyoue aaia?aoe/aneea eii?aeeiaou ianoiiieiaeaiey
iauaeoia e iai?aaeyoue eo a niioaaonoaothuea aeeniao/a?neea ioieou
iieueciaaoaeae. Eioi?iaoeey iiaeao auoue oaeaea cai?ioaia n iauaeoa ii
eieoeeaoeaa aeeniao/a?a ec aeeniao/a?neiai ioieoa e eiaaony
aiciiaeiinoue ia?aaeaoue ia iauaeo iaiaoiaeeioth eioi?iaoeeth.
N?aaenoaa nenoaiu iicaieytho ia oieueei ?aoaoue eiiia?/aneea oeaee
oi?aaeaiey, ii e iaania/ao iiauoaiea aaciianiinoe aeaeaeaiey iauaeoia e
aoaeoo niinianoaiaaoue io?aia /aeiaa/aneie aeecie. Aeaiiua i
aeeneieaoeee aaa?eeiuo iauaeoia iiaoo auoue ia?aaeaiu a niioaaonoaothuea
iieneiai-nianaoaeueiua neoaeau.
Eco/aiey, i?iaaaeaiiua a ?innee iieacaee, /oi eiathony neaaeothuea
iniiaiua eaoaai?ee iioaioeeaeueiuo iieueciaaoaeae, caeioa?aniaaiiua a
iieo/aiee iia?aoeaiie eioi?iaoeee n iiaeaeaeiuo e noaoeeiia?iuo
iauaeoia:
1. Aaeieieno?aoeee, yenieoaoe?othuea ii?neea e ?a/iua noaea.
2. I?aaiecaoeee, yenieoaoe?othuea iiaeaeaeiie aeaeaciiaei?iaeiue ninoaa
e niaoeeaeueiua n?aaenoaa.
3. I?aaiecaoeee, yenieoaoe?othuea iiaeaeaeiua aaoiiiaeeueiua iauaeou.
4. Iao/iua i?aaiecaoeee, i?iaiaeyuea n iiiiuueth iiaeaeaeiuo oaoie/aneeo
n?aaenoa eco/aiea ie?iaiai ieaaia e aicaeooiiai i?ino?ainoaa.
5. I?aaiecaoeee, yenieoaoe?othuea iaaeno?aeueiua o?oaii?iaiaeu e eiua
oaeaeaiiua iauaeou.
6. I?aaei?eyoey oiieeaii-yia?aaoe/aneiai eiiieaena.
7. Aaeieieno?aoeee, inouanoaeythuea eiio?ieue ca ninoiyieai ie?oaeathuae
N?aaeu.
8. Naeueneioicyenoaaiiua i?aaei?eyoey.
9. Eiiia?/aneea no?oeoo?u.
Aiaeec o?aaiaaiee iioaioeeaeueiuo iieueciaaoaeae e nenoaiai nai?a
iia?aoeaiie eioi?iaoeee iicaieee auyaeoue neaaeothuaa:
1. Iaiaoiaeeiinoue aaoiiaoe/aneiai ii?aaeaeaiey aaia?aoe/aneiai
ianoiiieiaeaiey iauaeoa, ia o?aaothuaai aiaoaoaeuenoaa iia?aoi?a a
?aaioo ieiia/iiai ono?ienoaa. I?e yoii o?aaiaaiey e oi/iinoe
ii?aaeaeaiey ianoiiieiaeaiey aa?uee?othony io ianeieueeeo iao?ia aei
aeanyoeia eeeiiao?ia. Iaeioi?ua eaoaai?ee iauaeoia aeaeaeoony ii no?iai
ii?aaeaeaiiui ia?o?ooai (iiacaea, aaoiiiaeee), a oi a?aiy, eae ae?oaea
eiatho aieueooth naiaiaeo ia?aiauaiee (noaea, iao/iua aoe e o.ae.).
2. O?aaiaaiey e iia?aoeaiinoe aeinoaaee eioi?iaoeee io ieiia/iiai
ono?ienoaa aei ioieoa nai?a aeaiiuo iieueciaaoaey eciaiythony io
ianeieueeeo ieioo aei ianeieueeeo /ania.
3. Eiee/anoai ii?aaeaeaiee – io ianeieueeeo ?ac a ianyoe aei ianeieueeeo
?ac a /an.
4. Aiciiaeiinoue ia?aaea/e aeiiieieoaeueiie eioi?iaoeee n iiaeaeaeiiai
iauaeoa e ia iauaeo. I?e yoii auyaeai aeinoaoi/ii oe?ieee aeeaiacii
eioi?iaoeee, iiaeeaaeauae ia?aaea/e.
5. Iaee/ea i?inouo e iaaei?iainoiyueo ieiia/iuo ono?ienoa
iieueciaaoaeae, eioi?ua i?e iaiaoiaeeiinoe iiaee au ?aaioaoue io
aaoiiiiiuo enoi/ieeia ieoaiey.
A eniieueciaaiee nenoaiu neaaeaiey ca ianoiiieiaeaieai iiaeaeaeiuo
iauaeoia i?iyaeee caeioa?aniaaiiinoue ?yae aaaeiinoa e i?aaiecaoeee
(IAAe, IIN e ae?.).
1. Iniiaiua o?aaiaaiey e nenoaia neaaeaiey ca iiaeaeaeiuie iauaeoaie.
Nenoaia aeieaeia iaania/eaaoue aiciiaeiinoue neaaeaiey ca
ia?aaeaeaeaieai oeaiiuo a?ocia, eaaeiaiai aaoio?ainii?oa e ae?oaeo
iiaeaeaeiuo iauaeoia a ?aaeueiii ianooaaa a?aiaie n oi/iinoueth
ii?aaeaeaiey ianoiiieiaeaiey aei 50-400 iao?ia, a oaeaea iieo/aiey io
iauaeoia aaa?eeiie eioi?iaoeee.
A ninoaa nenoaiu aeieaeiu aoiaeeoue aeaaiue e ?aaeiiaeueiua
aeeniao/a?neea oeaio?u, a eioi?ua eioi?iaoeey io iauaeoia aeieaeia
iinooiaoue iaeiia?aiaiii.
Aeieaeia auoue i?aaeoniio?aia aiciiaeiinoue cai?inia i ianoiiieiaeaiee e
ninoiyiee iauaeoia ec aeeniao/a?neeo oeaio?ia, a oaeaea ia?aaea/a ia ieo
eioi?iaoeee.
Oei ia?aaeaaaaiie eioi?iaoeee – oeeo?iaie.
Oa?ieiaeu, onoaiaaeeaaaiua ia iiaeaeaeiua iauaeou, aeieaeiu auoue
onoie/eau e aea?aoeeiiiui aicaeaenoaeyi, eiaoue iaeua aaaa?eou, aan (ia
aieaa 1 – 1,5 ea.) e yia?aiiio?aaeaiea. Yeaeo?iieoaiea aeieaeii
inouanoaeyoueny io aaoiiiiiiai enoi/ieea.
Iaiaoiaeeii i?aaeoniio?aoue aiciiaeiinoue aaoiiaoe/aneiai n?aaaouaaiey
oa?ieiaeia a aaa?eeiuo neooaoeeyo.
Oa?ieiaeu aeieaeiu iaania/eaaoue aania?aaieioth ?aaioo a aeeaiaciia
oaiia?aoo? io -50 aei +50 (N i?e aeaaeiinoe aicaeooa i?e 30 (N – 99%.
Aioaiiu oa?ieiaeia aeieaeiu eiaoue iaeua aaaa?eou e iaania/eaaoue
aania?aaieioth naycue i?e nei?inoe aao?a aei 30 i/nae.
2. Iienaiea nouanoaothueo e ieaie?oaiuo ioa/anoaaiiuo e ca?oaaaeiuo
nenoai, i?aaeinoaaeythueo aiciiaeiinoue neaaeaiey ca ianoiiieiaeaieai
iiaeaeaeiuo iauaeoia
2.1 Iaaeaeoia?iaeiay nenoaia niooieeiaie nayce “Eiia?nao”
A 1982 aiaeo ia/aeanue yenieoaoaoeey Iaaeaeoia?iaeiie nenoaiu
niooieeiaie nayce (EIIA?NAO). Aeey yenieoaoaoeee e ?acaeoey yoie nenoaiu
auea nicaeaia iiaay iaaeaeoia?iaeiay i?aaiecaoeey ni ooaa eaa?oe?ie a
Eiiaeiia. Nae/an yoa i?aaiecaoeey iauaaeeiyao 75 ainoaea?noa.
Nenoaia “Eiia?nao” aeeth/aao a naay neaaeothuea iniiaiua eiiieaenu:
– einie/aneee naaiaio;
– naoue Caiiuo noaioeee;
– Eii?aeeiaoeeiiiua oeaio?u nenoaiu;
– ia?e noaioeee, onoaiaaeeaaaiuo ia iiaeaeaeiuo iauaeoao.
?aaioa nenoaiu inouanoaeyaony a aeeaiaciiao /anoio, auaeaeaiiuo
Anaie?iie aaeieieno?aoeaiie ?aaeeieiioa?aioeeae aeey iiaeaeaeiuo neoaea.
Aeey iiaeaeaeiuo iauaeoia eniieuecoaony aeeaiacii 1,5/1,6 AAoe., a aeey
oeaea?iuo eeiee caiiuo noaioeee – 4/6 AAoe. Nenoaia “Eiia?nao”
ianeoaeeaaao ana nouanoaothuea iiaeaeaeiua neoaeau, aeeth/ay ii?neoth,
aaeaoeeiiioth e nooiiooioth e iicaieyao inouanoaeyoue aeaonoi?iiithth
naycue a oaeaoiiiii e oaeaa?aoiii ?aaeeiao. I?e yoii, n iiiiuueth
nenoaiu neaiaeecaoeee, aoiaeaeaiea a naycue inouanoaeyaony a iieiinoueth
aaoiiaoece?iaaiiii ?aaeeia. Ethaay noaioeey, onoaiiaeaiiay ia
iiaeaeaeiii iauaeoa, iiaeao a aaoiiaoe/aneii ?aaeeia inouanoaeyoue
auoiae ia ethaiai aaiiaioa oaeaeniie eee oaeaoiiiie naoae, iacaaeneii io
no?aiu e eiioeiaioa. Ea/anoai eaiaeia nayce oaeiaeaoai?yao
niioaaonoaothuei ?aeiiaiaeaoeeyi INY.
Einie/aneee naaiaio, nenoaiu ia aeaiiii yoaia, aeeth/aao a naay 8
niooieeia – ?ao?aineyoi?ia (4 iniiaiuo e 4 ?aca?aiuo), ?aniieiaeaiiuo ia
aainoaoeeiia?iie i?aeoa. Naoue “Eiia?nao”, i?aaieciaaiiay a 4 ieaaineeo
?aaeiiao, iie?uaaao i?aeoe/anee anth iiaa?oiinoue Caiiiai oa?a, ca
eneeth/aieai i?eiiey?iuo ?aeiiia.
?aaeeieiiieaen EA ninoieo ?ao?aineyoi?ia, inouanoaeythueo i?eai,
oneeaiea e ia?aiin neaiaeia (aac eaeie-eeai ia?aaioee) a neaaeothueo
aeeaiaciiao:
1,6 AAoe – 4 AAoe (eeiey “iiaeaeaeiia n?aaenoai-EA-Caiey”);
6 AAoe – 1,5 AAoe (eeiey “Caiey-EA-iiaeaeaeiue iauaeo”);
Aeeaa?aiia iai?aaeaiiinoe aioaiiuo nenoai, eae i?aaeei, iioeiece?iaaiia
aeey iaeo/aiey iiaa?oiinoe Caiiiai oa?a.
I?iioneiay niiniaiinoue a eaaeaeii ieaaineii ?aaeiia ii?aaeaeyaony
ia?aiao?aie eiie?aoiiai EA, auiieiythuaai ?ieue yenieoaoaoeeiiiiai (io
75 aei 200 yeaeaaeaioiuo oaeaoiiiuo eaiaeia).
Aeey ?aaiou a ?aieao nenoaiu “Eiia?nao” iiaeaeaeiua iauaeou iniauathony
ieiia/iui oa?ieiaeueiui iai?oaeiaaieai. Oaeia iai?oaeiaaiea aeieaeii
oaeiaeaoai?youe ii?aaeaeaiiui oaoieei-yenieoaoaoeeiiiui o?aaiaaieyi
“Eiia?nao”a, ecaanoiui eae Noaiaea?ou.
Noaioeey Noaiaea?oa-A i?aeoe/anee yaeyaony oa?ieiaeueiui ono?ienoaii
iaaeaeoia?iaeiie oaeaoiiiie e oaeaeniie nayce. I?ioieieu ?aaiou
iaania/eaatho aaoiiaoe/aneia niaaeeiaiea n ethaui aaiiaioii yoeo naoae.
Noaioeee Noaiaea?oa-A eiatho aeia?ioiinoue -4 aeA/E, YEEI a i?aaeaeao 36
aeAAo. ?aaioa noaioeee iaania/eaaaony n iiiiuueth iai?aaeaiiie e
noaaeeece?iaaiiie ia?aaiee/aneie aioaiiu aeeaiao?ii 80-120 ni. Noaioeey
oi?aaeyaony iee?ii?ioeanni?aie e yaeythony iieiinoueth
aaoiiaoece?iaaiiie e iaania/eaaao naycue a oaeaoiiiii e oaeaa?aoiii
?aaeeiao.
Iaeia?aiea noaioeee Noaiaea?oa-A “Eiia?nao”ii oaea i?ae?auaii
aneaaenoaea iayooaeoeaiinoe eniieueciaaieai yoei iai?oaeiaaieai
auaeaeaiiiai /anoioiiai aeeaiaciia e iiuiinoe ENC.
A ianoiyuaa a?aiy a nenoaia “Eiia?nao” aiaae?ythony iiaua eeannu
aiia?aoo?u, iieo/eaoea neaaeothuea iacaaiey:
Noaioeee Noaiaea?oa-N i?aaenoaaeytho niaie iaeiaaaa?eoiua noaioeee n
iaiai?aaeaiiie aioaiiie n aeia?ioiinoueth -23 aeA/E, YEEI – 12 aeAAo.
Aioaiiua nenoaiu eiatho eeai iaiai?aaeaiioth eeai neaaiiai?aaeaiioth
aeeaa?aiiu iai?aaeaiiinoe e iaeaaeatho iaaieueoeie oece/aneeie
aaaa?eoaie. Ia?aaea/a eioi?iaoeeiiiuo e neaiaeueiuo niiauaiee
inouanoaeyaony a iaeaoiie oi?ia.
Niooieeiaay i?eaii-ia?aaeathuay noaioeey Noaiaea?oa-N, iai?oaeiaaiiay
ano?iaiiui i?eaiieeii GPS (Global Positioning System) aeey ii?aaeaeaiey
ianoiiieiaeaiey iiaeaeaeiiai iauaeoa, iicaieyao aaoiiaoe/anee
ia?aaeaaaoue iaaeaaoeeiiiua aeaiiua iauaeoa a aeeniao/a?neea oeaio?u.
Iia?aoiinoue a ii?aaeaeaiee ianoiiieiaeaiey ninoaaeyao aeanyoee iao?ia.
Naycue inouanoaeyaony i?e ethauo iiaiaeiuo oneiaeyo e aoiinoa?iuo
yaeaieyo ii cai?ino n aeeniao/a?neiai oeaio?a, eeai aaoiiaoe/anee, a
caaeaiiua aeeniao/a?ii eioa?aaeu a?aiaie.
A ianoiyuaa a?aiy a aeaiiie nenoaia yenieoaoe?othony eiiieaenu,
aace?othueany ia eniieueciaaiee oeiiaiai ia?niiaeueiiai eiiiuethoa?a.
Aeaiiue eiiieaen iicaieyao ioia?aaeaoue aeaeaeaiea o?ainii?oiuo n?aaenoa
ii oa??eoi?ee ?innee ia ye?aia iiieoi?a n iiiiuueth yeaeo?iiiuo ea?o e
inouanoaeyoue n iauaeoaie aeaonoi?iiithth naycue a ?aaeeia
ieceinei?inoiie ia?aaea/e aeaiiuo (600 aeo/nae). Ia yeaeo?iiiua ea?ou
iieueciaaoaeue iiaeao iaiineoue iaiaoiaeeioth aio eioi?iaoeeth
naiinoiyoaeueii eae a aeaea iiiaoie ia ea?oa, oae e i?e iiiiue
i?eeeaaeiuo aac aeaiiuo.
O?ainii?oiia n?aaenoai (iai?eia? a?ociaee n iniai iianiui eee aei?iaei
a?ocii) iai?oaeoaony oa?ieiaeii “Eiia?nao” Noaiaea?oa-A, niaiauaiiui n
GPS. Aeeniao/a? iiaeao iieo/aoue anth iaiaoiaeeioth aio eioi?iaoeeth ii
eiie?aoiiio o?ainii?oiiio n?aaenoao (ianoiiieiaeaiea, aaa?eeiay
neooaoeey, i?e iaiaoiaeeiinoe oaoiieiae/aneea aeaiiua ia?aaiceiuo
a?ocia) ii nianoaaiiiio cai?ino, eee aaoiiaoe/anee, ii caaeaiiiio
eioa?aaeo a?aiaie. Ii oaeaea eiaao aiciiaeiinoue ia?aaeaaaoue eee
i?eieiaoue oaenoiaua niiauaiey. Ana ia?aaeaiiua/i?eiyoua niiauaiey
aaoiiaoe/anee a?oeae?othony a yeaeo?iiiuo aeo?iaeao. Iiieii ia?aaea/e a
aeeniao/a?neee ioieo oaoiieiae/aneie eioi?iaoeee ia iauaeoa, nenoaia
iiaeao auoue eioaa?e?iaaia n aeao/eeaie aaa?eeiuo neooaoeee e
ianaieoeeiie?iaaiiiai aeinooia e iai?oaeiaaieth, eeai e naiie nenoaia.
Aaa?eeiua neaiaeu aaoiiaoe/anee iinooiyo ia ioeueo aeeniao/a?a e ii
eiaao aiciiaeiinoue iia?aoeaii ?aaae?iaaoue, naycaaoenue n
niioaaonoaothueie oaoiieiae/aneeie neoaeaaie eee neoaeaaie aaciianiinoe.
Noaiaea?o-N eniieuecoao nenoaio eaeaioeoeeaoeee, aaea eaaeaeiio
i?eiyoiio a yenieoaoaoeeth oa?ieiaeo i?enaaeaaaony aai oieeaeueiue iiia?
e eniieuecoaony eiaee?iaaiea niiauaiee, /oi iicaieyao iaania/eoue
aunieee o?iaaiue aaciianiinoe ia?aaea/e. Oaeaea eiaaony aiciiaeiinoue
i?aaieciauaaoue ia?aaea/o eioi?iaoeee n iaeiiai oa?ieiaea ia a?oiio
oa?ieiaeia eee cai?ia?aiie?iaaoue oa?ieiae aeey iieo/aiey niaoeeaeueiuo
niiauaiee.
Yeaeo?iieoaiea oa?ieiaeia inouanoaeyaony io naoe ia?aiaiiiai oiea, eee n
eniieueciaaieai aeeoioeyoi?iuo aaoa?ae.
Iniaaiiinoyie nenoaiu “Eiia?nao” Noaiaea?o-N yaeythony n?aaieoaeueiay
ieceay noieiinoue ia?aaeaaaaiuo niiauaiee e iaeua ?acia?u
iiaeaea?aeeaaaiuo ath oa?ieiaeia.
“Eiia?nao” Noaiaea?o-A i?aaenoaaeyao niaie noaioeeth niooieeiaie nayce,
iaania/eaathuoth naycue a ?aaeeiao oaeaoiiee, oaeaa?aoee, oaeneieea,
ia?aaea/o aeaiiuo. I?e yoii eniieuecoaony oeeo?iaay iiaeoeyoeey ni
nei?inoueth 24 eaeo/nae. ?acia?u aioaiiu oa aea, /oi e aeey noaioeee
Noaiaea?oa-A. Ieaie?oaony, /oi a aeeaeaeoea a?aiy noaioeee aeaiiiai oeia
iieiinoueth caiaiyo ia?e noaioeee Noaiaea?oa-A aaeaeo aieaa ieceeo
oa?eoia ia eaiaeu nayce.
Naycue iiaeaeaeiuo iauaeoia a nenoaia “Eiia?nao” inouanoaeyaony /a?ac
caiiua noaioeee. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy a nenoaia “Eiia?nao” ooieoeeiie?otho
38 caiiuo noaioeee, ?aniieiaeaiiua a ?aciuo no?aiao ie?a. Caiiay
noaioeey iaania/eaaao iaiai eioi?iaoeeae iaaeaeo iacaiiuie e
iiaeaeaeiuie iauaeoaie e noueiaeo n iacaiiuie eeieyie nayce. Caiiua
noaioeee, eae ieieioi, ninoueiaaiu n iaaeaeoia?iaeiuie oaeaoiiiie e
oaeaeniie naoyie nayce. Oaeaea iie iiaoo auoue ninoueiaaiu n ae?oaeie
iaaeaeoia?iaeiuie e iaoeeiiaeueiuie naoyie nayce. Eaaeaeay caiiay
noaioeey eiaao cae?aieaiioth ca iae ianouoth, eioi?ay oieioiyaony 22
oaeaa?aoiuie eaiaeaie. Oaeaoiiiua eaiaeu ia cae?aieaiu ca eiie?aoiuie
noaioeeyie, a iaoiaeyony a “iauai iieueciaaiee”. Aeey aieaa
?aoeeiiaeueiiai eniieueciaaiey oaeaoiiiuo eaiaeia, a eaaeaeii ieaaineii
?aaeiia eiaaony eii?aeeiaoeeiiiay noaioeey, eioi?ay a aaoiiaoece?iaaiiii
?aaeeia inouanoaeyao ?ani?aaeaeaiea oaeaoiiiuo eaiaeia ii cai?inai
caiiuo noaioeee. *a?ac yoo noaioeeth oaeaea i?ienoiaeeo ?ao?aineyoeey
ii?aaeaeaiiuo eaoaai?ee neaiaeueiuo niiauaiee.
2.2 Iaaeaeoia?iaeiay niooieeiaay nenoaia EINIAN-NA?NAO
Iaaeaeoia?iaeiay niooieeiaay nenoaia “EINIAN-NA?NAO”, i?aaeiacia/aiiay
aeey iaia?oaeaiey e ii?aaeaeaiey ianoiiieiaeaiey noaeia e naiieaoia,
iioa?iaaoeo aaa?eth, ?ac?aaioaia e nicaeaia niaianoii NNN?, NOA,
Eaiaaeie e O?aioeeae.
Nenoaia “EINIAN-NA?NAO” aeeth/aao a naay neaaeothuea iniiaiua eiiieaenu:
– einie/aneee naaiaio;
– naoue Noaioeee i?eaia e ia?aaioee eioi?iaoeee (NIIE);
– naoue Eii?aeeiaoeeiiiuo oeaio?ia nenoaiu (EOeN);
– ia?e aaa?eeiuo ?aaeeiiayeia (?aaeeiaoaa).
Aeey ?aaiou aaa?eeiuo ?aaeeiiayeia eniieuecothony neaaeothuea
oeene?iaaiiua /anoiou e aeeaiaciiu:
– 121,5 IAoe – /anoioa , auaeaeaiiay INY a ea/anoaa aaa?eeiie aeey
aaeaoeeiiiie iiaeaeaeiie neoaeau;
– aeeaiacii 406,0 – 406,1 IAoe, auaeaeaiiue INY eneeth/eoaeueii aeey
aaa?eeiuo ?aaeeiiayeia, ?aaioathueo a niooieeiauo nenoaiao.
Aaia?aoe/aneia iieiaeaiea eceo/athueo aaa?eeiuo ?aaeeiiayeia
ii?aaeaeyaony nenoaiie aaoiiaoe/anee n eniieueciaaieai yooaeoa Aeiiiea?a
n oi/iinoueth ia ooaea 5 ei. aeey ?aaeeiaoaa, ?aaioathueo a aeeaiaciia
406 IAoe, e 20 ei aeey ?aaeeiaoaa, ?aaioathueo ia /anoioa 121,5 IAoe.
Aeiiiea?ianeia ii?aaeaeaiea ianoiiieiaeaiey aeaao aeaa ?aoaiey aeey
eaaeaeiai ?aaeeiiayea: enoeiiia e ca?eaeueiia ioiineoaeueii iacaiiie
i?iaeoeee o?annu niooieea. Yoa iaiaeiicia/iinoue ?aoaaony iooai
?an/aoia, i?eieiay ai aieiaiea yooaeo a?auaiey Caiee. I?e aeinoaoi/ii
aunieie noaaeeueiinoe ianouae /anoiou ?aaeeiiayea, /oi eiaao ianoi n
?aaeeiiayeaie 406 IAoe , eioi?ua ni?iaeoe?iaaiu niaoeeaeueii n yoie
oeaeueth, enoeiiia ?aoaiea ii?aaeaeyaony ca iaeei i?ioiae ENC. Aeey
?aaeeiiayeia 121 IAoe yoa iaiaeiicia/iinoue ?ac?aoaaony a ?acoeueoaoa
aoi?iai i?ioiaea.
A niioaaonoaee n Iaaei?aaeoaeuenoaaiiui niaeaoaieai, einie/aneee naaiaio
nenoaiu “EINIAN-NA?NAO” ninoieo eae ieieioi ec 4 EA, ?aniieiaeaiiuo ia
iiey?iie e?oaiaie i?aeoa. Aeaa niooieea “Iaaeaaeaea”, ecaioaaeeaaaiuo e
iinoaaeyaiuo ?inneae, ?aciauaiu ia i?eiiey?iie i?aeoa n aunioie 1000
ei.; EA iniauaiu ?aaeeieiiieaenii, inouanoaeythuei i?eai ia /anoioao
121,5 IAoe e 406 IAoe. NOA iaania/eaaao aeaa iaoai?ieiae/aneeo niooieea
IIAA, ?aciauaiiuo ia i?eiiey?iuo i?aeoao n aunioie 850 ei. Yoe EA
iniauaiu ?aaeeiiai?oaeiaaieai, iaania/eaathuei i?eai ia /anoioao 121,5
IAoe e 406 IAoe, ecaioaaeeaaaiui e iinoaaeyaiui Eaiaaeie e O?aioeeae. A
ianoiyuaa a?aiy a einie/aneii eiiieaena nenoaiu yenieoaoe?oaony 6 EA (3
EA oeia EINIAN e 3 EA oeia NA?NAO). Einie/aneee aiia?ao EINIAN-NA?NAO
niaa?oaao iai?io aie?oa Caiiiai oa?a i?eia?ii ca 100 ieioo, i?e yoii n
iaai iaic?aaaaony o/anoie Caiee oe?eiie nauoa 4000 ei. A caaeneiinoe io
oaea iiaeuaia e aaiiao?ee eiie?aoiiai i?ioiaea EA a?aiy acaeiiie
aeaeeiinoe EA-NIIE ninoaaeyao aei 15 ieioo. Ai?oiaay aiia?aoo?a EA
iaania/eaaao ?aaioo a neaaeothueo ?aaeeiao: a ?aaeeia ?aaeueiiai a?aiaie
e a aeiaaeueiii ?aaeeia. Ia iaieo /anoioao 121,5 IAoe e 406 IAoe nenoaia
ooieoeeiie?oao a ?aaeeia ?aaeueiiai a?aiaie, a oi a?aiy eae ia /anoioa
406 IAoe iia aeaenoaoao oaeaea e a aeiaaeueiii ?aaeeia, iaania/eaay
oaeei ia?acii ianeoaeeaaiea anae iiaa?oiinoe Caiiiai oa?a.
Aeiaaeueiia ianeoaeeaaiea iaania/eaaaony iin?aaenoaii caiene a ai?oiaii
caiiieiathuai ono?ienoaa EA eioi?iaoeee, iieo/aaiie a ?acoeueoaoa
ai?oiaie ia?aaioee neaiaeia ?aaeeiiayeia. Eioi?iaoeey, iaeiieaiiay a
iaiyoe EA, iinoiyiii eceo/aaony ia?aaeao/eeii. I?eai ia NIIE
inouanoaeyaony i?e iiyaeaiee niooieea a aa ciia aeaeeiinoe.
Ianoiiieiaeaiea eaaeaeiai ?aaeeiiayea oaeei ia?acii iiaeao auoue
ii?aaeaeaii anaie NIIE, /ai iaania/eaaaony iiiaie?aoiay ia?aaioea
neaiaeia iacaiiii naaiaioii.
Ai?oiaie ?ao?aineyoi? EA neaiaeu, i?eiyoua ia /anoioa 121,5 IAoe,
ia?aaeaao iaiin?aaenoaaiii ia Caieth. I?e i?eaia iinueie ?aaeeiiayeia
406 IAoe ai?oiaie aiia?aoo?ie ecia?yaony Aeiiiea?ianeee naeaea e ec
neaiaea ecaeaeathony oeeo?iaua aeaiiua. Yoa eioi?iaoeey i?eaycuaaaony ei
a?aiaie, i?iecaiaeeony aa i?aia?aciaaiea a oeeo?iaoth oi?io e iiaeaaony
ia ia?aaeao/ee. Yoa eioi?iaoeey oaeaea caiineony a ai?oiaia
caiiieiathuaa ono?ienoai EA aeey iineaaeothuae aa ia?aaea/e e ia?aaioee
ia Caiea a aeiaaeueiii ?aaeeia.
I?iioneiay niiniaiinoue nenoaiu ii?aaeaeyaony eiee/anoaii ?aaeeiiayeia,
iaoiaeyueony a ciia aeaeeiinoe EA, eioi?ua iiaoo auoue iaeiia?aiaiii
ia?aaioaiu nenoaiie.
Aaa?eeiua ?aaeeiiayee eniieuecothony a iniiaiii a eioa?anao neaaeothueo
iiaeaeaeiuo neoaea:
– aaeaoeeiiiay iiaeaeaeiay neoaeaa; ?aaeeiiayee onoaiaaeeaathony ia
naiieaoao, aa?oieaoao e ae?oaeo aicaeooiuo noaeiao a?aaeaeaineie e
aiaiiie aaeaoeee;
– ii?neay iiaeaeaeiay neoaeaa; ?aaeeiiayee onoaiaaeeaathony ia ii?neeo,
?a/iuo a?oci-iannaaee?neeo e i?iiuneiauo noaeao, yooao e ae?oaeo
ieaao/eo n?aaenoaao;
– nooiiooiay iiaeaeaeiay neoaeaa; ?aaeeiiayee eniieuecothony ia
nooiiooiuo o?ainii?oiuo n?aaenoaao, i?e i?iaaaeaiee aaieiae/aneeo,
iao/iuo, nii?oeaiuo e ae?oaeo yeniaaeeoeee.
Iaaethaeaaony oaeaea oaiaeaioeey e eniieueciaaieth ?aaeeiiayeia ia
iaeioi?uo oeene?iaaiiuo iauaeoao n oeaeueth iiaea/e i?aaeoi?aaeaeathueo
neaiaeia i?e e?eoe/aneeo oneiaeyo (iai?eia?, i?e aicieeiiaaiee
yeieiae/aneie eeai ae?oaie iianiinoe).
2.3 Niooieeiaay nenoaia “Eo?n”
A ninoaa oaoie/aneeo n?aaenoa niooieeiaie nenoaiu eiio?iey ca
aeaeaeaieai o?ainii?oiuo n?aaenoa “Iaaeaaeaea-I” (a aeaeueiaeoai
eniieuecoaony oneiaiia iaeiaiiaaiea “EO?N”) aeieaeiu aoiaeeoue
einie/aneee eiiieaen, iacaiiue eiiieaen e ia?e ?aaeeiiayeia,
onoaiaaeeaaaiuo ia ianeoaeeaaaiuo iiaeaeaeiuo iauaeoao.
Einie/aneee eiiieaen nenoaiu aeieaeai aeeth/aoue a naay eae ieieioi aeaa
ENC, ?aniieiaeaiiuo ia ieceeo iiey?iuo i?aeoao n aunioie 1000 ei. Ia
oaeie i?aeoa ENC niaa?oaao iieiue iai?io aie?oa Caiiiai oa?a ca 104
ieioou. Einie/aneea aiia?aou aoaeoo eiaoue ia ai?oo eiiieaen
?aaeeioaoie/aneeo n?aaenoa, iicaieythueo inouanoaeyoue i?eai a
aeeaiaciia /anoio 405 IAoe. Ai?oiaay aiia?aoo?a EA aoaeao inouanoaeyoue
ia?ae/ioth ia?aaioeo i?eiyouo neaiaeia e eo i?eayceo ii a?aiaie, a
oaeaea ia?aaeaaaoue ia?aaioaiioth eioi?iaoeeth ii eeiee ENC-Caiey.
I?eai eioi?iaoeee, ia?aaeaaaaiie n EA aoaeao inouanoaeyoueny
niaoeeaeueiuie Noaioeeyie i?eaia e ia?aaioee eioi?iaoeee ( NIIE ),
?aniieiaeaiiuie ia oa??eoi?ee ?innee. Eniieuecoy yooaeo Aeiiiea?a,
iai?oaeiaaiea noaioeee aaoiiaoe/anee au/eneyao aaia?aoe/aneea
eii?aeeiaou enoi/ieea eceo/aiey neaiaea e ii?aaeaeyao aai
eaeaioeoeeaoi?. Iieo/aiiay ia auoiaea eioi?iaoeey iiaeao auoue ia?aaeaia
iaiin?aaenoaaiii a ioieo nai?a eioi?iaoeee iieueciaaoaey, eeai
iai?aaeyoueny a Eii?aeeiaoeeiiiue oeaio? nenoaiu aeey ni?oe?iaee e
aeinoaaee a aeeniao/a?neee ioieo iieueciaaoaey. Aeey i?eaia eioi?iaoeee
n ENC aeinoaoi/ii eiaoue a ninoaaa nenoaiu iaeio iacaiioth noaioeeth,
iaeiaei aeey iioeiaeueiie ia?aaioee neaiaeia a oaeii neo/aa noaioeey
aeieaeia ?aniieaaaoueny eae iiaeii aeeaea e aaia?aoe/aneiio Naaa?iiio
iiethno.
Ieaie?oaony, /oi iacaiiue eiiieaen nenoaiu “EO?N” aoaeao aeeth/aoue a
naay o?e NIIE. I?e iaiaoiaeeiinoe naoue noaioeee nenoaiu “EO?N” a
aeaeueiaeoai iiaeao auoue ?anoe?aia.
Oeaio?aeeciaaiiue nai? eioi?iaoeee ni NIIE i aeeneieaoeee anao iauaeoia
e aa ?ani?aaeaeaiea iio?aaeoaeyi, aeey eioi?uo iia i?aaeiacia/aia
(iieneiai-nianaoaeueiua oeaio?u, ia?ioiaenoaa), aoaeao inouanoaeyoueny
Eii?aeeiaoeeiiiui oeaio?ii nenoaiu (EOeN). I?aaeoniao?eaaaony oaeaea
aiciiaeiinoue iieo/aiey iieueciaaoaeai eioi?iaoeee e ia ?aaeiiaeueiie
iniiaa — o.a. iaiin?aaenoaaiii io aeeaeaeoae NIIE, a ia ec oeaio?a
nenoaiu.
Aeey ?aaiou a ?aieao nenoaiu eiio?iey ca aeaeaeaieai o?ainii?oiuo
n?aaenoa iauaeou iieueciaaoaeae aeieaeiu auoue iniauaiu ?aaeeiiayeaie,
i?aaenoaaeythuea niaie ?aaeeiia?aaeao/eee, eceo/athuea oeeo?iaua iinueee
a aeeaiaciia 405 IAoe n ia?eiaee/iinoueth ii?yaeea iaeiie ieioou.
Iinueee niaea?aeao oeeo?iaie eaeaioeoeeaoi? ?aaeeiiayea, n iiiiuueth
eioi?iai inouanoaeyaony iiiciaaaiea iiaeaeaeiiai iauaeoa. Ieaie?oaony
i?iecaiaenoai ianeieueeeo iiaeeoeeaoeee ?aaeeiiayeia, a oii /enea e
oaeeo, eioi?ua iicaieyo oaeaea ia?aaeaaaoue e aeiiieieoaeueioth
oi?iaeeciaaiioth eioi?iaoeeth ( io 6 aei 10 aaeo ); aeiiieieoaeueiay
eioi?iaoeey iiaeao aaiaeeoueny a ia?aaeathuaa ono?ienoai a?o/ioth eeai
aaoiiaoe/anee.
Aiia?aoo?a EA e NIIE nenoaiu “EO?N” aoaeao aaoiiaoe/anee au/eneyoue
aaia?aoe/aneea eii?aeeiaou ianoiiieiaeaiey iauaeoia, iniauaiiuo
?aaeeiiayeaie. I?e yoii aaia?aoe/aneea eii?aeeiaou iauaeoa aoaeoo
ii?aaeaeyoueny n aa?iyoiinoueth 0,99 ni n?aaeiaeaaae?aoe/iie ioeaeie 3,6
ei aeey iaiiaeaeaeiuo iauaeoia e 20 ei aeey iauaeoia, aeaeaeoueony ni
nei?inoueth ia aieaa 30 ei//an. I?e iaee/ee aeaoo ENC ia i?aeoa, nenoaia
“EO?N” iicaieeo ia ?aaea aeaoo ?ac a nooee iieo/aoue eioi?iaoeeth i
aaia?aoe/aneii ianoiiieiaeaiee iauaeoa aia caaeneiinoe io aai
?aniieiaeaiey ia iiaa?oiinoe Caiiiai oa?a. Oaeoe/aneay /anoioa iieo/aiey
eioi?iaoeee a iniiaiii caaeneo io aaia?aoe/aneie oe?iou ianoa iauaeoa e
iiaeao aeioiaeeoue aei 10-15 ?ac a nooee.
Aneaaenoaea iaee/ey ia ai?oo EA caiiieiathuaai ono?ienoaa nenoaiu
iicaieyo i?eieiaoue e ia?aaaouaaoue neaiaeu, iinooiathuea n ethaie oi/ee
Caiiiai oa?a. Yoi naienoai iniaaiii aaaeii aeey oao aeeniao/a?neeo
neoaea e iiaeaeaeiuo iauaeoia, eioi?ua ia eiatho no?iai au?aaeaiiuo
aaia?aoe/aneeo ia?aie/aiee a naiai ia?aaeaeaeaiee, o.a. noaeia ie?iaiai
oi?aiaiai oeioa, iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai aaoio?ainii?oa e o.ae.
Nicaeaiea niooieeiaie nenoaiu eiio?iey ca aeaeaeaieai o?ainii?oiuo
n?aaenoa ieaie?oaony ia oaoie/aneie aaca iaoiaeyuaeny a ooaoiie
yenieoaoaoeee ?inneeneie /anoe iaaeaeoia?iaeiie niooieeiaie nenoaiu
EINIAN-NA?NAO (“Iaaeaaeaea”), i?aaeiacia/aiiie aeey ii?aaeaeaiey
ianoiiieiaeaiey noaeia e naiieaoia, iioa?iaaoeo aaa?eth, a eioi?ie
eniieuecothony iiiaioeaeaaua ENC n aiia?aoo?ie EINIAN-NA?NAO ia ai?oo. A
ninoaa einie/aneiai eiiieaena ?inneeneie /anoe nenoaiu EINIAN-NA?NAO
aoiaeyo eae ieieioi aeaa ENC, ?aniieiaeaiiuo ia ieceeo iiey?iuo i?aeoao
n aunioie 1000 ei.
Iacaiiue eiiieaen nenoaiu EINIAN-NA?NAO aeeth/aao a naay NIIE e
Iaaeaeoia?iaeiue eii?aeeiaoeeiiii-au/eneeoaeueiue oeaio? (IEAOe).
Noaioeee naycaiu n oeaio?ii a?aiaeiaaiiuie oaeaoiiiuie eaiaeaie nayce.
Ooaoiay i?aeoaeueiay a?oiie?iaea EINIAN-NA?NAO/EO?N aoaeao aeeth/aoue a
naay /aou?a ENC n oieoeoee?iaaiiie ai?oiaie aiia?aoo?ie, eioi?ay iiaeao
ooieoeeiie?iaaoue eae a ?aieao nenoaiu EINIAN-NA?NAO, oae e a ?aieao
nenoaiu “EO?N”. Ia?aeeth/aiea ?aaeeia ?aaiou ai?oiaie aiia?aoo?u aoaeao
inouanoaeyoueny ii eiiaiaeai n Caiee. I?e yoii aeaa ENC aoaeoo iinoiyiii
?aaioaoue a ?aaeeia EINIAN-NA?NAO, a aeaa ae?oaeo – a ?aieao nenoaiu
“EO?N”. ?ac?aaaouaaaiia a ianoiyuaa a?aiy iai?oaeiaaiea aoi?iai
iieieaiey NIIE aoaeao oaeaea oieoeoee?iaaiiui, o.a. aoaeao niiniaii
i?eieiaoue e ia?aaaouaaoue n ENC eae a ?aaeeia EINIAN-NA?NAO, oae e a
?aaeeia “EO?N”, o.a. nai? eioi?iaoeee ni NIIE e aa ?ani?aaeaeaiea
iio?aaeoaeyi aoaeao inouanoaeyoueny nouanoaothuei IEAOe nenoaiu
EINIAN-NA?NAO.
Oaeia iino?iaiea einie/aneiai e iacaiiiai naaiaioia nenoaiu “EO?N”
iicaieeo a iaeneiaeueiie noaiaie eniieueciaaoue nouanoaothuea
oaoie/aneia n?aaenoaa e eaiaeu nayce e ieieiece?iaaoue yenieoaoaoeeiiiua
?anoiaeu.
2.4 Niooieeiaay nenoaia “AIIAOe”
I?aaeiieaaaaony, /oi nenoaia “AIIAOe” aoaeao aeeth/aoue a naay
einie/aneee naaiaio, ninoiyuee ec 36 EA e caiiie naaiaio, aeeth/athuee a
naay aaiiaioneea oa?ieiaeu o?ao oeiia. Naycue iaaeaeo aaiiaioaie iiaeao
i?iecaiaeeoueny aac eniieueciaaiey iacaiiuo naoae nayce.
Ia?aue oei oa?ieiaeia – iineiua oa?ieiaeu aanii 3-5 ea aoaeoo
iaania/eaaoue ia?aaea/o eioi?iaoeee ni nei?inoueth 4,8 eaeo/nae.
Oa?ieiae aoaeao niaaaeai eeaaeaoo?ie n iieiui iaai?ii ?onneeo, eaoeineeo
e neoaeaaiuo neiaieia. E?iia oiai, oa?ieiae aoaeao iaania/eaaoue
nii?yaeaiea n ia?niiaeueiui eiiiuethoa?ii.
Aoi?ie oei oa?ieiaeia – noaoeeiia?iue, aoaeao iaania/eaaoue ia?aaea/o
eioi?iaoeee ni nei?inoueth 9,6 eaeo/nae e aoaeao ioee/aoueny io ia?aiai
oeia oa?ieiaeia ianeieueei aieueoeie ?acia?aie aioaii e iaee/eai a
ninoaaa oa?ieiaea ia?niiaeueiiai eiiiuethoa?a.
Oa?ieiaeu ia?aiai e aoi?iai oeiia iiaoo oaeaea niaaaeaoueny
?a/ai?aia?acothueie ono?ienoaaie aeey oeeo?iaie ia?aaea/e ?a/e.
Nii?yaeaiea yoeo oeiia oa?ieiaeia n aiia?aoo?ie oaeaoiiiie, oaeaa?aoiie,
oaeaeniie e oaeneieeueiie nayce aoaeao inouanoaeyoueny /a?ac
noaiaea?oiua ieaou nii?yaeaiey, onoaiaaeeaaaiua a ia?niiaeueiue
eiiiuethoa?.
O?aoee oei oa?ieiaeia – ?aaeiiaeueiua noaioeee aoaeoo i?aaeiacia/aiu
aeey ia?aaea/e aieueoeo ianneaia eioi?iaoeee i?e ?aaioa a ninoaaa
?aaeiiaeueiuo oceia nayce e aoaeoo iaania/eaaoue ia?aaea/o eioi?iaoeeth
ni nei?inoueth 64 Eaeo/nae.
Ieaie?oaony, /oi nenoaia “AIIAOe” aoaeao oa?aeoa?eciaaoueny neaaeothueie
oa?aeoa?enoeeaie:
– aeey ?aaiou ia?aiiniuo aaiiaioneeo oa?ieiaeia aeeaiacii /anoio 312-315
IAoe a iai?aaeaiee Caiey-Einiin e 387-390 IAoe a iai?aaeaiee
Einiin-Caiey;
-aeey ?aaiou nei?inoiuo eaiaeia ?aaeiiaeueiuo noaioeee aoaeao
eniieueciaaoueny L-aeeaiacii, aaea aua?aiu o/anoee 1642,5 – 1643,4 IAoe
e 1541 – 1541,9 IAoe ia o?annao Caiey-Einiin e Einiin-Caiey
niioaaonoaaiii;
– a?aiy iaeeaeaiey nayce ia aieaa 10 ieioo;
– a?aiy aeinoaaee niiauaiey aei 4 /ania (i?e iaoiaeaeaiee aaiiaioia a
ciia aeaeeiinoe iaeiiai e oiai aea niooieea aeeaiao?ii 5000 ei a?aiy
aeinoaaee nie?auaaony aei iaeiie ieioou);
– n?aaeiyy aeeeoaeueiinoue naaina nayce ninoaaeyao 10 ieioo.
3. Iainiiaaiea auai?a iioeiaeueiie nenoaiu
E ianoiyuaio a?aiaie ecaanoii oaea ianeieueei aeaeia nenoai niooieeiaie
nayce, ioee/athueony, a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue, iino?iaieai einie/aneiai
naaiaioa. E iei ioiinyony nenoaiu n einie/aneeie aiia?aoaie ia
aainoaoeeiia?iie, yeeeioe/aneeo e e?oaiauo i?aeoao, eaaeaeay ec eioi?uo
eiaao iiiai ?aciiaeaeiinoae.
Nenoaiu n EA ia aainoaoeeiia?iie i?aeoa eiatho iaeaieueooth ciio
?aaeeiaeaeeiinoe e iiaoo iaania/eaaoue naycueth ia?iiiua oa??eoi?ee.
Oaeea nenoaiu iaeaieaa oaeiaiu, anee ianeoaeeaaaiay oa??eoi?ey ii naiaio
?aniieiaeaieth ia iiaa?oiinoe Caiee e eiioeao?aoeee iieiinoueth aoiaeeo
a ciio ?aaeeiaeaeeiinoe iaeiiai EA. I?eiaiyy a yoii neo/aa ia EA
iiiaieo/aaua aioaiiu, iiaeii neieue oaiaeii oi/ii “i/a?oeoue” a?aieoeu
yoie oa??eoi?ee e eniieueciaaoue aeey aa ianeoaeeaaiey anth yia?aaoeeo
?ao?aineyoi?a. Aianoa n oai, iineieueeo aainoaoeeiia?iay i?aeoa
i?ioiaeeo no?iai iaae yeaaoi?ii, EA i?eioeeieaeueii iao iiaoo
iaania/eaaoue naycueth i?eiiey?iua e iiey?iua ?aeiiu Caiee ec-ca ieceiai
oaea ianoa aioaii caiiuo noaioeee. E?iia oiai, i?e eniieueciaaiee a
nenoaia aeaoo eee aieaa EA aicieeatho ia?aie/aiey ii i?eiaiaieth
iaeioi?uo aeaeia nayce (iai?eia?, eae aeoieaeniiy oaeaoiiiay naycue)
ec-ca aieueoiai a?aiaie caaea?aeee neaiaeia, i?aauoathuaai caaeaiioth
INY ii?io. Neaaeoao ioiaoeoue e oio oaeo, /oi ia aainoaoeeiia?iie i?aeoa
oaea nin?aaeioi/aiii aieueoia eiee/anoai EA e ?aciauaiea iiauo a ioaeiuo
“oi/eao noiyiey” n o?aaoaiie YIN i?aaenoaaeyao na?ueacioth o?oaeiinoue.
A ioee/ea io nenoai n aainoaoeeiia?iuie EA, eioi?ua iiaoo eniieueciaaoue
oieueei aaeeinoaaiioth i?aeoo, nenoaiu n EA ia e?oaiauo i?aeoao eiatho
iiiai aa?eaioia iino?iaiey a?oiie?iaie, ioee/athueony eiee/anoaii
eniieuecoaiuo a ieo EA, no?oeoo?ie iino?iaiey , aunioie e iaeeiiaieai
i?aeo. A i?eioeeia a nenoaiao n EA ia e?oaiauo i?aeoao iiaeao
eniieueciaaoueny anaai iaeei EA, eioi?ue niiniaai iineaaeiaaoaeueii
iaania/eaaoue naycueth aioo?e naiae ciiu ?aaeeiaeaeeiinoe ana ?aaeiiu
Caiee eee ia?aiineoue caienaiiua a iaiyoue ai?oiaiai ?ao?aineyoi?a
niiauaiey ia ethaua ?annoiyiey n caaea?aeeie ai a?aiaie.
*oi eanaaony no?oeoo?u a?oiie?iaie, oi n oi/ee c?aiey iaania/aiey nayce
iaaeaeo anaie caiiuie e einie/aneeie yeaiaioaie nenoaiu (nayciinoue
nenoaiu) aieaa auaiaeiuie yaeythony a?oiie?iaee n neiiao?e/iie
no?oeoo?ie, i?e eioi?ie ana EA iaoiaeyony ii ioiioaieth ae?oa e ae?oao a
iaeeiaeiaii iieiaeaiee. Aeey eo/oaai iaania/aiey nayciinoe a nenoaia
o?aaoaony aianoe aua iaeioi?oth ecauoi/iinoue ii ioiioaieth e
ieieiaeueiiio eiee/anoao EA, iaiaoiaeeiiio aeey iaania/aiey nieioiiai
iie?uoey ianeoaeeaaaiie oa??eoi?ee.
Eiee/anoai o?aaoaiuo EA a a?oiie?iaea iiaeii oiaiueoeoue, anee ia
o?aaoaony aeiaaeueiiai iie?uoey e iiaeii ia?aie/eoue ianeoaeeaaaioth
nenoaiie oa??eoi?eth eee aeiionoeoue ia iae iaeioi?ua ia?a?uau nayce.
Aa?uee?oy eiee/anoaii EA e iaeeiiaieai i?aeou, iiaeii auaeaeeoue
oe?ioiua iiyna a naaa?iii e thaeiii iieooa?eyo, aioo?e eioi?uo aoaeao
iaania/eaaoueny iai?a?uaiay naycue, a aia eo – ia?eiaee/aneay. Iai?eia?,
i?e aunioa i?aeou 1600 ei, aua?aiiie a i?iaeoa nenoaiu “Iaeeaaea”, aeey
iaania/aiey iai?a?uaiie nayce a aeiaaeueiii ianooaaa o?aaoaony 36 EA, a
aeey ianeoaeeaaiey oe?ioiiai iiyna a i?aaeaeao 35…800 n.o.,
aeeth/athuaai anth oa??eoi?eth ?innee, – oieueei 24 EA. Ie ianeoaeeaaiee
aea ioaeaeueiuo oa??eoi?ee, ia?aie/aiiuo ia oieueei a oe?ioiii, ii e a
aeieaioiii iai?aaeaiee, a?oiie?iaea EA iaae inoaeueiuie oa??eoi?eyie
inoaiaony iaeniieueciaaiiie, e, neaaeiaaoaeueii, ecauoi/iie.
Nenoaiu n EA ia yeeaioe/aneeo i?aeoao, eioi?ua oaeaea iiaoo eiaoue
iiiaeanoai aa?eaioia iino?iaiey, i?eiaiythony a ianoiyuaa a?aiy eae
aeiiieiaiea e nenoaiai n aainoaoeeiia?iuie EA aeey ianeoaeeaaiey
i?eiiey?iuo e iiey?iuo ?aeiiia.
A ianoiyuaa a?aiy a ?innee e ca ?oaaaeii ?acaa?ioou ?aaiou ii nicaeaieth
aeiaaeueiuo e ?aaeiiaeueiuo nenoai oaeaeiiioieeaoeee n eniieueciaaieai
?ao?aineyoi?ia ia ieceii?aeoaeueiuo einie/aneeo aiia?aoia (aunioa i?aeo
800-1500 ei). Nicaeaiea niooieeiauo nenoai nayce ia ieceii?aeoaeueiuo
i?aeoao iaoneiaeaii:
– ia?aa?oaeaiiinoueth aainoaoeeiia?iie i?aeou, i?eaiaeyuae e
cia/eoaeueiui ia?aie/aieyi i?e nicaeaiee iiauo nenoai ii oi/eai noiyiey
einie/aneiai aiia?aoa e ia?aiao?ia eaiaeia ?ao?aineyoeee;
– eniieueciaaieai yooaeoa Aeiiiea?a aeey ii?aaeaeaiey ianoiiieiaeaiey
iauaeoia;
– i?aeoe/aneia eniieueciaaiea ia eeiee Ai?o-Caiey aieaa ieceeo /anoio,
/oi iaania/eaaao aiciiaeiinoue ?aaiou aaiiaioa ia iau/iuo
anaiai?aaeaiiuo aioaiiao;
– iioaioeeaeueiua aiciiaeiinoe nouanoaaiiiai iiauoaiey yooaeoeaiinoe
iiaoi?iiai eniieueciaaiey niaeo?a e oaaee/aiey caiania ia eeiee i?e
?aaioa ia aieaa aunieeo /anoioao.
E?iia oiai, naoe, ?aaioathuea /a?ac ieceieaoyuea niooieee, ioee/atho:
– iauay aioiaiinoue eeiee ia caaenyuay io oa?aeoa?a ianoiinoe;
– aunieay noaiaiue ?aca?ae?iaaiey, iineieueeo ioeac eee aeaaea
ianeieueeeo ieceii?aeoaeueiuo EA ia i?eaiaeeo e ioeaco nenoaiu, a
oieueei ianeieueei nieaeaao iia?aoeaiinoue;
– aiciiaeiinoue auno?iai iaania/aiey aeaoaaie ia?niiaeueiie naycueth,
/oi iicaieyao nouanoaaiii oaaee/eoue eiee/anoai iieueciaaoaeae nenoaiu e
iaania/eoue naycueth auno?i?acaeaathueany ?aaeiiu, eeoaiiua e a
ianoiyuaa a?aiy ?acaeouo nenoai nayce.
Aainoaoeeiia?iua niooieee niiniaiu iaania/eoue ?yae ec ia?a/eneaiiuo
auoa i?aeiouanoa, ii, eae i?aaeei, ca n/ao aieaa aunieeo cao?ao. Oae,
iai?eia?, iiaeii auei au ieacaoue oneoae n aainoaoeeiia?iuo niooieeia,
eiaaea ai aeaao oaea ia noaaeeanue au caaea/a yeiiiiee n?aaenoa. E?iia
oiai, eniieueciaaiea ianeieueeeo eo/ae n oceie aeeaa?aiiie
iai?aaeaiiinoe ia aainoaoeeiia?iii niooieea oaaee/eaaao yia?aaoe/aneea
caianu ia eeiee, ii a yoii neo/aa oieueei ca n/ao oaaee/aiey
eaieoaeueiuo ?anoiaeia.
A neo/aa nenoai iiaeaeaeiie niooieeiaie nayce, aeey eioi?uo i?inoioa
aioaiiu yaeyaony ?aoathuei oaeoi?ii, i?eiaiaiea anaiai?aaeaiiuo aioaii
ia aainoaoeeiia?iie i?aeoa oaoie/anee ?aaeecoaii, ii iiaeao auoue
auiieiaii ai?acaei i?iua n iiiiuueth eiiaeie?iaaiiiai eniieueciaaiey
aainoaoeeiia?iuo niooieeia, iaeiiiuiuo ieceieaoyueo niooieeia,
iaeiiiuiuo iiaeaeaeiuo ia?aaeao/eeia e aeaoaaie aaiiaioneie aiia?aoo?u.
A oaeie naoe iieueciaaoaeueneea oa?ieiaeu ?aaioatho n ieceii?aeoaeueiuie
niooieeaie, eioi?ua eniieuecothony eae ?ao?aineyoi?u aeey iaiaia
eioi?iaoeeae n aainoaoeeiia?iuie niooieeaie. Aainoaoeeiia?iua niooieee,
a naith i/a?aaeue, ?aaioatho iaiin?aaenoaaiii n Caiiuie noaioeeyie.
Iaeiaei, aeiaaeueiue ioaao ieceieaoyueo niooieeia n aainoaoeeiia?iie
i?aeou yaeyaony eneeth/eoaeueii aei?iaie caoaae, /oi i?eaaaeao e
aic?anoaieth eaieoaeueiuo cao?ao ia iaeiiai aaiiaioa, e, a naith
i/a?aaeue, iaoneaaeeaaao aieaa aunieea oa?eou.
Nenoaia, aace?othuayny oieueei ia ieceieaoyueo niooieeao, n
yenieoaoaoeeiiiie oi/ee c?aiey, ia i?aaenoaaeyao ie/aai iiaiai. A
ianoiyuaa a?aiy yenieoaoe?oaony iaaeaeoia?iaeiay nenoaia iienea e
nianaiey EINIAN-NA?NAO, ioa/anoaaiiay iaaeaaoeeiiiay nenoaia AEIIANN,
aia?eeaineay iaaeaaoeeiiiay nenoaia NAVSTAR. Oaeea i?aaiecaoeee, eae
Ieienoa?noai iai?iiu ?O, IANA e ae?oaea oaea a oa/aiee iiiaeo eao
eniieuecotho niooieee, auaaaeaiiua ia ieceea i?aeou.
Oai ia iaiaa, aei iaaeaaiaai a?aiaie niooieeiaua nenoaiu ia ieceeo
i?aeoao ia ioee/aeenue eiiia?/aneie i?eaeaeaoaeueiinoueth ii neaaeothuei
i?e/eiai:
– aei iineaaeiaai a?aiaie ionoonoaiaaee yooaeoeaiua, aeaeea e aeaoaaua
n?aaenoaa aeinoaaee iaaieueoeo EA e ieceei i?aeoai. Oaoiieiaey “IAAAN”,
o.a. a?oiiiaia auaaaeaiea ieceii?aeoaeueiuo EA ia i?aeoo n
eniieueciaaieai naiieaoa iicaieeei ?aoeoue yoo i?iaeaio;
– ioaeaaay aeieaeiia aeooaeueiinoe nicaeaiey “IAAAN”a, iaiaoiaeeii
i?eciaoue, /oi iaeiiai aai auei au iaaeinoaoi/ii. O?aaiaaeenue
ia?aeeaeueiua oaoiieiae/aneea i?i?aaioee, oaeea, iai?eia?, eae nicaeaiea
aunieinei?inoiuo, eiiiaeoiuo e aeaoaauo yeaeo?iiiuo eiiiiiaioia,
aeaaiaea?y eioi?ui aeinoeaaeinue nieaeaiea aana niooieea.
Ni/aoaiea oaeeo i?ia?anneaiuo ?ac?aaioie iicaieeei nicaeaoue
?aioaaaeueiua nenoaiu n?aaieoaeueii iaaei?iaie, eae n oi/ee c?aiey
ieceeo cao?ao ia i?aaeinoaaeaiea eie oneoa, oae e aiciiaeiinoe
?ani?aaeaeaiey o?aaoaiuo eiaanoeoeee ii iiiai/eneaiiui iieueciaaoaeyi,
nayce. Anee oaeay nenoaia aoaeao ?acaa?iooa ia aia?eeaineii eiioeiaioa,
oi aa aiciiaeiinoe noaiiayony oaeaea aeinooiiuie aeey inoaeueiiai ie?a.
Noieiinoue naoe ia ieceieaoyueo niooieeao, ii aeaiiii aia?eeaineeo
enoi/ieeia, yaeyaony aeinoaoi/ii ieceie a ia?an/aoa ia iaeiiai
iioaioeeaeueiiai iieueciaaoaey. Oaeia i?aeiouanoai a ni/aoaiee n ieceie
noieiinoueth aaiiaioneiai oa?ieiaeueiiai iai?oaeiaaiey (aei 500
aeieea?ia NOA), aeaeaao nenoaio “I?AEIII”, ia naaiaeiyoiee aeaiue,
iaeaieaa i?eaeaeaoaeueiie e eiieo?aioiiniiniaiie.
4. Iienaiea nenoaiu “I?AEIII” e aa oaoie/aneea oa?aeoa?enoeee
4.1 Iacia/aiea nenoaiu
Ieaie?oaony, /oi aia?eeaii-eaiaaeneay niooieeiaay nenoaia ia?aaea/e
aeaiiuo e ii?aaeaeaiey ianoiiieiaeaiey “I?AEIII” aoaeao eniieueciaaoueny
aeey:
-ii?aaeaeaiey eii?aeeiao aaaenoaey iiaeaeaeiuo iauaeoia;
-ia?aaea/e aaa?eeiuo niiauaiee, aeeth/athueo eii?aeeiaou ianoa aaaenoaey
e ae?oaoth aaa?eeioth eioi?iaoeeth a aeeniao/a?neea oeaio?u;
-neaaeaiey ca ianoiiieiaeaieai e ninoiyieai iiaeaeaeiuo e noaoeeiia?iuo
iauaeoia;
– iaiaia eioi?iaoeeae a ?aaeeia ia?aaea/e aeaiiuo iaaeaeo aaiiaioaie
nenoaiu;
-iaiaia eioi?iaoeeae a ?aaeeia ia?aaea/e aeaiiuo iaaeaeo aaiiaioaie
nenoaiu e aaiiaioaie ae?oaeo naoae nayce (yeaeo?iiiay ii/oa, O.25, O.400
e ae?.);
-ia?aaea/e ei?ioeeo niiauaiee aaiiaioai nenoaiu /a?ac aeeniao/a?neee
oeaio? ii oaeaoiio, oaeaoaeno e o.ae. (?aaeei iaeaeaeeia).
Aeaiiay nenoaia ?ac?aaioaia aeey i?aaeinoaaeaiey iaaei?iaie nayce a
?acee/iuo no?aiao ie?a. Nenoaia i?eaiaeia eae aeey ianeoaeeaaiey
ioaeaeueiuo iieueciaaoaeae, oae e aeey iino?iaiey niaoeeaeece?iaaiiuo
aeeniao/a?neeo ioieoia, ?aoathueo caaea/e eioi?iaoeeiiiiai ianeoaeeaaiey
a ianooaaao aieueoie i?aaiecaoeee, i?aaei?eyoey eee io?anee.
Aiciiaeiinoe nenoaiu “I?AEIII” aeieaeiu ioaa/aoue ?acee/iui ioaeaeai eae
eiiia?/aneeo, oae e ainoaea?noaaiiuo no?oeoo?:
– neaaeaiea ca aaaiiaie, eiioaeia?aie, aaoiiiaeeyie e ae?oaeie
iiaeaeaeiuie iauaeoaie;
– neaaeaiea ca ninoiyieai ie?oaeathuae N?aaeu, i?iiuoeaiiuo iauaeoia,
oaeaeaiiuo iauaeoia e o.i.;
– naycue n ia?niiaeueiuie iieueciaaoaeyie nenoaiu e eiiia?/aneeie
i?aaiecaoeeyie (n aiaeeoaeyie a?ociaeeia, n ia?aaic/eeaie iianiuo a?ocia
e o.ae.);
– naycue a aaa?eeiuo neooaoeeyo (ni neoaeaaie oaoiiiiue, nei?ie iiiiue e
o.i.)
4.2 I?eioeei ?aaiou
I?aaeiieaaaaony, /oi a ninoaa oaoie/aneeo n?aaenoa nenoaiu “I?AEIII”
aoaeoo aoiaeeoue:
– einie/aneee naaiaio;
– iacaiiue naaiaio;
– iai?oaeiaaiea iieueciaaoaeae.
Ia?aiia/aeueii ieaie?oaony caionoeoue aeaa niooieea ia iiey?iie i?aeoa e
a aeaeueiaeoai ?anoe?eoue einie/aneee naaiaio aei a?oiie?iaee ec 36
ieceii?aeoaeueiuo ENC. 4 ENC aoaeoo iaoiaeeoueny ia iiey?iie i?aeoa e ii
8 ENC a 4 i?aeoaeueiuo ieineinoyo n iaeeiiaieai 45 a?aaeonia e aunioie
785 ei. Aan eaaeaeiai niooieea i?eaioe?iai/ii 36,5 ea. Niooieee aoaeoo
ninoiyoue ec ia?aaeao/eeia, i?eaiieeia e ai?oiauo i?ioeanni?ia. Iie
oaeaea aoaeoo niaea?aeaoue i?eaiieee GPS, ii?aaeaeythueo ianoiiieiaeaiea
niooieea ia i?aeoa. Yoi iaiaoiaeeii aeey nenoaiu iiceoeeiiiiai eiio?iey,
eioi?ay iiaeaea?aeeaaao niooieee ia i?aeoao. Ieaie?oaony, /oi niooieee
aoaeoo ?ann/eoaiu ia yenieoaoaoeeth a oa/aiee /aou?ao eao. Caione
niooieeia ieaie?oaony inouanoaeyoue n naiieaoa ii nenoaia “Iaaan”, /oi
iicaieeo cia/eoaeueii nieceoue noieiinoue nenoaiu.
Niooieee a nenoaia “I?AEIII” aoaeoo eniieueciaaoueny a ea/anoaa
?ao?ainiyoi?ia, a oaeaea ia?aaeaaaoue neaiaeu aeey ii?aaeaeaiey
ianoiiieiaeaiey iauaeoia. Oi/iinoue ii?aaeaeaiey ianoiiieiaeaiey, ii
?an/aoai ?ac?aaio/eeia, ninoaaeo 375-1175 iao?ia.
*anoiou eceo/aiey ia?aaeao/eeia ENC 137.0 – 138.0 IAoe, 400.05-400.15
IAoe.
Ieaie?oaony, /oi ia ai?oo ENC aoaeao onoaiiaeaii caiiieiathuaa
ono?ienoai e n?aaenoaa nenoaiu iicaieyo i?eieiaoue e ia?aaaouaaoue
neaiaeu, iinooiathuea ec ethaie oi/ee Caiiiai oa?a. Yoi naienoai
iniaaiii aaaeii aeey oao aeeniao/a?neeo neoaea e iiaeaeaeiuo iauaeoia,
eioi?ua ia eiatho no?iai au?aaeaiiuo aaia?aoe/aneeo ia?aie/aiee a naiai
ia?aaeaeaeaiee.
Iacaiiue naaiaio aoaeao ninoiyoue ec i?eaii-ia?aaeathueo Caiiuo noaioeee
e eii?aeeie?othuaai eo ?aaioo Oeaio?a oi?aaeaiey naoueth.
I?eaii-ia?aaeathuea noaioeee aoaeoo inouanoaeyoue iaiai eioi?iaoeeae
iaaeaeo Oeaio?ii oi?aaeaiey naoueth e niooieeaie. Yoe noaioeee, eae
i?aaeei, aeieaeiu ninoiyoue ec aeaoo aioaii ni neaaeyueie nenoaiaie, A*
o?aeoa, iiaeaiiiai iai?oaeiaaiey e eiiioieeaoeeiiiie i?ia?aiiu aeey
iaiaia n Oeaio?ii oi?aaeaiey naoueth.
Io eiee/anoaa e ianoi?aniieiaeaiey i?eaii-ia?aaeathueo Caiiuo noaioeee
aoaeao caaenaoue oa??eoi?ey, ianeoaeeaaaiay nenoaiie e iia?aoeaiinoue
nayce. Ii ?an/aoai aia?eeaineeo niaoeeaeenoia, aeey ?innee iaiaoiaeeii 6
i?eaii-ia?aaeathueo noaioeee e iaeei Oeaio? oi?aaeaiey naoueth.
O/eouaay, /oi i?eaii-ia?aaeathuea noaioeee aeieaeiu ?aaioaoue a
aaoiiiiiii ?aaeeia iiae oi?aaeaieai Oeaio?a oi?aaeaiey naoueth e eo ia
ieaie?oaony ianeoaeeaaoue iia?aoeaiui ia?niiaeii, a oaeaea oi, /oi
naycue nenoaiu n ae?oaeie naoyie inouanoaeyaony /a?ac Oeaio? oi?aaeaiey
naoueth, ii ?an/aoai ?ac?aaio/eeia, ia?niiae anae nenoaiu ia oa??eoi?ee
?innee aeieaeai ninoiyoue ec 70-80 /aeiaae.
Oeaio? oi?aaeaiey naoueth yaeyaony oeaio?ii naoe a eaaeaeie no?aia e
inouanoaeyao noue naoe “I?AEIII” n ae?oaeie ainoaea?noaaiiuie e /anoiuie
naoyie nayce. Naycue iaaeaeo Caiiuie noaioeeyie e Oeaio?ii oi?aaeaiey
naoueth (aeoieaeniue eaiae 56 Eaeo/nae) iiaeao inouanoaeyoueny eae ii
i?iaiaeiui eaiaeai, oae e n eniieueciaaieai oaoiieiaee VSAT.
I?aaeiieaaaaony ecaioaaeeaaoue ?acee/iua oeiu iieueciaaoaeueneeo
oa?ieiaeia. Iai?eia?, ieaie?oaony ecaioiaeaiea iaeiaaaa?eoiuo
oa?ieiaeia, eioi?ua iiaeii aoaeao ano?ieoue a aaoiiiaeeueiue OEA
?aaeeii?eaiiee.
*anoioa eceo/aiey oa?ieiaeia 148.0 – 150.05 IAoe. Nei?inoue ia?aaea/e
eioi?iaoeee ia ENC – 2.4 Eaeo/nae, n ENC – 4.8 Eaeo/nae.
4.3 Oi?iaou ia?aaeaaaaiuo niiauaiee
A naoe “I?AEIII” ieaie?oaony inouanoaeyoue ia?aaioeo neaaeothueo aeaeia
niiauaiee:
– ei?ioeea iinueee, ia o?aaothuea iiaeoaa?aeaeaiey. Oa?ieiaeu
iieueciaaoaeae ia?aaeatho ei?ioeea niiauaiey, i?eai eioi?uo ia o?aaoao
iiaeoaa?aeaeaiey (?aaeeiu DataNet, MapNet );
– ei?ioeea iinueee, eioi?ua o?aaotho iiaeoaa?aeaeaiey. Nouanoaotho aeaa
o?iaiy iiaeoaa?aeaeaiee: /oi niiauaiea i?eiyoi nenoaiie e /oi niiauaiea
i?eiyoi aae?anaoii (?aaeeiu DataNet, MapNet, SecurNet);
– cai?in niiauaiey. Niiauaiea ia?aaeaaony oa?ieiaeii iieueciaaoaey ii
eiiaiaea ni niooieea. Yoa eiiaiaea iinooiaao ia niooiee n Oeaio?a
oi?aaeaiey naoueth, eioi?ue ianeoaeeaaao iieueciaaoaeueneee oa?ieiae
(?aaeeiu DataNet, MapNet);
– iaiai niiauaieyie. Niiauaiea ?acaeaaaony ia /anoe aeey iaaeaaeiinoe
ia?aaea/e e ia?aaeaaony ei?ioeeie iaeaoaie ii 10 aeo /a?ac niooieeiaue
eaiae. Iaeao n/eoaaony i?eiyoui iinea iieo/aiey iiaeoaa?aeaeaiey, eeai,
anee oaeiaia ia iieo/aii, iaeao ia?aaeaaony aua ?ac. Yoe niiauaiey iiaoo
auoue ia?aaeaiu ia oa?ieiaeu iieueciaaoaeae e i?eiyou io ieo (?aaeei
VitalNet);
– i?eai/ia?aaea/a iaeaoia n?aaeiae aeeeiu (256 aeo). Iie ia?aaeathony
eee i?eieiathony oa?ieiaeii iieueciaaoaey aac o/anoey Oeaio?a oi?aaeaiey
naoueth. Yoi aeiionoeii a oaeaeaiiuo e ieaaineeo ciiao. Oa?ieiae
iieueciaaoaey inouanoaeyao i?eai eee ia?aaea/o iaeaoia eioi?iaoeee,
eiaaea naycue n Oeaio?ii oi?aaeaiey naoueth iaaiciiaeia. Niiauaiea
a?oeae?oaony a iaiyoe niooieeiaiai i?ioeanni?a aei onoaiiaeaiey eiioaeoa
niooieea n oa?ieiaeii eee Oeaio?ii oi?aaeaiey naoueth;
– eiiaiaeu – ei?ioeea eiiaiaeu, ninoiyuea ec iaeiiai iaeaoa ia?aaeathony
ia oa?ieiae iieueciaaoaey. Iiaeoaa?aeaeaiea iiaeao o?aaiaaoueny eee ia
o?aaiaaoueny.
?aaeei SekurNet i?aaeiacia/ai aeey ia?aaea/e neaiaeia o?aaiae,
aaaenoaey, aaciianiinoe. I?e iaaeaoee ii?aaeaeaiiie eiiiee ia oa?ieiaea
eee ae?oaii niiniaa aeeth/aiey ?aaeeia, iieueciaaoaeueneee oa?ieiae
ia?aaeaao ei?ioeia niiauaiea i aaaenoaee iinoiyiii aei oao ii?, iiea ia
aoaeao i?eiyoi iiaeoaa?aeaeaiea i i?eaia yoiai niiauaiey.
?aaeei MapNet i?aaeiacia/ai aeey ia?aaea/e niiauaiey i ianoiiieiaeaiee
oaeaeaiiiai iieueciaaoaeueneiai oa?ieiaea.
?aaeei DataNet i?aaeiacia/ai aeey iaiaia oeeo?iaie eioi?iaoeeae n
oaeaeaiiuie iaianeoaeeaaaiuie oa?ieiaeaie. Eioi?iaoeey iiaeao auoue
caienaia a iaiyoue oa?ieiaea e n/eouaaoueny a iiiaio ia?aaea/e, a oaeaea
iiaeao n/eouaaoueny n aeao/eeia. A yoii ?aaeeia iiaoo auoue ia?aaeaiu
eiiaiaeu ia oa?ieiae aeey n?aaaouaaiey ieiia/iiai iai?oaeiaaiey.
?aaeei VitalNet aeeth/aao a naay ana auoa ia?a/eneaiiua ?aaeeiu e,
niioaaonoaaiii, oa?ieiae aoaeao eiaoue aiciiaeiinoue oaeaea
inouanoaeyoue i?eai/ia?aaea/o niiauaiee.
4.4 Acaeiiaeaenoaea n ae?oaeie naoyie nayce
Acaeiiaeaenoaea n ae?oaeie naoyie nayce aoaeao inouanoaeyoueny /a?ac
Oeaio? oi?aaeaiey naoueth, a eioi?ii aeieaeiu auoue i?aaeoniio?aiu
niioaaonoaothuea eioa?oaenu. Oeaio? oi?aaeaiey naoueth “I?AEIII” aoaeao
inouanoaeyoue i?eai eioi?iaoeee n oa?ieiaea e ia?aoi?iaoe?iaaoue aai a
caaeneiinoe io oiai, a eaeoth naoue iii iai?aaeaii. Aiaeiae/ii, i?eiyoua
ec ae?oaeo naoae niiauaiey aoaeoo ia?aoi?iaoe?iaaoueny a Oeaio?a
oi?aaeaiey naoueth a ia?aaeaaaoueny ia iieueciaaoaeueneea oa?ieiaeu.
Ieii/aoaeueiue auai? eioa?oaenia, eo oeiia e eiee/anoaa aeieaeai
ii?aaeaeyoueny ia noaaeee i?iaeoe?iaaiey n iaycaoaeueiui niaeaniaaieai n
Ieienoa?noaii nayce ?O e aeaaeaeueoeaie naoae.
4.5 Ciiu ianeoaeeaaiey e a?aiy aeinoaaee niiauaiee
Oai?aoe/anee, nenoaia “I?AEIII” aoaeao iie?uaaoue anth oa??eoi?eth
Caiiiai oa?a. Ia?aua aeaa niooieea ieaie?oaony caionoeoue ia iiey?ioth
i?aeoo (iaeeiiaiea 90 a?aae.). Iniiaiia iie?uoea aeieaeiu aoaeoo
inouanoaeyoue 24 niooieea ( ii 8 niooieeia a eaaeaeie ec o?ao
i?aeoaeueiuo ieineinoae). Yoe i?aeoaeueiua ieineinoe aoaeoo eiaoue
?acianaiea ii aeieaioa ainoiaeyuaai oaea 120 a?aaeonia e iaeeiiaiea 45
a?aaeonia e yeaaoi?o. A aeaeueiaeoai, aeey oaaee/aiey i?iioneiie
niiniaiinoe nenoaiu ieaie?oaony caionoeoue aua 8 niooieeia a /aoaa?oie
i?aeoaeueiie ieineinoe n iaeeiiaieai 45 a?aaeonia e aeiiieieoaeueii aeaa
iiey?iuo niooieea n iaeeiiaieai 90 a?aaeonia.
I?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoue naainia nayce e ia?a?uaia iaaeaeo naainaie a
caaeneiinoe io oe?iou ianoi?aniieiaeaiey oa?ieiaea iieueciaaoaey aoaeao
eciaiyoueny: aei 50 a?aaeona n?aaeiyy i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoue naainia
nayce ninoaaeyao 10 ieioo, a n?aaeiaa a?aiy iaeeaeaiey – 3-4 ieioou. N
oaaee/aieai oe?iou iiyaeythony cia/eoaeueiua ia?a?uau iaaeaeo naainaie
nayce. Iaeaieaa aeeeoaeueiia iaeeaeaiea naaina nayce iaaethaeaaony ia
oe?ioa 65 a?aaeonia e ninoaaeyao 81,9 iei. Yoi aucaaii oai, /oi ia yoie
oe?ioa oa?ieiae iieueciaaoaey niiaeao ?aaioaoue oieueei n iiey?iuie
niooieeaie, oae eae oaea ia aoaeao iiiaaeaoue a ciio aeaenoaey niooieeia
n iaeeiiaieai a 45 a?aaeonia.
A aeaeueiaeoai, n oaaee/aieai oe?iou ianoa, aoaeao oaaee/eaaoueny a?aiy,
a oa/aiee eioi?iai iiaeii aoaeao ?aaioaoue ni niooieeaie e,
niioaaonoaaiii, a?aiy iaeeaeaiey naainia nayce aoaeao oiaiueoaoueny.
A?aiy aeinoaaee niiauaiey (auno?iaeaenoaea nenoaiu) caaenyo io:
– a?aiaie iaeeaeaiey naaina nayce;
– a?aiaie ia?aaea/e niiauaiey ia niooiee;
– a?aiaie ia?aaea/e niiauaiey ni niooieea ia Caiioth noaioeeth;
– a?aiaie ia?aaea/e niiauaiey n CN a Oeaio? oi?aaeaiey naoueth;
– a?aiaie ia?aaea/e niiauaiey ec Oeaio?a oi?aaeaiey naoueth e aae?anaoo.
A aeaiiii neo/aa eiaaony a aeaeo, /oi niiauaiea eiaao oaeoth
aeeeoaeueiinoue, /oi ia?aaeaaony ca iaeei naain nayce. Eae i?aaeei,
aieueoeinoai niiauaiee iieueciaaoaeae eiaao oaeoth aeeeoaeueiinoue.
A?aiy aeinoaaee niiauaiey n oa?ieiaea ia niooiee, a oaeaea ni niooieea
/a?ac Caiioth noaioeeth e Oeaio? oi?aaeaiey naoueth aae?anaoo ninoaaeyao
1-2 iei (i?e oii oneiaee, /oi oa?ieiae e Caiiay noaioeey iaeiia?aiaiii
iaoiaeyony a ciia aeaeeiinoe niooieea). A neo/aa, eiaaea a ciia
aeaeeiinoe niooieea iaoiaeeony oieueei oa?ieiae, niiauaiea n?aco
ia?aaeaaony n oa?ieiaea ia niooiee, a ni niooieea ia Caiioth noaioeeth
oieueei oiaaea, eiaaea iia iiiaaeaao a aai ciio aeaeeiinoe.
Niioaaonoaaiii oaaee/eaaaony a?aiy aeinoaaee niiauaiee.
Caeeth/aiea
A ianoiyuae ?aaioa ?anniio?aiu nouanoaothuea e ieaie?oaiua e aaiaeo a
aeeaeaeoaa a?aiy einie/aneea nenoaiu, iicaieythuea inouanoaeyoue
ii?aaeaeaiea ianoiiieiaeaiey iiaeaeaeiuo iauaeoia e ia?aaeaaaoue yoe
aeaiiua a aeeniao/a?neea ioieou, /oi iicaieyao inouanoaeyoue eiio?ieue
ca aeaeaeaieai e aaciianiinoueth yoeo iauaeoia.
Ec einie/aneeo nenoai, eioi?ua iiaoo ?aoaoue iinoaaeaiiua caaea/e, a
oaeaea iicaieytho inouanoaeyoue aeaonoi?iiithth naycue a ?aaeeia
ia?aaea/e aeaiiuo, iaeaieaa aeaoaaie e iaaeaaeiie, aiciiaeii aoaeao
yaeyoueny nenoaia “I?AEIII”. Iaeiaei, oae eae nenoaia aua ia aaaaeaia a
yenieoaoaoeeth, aeaiiia caeeth/aiea naeaeaii /enoi oai?aoe/anee,
iniiauaaynue ia aeaiiuo, iieo/aiiuo a ?acoeueoaoa i?aaeaa?eoaeueiuo
?an/aoia.
Oeaeaniia?aciinoue i?eiaiaiey niooieeiauo eaiaeia nayce ii?aaeaeyaony
oaoie/aneeie e yeiiiie/aneeie i?aeiouanoaaie, eioi?ua iiaoo auoue
iieo/aiu n eo iiiiuueth. Iiyoiio iniiaiie e?eoa?ee n?aaiaiey naoae — yoi
yia?aaoe/aneee yooaeo e noieiinoue ?acaa?ouaaiey nenoaiu a oeaeii.
Noieiinoue niooieeiaie nenoaiu nayce, a iniiaiii, neeaaeuaaaony ec:
– cao?ao ia ?ac?aaioeo e i?iecaiaenoai niooieea;
– cao?ao ia auaiae niooieea ia i?aeoo;
– cao?ao ia ?acaa?ouaaiea naoe caiiuo noaioeee.
A neeo oiai, /oi aeaiiua ii noieiinoe niooieea e noieiinoe auaiaea aai
ia i?aeoo yaeyaony eiioeaeaoeeaeueiie eioi?iaoeeae e, eae i?aaeei,
ieaaea ia ioaeeeoaony, eo iiaeii ioeaieoue eeoue i?eaeeaeaiii. Cao?aou
ia i?iecaiaenoai e caione niooieea oeia “EIIA?NAO” iin?aaenoaii
?aeaoiiineoaey oeia “I?ioii”, ia naaiaeiy iaoiaeyony a i?aaeaeao 80-150
iei. aeieea?ia NOA, a aeey nenoaiu “I?AEIII”, i?e caionea eioi?ie
eniieuecoaony oaoiieiaey “Iaaan”, yoe cao?aou ninoaaeytho 5-20 iei.
aeieea?ia NOA. Oaeay yeiiiiey n?aaenoa aeinoeaaaony, ai-ia?auo, iooai
i?eiaiaiey ia niooieeao aiia?aoo?u, nicaeaiiie ia iniiaa iee?inoai e
iee?ii?ioeanni?ia, /oi cia/eoaeueii nieaeaao cao?aou ia noaiioaoie/aneea
yeaiaiou e cia/eoaeueii nieaeaao aaniaaaa?eoiua oa?aeoa?enoeee
einie/aneeo aiia?aoia; ai-aoi?uo, i?e eniieueciaaiee oaoiieiaee “Iaaan”
en/acaao iaiaoiaeeiinoue a i?iecaiaenoaa aei?iainoiyueo ?aeaoiiineoaeae,
o.e. caeanue aeey auaiaea ia i?aeoo n?aco ianeieueeeo einie/aneeo
aiia?aoia eniieuecothony naiieaou, iiaeieiathueany ia aunioo 11-12 oun.
iao?ia, n eioi?uo i?iecaiaeeony caione ?aeaou-iineoaey. Cao?aou ia
?acaa?ouaaiea caiiuo noaioeee aeey nenoai iiaeaeaeiie nayce i?eia?ii
iaeeiaeiau e iaoiaeyony a i?aaeaeao 10-20 iei. aeieea?ia NOA.
Yia?aaoe/aneee yooaeo aeinoeaaaony iooai oiaiueoaiey ?annoiyiey iaaeaeo
caiiuie noaioeeyie e niooieeaie, /oi i?eaiaeeo e oiaiueoaieth o?aaoaiie
iiuiinoe ia?aaeao/eeia eae caiiuo noaioeee, oae e ia?aaeao/eeia,
onoaiaaeeaaaiuo ia einie/aneeo aiia?aoao. Yoi, a naith i/a?aaeue,
i?eaiaeeo e oiaiueoaieth ?acia?ia niooieea. Oaeaea ieceii?aeoaeueiua
ENC, i?e niioaaonoaothuai auai?a a?oiie?iaee, iiaoo ianeoaeeaaoue ethaua
oa??eoi?ee ia iiaa?oiinoe Caiee, aieioue aei aeiaaeueiiai ioaaoa.
Eeoa?aoo?a
1. Iienaiea nenoaiu “I?AEIII”
2. Iienaiea nenoaiu “Eiia?nao” I. 1995a.
3. “Nenoaiu niooieeiaie nayce” iiae ?aae. Eaioi?a I.: ?aaeei e naycue
1992a.
4. Nieieia A.A. Iiao/aa A.E. Iueueoeia A.A. Oiiei A.I. ”Ioeaiea
aiciiaeiinoae nenoai niooieeiaie nayce n ?acee/iuie aeaeaie i?aeo
einie/aneeo aiia?aoia” “Ca?oaaaeiay ?aaeeiyeaeo?iieea”,1996a.,?2.
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