ii aeenoeeieeia
“Iaoaeeo?aey noaee e nieaaia e iiaua i?ioeannu”
A?oiia IY-91-1
Nooaeaio Aieeooei N. N.
I?aiiaeaaaoaeue Eethaa I. I.
Caaeaiea. ?ac?aaioaoue oaoiieiae/aneoth noaio i?iecaiaenoaa noaee ia?ee
35A2 e ii?aaeaeeoue iniiaiua oaoieei-yeiiiie/aneea iieacaoaee
i?iecaiaenoaa.
Enoiaeiua aeaiiua
Ninoaa /oaoia (aan %): N-4.8, Si-0.85, Mn-0.75, P-0.24, S-0.08
Oaiia?aoo?a /oaoia, °N – 1315
Aieinoue eiiaa?oa?a, o – 300
Ioeaiea __________________
Aaaaeaiea.
Iinea ?aniaaea NNN? a ?innee inoaeinue ieiei 60 % i?aaei?eyoee /a?iie
iaoaeeo?aee. I?iaeaiu, aicieeoea iinea ?aniaaea NNN?, a iniiaiii
aieiiaaee io?aneue a 1991 aiaeo. A oa/aiea 1992 aiaea oicyenoaaiiua
nayce auee a oeaeii ainnoaiiaeaiu. Iauaiu i?iecaiaenoaa e iio?aaeaiey
/a?iuo iaoaeeia a ?innee noaaeeece?iaaeenue e na?aaeeia 1993 aiaea [2].
Iioaioeeae /a?iie iaoaeeo?aee ?innee ii?aaeaeyaony i?iecaiaenoaaiiuie
iiuiinoyie, iicaieythueie i?iecaiaeeoue (iei. o. aiae) [3]:
aioiaue i?ieao 67
noaeue 94
/oaoi 61
eien 34
oiaa?iay aeaeaciay ?oaea 103
Ii i?iaiico Eiieoaoa ?O ii iaoaeeo?aee, a 1993 aiaeo aoaeao i?iecaaaeaii
42,8 iei. o aioiaiai i?ieaoa. Ii naaiaeiy 50 % i?ieaoa e 60% noaee
i?iecaiaeeony a ?innee ia onoa?aaoai iai?oaeiaaiee. A 1992 aiaeo 51,5 %
noaee ecaioaaeeaaeinue ia?oaiianeei niiniaii, 34,5% eiiaa?oa?iui, 14%
yeaeo?inoaeaieaaeeueiui. Ii i?iaiicai Eiieoaoa ii iaoaeeo?aee, a 1993
aiaeo yoe iieacaoaee ii/oe ia eciaiyony. E oiio aea aieaa 76% noaee
?aceeaaaony a neeoee, /oi aaaeao e ia?a?anoiaeo yiy?ai?ano?nia ia noiio
$210 iei. a aiae [2].
A oeaeii iaoa /a?iay iaoaeeo?aey oa?aeoa?ecoaony neaaeothueie
iniaaiiinoyie [3]:
SYMBOL 183 \f “Symbol” \s 10 \h iiauoaiiay iaoa?eaei- e yia?aiaieinoue
i?iecaiaenoaa;
SYMBOL 183 \f “Symbol” \s 10 \h cia/eoaeueiue eciin iniiaiuo
i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo oiiaeia, i?aauoathuee a oeaeii ii io?anee 50%, a ii
?yaeo i?aaei?eyoee 70%, iaaunieee oaoie/aneee o?iaaiue i?iecaiaenoaa e
naycaiiua n yoei ea/anoai e eiieo?aioiniiniaiinoue i?iaeoeoeee;
SYMBOL 183 \f “Symbol” \s 10 \h ianaaeaine?iaaiiinoue iiaeio?aneae e
ioaeaeueiuo ia?aaeaeia, iniaaiii ec-ca ?ac?uaa naycae ii iaaeio?aneaaie
e aioo?eio?aneaaie eiiia?aoeee nu?uey e iieooaa?eeaoia;
SYMBOL 183 \f “Symbol” \s 10 \h e?aeia iaoaeiaeaoai?eoaeueiay
yeieiae/aneay ianoaiiaea a ?aaeiiao n iaoaeeo?ae/aneie
i?iiuoeaiiinoueth.
Iniiaiay ianna iaoaeeo?ae/aneie i?iaeoeoeee a ?innee i?iecaiaeeony ii
iania?aiaiiie oaoiieiaee ia ii?aeueii e oece/anee onoa?aaoai
iai?oaeiaaiee, oaoie/aneee o?iaaiue eioi?ie niioaaonoaoao oanoeaeanyoui
aiaeai [3]. Aneaaenoaea yoiai i?iaeoeoeey eiaao iiauoaiioth iaoa?eaei- e
yia?aiaieinoue.
?aniaae aaeeiiai iaoaeeo?ae/aneiai eiiieaena iniaaiii ino?i neacaeny ia
ieia?aeueii-nu?ueaaie aaca. A ?innee ionoonoaotho ianoi?iaeaeaiey e
i?aaei?eyoey ii aeiau/a ia?aaioeaauo e o?iiiauo ?oae, iniiaiua caianu
eioi?uo iaoiaeyony ia Oe?aeia e a Eacaonoaia. Iaaeinoaoi/ia nu?ueaaay
aaca iaiaoii?iie i?iiuoeaiiinoe [3].
Ec-ca aieueoiai eiee/anoaa onoa?aaoeo iniiaiuo oiiaeia iaoaeeo?aey
iaiineo cia/eoaeueiue oua?a ie?oaeathuae n?aaea – 400-450 ie?ae. ?oa
(oeaiu 1992 a.) [3].
Ec-ca aunieeo oaiiaeaiiuo iioeei, i?ioaeoeeiienoneeo ia? e aunieie
eiieo?aioeee i?aeoe/anee ia iiaeaeathony ?anoe?aieth ?uiee nauoa a
Caiaaeiie Aa?iia, Naaa?iie e Oeaio?aeueiie Aia?eea. Aunieeay
?ano?niaieinoue i?iecaiaenoaa i?e iaaeinoaoi/ii aunieii o?iaia ea/anoaa
iaoneiaeeaatho ieceoth eiieo?aioiniiniaiinoue aieueoeinoaa aeaeia
aioiaie i?iaeoeoeee e ia ie?iaii ?uiea iiaeao eiieo?e?iaaoue oieueei
10-15% aioiaie iaoaeeii?iaeoeoeee: yeaeo?ioaoie/aneay noaeue (/anoe/ii),
a?iaoo?iay noaeue, eaae?iaaiiue ni?oii?ieao, ?aeuenu, noaeiaay eenoiaay
noaeue e iaeioi?ua ae?oaea, a oaeaea iieooaa?eeaou (/oaoi, caaioiaea
aeey ia?aaeaea, ai?y/aeaoaiiua ?oeiiu) [3].
Iiaeii auaeaeeoue neaaeothuea iniiaiua oaoiieiae/aneea iai?aaeaiey ?aaio
ii iiaea?iecaoeee i?iecaiaenoaa [1,3]:
SYMBOL 183 \f “Symbol” \s 10 \h eiiieaeniia eniieueciaaiea nu?uey;
SYMBOL 183 \f “Symbol” \s 10 \h aieaa aeoaieia iaiaauaiea ?oae,
iaeneiaeueii aiciiaeiay ia?a?aaioea iaeiieaiiiai e ia?acothuaainy
iaoaeee/aneiai eiia n oeaeueth nieaeaiey yia?aaoe/aneeo cao?ao;
SYMBOL 183 \f “Symbol” \s 10 \h niaa?oainoaiaaiea no?oeoo?u
noaeaieaaeeueiiai i?iecaiaenoaa iooai caiaiu ia?oaiianeeo ia/ae ia
nia?aiaiiua noaeaieaaeeueiua aa?aaaou n ?aceeaeie noaee ia IIEC;
SYMBOL 183 \f “Symbol” \s 10 \h ieieiecaoeey ecaea?aeae i?iecaiaenoaa,
aeeth/ay o?ainii?oiua ?anoiaeu ia ia?aaiceo nu?uey e aioiaie
i?iaeoeoeee;
SYMBOL 183 \f “Symbol” \s 10 \h i?aaiecaoeey i?iecaiaenoaa ioaeaeueiuo
aeaeia iaoaeeii?iaeoeoeee, nieaeathueo oaeaeaioth iaoaeeiaieinoue
iaoeeiiaeueiiai aeioiaea, aeeth/ay oieiaeiieaoaiiue eeno,
ei??iceiiii-caueuaiiua iaoaeee/aneea ecaeaeey, oieiaeiiaiooua i?ioeee e
ae?.;
SYMBOL 183 \f “Symbol” \s 10 \h iiauoaiea ea/anoaa noaeueiie caaioiaee
(niaea?aeaiea oeie/aneeo yeaiaioia a oceeo i?aaeaeao, aacaeaoaeoiay
iiaa?oiinoue, ea/anoaaiiay iae?i- e iee?ii?iaeoeoeey.
A ioiineoaeueii e?aoein?i/iie (10-20 eao) ia?niaeoeaa iaeaieaa
i?aaeii/oeoaeueiuie aoaeoo eiiaa?oa?iue e yeaeo?inoaeaieaaeeueiue
i?ioeannu [1].
A ia?aoiaeiue ia?eiae /anoue noaee aoaeao auieaaeyoueny a ia?oaiianeeo
ia/ao. Caeanue aiciiaeiu aeaa ia?aeeaeueii eaeoueo i?ioeanna:
?aeiino?oeoeey ia?oaiianeeo ia/ae a i?yiioi/iua aa?aaaou e aica?ao e
eeanne/aneiio ia?oaiianeiio i?ioeanno aac eniieueciaaiey eenei?iaea eee
n aanueia ia?aie/aiiui aai i?eiaiaieai. I?e yoii aeeeoaeueiie
ia?niaeoeau yoe i?ioeannu ia eiatho. Eaeoo iiiuoee iienea ?aoaiee
aienaoue a nouanoaothuea caeaiey ia?oaiianeeo oeaoia eiiaa?oa?u e
yeaeo?iia/e i?e eo niioaaonoaee naiui nia?aiaiiui o?aaiaaieyi, a oaeaea
?ac?aaioaoue iiaue eiieo?aioiniiniaiue noaeaieaaeeueiue aa?aaao
(iai?eia? oaea ooieoeeiie?othuay a NOA oaoiieiae/aneay noaia oeia:
ieaaeeueiue aa?aaao – onoaiiaea aiaia/iie ia?aaioee – onoaiiaea
iieo/aiey caaioiaee iaeiai na/aiey – i?ieaoiue noai) [1].
Eiieoao ii iaoaeeo?aee iiaeaioiaee i?iaeo “Iaoeeiiaeueiie i?ia?aiiu
oaoie/aneiai ia?aaii?oaeaiey e ?acaeoey iaoaeeo?aee ?innee”. A oa/aiea
1993-2000 aa. i?iaeoii i?aaeoniio?aia eeeaeaeaoeey ia?oaiianeiai
i?iecaiaenoaa n caiaiie aai eiiaa?oa?iui e yeaeo?inoaeaieaaeeueiii ia
caaiaeao a *aeyaeinea, Iaaieoiai?nea, Iiaieociaoeea e a Ieaeiai Oaaeea.
Ia ae?oaeo i?aaei?eyoeyo aoaeao i?ienoiaeeoue /anoe/iay caiaia
iai?oaeiaaiey, /oi aeieaeii oaaee/eoue aeieth i?iecaiaenoaa eiiaa?oa?iie
noaee e 2000 aiaeo aei 52% [2].
Ana noaeaieaaeeueiia iai?oaeiaaiea, aeeth/ay eiiaa?oa?u,
yeaeo?inoaeaieaaeeueiua ia/e, onoaiiaee aiaia/iie ia?aaioee noaee e
iaoeiu iai?e?uaiiai eeouey caaioiaie, iaia/aaony ecaioiaeoue ia
ioa/anoaaiiuo iaoeiino?ieoaeueiuo i?aaei?eyoeyo e caaiaeao AIE. Ii
eiii?oo i?aaeiieaaaaony i?eia?anoe eeoue yeaeo?iiioth e aeae?aaee/aneoth
aiia?aoo?o aeey aaoiiaoece?iaaiiuo nenoai [2].
Aauiieiaiea iaoeeiiaeueiie i?ia?aiiu iaeaa/eo nicaeaiea io?aneaaiai
aaiea, eioi?ue oaea iieo/ee eeoeaiceth e i?enooiaao e ?aaioa. Iaeiaei ia
?aoaiu aua iiiaea oeiainiaua i?iaeaiu io?anee. I?aaei?eyoey o?aaotho
eiaeaene?iaaoue iai?ioiua n?aaenoaa e i?inyo eciaieoue onoaiiaeaiiue
Ieioeiii ii?yaeie auaeaeaiey athaeaeaoiuo n?aaenoa ii oaeoe/aneiio
inaiaieth eaieoaeueiuo aeiaeaiee, eioi?ue i?ioeai?a/eo nouanoaothuaio
ii?yaeeo i?aaeiieaou n/aoia ca iaoa?eaeu, ?ano?nu e oneoae [2].
Na?ueaciie i?iaeaiie inoathony iaaeinoaoee neoaeau na?oeoeeaoeee e
noaiaea?oecaoeee, a oaeaea iayooaeoeaiia ooieoeeiie?iaaiea oaiiaeaiiiai
eiio?iey e ii?oiauo oicyenoa (a eiioea 1992 aiaea aieaa ieeeeiia oiii
iaoaeeii?iaeoeoeee neiieeinue a ii?oao eee a?ioaii ia iiaeoiaeao e iei)
[2].
Ca ia?aia iieoaiaeea 1993 aiaea eiaanoeoeee a io?aneue ninoaaeee 242
ie?ae. ?oaeae, iaeeaeaaony, /oi e eiioeo aiaea iie oaaee/aony aei 510
ie?ae. ?oaeae. A 1992 aiaeo iie ninoaaeee 61,7 ie?ae. ?oaeae [2].
I?aaei?eyoey oaea ia aeaeoo iiiiue ec ainathaeaeaoa, a iaania/eaatho
naay naie, eniieuecoy i?eaueue, eiiia?/aneea e eueaioiua e?aaeeou.
Iaeiaei iiuiinoe ii i?iecaiaenoao i?ieaoa e o?oa a 1992 aiaeo auee
caa?oaeaiu anaai ia 72 i?ioeaioa. Iiyoiio aieueooth ?ieue aeey io?anee
ea?atho eiaanoeoeee a iaoeiino?ieoaeueiue, iaooa-aaciaue e
aiaiii-i?iiuoeaiiue eiiieaenu, iineieueeo yoi iaania/eaaao ni?in ia
i?iaeoeoeeth [2].
Nouanoaaiiui yaeyaony oio oaeo, /oi 75% n?aaenoa ia auiieiaiea
iaoeeiiaeueiie i?ia?aiiu o i?iecaiaeeoaeae anoue (69,9% – naie
n?aaenoaa, 5,1% – eiin?aiiua eiaanoeoeee e eiiia?/aneea e?aaeeou).
Aaeeinoaaiiie i?inueaie e ainoaea?noao inoaaony i?inueaa ia ion?i/ea ii
ieaoaaeai oaiiaeaiiuo iioeei. Yoi naycaii ni niaoeeoeeie ionea iiaiai
iai?oaeiaaiey , aeey iiaeaioiaee eioi?iai o?aaoaony ieiei aiaea. Ca n/ao
oaeie ion?i/ee io?aneue aoaeao eiaoue iaaeinoathuea 25% n?aaenoa ia
auiieiaiea iaoeeiiaeueiie i?ia?aiiu [2].
Ii ana yoe ieaiu e iaeeaeaiey iiaoo auoue ia?a/a?eioou i?e aaaaeaiee
naiaiaeiuo oeai ia yia?aiiineoaee. Eae iieacuaatho ?an/aou Eiieoaoa ?O
ii iaoaeeo?aee, iiauoaiea oeai ia oaieue e yia?aiiineoaee aieaa /ai a
o?e ?aca i?eaaaeao e na?ueaciiio e?eceno ia oieueei a /a?iie
iaoaeeo?aee, ii e ai iaiiaeo io?aneyo [2].
A 1992 aiaeo i?eaaoecaoeeae auei ioaa/aii aieueoeinoaai i?aaei?eyoee
io?anee (171 io/eoaaoaany ec 221). Ieiei 70% i?aaei?eyoee (92 ec 221)
aua?aee aoi?ie aa aa?eaio (51% aeoeee i?eiaaeeaaeeo ia?niiaeo). Inoaaony
iiea ia aeinoeaiooie aeaaiay oeaeue i?eaaoecaoeee: iia ia niinianoaoao
noaaeeecaoeee i?iecaiaenoaa e ia iaania/eaaao ?inoa i?iecaiaeeoaeaiinoe
o?oaea. A Eiieoaoa ?O ii iaoaeeo?aee n/eoatho, /oi nouanoaothuaa
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai ia aeaao aiciiaeiinoe i?aaiai oaaea?aeueiie
eniieieoaeueiie aeanoe ieacuaaoue aeeyiea ia i?ioeannu aeoeeiie?iaaiey
iiaeaaaeiinoaaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee. Iniiaiui n?aaenoaii ainoaea?noaaiiiai
aeeyiey eiieoao aeaeeo nio?aiaiea a oaaea?aeueiie nianoaaiiinoe ia 3
aiaea eiio?ieueiiai iaeaoa aeoeee e auione i?e yiennee aeoeee yoeo
i?aaei?eyoee “Cieioie aeoeee”. I?e yoii eiieoao iaia?ai i?aaenoaaeyoue
eioa?anu ainoaea?noaa ii aeoeeyi, cae?aieaiiui a oaaea?aeueiie
nianoaaiiinoe [2].
?ac?aaioea oaoiieiae/aneie noaiu i?iecaiaenoaa noaee ia?ee 35A2.
1. Oa?aeoa?enoeea ia?ee noaee 35A2 [7].
Oeie/aneee ninoaa.
N
Si
Mn
P
S
Cu
Cr
Ni
0,31-0,39
0,17-0,37
1,4-1,8
F0,035
F0,035
F0,30
F0,30
F0,30
Iacia/aiea – aaeu, iieoine, oeaiou, ?u/aae noeaieaiey, aeeee, oeaioeu,
eieai/aoua aaeu, oaooiu, aieou, eieueoea, eiaeooe, oanoa?ie e ae?oaea
aeaoaee, i?eiaiyaiua a ?acee/iuo io?aneyo iaoeiino?iaiey, e eioi?ui
i?aaeuyaeythony o?aaiaaiey iiauoaiiie eciininoieeinoe.
Oaoiieiae/aneea naienoaa:
Oaiia?aoo?a eiaee, °C: ia/aea 1200, eiioea 800.
Naa?eaaaiinoue – ?AeN, iaiaoiaeeiue iiaeia?aa e iineaaeothuay
oa?iiia?aaioea, EON, o?aaoaony iineaaeothuay oa?iiia?aaioea.
Ia?aaaouaaaiinoue ?acaieai – i?e HB 156-207 Ku oa.nie.=0,85,
Eu a.no.=0,65
Oeieaii/oanoaeoaeueiinoue – /oanoaeoaeueia.
Neeiiiinoue e ioioneiie o?oieinoe – neeiiia.
2. Aiaeec ninoaaa /oaoia, aiaaeiiaiiay ia?aaioea /oaoia, ii?aaeaeaiea
?anoiaea ?aaaaioia ia ia?aaioeo.
Oeie/aneee ninoaa /oaoia:
N
Si
Mn
S
P
4,8
0,85
0,75
0,08
0,24
Niaea?aeaiea i?eianae a oeaeii niioaaonoaoao iioeiaeueiiio, ca
eneeth/aieai na?u, niaea?aeaiea eioi?ie a /oaoia ninoaaeyao 0,08% e
yaeyaony iaaeiionoeiui, o. e. iaaiciiaeii oiaaea iieo/eoue noaeue n
niaea?aeaieai na?u iaiaa 0,035%. N oeaeueth oiaiueoaiey niaea?aeaiey
na?u a /oaoia i?iaiaeeony aiaaeiiaiiay aeanoeueoo?aoeey ii?ioeiia?aciie
ecaanoueth a iioiea i?e?iaeiiai aaca a eiaoao ieena?iiai oeia.
Aeanoeueoo?aoeey /oaoia ecaanoueth.
[S]i=0,08
[S]e=0,03
T/=1315°N
[S]e=0,005+4,05[S]i/2,2q+0,23(S)eca.
[S]eca.=0,022
q=4,05[S]i/{2,2([S]e-0,005-0,23(S)eca.)}
q=4,05*0,08/2,2(0,03-0,005-0,23*0,022)=7,39 ea/o /oa
3. Ii?aaeaeaiea iaeneiaeueii aiciiaeiie aeiee eiia.
I?eoiae oaiea
1) Q/oa.oec.=100[0,745*1200+217+0,88(1290-1200)]=119020 eAeae
2) DN=4,8-0,905*0,3=4,528
DSi=0,85
DMn=0,75-0,905*0,1=0,66
DP=0,24-0,905*0,02=0,222
Q/oa.oei.=14786*4,528+28160*0,85+7000*0,66+29606*0,222=102079 eAeae
3) Goe.=100[(1+3)*2,14*0,85+1,29*0,66+2,29*0,222+1]/(100-10)=10,71 eAeae
Q aFeO=4225*0,01*10*10,71=4525 eAeae
4) Q Fe aeui=5100*1,5=7650 eAeae
Qi?eo.=233274 eAeae
?anoiae oaiea
1) Qno.oec.=90,3[0,7*1500+276+0,84(1539-80*0,3+100-1500)]=128400 eAeae
2) Qoe.oec.=10,17(1,25*1615+210)=22666,4 eAeae
3) Qaac.oec.=0,9*4,528*1500*1,176*28/12+0,1*4,528*1500*1,892*44/12=20204
eAeae
4) Qaeui=(1,23*1500+210)*2,14=4398 eAeae
5) Qiio.=(128400+22666+20204+4398)*3/97=5433 eAeae
Q?ano.=181101 eAeae
DQ=233274-181101=52173 eAeae
DQ’=-1020,79+1284+214,521=477,7 eAeae
Ge=52173*[1+477,7/(1190,2+1020,79)]/(1190,2+1020,79)=28,69 %
Iiauoaiea aeiee eiia a oeooa eiiaa?oa?a aeinoeaaaony iooai oaaee/aiey
i?eoiaea oaiea a ?aai/aa i?ino?ainoai eiiaa?oa?a. I?e ia?aoiaea ia
?aaioo n eiiaeie?iaaiiui aeooueai ianeieueei nieaeaaony eiee/anoai
iinooiathuaai a eiiaa?oa? oaiea a neaaenoaea iaiueoaai ?acaeoey
ieeneeoaeueiuo ?aaeoeee a aaiia ii n?aaiaieth n iau/iie i?iaeoaeie
eenei?iaeii naa?oo, a oaeaea ioeaaeaeathuaai aeaenoaey aeiiiiai aeoouey
eia?oiui aacii.
N oeaeueth oaaee/aiey i?eoiaea oaiea a ?aai/aa i?no?ainoai eiiaa?oa?a
eniieuecotho eiiaeiaoeeth oaaee/aiey noaiaie aeiaeeaaiey NI e
i?aaeaa?eoaeueiue iaa?aa eiia.
Aeey oaaee/aiey noaiaie aeiaeeaaiey CO eniieuecotho aeaoouy?oniua oo?iu.
I?e yoii aieueoay /anoue ia?acothuaainy CO2 yaeyaony ?acoeueoaoii
acaeiiaeaenoaey n NI aoi?e/iiai eenei?iaea aeoouey aa?oiaai y?ona. I?e
yoii iauai iooiaeyueo aacia ia oaaee/eaaaony e iaa?ocea ia aacii/enoeo
ia aic?anoaao.
E?iia oiai eniieuecotho i?aaeaa?eoaeueiue iaa?aa eiia aei 600°N a
iieinoe eiiaa?oa?a i?e?iaeiui aacii.
Qaeii. eii=(600-20)*28,69*0,7=11648 eAeae
Dq=11648/(1190,2+1020,79)=5,27%
Qco=0,3*23583*0,3*4,528=9610,5 eAeae
Dq=9610,5/(1190+1020,8)=4,35%
Ge. max=28,69+5,27+4,35=38,31%
4. I?iaeoaea.
Eiiaeie?iaaiiia aeoouea niinianoaoao aieaa iieiiio ?aoeie?iaaieth
iaoaeea io i?eianae, iaania/eaaao iiauoaiea auoiaea aiaeiiai.
I?eiaiaiea aeiiiie i?iaeoaee eia?oiui aacii niinianoaoao eioaineaiiio
ia?aiaoeaaieth iaoaeee/aneie aaiiu e niioaaonoaaiii i?eaeeaeaao e
?aaiiaaneth ?aaeoeee iaaeaeo iaoaeeii e oeaeii.
Iaeaieueoaa ?ani?ino?aiaiea ec yoie a?oiiu i?ioeannia iieo/ee
LBE-i?ioeann (Lance-Bubling-Equilibrum), ?ac?aaioaiiue oe?iie ABBED
(Ethenaiao?a) e einoeoooii IRSID (O?aioeey). I?ioeann LBE
i?aaeoniao?eaaao aaeoaaiea a iaoaeee/aneoth aaiio /a?ac ii?enoua
iaiaoii?iua aeiee a aeieua eiiaa?oa?a eia?oiiai aaca (Ar, N2, CO2) a
ni/aoaiee n aa?oiei eenei?iaeiui aeooueai. Aeey aa?oiae i?iaeoaee
eniieuecotho niaoeeaeueioth aeaoouy?onioth oo?io, a eioi?ie e?iia
iau/iuo niiae, i?aaeiacia/aiiuo aeey aaeoaaiey eenei?iaea a aaiio,
eiaaony ?yae ioaa?noee aeey iioiea eenei?iaea aeey aeiaeeaaiey CO aei
CO2. I?iaeoaeo eia?oiui aacii /a?ac ii?enoua aeiee ia/eiatho ca
ianeieueei ieioo aei ieii/aiey eenei?iaeiie i?iaeoaee naa?oo e
i?iaeieaeatho aa a oa/aiea 1-2 iei iinea i?ae?auaiey aa?oiaai aeoouey.
Iiuo ?aaiou 310- e 210-o eiiaa?oa?ia LBE naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i iiauoaiee
auoiaea aiaeiiai ia 0,5-0,6%, nieaeaiee ?anoiaea aethieiey e eenei?iaea
ia 1,2 i3/o. Aeaaiaea?y aunieei oaoieei-yeiiiie/aneei iieacaoaeyi
LBE-i?ioeann oe?iei aiaae?ai a i?aeoeeo eenei?iaeii-eiiaa?oa?iiai
i?iecaiaenoaa.
Aeey oooa?iaee eniieuecothony ia?eeeacioaea?iaeenoua iaiaoii?u. Iie
iaeaaeatho aunieie oa?iinoieeinoueth, iiauoaiiie onoie/eainoueth e
i?iieeiiaaieth oeaea; ia eo iiaa?oiinoe ia?acoaony i?i/iia oeaeiaia
iie?uoea, eioi?ia iaania/eaaao aunieoth noieeinoue oooa?iaee.
N oeaeueth iiauoaiey noieeinoe oooa?iaee i?eiaiyaony aeieiieoece?iaaiiay
ecaanoue.
I?iaeoaea.
N
Si
Mn
S
P
Cu
Cr
Ni
*oaoi 61,7%
4,8
0,85
0,75
0,03
0,24
Eii 38,3%
0,268
0,12
0,76
0,039
0,039
0,06
0,06
0,06
AEO?
3,06
0,57
0,75
0,033
0,163
0,02
0,02
0,02
Iieoi?iaeoeo
0,3
0
0,1
0,025
0,02
0,02
0,02
0,02
Eiee/anoai ieeneeaoeony i?eianae, ea/100 ea i.o.
N: 3,06-0,905*0,3=2,788
Si: 0,57
Mn: 0,75-0,905*0,1=0,659
S: 0,033-0,905*0,025=0,01
P: 0,163-0,905*0,02=0,145
?anoiae eenei?iaea ia ieeneaiea i?eianae
C: 0,7*2,788*16/12+0,3*2,788*32/12=4,832
Si: 0,57*32/28=0,65
Mn: 0,659*16/55=0,192
S: 0,1*0,01*32/32=0,001
P: 0,145*5*32/4/31=0,187
Fe: 1,5*3*32/4/56=0,643
[O]: 0,9*0,01*16/32=0,0045
S=4,832+0,65+0,192+0,001+0,187+0,643-0,0045=6,5
Ii?aaeaeaiea ?anoiaea ecaanoe
ninoaa
SiO2
CaO
MgO
Al2O3
Fe2O3
C
H2O
CO2
ecaanoue
3
70
23
1
1
2
aieneo
20
4
52
18
6
oooa?iaea
6,8
79,2
14,0
CaO SiO2
ec oooa?iaee 0,02
ec aieneoa 0,024 0,12
ec ecaanoe 0,7y 0,03y
ec iaoaeeioeoou 1,22
3=(0,044+0,7y)/1,34+0,03y)
y=6,518
Oeie/aneee ninoaa oeaea
enoi/iee oeaea
SiO2
CaO
MgO
Al2O3
S
MnO
P2O5
Fe2O3
FeO
iaoaeeioeooa
1,22
0,009
0,851
0,332
0,088
0,78
oooa?iaea
0,02
0,28
aieneo
0,12
0,022
0,312
0,108
ecaanoue
0,195
4,56
1,5
0,065
eoiai, ea
1,513
4,602
1,78
0,312
0,009
0,851
0,332
0,261
0,78
%
20,16
48,18
4,16
4,49
0,001
9,21
3,779
2,5
7,5
ianna oeaea aac ieneaeia Fe =9,399 ea
SFeO=10%
Moe.=8,319/0,9=10,44 ea
Ianna ieneaeia Fe = 10,44-9,399=0,921 ea
FeO=0,783 ea
Fe2O3=0,261 ea
0,261-0,065-0,108=0,088 Fe2O3 iinooieo ec Ia
0,792 Fe ooiaeeo a oeae
0,2 eenei?iaea ?anoiaeoaony ia ieeneaiea aei FeO e Fe2O3
g=100-0,792-1-0,5-1,5-4,172=92,04
1000/0,9204=1086,78 ea/o – ?anoiae iaoaeeioeoou
383/0,9204=416,12 ea/o – ?anoiae eiia
SO2=6,5+0,2=6,7 ea
95% O2 onaieony
Ninoaa oaoie/aneiai eenei?iaea : 99,5% O2, 0,5% N2
?anoiae oaoie/aneiai eenei?iaea : 6,7*22,4/(32*0,95*0,995)=4,962 i3
V N2 =4,962*0,005=0,0248 i3
M N2 =0,0248*28/22,4=0,031 ea
V O2 iaona.=(4,962-0,031)*0,05=0,246 i3
M O2 iaona.=0,246*32/22,4=0,352 ea
M O2 oaoi.=6,7+0,031+0,352=7,083 ea
q O2 =49,62/0,9204=53,91 i3/o
t=53,91/3,5=15,4 iei.
q Ar =6*0,1=0,6 i3/o
Cinoaa e eiee/anoai iooiaeyueo aacia
ea/100 ea i.o.
i3
%
CO2
3,0668
1,4312
25,92
CO
4,554
3,6432
65,98
H2O
0,0688
0,0856
1,55
O2
0,352
0,2464
4,46
N2
0,031
0,0248
0,46
SO2
0,002
0,0007
0,01
Ar
0,06
0,0896
1,62
S
8,1146
5,5215
100
Iaoa?eaeueiue aaeain
Iinooieei
Iieo/aii
?
ea/100 ea
?
ea/100 ea
1
/oaoi
61,7
1
iieoi?iaeoeo
92,04
2
eii
38,3
2
oeae
10,44
3
ecaanoue
6,518
3
aacu
8,115
4
aieneo
0,6
4
ei?ieueee
0,5
5
oooa?iaea
0,3
5
aua?in
1,0
6
oaoie/aneee eenei?iae
7,08
6
iueue
2,143
7
a?aii
0,06
7
eoiai
114,24
8
eoiai
114,54
Iaaycea 0,3 (0,26%)
5. Aiaia/iay ia?aaioea. ?aceeaea.
N
Si
Mn
S
P
Cu
Cr
Ni
Iieoi?iaeoeo
0,3
0,1
0,025
0,02
0,02
0,02
0,02
Noaeue
0,31-0,39
0,17-0,37
1,4-1,8
F0,035
F0,035
F0,30
F0,30
F0,30
Eaae?iaaiea neeeeiia?aaiaoeai NIi14
?=1,4/0,8*0,65=2,69 ea/100 ea
[Si]=2,69*0,14*0,8=0,3 ea
[Mn]=0,1+1,4=1,5 ea
[C]=0,3+2,69*0,8*0,025=0,354 ea
[P]=0,02+2,69*0,8*0,0025=0,025 ea
[S]=0,025+2,69*0,8*0,0003=0,026 ea
Aaeaeo ioaaonoaaiiinoe auieaaeyaiie noaee iaiaoiaeeii i?iaanoe aa
aiaia/ioth ia?aaioeo n oeaeueth aeaaacaoeee e on?aaeiaiey.
Aeey aiaia/iie ia?aaioee eniieuecoaony onoaiiaea oee?eoeyoeeiiiiai
aaeooie?iaaiey (RH-i?ioeann). Aeey yoiai i?ioeanna oa?aeoa?ia aunieay
noaiaiue oaeaeaiey aiaei?iaea, aieueoay aeaeinoue e yeiiiie/iinoue.
I?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoue ia?aaioee ninoaaeyao 25 iei.
?aceeaea i?iecaiaeeony ia IIEC. Yoi iicaieyao oaaee/eoue auoiae aiaeiiai
i?ieaoa ia 6-12%. Aneaaenoaea iaeuo iiia?a/iuo ?acia?ia neeoea e aunieie
nei?inoe e?enoaeeecaoeee noaee ia?aie/eaaaony ?acaeoea eeeaaoeee.
Neeoie, ioeeoue ia IIEC, caoaa?aeaaaao a noaaeeueiuo oneiaeyo e eiaao
aunieoth no?oeoo?ioth e oeie/aneoth iaeii?iaeiinoue. Iai?e?uaii eeoua
neeoee eee caaioiaee i?ieaouaatho iaiineaaenoaaiii ia eenoiauo eee
ni?oiauo noaiao. I?eiaiaiea iai?e?uaiie ?aceeaee noaee iicaieyao
eneeth/eoue ec i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai oeeeea iia?aoeee ii iiaeaioiaea
?aceeai/iiai ninoaaa eee eaiaau, i?ieaoea ia iaaeeiiuo noaiao e ae?oaeo.
Ana yoi i?eaiaeeo e nieaeaieth eaieoaeueiuo cao?ao, ono?aiaieth ?yaea
o?oaeiaiaeo iia?aoeee, nie?auaieth aeeeoaeueiinoe i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai
oeeeea io auionea noaee aei iieo/aiey aioiaiai i?ieaoa.
Eniieuecoaony e?eaieeiaeiay IIEC, eioi?ay eiaao iaiueooth iauoth aunioo.
6. Aiaeiaay i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue oeaoa.
I?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoue oeeeea:
Iia?aoee
I?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoue, iei
1) Iniio? eiiaa?oa?a
6
2) Caaaeea eiia e ecaanoe
2
3) Iiaeia?aa eiia
15
5) Caeeaea /oaoia
2
5) I?iaeoaea
18
6) Ioai? i?ia, caia? oaiia?aoo?u, iaeeaeaiea aiaeeca
4
7) Auione iaoaeea
5
8) Auione oeaea
2
Eoiai
54
I?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue oeaoa a ninoaaa 3-o eiiaa?oa?ia, ?aaioathueo aac
eniieueciaaiey ?aca?aiiai a?aiaie.
P=1440*300*0,97*365*2/54=5664800 o/aiae
7. Oaaeeoea oaeaeueiuo ?anoiaeia ia 1 oiiio aiaeiuo caaioiaie.
Eiiiiiaio
?anoiae, ea/o aiaeiuo caaioiaie
/oaoi
691,1
eii
429
ecaanoue
73
aieneo
6,7
oooa?iaea
3,4
oaoie/aneee eenei?iae
79,3
a?aii
0,67
i?e?iaeiue aac
7,1
neeeeiia?aaiaoe NMi14
30
8. Auaiaeu.
A ?acoeeoaoa i?aaei?eiyouo ia? oaeaeinue oaaee/eoue aeieth eiia a oeooa
eiiaa?oa?a aei 38,3%. Aeey i?ioeanna i?eiaiaiu nia?aiaiiua iaoa?eaeu
(oaeea eae ia?aeeacioaea?iaeenoay oooa?iaea, aeieiieoece?iaaiiay
ecaanoue) e nia?aiaiiay aiaia/iay ia?aaioea noaee (RH-i?ioeann), /oi
niinianoaoao oeo/oaieth oaoieei-yeiiiie/aneeo iieacaoaeae e iieo/aieth
noaee iaiaoiaeeiiai ea/anoaa.
?ac?aaioaiiay oaoiieiae/aneay noaia i?iecaiaenoaa noaee ia?ee 32A2.
Nienie eniieueciaaiiie eeoa?aoo?u.
1. A.A. Aioeiei, N.C. Aoiiei, E.E. Einu?aa “I iai?aaeaiee ?acaeoey e
no?oeoo?a noaeaieaaeeueiiai i?iecaiaenoaa”, “Noaeue” ?3 1993 a.
2. Aeieo?ee Eaiioueaa “*a?iay iaoaeeo?aey ?innee ia aeaeao iiiiue io
ainoaea?noaa”, “Oeiainiaua ecaanoey” ?45 1993 a.
3. I.I. Nineiaaoe “Oaoie/aneia ia?aaii?oaeaiea e ?acaeoea iaoaeeo?aee a
?innee”, “Noaeue” ?6 1993 a.
4. A.E. ssaieneee e ae?oaea “Iaoaeeo?aey noaee”, “Iaoaeeo?aey”, 1983 a.
5. I.I. A?naioueaa e ae?oaea “Eiiaa?oa?iue i?ioeann n eiiaeie?iaaiiui
aeooueai”, “Iaoaeeo?aey”, 1991 a.
6. I.I. Eethaa “Eaeoeee ii iaoaeeo?aee noaee”, a N.N. Aieeooei, Iineaa,
1993 a.
7. Ia?i/iee noaeae e nieaaia, Iaoeiino?iaiea, 1989 a.
_
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