Расчет внешних скоростных характеристик двигателя внутреннего сгорания

N I Ae A ? AE A I E A ? A A I O U :

No?aieoea

Aaaaeaiea.
2

1. Caaeaiea ia eo?niaoth ?aaioo.
3

2. Auai? aaoiiiaeey – aiaeiaa.
4

3. O?ainienney: iauaa iienaiea.
5

3.1. Noeaieaiea.
5

3.1.1. I?eaiae oi?aaeaiey noeaieaieai.
5

3.2. Ei?iaea ia?aaea/.
6

3.2.1. Neio?iiecaoi?.
8

3.2.2. Iaoaieci ia?aeeth/aiey ia?aaea/.
8

3.2.3. Iaoaieci oi?aaeaiey ei?iaeie ia?aaea/.
8

3.3. ?acaeaoi/iay ei?iaea.
9

3.4. Ea?aeaiiay ia?aaea/a.
10

3.5. Aaaeouea iinou.
11

3.5.1. Aeaaiay ia?aaea/a.
11

3.5.2. Aeeooa?aioeeae.
12

3.5.3. Iieoine.
12

3.5.4. Eie?niue ?aaeoeoi?.
13

3.6. Ia?aaeiee iino.
14

4. ?oeaaia oi?aaeaiea.
15

4.1. ?oeaaie iaoaieci.
15

4.2. ?oeaaie i?eaiae.
15

5. ?aai/ay oi?iiciay nenoaia aaoiiiaeey.
16

Ono?ienoai oi?iiciiai iaoaiecia aaoiiiaeey. 16

Ono?ienoai eiino?oeoeee oi?iiciiai i?eaiaea. 17

6. Iino?iaiea aiaoieo nei?inoiuo oa?aeoa?enoee aeaeaaoaey. 19

7. ?an/?o e iino?iaiea oa?aeoa?enoee o?ainiennee.
21

8. Auaiaeu.
30

Nienie eeoa?aoo?u.
31

AAAAeAIEA.

A 1965 aiaeo ia Oeueyiianeii aaoiiiaeeueiii caaiaea ia/aeinue
i?iecaiaenoai a?ociauo aaoiiiaeeae iiaeaee OAC-451I e OAC-451AeI, ino?i
iaiaoiaeeiuo no?aia aeey ia?aaicee a?ocia iaaieueoiai iau?ia e
iannaaee?ia aei aeanyoe /aeiaae aianoeiinoueth. Yoe aaoiiiaeee n?aco
caaiaaaee iiioey?iinoue n?aaee aaaeiinoaaiiuo i?aaiecaoeee, noaee
iacaiaieiuie iiiiuieeaie ai?iaeneei e naeueneei neoaeaai ieeeoeee,
nayce, iaaeeoeeiu, a a?iee. Iaaeinoaoeii yoiai o?ainii?oiiai n?aaenoaa
noaea eo ieceay i?ioiaeeiinoue a oneiaeyo aacaei?iaeuey, iniaaiii a
inaiia-aanaiiee e ceiiea ia?eiaeu, a naeueneie ianoiinoe . O/eouaay yoi,
a 1966 aiaeo ia OACa ia/aeinue i?iecaiaenoai oniaa?oainoaiaaiiie
iiaeaee aaoiiiaeey iiauoaiiie i?ioiaeeiinoe OAC-452 a aa?eaioao :
OAC-452; OAC-452A; OAC-452A; OAC-452Ae.

Aaoiiiaeee naiaenoaa OAC-452 iiauoaiiie i?ioiaeeiinoe n ia?aaeiei e
caaeiei aaaeoueie iinoaie i?aaeiacia/aiu aeey yenieoaoaoeee ii anai
aei?iaai iauae naoe ?innee, a oaeaea ianoiinoe, ai anao eeeiaoe/aneeo
oneiaeyo a ethaia a?aiy aiaea i?e oaiia?aoo?a ie?oaeathuaai aicaeooa
io -450N aei +500N.

Aaoiaon OAC-452A i?aaeiacia/ai aeey ia?aaicee ethaeae a eiee/anoaa
aeanyoe /aeiaae. Iinaaeea i?iecaiaeeony /a?ac aieiaoth aeaa?ue
iannaaee?neiai iiiauaiey eociaa.

A aeaiiie ?aaioa i?eaiaeyony naaaeaiey i iacia/aiee e ooieoeeiiaeueiii
ninoaaa aa?aaaoia e oceia o?ainiennee e ?oeaaiai oi?aaeaiey aaoiiiaeey
OAC-452A, a oaeaea ?an/?ou aiaoieo nei?inoiuo oa?aeoa?enoee aeaeaaoaey e
oa?aeoa?enoeee o?ainiennee aaoiaona.

1. CAAeAIEA IA EO?NIAOTH ?AAIOO.

Oeacaoue iacia/aiea e ooieoeeiiaeueiue ninoaa o?ainiennee e ?oeaaiai
oi?aaeaiey aaoiiiaeey. ?ann/eoaoue e iino?ieoue nei?inoiua
oa?aeoa?enoeee aeaeaaoaey e aaoiiiaeey.

OAAEEOeA 1. Enoiaeiua aeaiiua.

Oei aaoiiiaeey Aaoiaon

Iannaaee?iaianoeiinoue (/ae.) 10

Eie?niay oi?ioea 4 o 4

Yooaeoeaiay iiuiinoue (eAo) 60

Oei aeaeaaoaey aeecaeue

*anoioa a?auaiey eieai/aoiai aaea aeaeaaoaey i?e Ne max ( nN,
ia/iei) 3000

Oaeaeueiue yooaeoeaiue ?anoiae oiieeaa aeaeaaoaey i?e Ne max (qN,
a/eAo*/ ) 225

2. AUAI? AAOIIIAEEss – AIAEIAA.

Ii enoiaeiui aeaiiui auaa?ai aiaeia aaoiiiaeey n iiiiuueth
aaoiiiaeeueiiai ni?aai/ieea [3]. Oaoie/aneea oa?aeoa?enoeee aaoiiiaeey
OAC-452A iaeaieaa aeecee e oeacaiiui aeaiiui ia eo?niaoth ?aaioo.

OAAEEOeA 2. Oaoie/aneea oa?aeoa?enoeee aaoiiiaeey OAC-452A.

Oei aaoiiiaeey aaoiaon

Iannaaee?iaianoeiinoue (/ae.) 10

Eie?niay oi?ioea 4 o 4

Yooaeoeaiay iiuiinoue (eAo) 55,2

Oei aeaeaaoaey ea?ath?aoi?iue

*anoioa a?auaiey eieai/aoiai aaea aeaeaaoaey i?e Ne max ( nN,
ia/iei) 4000

Eie?na e oeiu eaia?iua, oanoeneieiua, ?acia? 215-380

Oaeaeueiue yooaeoeaiue ?anoiae oiieeaa aeaeaaoaey i?e Ne max (qN,
a/eAo*/ ) 230

3. O?AINIENNEss.

O?ainienney aaoiaona OAC-452A neoaeeo aeey ia?aaea/e e?ooyuaai iiiaioa
io aeaeaaoaey e aaaeouei eie?nai e eciaiaiey aai ii aaee/eia e
iai?aaeaieth a caaeneiinoe io oneiaee aeaeaeaiey. A aeaiiii aaoiiiaeea
o?ainienney ninoieo ec noeaieaiey, ei?iaee ia?aaea/, ?acaeaoi/iie
ei?iaee, ea?aeaiiie e aeaaiie ia?aaea/, aeeooa?aioeeaea e iieoinae.
Aeaaiay ia?aaea/a, aeeooa?aioeeae e iieoine ?aniieiaeaiu a eiaeooa
aaaeouaai iinoa.

NOeAIEAIEA.

Noeaieaiea i?aaeiacia/aii aeey e?aoeia?aiaiiiai ?acuaaeeiaiey aeaeaaoaey
io o?ainiennee e ieaaiiai eo niaaeeiaiey a oao neo/ayo, eiaaea o?aaoaony
caoi?iiceoue aaoiiiaeeue, ia/aoue aeaeaeaiea eee ia?aeeth/eoue
ia?aaea/e.

Noeaieaiea (?en. 1) – nooia, iaeiiaeeneiaia, ninoieo ec iaaeeiiiai
aeenea 4 n eiaeooii 20, iaaeeiiuie i?oaeeiaie 19 e iooyaeiuie ?u/aaaie
11 a nai?a, aaaeiiiai aeenea 3 n o?eeoeeiiiuie iaeeaaeeaie e aaneoaeyie
e?ooeeueiuo eieaaaiee a nai?a. Iaoaieci noeaieaiey oe?aie?i ia iaoiaeea
aeaeaaoaey aieoaie, naaeaine?iaai niaianoii n eieai/aoui aaeii, a aai
iieiaeaiea iinea aaeaine?iaee ioia/aii ia eiaeooa 20 e iaoiaeea 2
iaoeie “I”. Iaaeaeo eiaeooii noeaieaiey e iaaeeiiui aeeneii onoaiiaeaiu
iaaeeiiua i?oaeeiu, eiathuea ni noi?iiu iaaeeiiiai aeenea
oaieieciee?othuea oaeau 21.

Aueeth/athuaa ono?ienoai noeaieaiey ninoieo ec onoaiiaeaiiuo ia
iaaeeiiii aeenea iooyaeiuo ?u/aaia, iooou 17 aueeth/aiey noeaieaiey n
oii?iui iiaeoeiieeii 18, onoaiiaeaiiiai ia e?uoea iiaeoeiieea ia?ae/iiai
aaea ei?iaee ia?aaea/, e aeeee aueeth/aiey, onoaiiaeaiiie ia ea?oa?a 9
noeaieaiey. Aaaeiiue aeene 3 onoaiiaeai ia oeeoeu ia?ae/iiai aaea,
iaaeeiiie aeene iiae aeaenoaeai i?oaeei i?eaeeiaao o?eeoeeiiiua
iaeeaaeee e iaoiaeeo e aicieeathuea i?e yoii neeu o?aiey iicaieytho
ia?aaeaoue e?ooyuee iiiaio n eieai/aoiai aaea aeaeaaoaey ia ia?ae/iue
aae ei?iaee ia?aaea/.

i.3.1.1. I?eaiae oi?aaeaiey noeaieaieai. I?eaiae oi?aaeaiey noeaieaieai
i?aaenoaaeyao niaie nenoaio ?u/aaia e oya, naycuaathuoth aeeeo
aueeth/aiey noeaieaiey, auoiaeyuoth ec ea?oa?a noeaieaiey, n iaaeaeueth
noeaieaiey ia ?aai/ai ianoa aiaeeoaey. Iiaeaaniay iaaeaeue onoaiiaeaia
ia ine a ieanoianniauo noa?e/aneeo iiaeoeiieeao, ia o?aaothueo niacee.
Oi?aaeaiea noeaieaieai inouanoaeyaony aeaoiy oyaaie e oieeaoaeai /a?ac
i?iiaaeooi/iua ?u/aae.

?aaoee?iaaiea naiaiaeiiai oiaea noeaieaiey i?iecaiaeeony eciaiaieai
aeeeiu oieeaoaey e ai?eciioaeueiie oyae. Iieiue oiae iaaeaee ( aei oii?a
a iie ) ?aaiyaony 150 ii e ?aaoee?oaony iiaeaeaeiui oii?ii ia e?iiooaeia
aeaaiiai oeeeeiae?a oi?iica.

Oaoie/aneia ianeoaeeaaiea noeaieaiey caeeth/aaony a i/enoea io a?yce,
iiaeoyaeea aieoiauo niaaeeiaiee, ?aaoee?iaea e niacea, a niioaaonoaee n
ea?oie niacee. Iaiaoiaeeii naiaa?aiaiii niacuaaoue iiaeoeiiee
aueeth/aiey noeaieaiey /a?ac eieia/eiaoth iane?ieo, ?aniieiaeaiioth n
i?aaie noi?iiu ea?oa?a noeaieaiey.

Aeey ii?iaeueiie ?aaiou noeaieaiey o?aaoaony, /oiau caci? iaaeaeo
aieiaeaie aieoia iooyaeiuo ?u/aaia e iiaeoeiieeia aueeth/aiey noeaieaiey
aue 2,5 – 3,5 ii. Yoi niioaaonoaoao oiaeo aiaoiaai eiioea aeeee
aueeth/aiey noeaieaiey 3,5 – 5 ii e naiaiaeiiio oiaeo iaaeaee noeaieaiey
28 -35 ii, caia?aiiiio ii ieiuaaeea iaaeaee.

1.eieai/aoue aae.;2-iaoiaee;3-aaaeiiue aeene n o?eeoeeiiiuie
iae-eaaeeaie;4-iaaeeiiie aeene;5-ea?oa? noeaieaiey;6-eiaeoo
noeaieaiey;7-iooyaeiie ?u/aa;8-ioooa aueeth/aiey noeaieaiey ;9-aaaeouee
aae ei?iaee ia?aaea/; 10-iaaeaeue noeaieaiey;11-oyaa
noeaieaiey;12-aeeea aueeth/aiey noeaieaiey;13-iaaeeiiay
i?oaeeia;14-iooyaeiay i?oaeeia..

?en.1 Noeaieaiea aaoiiiaeey
OAC-452 A.

EI?IAEA IA?AAeA*.

Ei?iaea ia?aaea/ neoaeeo aeey eciaiaiey ii aaee/eia e iai?aaeaieth
ia?aaeaaaaiiai e?ooyuaai iiiaioa ia aaaeouea eie?na aaoiiiaeey,
aeeeoaeueiiai ?acuaaeeiaiey aeaeaaoaey e o?ainiennee ai a?aiy noiyiee
eee i?e aeaeaeaiee aaoiiiaeey ii eia?oeee, a oaeaea aeey aeaeaeaiey
aaoiiiaeey caaeiei oiaeii.

Ia aaoiiiaeea OAC-452A ei?iaea ia?aaea/ (?en. 2) – iaoaie/aneay,
/aou??onooiai/aoay, eiaao /aou?a ia?aaea/e ia?aaeiaai oiaea e iaeio
ia?aaea/o caaeiaai oiaea. E?aieony e ea?oa?o noeaieaiey n iiiiuueth
/aou??o oieeae. E?ooyuee iiiaio aeaeaaoaey ia?aaea?ony ia ia?ae/iue aae
ei?iaee ia?aaea/ /a?ac aaaeiiue aeene noeaieaiey. Oanoa?ie i?eaiaea
i?iiaaeooi/iiai aaea, 3-ae e 2-ie ia?aaea/ einicoaua e iaoiaeyony a
iinoiyiiii caoeaieaiee.

Ia?ae/iue aae 9 eiaao aeaa iii?u. Ia?aaeiee iiaeoeiiee ?aniieiaeai a
aiacaea eieai/aoiai aaea, caaeiee – a ia?aaeiae noaiea ea?oa?a ei?iaee
ia?aaea/. Caaeiee iiaeoeiiee cae?aie?i ia aaeo niaoeeaeueiie aaeeie n
eaaie ?acueaie. N aioo?aiiae noi?iiu ea?oa?a iiaeoeiiee cae?uo
ianeiio?aaeaoaeai. Ia caaeiae /anoe aaea ia?acaiu aeaa coa/aouo aaioea.
Aeey oaeianoaa iiioaaea i?yiicoaue aaiaoe e /anoue eiie/aneie
iiaa?oiinoe aaea eiatho aeoaiia?aciue au?ac.

1- aaaeouee aae; 2- iiaeoeiieee; 3e14- coa/aoua eieana iinoiyiiiai
caoeaieaiey aaaeouaai e i?iiaaeooi/iiai aaeia; 4- ioooa aeeth/aiey
o?aoueae e /aoaa?oie ia?aaea/;5e13-coa/aoua eieana o?aoueae
ia?aaea/e;6e12-coa/aoua eieana aoi?ie ia?aaea/e;7e11-coa/aoua eieana
ia?aie ia?aaea/e;8-Aeeea aeeth/aiey ; 9- Aaaeiiue aae;10- Aeie coa/aouo
eiean ia?aaea/e caaeiaai oiaea;15-Ea?oa? ei?iaee ia?aaea/.16-aeie
oanoa?ai i?iiaaeooi/iiai aaea.

?en.2. *aou?aonooiai/aoay ei?iaea ia?aaea/ aaoiiiaeey OAC-452 A.

Aoi?e/iue aae 13 ?aniieiaeai ca ia?ae/iui ia iaeiie n iei ine e eiaao
aeaa iii?u. Ia?aaeiyy iii?a aaea – iaai? ?ieeeia, iiiau?iiuo a ia?ae/iii
aaeo. Caaeiyy iii?a aaea – aeaoo?yaeiue ?aaeeaeueii-oii?iue
oa?eeiiiaeoeiiee. Iaaeaeo iiaeoeiieeii e oi?oeii aaea noieo
ianeiio?aaeaoaeue.

I?iiaaeooi/iue aae 5 onoaiaaeeaaaony ia aeaoo oa?eeiauo iiaeoeiieeao, a
ia?aaeiae e caaeiae noaieao ea?oa?a. Ia?aaeiee iiaeoeiiee cae?aie?i ia
aaeo niaoeeaeueiie aaeeie, eioi?ay noiii?eony ioo?i aaeaaeeaaiey a?
ao?oeea a iac aaea. Caaeiee iiaeoeiiee eiaao ia ia?oaeiie iaieia oii?iia
eieueoei. Ia aaeo caaeiee iiaeoeiiee cae?aie?i n iiiiuueth oa?aeue/aoie
oaeau e niaoeeaeueiiai aieoa n eaaie ?acueaie.

Aeie oanoa??i caaeiaai oiaea n iiaeoeiieeii a nai?a onoaiiaeai ia ine,
eioi?ay noiii?eony a ea?oa?a niaoeeaeueiui ?acueaiaui ooeooii.

i.3.2.1. Neio?iiecaoi?. Neio?iiecaoi? iaania/eaaao aanooiiia aeeth/aiea
ia?aaea/ ia?aaeiaai oiaea ec-ca au?aaieaaiey a iiiaio aeeth/aiey /anoiou
a?auaiey aeeth/aaiie oanoa?ie e aaaeiiiai aaea. 4-ay (i?yiay) e 3-ouey
ia?aaea/e aeey iaeaa/aiey aeeth/aiey eiatho neio?iiecaoi? eia?oeeiiiiai
oeia .

Iaoaieci neio?iiecaoi?a nia?ai ia nooieoea 2. Nooieoea eiaao o?e
i?iaeieueiuo iaca i?yiioaieueiie oi?iu aeey ?aciauaiey nooa?ae 3. A
oeaio?a eaaeaeiai iaca naeaeaii a ?aaeeaeueiii iai?aaeaiee ioaa?noea.
I?e nai?ea iaoaiecia a ioaa?noey nooieoeu onoaiaaeeaathony i?oaeeiu, a a
ioaa?noey nooa?ae – noaeueiua oa?eee 4. Aeey eneeth/aiey neo/aaa
auiaaeaiey oa?eeia neio?iiecaoi?a ioaa?noey a nooa?yo auiieiaiu
nooiai/aouie. A neio?iiecaoi?a nooa?e onoaiaaeeaathony noi?iiie n
ioaa?noeyie iaiueoaai aeeaiao?a a noi?iio iooou 1.

I?e aeeth/aiee ia?aaea/e ioooa 1 iiae aeaenoaeai aeeee ia?aeeth/aiey
ia?aaeaeaaaony a noi?iio aeeth/aaiie oanoa?ie. Eiioniay iiaa?oiinoue
aeiee?othuaai eieueoea neio?iiecaoi?a ia/eiaao nii?eeanaoueny n eiioniie
iiaa?oiinoueth oanoa?ie e o.e. a ia/aeueiue iiiaio aeeth/aiey /anoiou
a?auaiey eieueoea e oanoa?ie ia niaiaaeatho, ia iiaa?oiinoyo
nii?eeiniiaaiey aicieeatho neeu o?aiey. A ?acoeueoaoa nee o?aiey /anoioa
a?auaiey eo au?aaieaaaony, eieueoei iiai?a/eaaaony i?ioea a?auaiey,
nooa?e caieiatho oeaio?aeueiia iieiaeaiea ioiineoaeueii iacia e
ooaieeaathony a ieo, a coauey iooou aoiaeyo a caoeaieaiea n coaueyie
eieueoea e aeeth/aaiie oanoa?ie, aeiee?oy a? ia aaeo.

Ia?aeeth/aiea o?aoueae e /aoa??oie ia?aaea/ i?ienoiaeyo i?e iiiiue
neio?iiecaoi?a, ia?aay e aoi?ay ia?aaea/e aeeth/athony ia?aiauaieai
oanoa?ie ia aaaeiiii aaeo. Caaeiee oiae aeeth/aaony ia?aiauaieai aeiea
i?iiaaeooi/iuo oanoa??i, aoiaeyueo iaeiia?aiaiii a caoeaieaiea n
aaaeiiie e aaaeouae oanoa?iyie ia?aie ia?aaea/e.

i.3.2.2. Iaoaieci ia?aeeth/aiey ia?aaea/. Iaoaieci ia?aeeth/aiey
ia?aaea/ eiaao o?e aeeee ia?aeeth/aiey, aoiaeyuea a niaaeeiaiea n
iiaeaeaeiuie yeaiaioaie ei?iaee ia?aaea/. Ana aeeee e?aiyony ia ooieao n
iiiiuueth aieoia, eiathueo ia eiioea eiion. Ooiee aianoa n aeeeaie
ia?aiauathony a inaaii iai?aaeaiee. Aeey oeene?iaaiey iieiaeaiey
iaeo?aee e aeeth/?iiie ia?aaea/e ooiee eiatho i?oaeeiiua oeenaoi?u.
Iaaeaeo ooieaie onoaiiaeaii caii/iia ono?ienoai, eioi?ia i?aiyonoaoao
iaeiia?aiaiiiio aeeth/aieth aeaoo ia?aaea/. Iaeei ec ooieia, auaaae?iiue
ec iaeo?aee, caie?aao ae?oaea. Aieiaay e?uoea 11 eiaao ?acueaiaia
ioaa?noea aeey onoaiiaee aueeth/aoaey 25 oiia?y caaeiaai oiaea.

i.3.2.3. Iaoaieci oi?aaeaiey ei?iaeie ia?aaea/. Oi?aaeaiea ei?iaeie
ia?aaea/ – aeenoaioeeiiiia, inouanoaeyaony ?u/aaii 1. I?eaiae
oi?aaeaiey onoaiiaeai ia iaiaee aicaeooiaiaea e niaaeei?i n ei?iaeie
ia?aaea/ oyaaie /a?ac i?iiaaeooi/iua ?u/aae. Iaoaieci ia?aeeth/aiey
ia?aaea/ niiioe?iaai a aieiaie e?uoea ei?iaee ia?aaea/ e eiaao aeaa
ia?oaeiuo ?u/aaa : 10 — aa?oeeaeueiue, neoaeauee aeey auai?a ia?aaea/e,
e 9 – ai?eciioaeueiue – aeey aeeth/aiey ia?aaea/e.

I?eaiae iaoaiecia ia?aeeth/aiey ia?aaea/ ?aaoee?oaony eciaiaieai aeeeiu
ai?eciioaeueiuo 8, 11 e aa?oeeaeueiuo 5, 14 oya.

Oaoie/aneia ianeoaeeaaiea ei?iaee ia?aaea/, iaoaiecia ia?aeeth/aiey e
i?eaiaea oi?aaeaiey ei?iaeie ia?aaea/ naiaeeony e i?iaa?ea o?iaiy
niacee e caiaia a? a n?iee, i?aaeoniio?aiiua ea?oie niacee, a oaeaea a
ia?eiaee/aneie i?iaa?ea caoyaeee anao ?acueaiauo niaaeeiaiee, e?aiyueo
ei?iaeo ia?aaea/ e i?eaiae, a i?iaa?ea ?aaoee?iaee i?eaiaea.

Ia?aae niyoeai ?u/aaia 9 e 10 (?en. 7) iaiaoiaeeii caiaoeoue acaeiiia
iieiaeaiea ?u/aaia ia aaeeeao aeey oiai, /oiau onoaiiaeoue ?u/aae a
i?aaeiaa iieiaeaiea.

?ACAeAOI*IAss EI?IAEA.

?acaeaoi/iay ei?iaea (?en. 8) ?ani?aaeaeyao e?ooyuee iiiaio iaaeaeo
aaaeoueie iinoaie. E?iia oiai, aeiiieieoaeueiay iiieaeathuay ia?aaea/a
?acaeaoi/iie ei?iaee iicaieyao oaaee/eoue neeo oyae ia aaaeoueo
eie?nao e ?anoe?eoue aeeaiacii ia?aaea/ o?ainiennee aei ainueie ia?aaea/
aia??ae e aeaoo iacaae.

Ei?ion ?acaeaoi/iie ei?iaee ninoieo ec aeaoo /anoae – ea?oa?a e e?uoee.
Oi/iinoue oeaio?e?iaaiey aeaoaeae iaania/eaaaony aeaoiy o?oa/aouie,
onoaiiai/iuie ooeooaie. Ia?aaioea ea?oa?a e e?uoee i?iecaiaeeony
niaianoii, e aeaoaee yoe a ioaeaeueiinoe ia acaeiicaiaiyaiu. Aae
i?eaiaea caaeiaai iinoa ia?aaea?o e?ooyuee iiiaio ia caaeiee ea?aeaiiue
aae e ecaioiaeai ca iaeii oeaeia n oanoa?i?e, eioi?ay iaania/eaaao
i?eaiae ia ia?aaeiee iino e o/anoaoao a ia?aciaaiee iiieaeaiiie
ia?aaea/e. Aae eiaao ia?oaeiua i?yiiai/iua oeeoeu, ia eioi?uo
cae?aieythony aaaeouay oanoa?iy nieaeiiao?a e oeaiaoe, aeey niaaeeiaiey
n caaeiei aaeii. Ii onoaiiaeai ia aeaoo oa?eeiauo iiaeoeiieeao. A
ia?aaeiae /anoe aaea eiathony aioo?aiiea yaieueaaioiua oeeoeu aeey
aeeth/aiey i?yiie ia?aaea/e.

I?iiaaeooi/iue aae ecaioiaeai ca iaeii oeaeia n i?iiaaeooi/iie oanoa?i?e
iiieaeathuae ia?aaea/e e a caaeiae /anoe eiaao yaieueaaioiua oeeoeu aeey
iinaaeee oanoa?ie aeeth/aiey ia?aaeiaai iinoa. Iii?aie aaea yaeythony
aeaa iiaeoeiieea. Aae i?eaiaea ia?aaeiaai iinoa ia?aaea?o e?ooyuee
iiiaio ia ia?aaeiee ea?aeaiiue aae e ecaioiaeai ca iaeii oeaeia n
aaaeiiie oanoa?i?e. Ii onoaiiaeai ia aeaoo iiaeoeiieeao e oeene?oaony
oae aea, eae e i?iiaaeooi/iue aae.

Iaoaieci ia?aeeth/aiey ?acaeaoi/iie ei?iaee eiaao aeaa aeeee, aoiaeyuea
naieie eaieaie a niaaeeiaiea n iiaeaeaeiuie oanoa?iyie. Aeeee
ia?aiauathony ii iaiiaeaeaeiui ooieai n iiiiuueth ?u/aaia 6 e 7 e
niaaaeaiu i?oaeeiiuie oeenaoi?aie. A ooieao aeey oeenaoeee iieiaeaiee
eiathony au?acu. Iaoaieci oi?aaeaiey ?acaeaoi/iie ei?iaee –
aeenoaioeeiiiue , onoaiiaeai ni?aaa , aia?aaee eaiioa aeaeaaoaey.
Aa?oiee ?u/aa neoaeeo aeey aeeth/aiey ia?aaeiaai iinoa, a ieaeiee – aeey
aeeth/aiey i?yiie e i?iiaaeooi/iie ia?aaea/. Ia?aaeiea oyae iaoaiecia
eiatho ?aaoee?iaeo, eioi?ay i?iecaiaeeony ia caaiaea i?e nai?ea
aaoiiiaeey. Aa?oiea iii?u aaeia e aooeea ine i?iiaaeooi/iuo ?u/aaia –
ieanoianniaua e niacee ia o?aaotho. Aaeu e ieaeithth iii?o niacuaatho
i?e ?acai?eao.

Oaoie/aneia ianeoaeeaaiea ?acaeaoi/iie ei?iaee naiaeeony e i?iaa?ea
o?iaiy niacee e caiaiu a? a n?iee, i?aaeoniio?aiiua ea?oie niacee, a
oaeaea a ia?eiaee/aneie i?iaa?ea caoyaeee anao ?acueaiauo niaaeeiaiee.

A i?ioeanna yenieoaoaoeee aaoiiiaeey aiciiaeii iiieaeaiea o?iaiy ianea a
ei?iaea ia?aaea/ aei 8 ii ioiineoaeueii ieaeiae e?iiee caeeaiiai
ioaa?noey e iaeiia?aiaiiia aai iiauoaiea a ?acaeaoi/iie ei?iaea, ii
iauee iau?i ianea iaania/eaaao ii?iaeueioth ?aaioo iaieo oceia.

EA?AeAIIAss IA?AAeA*A.

Ea?aeaiiay ia?aaea/a iicaieyao ia?aaeaaaoue e?ooyuee iiiaio iaaeaeo
aaeaie, ?aniieiaeaiiuie iiae eciaiythueiny i?e aeaeaeaiee aaoiaona
oaeii.

Aaaeouea iinou aaoiiiaeey iiaeaaoeaathony e aai ?aia n iiiiuueth oi?oaeo
yeaiaioia iiaeaanee e ai a?aiy aeaeaeaiey eciaiytho nai? iieiaeaiea
ioiineoaeueii ?aiu. Ei?iaea ia?aaea/ cae?aieaia ia ?aia iaiiaeaeaeii,
iiyoiio aeey ia?aaea/e e?ooyuaai iiiaioa n aaaeiiiai aaea ei?iaee ia
aaaeouee aae iinoa onoaiaaeeaathony ea?aeaiiua ia?aaea/e.

Ea?aeaiiay ia?aaea/a aaoiiiaeey ninoieo ec aeaoo ea?aeaiiuo aaeia –
caaeiaai e ia?aaeiaai. Eiino?oeoeee ea?aeaiiue aaeia iaeeiaeiaua.
Caaeiee ea?aeaiiue aae (?en. 11) ninoieo ec oiieinoaiiie o?oau 13, a
iaeei eiiaoe eioi?ie cai?anniaaia e i?eaa?aia aeeea 14 ea?aeaiiiai
oa?ie?a, a a ae?oaie – oeeoeaaie eiiaoe. Ia oeeoeaaie eiiaoe onoaiiaeaia
neieuecyuay aeeea 6 n aioo?aiieie oeeoeaie, eioi?ay ia?aiauaaony ii
oeeoeai i?e eciaiaiee aeeeiu ea?aeaiiiai aaea.

1e3-aeeee;2-e?anoiaeia;4-oeeoeaaay aooeea;5-iaeiia/iee ni
oeeoeaie;6-/aoie;7-ea?aeaiiue aae;8-ea?aeaiiue oa?ie?.

?en.3. Ea?aeaiiay ia?aaea/a aaoiiiaeey.

Aeey oaea?aeaiey niacee e i?aaeio?aiaiey oeeoeaaiai niaaeeiaiey io
caa?yciaiey n iaeiie noi?iiu ai aioo?aiithth iieinoue neieuecyuae aeeee
cai?anniaaia caaeooea 7, a n ae?oaie – o oi?oea neieuecyuae aeeee
onoaiiaeaii naeueieeiaia oieioiaiea, ninoiyuaa ec ?aceiiaiai 11 e
aieei/iiai 10 eieaoe. Iaieia 12 naeueieeia iaa??iooa ia eiiaoe
neieuecyuae aeeee e caea?iaia a aeaoo ianoao. Ia eiioeao aaea
?aniieiaeaiu ea?aeaiiua oa?ie?u, eioi?ua ninoiyo ec aeaoo aeeie,
ni/eai?iiuo e?anoiaeiie 3. Ea?aeaiiua oa?ie?u iaania/eaatho ia?aaea/o
e?ooyuaai iiiaioa iaaeaeo aaeaie, ine eioi?uo ia?anaeathony iiae
eciaiythueiny oaeii. A ea/anoaa oa?ie?ia a aaoiaona eniieuecothony
ae?noeea ea?aeaiiua oa?ie?u ia?aaiuo oaeiauo nei?inoae.

Ia oeaiou e?anoiaei onoaiiaeaiu eaieue/aoua iiaeoeiieee 5. Noaeaiu
eaieue/aouo iiaeoeiieeia cai?anniaaiu a ioaa?noey ooae aeeie e
oaea?aeeaathony noiii?iuie eieueoeaie 2. Aeey iaania/aiey iaae?aeiie
caueou eaieue/aouo iiaeoeiieeia io iiiaaeaiey aiaeu, a?yce e aeey
oaea?aeaiey niacee a ooaiiiaaiiua iaieiu iiaeoeiieeia onoaiiaeaiu
?aceiiaua a?ie?iaaiiua iaiaeaou 4 n i?oaeeiie a nai?a, a ia oeaiou
e?anoiaei iai?anniaaiu oi?oeaaua oieioieoaee 15 iiaeoeiieeia.

Ia?aaeiee e caaeiee ea?aeaiiua aaeu auiieiaiu ni oeeoeaaui neieuecyuei
niaaeeiaieai, eioi?ia neoaeeo aeey eiiiainaoeee eciaiaiee aeeeiu
ea?aeaiiiai aaea i?e acaea aaoiiiaeey. Yoi ono?ienoai i?aaenoaaeyao
niaie oeeoeaaie eiiaoe aaea, ia eioi?ue onoaiiaeaia neieuecyuay aeeea n
aioo?aiieie oeeoeaie e iane?ieie. Oeeoeaaia niaaeeiaiea niacuaaaony
/a?ac i?ann-iane?ieo 8, aa??ioooth a neieuecyuoth aeeeo, a eaieue/aoua
iiaeoeiieeaie niacuaathony /a?ac i?ann-iane?ieo ia e?anoiaeia. Niacea e
iiaeoeiieeai iiaeaiaeeony ii eaiaeai a oeaioao e?anoiaeiu.

Niaaeeiaiea ea?aeaiiiai aaea n ?acaeaoi/iie ei?iaeie e aaaeouei iinoii
inouanoaeyaony n iiiiuueth oeaioeaa 1 aieoaie n oaeaaie i?oaeeiiuie e
aaeeaie. Iiiaio caoyaeee 3,6-4,4 ean*i. Oeeoeaaia niaaeeiaiea
onoaiiaeaiiiai ia aaoiiiaeeue ea?aeaiiiai aaea ?aniieaaaaony o
?acaeaoi/iie ei?iaee.

Ia?aaeiee ea?aeaiiue aae (?en. 12) . Ai ecaaaeaiea caaeaaaiey ia?aaeiaai
ea?aeaiiiai aaea ca aeaoaee aeaeaaoaey i?e oaeiauo ia?aiauaieyo
ii?aaeae?iiay aai /anoue, iaoiaeyuayny a iianiie ciia caaeaaaiey,
auiieiaia ec nieioiiai aaea 1, eiathuaai cia/eoaeueii iaiueoee aeeaiao?,
/ai o?oaa 2 ia inoaeueiie aeeeia aaea.

Inoaeueiua aeaoaee, aoiaeyuea a nai?eo ia?aaeiaai ea?aeaiiiai aaea,
i?eiaiythony oa aea , /oi e a caaeiai ea?aeaiiii aaea. Ea?aeaiiua aaeu
iiaeaa?aathony aeeiaie/aneie aaeaine?iaea. Iaa aeeee ethaiai aaea
aeieaeiu iaycaoaeueii eaaeaoue a iaeiie ieineinoe.

Oaoie/aneia ianeoaeeaaiea ea?aeaiiuo aaeia i?e yenieoaoaoeee aaoiiiaeey
caeeth/aaony a i?iaa?ea o?iaiy niacee e caiaia a? a n?iee,
i?aaeoniio?aiiua ea?oie niacee, a oaeaea a ia?eiaee/aneie i?iaa?ea
caoyaeee anao ?acueaiauo niaaeeiaiee, e?aiyueo oeaioeu ea?aeaiia.

AAAeOUEA IINOU.

Aaaeouea iinou aaoiiiaeey /a?ac aaaeouea eie?na aini?eieiatho ana aeaeu
oneeee, aeaenoaothuea iaaeaeo eie?naie e iiaeaaneie.

Aaaeouee iino iauaaeeiyao a iaeiii aa?aaaoa aeaaioth ia?aaea/o,
aeeooa?aioeeae e iieoine eie?n. Anee ia?aaeiee aaaeouee iino eiaao
oi?aaeyaiua eie?na, oi eo iieoine auiieiytho ?an/eai?iiuie ia aeaa /anoe
e niaaeei?iiuie oa?ie?aie ?aaiuo oaeiauo nei?inoae.

i.3.5.1. Aeaaiay ia?aaea/a. Aeaaiay ia?aaea/a oaaee/eaaao e?ooyuee
iiiaio e eciaiyao aai iai?aaeaiea iiae i?yiui oaeii e i?iaeieueiie ine
aaoiiiaeey, ia?aaeaaay ia aeeooa?aioeeae e iaania/eaay ieaaiinoue e
aanooiiinoue ?aaiou. Aeaaiay ia?aaea/a ninoieo ec ia?u eiie/aneeo
oanoa??i, ine eioi?uo ia?anaeathony iiae oaeii 90i . Iaeay aaaeouay
oanoa?iy 9 niaaeeiyaony n ea?aeaiiui aaeii, a aieueoay aaaeiiay 12 – n
ei?iaeie aeeooa?aioeeaea e /a?ac iaai n iieoinyie. Aaaeiiay oanoa?iy
onoaiiaeaia ia ei?iaea naoaeeeoia e aieoaie cae?aieaia e a? oeaioeo.
Aaaeouay oanoa?iy onoaiiaeaia ia aeaoo iiaeoeiieeao: n iaeiie noi?iiu –
naeaiaiiue eiie/aneee (ia?aaeiee) 10, n ae?oaie ?aaeeaeueiue, n
oeeeeiae?e/aneeie ?ieeeaie (caaeiee) 4. Oeaiaoe aaaeouae oanoa?ie
e?aieony aaeeie 7. Aeaiaiiue eiie/aneee iiaeoeiiee ?aaoee?oaony
i?ieeaaeeaie 8. Iaaeaeo oi?oeii ia?oaeiiai eieueoea naeaiaiiiai
eiie/aneiai iiaeoeiieea e ao?oii ea?oa?a onoaiiaeaii ?aaoee?iai/iia
eieueoei 5 iieiaeaiey aaaeouae oanoa?i?e.

1 – iieoinue ni oeeoeaie ; 2 – eiie/aneay coa/aoay oanoa?iy aeaaiie
ia?aaea/e; 3 -Coa/aoia eieani aeaaiie ia?aaea/e ; 4 – ei?iaea
aeeooa?aioeeaea;

5- naoaeeeou ; 6 – iieo inaaua coa/aoua eieana;7-e?anoiaeia ..

?en.4. Aeaaiay ia?aaea/a e aeeooa?aioeeae aaoiiiaeey.

Aeey oiaiueoaiey ?acia?a aeaaiie ia?aaea/e inue aaaeouae oanoa?ie
?aniieaaatho ieaea ine aaaeiiie. A yoii neo/aa eciaiythony oi?ia coaueaa
e oa?aeoa? caoeaieaiey, a naie oanoa?ie noaiiayony aieaa i?i/iuie. Oaeay
aeaaiay ia?aaea/a iacuaaaony aeiieaeiie, iia iicaieyao nieceoue iie
eociaa aaoiaona e nouanoaaiii iiauneoue eciininoieeinoue oanoa??i.

i.3.5.2. Aeeooa?aioeeae. Aeeooa?aioeeae ia?aaea?o e?ooyuee iiiaio io
aeaaiie ia?aaea/e e iieoinyi e iicaieyao ei a?auaoueny n ?aciie
nei?inoueth i?e iiai?ioa aaoiiiaeey e ia ia?iaiinoyo aei?iae.

Ia aaoiaona i?eiaiyaony oanoa??i/aoue aeeooa?aioeeae, eioi?ue ninoieo ec
iieoinaauo eiie/aneeo oanoa??i n /aou?ueiy naoaeeeoaie. Oanoa?ie
iieoinae eiatho niaiiua oii?iua oaeau 11. Aeeooa?aioeeae onoaiiaeai ia
aeaoo eiie/aneeo iiaeoeiieeao 2. Iaaeaeo oi?oeaie ei?iaee naoaeeeoia e
aioo?aiieie eieueoeaie iiaeoeiieeia aeeooa?aioeeaea onoaiiaeaiu
?aaoee?iai/iua i?ieeaaeee 3.

i.3.5.3. Iieoine. Iieoine ia?aaeatho e?ooyuee iiiaio io aeeooa?aioeeaea
e nooieoeai aaaeoueo eie?n. Ii naiae eiino?oeoeee iieoine aeaeyony ia
iieo?aca?oaeaiiua e iieiinoueth ?aca?oaeaiiua ii oeio ?aniieiaeaiey
iii?iiai eie?niiai iiaeoeiieea. O/eouaay, /oi aaaeouea eie?na aeieaeiu a
ii?aaeae?iiuo oneiaeyo a?auaoueny n iaiaeeiaeiaie /anoioie, e?ooyuee
iiiaio io aeeooa?aioeeaea e eie?nai aeieaeai ia?aaeaaaoueny /a?ac aeaa
ioaeaeueiua iieoine. Eaaeaeay iieoinue niaaeeiaia n naoaeeeoaie
aeeooa?aioeeaea i?e iiiiue iieoinaauo oanoa??i.

1-eieani; 2-iiaeoeiieee; 3-eiaeoo iieoine;4- iieoinue;5-nooieoea eieana.

?en. 5. Ono?ienoai iieoine .

Iieoine ecaioiaeaiu eae iaeii oeaeia n oeaioeaie, e eioi?ui e?aiyony
aeenee eie?n e oi?iiciua aa?aaaiu. Aioo?aiiee eiiaoe iieoine eiaao
oeeoeaaoth iiaa?oiinoue, eioi?ay aoiaeeo a caoeaieaiea n aioo?aiieie
oeeoeaie iieoinaaie oanoa?ie aeeooa?aioeeaea. Ia?oaeiue eiiaoe eaaeaeie
iieoine iie?aaony ia oa?eeiaue iiaeoeiiee, cai?anniaaiiue a eiaeoo
iieoine.

i.3.5.4. Eie?niue ?aaeoeoi?. Aaoiaon OAC-452A yaeyaony aaoiiiaeeai
iiauoaiiie i?ioiaeeiinoe, iiyoiio iie niaaaeaiu aaaeoueie ia?aaeieie e
caaeieie iinoaie. Iniiaiui eiino?oeoeaiui ioee/eai aaaeoueo iinoia
yaeyaony i?eiaiaiea eie?niuo ?aaeoeoi?ia a iinoao aaoiiiaeeae, /oi
iicaieyao oaaee/eoue aei?iaeiue i?inaao aei 300 ii. Noaia eie?niiai
?aaeoeoi?a i?eaaaeaia ia ?enoiea 6.

1 2 3 4
5 6

8 7

?en. 6. Noaia eie?niiai ?aaeoeoi?a.

Aaaeouay oanoa?iy 3 eie?niiai ?aaeoeoi?a onoaiiaeaia ia oeeoeaaii
eiioea iieoine 1 e caoeaieaia n aioo?aiieie coaueyie aaaeiiie oanoa?ie
4. Iineaaeiyy niaaeeiaia n aaaeiiui aaeii 7 eie?niiai ?aaeoeoi?a,
ia?aaeathuei e?ooyuee iiiaio ia nooieoeo 8 eieana. Eieani onoaiiaeaii ia
iiaeoeiieeao 6 ia ei?iona 5 ?aaeoeoi?a, niaaeei?iiiai n eiaeooii 2
iieoine. Eiaeoo yaeyaony /anoueth aaeee caaeiaai iinoa.

3.6. IA?AAeIEE IINO.

Ia?aaeiee iino aaoiiiaeey – aaaeouee. Ea?oa?, aeaaiay ia?aaea/a e
aeeooa?aioeeae ia?aaeiaai iinoa ia ioee/athony io niioaaonoaothueo
aeaoaeae e oceia caaeiaai iinoa, ca eneeth/aieai ianeiio?aaeaoaeueiiai
eieueoea aaaeouae oanoa?ie, eiathuaai i?aaoth ?acueao e eeaeii “I”.

E eiaeooo 2 iieoine iyoueth aieoaie e?aieony oa?iaay iii?a 6 n
cai?anniaaiiuie a ia? aooeeaie 30 oeai?iae. Ia oa?iaie iii?a n iiiiuueth
aeaoo oeai?iae 9 onoaiiaeai ei?ion 7 iiai?ioiiai eoeaea. Oeai?ie
iiai?ioiiai eoeaea onoaiaaeeaathony n i?aaeaa?eoaeueiui iaoyaii,
aaee/eia eioi?iai ninoaaeyao 0,02-0,10 ii. Io i?iai?a/eaaiey a ei?iona
iiai?ioiiai eoeaea oeai?ie noiii?yony ooeooaie 11. Aeey oaea?aeaiey
niacee a ei?iona iiai?ioiiai eoeaea e i?aaeio?aiaiey a? io caa?yciaiey
ia oa?iaie iii?a onoaiiaeai naeueiee, ninoiyuee ec aioo?aiiae iaieiu 32,
ia?oaeiiai oieioieoaeueiiai eieueoea 36, eieueoea-ia?aai?iaeee 33,
aieei/iiai oieioieoaeueiiai eieueoea 35 e ia?oaeiie iaieiu. Naeueiee
cae?aie?i aieoaie ia ei?iona iiai?ioiiai eoeaea. Aeey i?aaeioa?auaiey
ia?aoaeaiey niacee ec ea?oa?a aeaaiie ia?aaea/e a iiai?ioiue eoeae
aioo?e oa?iaie iii?u eiaaony naiiiiaeaeeiiie ?aceiiaue naeueiee 3 a
iaoaeee/aneie iaieia.

Aioo?e iiai?ioiiai eoeaea onoaiiaeai oa?ie? ?aaiuo oaeiauo nei?inoae.
Eiino?oeoeey oa?ie?a iaania/eaaao iaeeiaeiaua oaeiaua nei?inoe aaaeouaai
e aaaeiiiai aaeia iacaaeneii io oaea iaaeaeo ieie. Oa?ie? ninoieo ec
aeaoo aeeie, a e?eaieeiaeiuo eaiaaeao eioi?uo ?aniieiaeaiu /aou?a
oa?eea. A oeaio?aeueiuo ai?caeao aeeie ?aniieiaeai iyoue oa?ee, eioi?ue
yaeyaony onoaiiai/iui e neoaeeo aeey oeaio?e?iaaiey aeeie. Io
i?iaeieueiiai ia?aiauaiey oa?ie? ia?aie/ai oii?iie oaeaie 37. Aioo?aiiyy
aaaeouay aeeea oa?ie?a niaaeeiaia oeeoeaie n iieoinaaie oanoa?i?e
aeeooa?aioeeaea. Ia aaaeiiii eiioea eoeaea oa?ie?a onoaiiaeaii
ono?ienoai aeey ioeeth/aiey ia?aaeieo eie?n aaoiiiaeey, eioi?ia ninoieo
ec iiaeaeaeiie iooou 18, onoaiiaeaiiie ia oeeoeao, e aieoa 19 n
i?oaeeiie e oa?eeii. Ia?oaeiuie oeeoeaie iiaeaeaeiay ioooa niaaeeiyaony
n aioo?aiieie oeeoeaie aaaeouaai oeaioea 17, cae?aie?iiiai aieoaie e
nooieoea eieana.

Oaoie/aneia ianeoaeeaaiea ia?aaeiaai iinoa i?e yenieoaoaoeee aaoiiiaeey
caeeth/aaony a i?iaa?ea o?iaiy niacee e caiaia a? a n?iee,
i?aaeoniio?aiiua ea?oie niacee, a oaeaea a ia?eiaee/aneie i?iaa?ea
caoyaeee anao ?acueaiauo niaaeeiaiee, i?iaa?ea caci?ia a oeai?iaaii
niaaeeiaiee, ?aaoee?iaea iiaeoeiieeia, caoeaieaiey oanoa??i, noiaeaeaiey
eie?n.

?OEAAIA OI?AAEAIEA.

?oeaaia oi?aaeaiea i?aaeiacia/aii aeey iaania/aiey aeaeaeaiey aaoiiiaeey
ii caaeaiiiio aiaeeoaeai iai?aaeaieth. ?oeaaia oi?aaeaiea i?aaenoaaeyao
niaie ?oeaaie iaoaieci n ?oeaaui eieanii e ?oeaaui i?eaiaeii.

4.1. ?OEAAIE IAOAIECI.

?oeaaie iaoaieci i?aaeiacia/ai aeey ia?aaea/e eciaiaiey oaea iiai?ioa
?oeaaiai eieana /a?ac ?oeaaie i?eaiae ia oi?aaeyaiua eie?na.

Ea?oa? ?oeaaiai iaoaiecia e?aieony ia e?iiooaeia eaaiai eiiaea?iia ?aiu
/aou?ueiy aieoaie. ?oeaaie iaoaieci ecia?aae?i ia ?enoiea 16. ?aai/ae
ia?ie iaoaiecia yaeyaony aeiaieaeaeueiue /a?aye 6 e aeaooa?aaiaaue ?ieee
5. *a?aye, iai?anniaaiiue ia ionoioaeue aae 12, onoaiiaeai a ea?oa?a ia
aeaoo eiie/aneeo ?ieeeiiiaeoeiieeao 7. Iaae?aeiinoue niaaeeiaiey /a?ayea
n aaeii iaania/eaaaony oiiii/iui aunooiii e oeeoeaie /a?ayea.

A iinoiyiiii caoeaieaiee n /a?ayeii iaoiaeeony aeaooa?aaiaaue ?ieee,
aioo?aiiea eieueoeaaua eaiaaee eioi?iai neoaeao ?aai/ae iiaa?oiinoueth
aeaoo?yaeiiai oa?eeiiiaeoeiieea, onoaiiaeaiiiai ia ine, cae?aie?iiie a
aieiaea aaea nioee. Aae nioee a?auaaony a aeaoo iiaeoeiieeao: a
a?iiciaie aooeea, cai?anniaaiiie a ea?oa?, e a oeeeeiae?e/aneii
?ieeeiiiaeoeiieea, onoaiiaeaiiii a aieiaie e?uoea ea?oa?a ?oeaaiai
iaoaiecia, oainoiaee aieiaee aaea aoiaeeo a iac ?aaoee?iai/iiai aeioa
13, aa??iooiai a aieiaoth e?uoeo ea?oa?a. ?aaoee?iai/iue aeio
oeene?oaony noiii?iie oaeaie e ooeooii, cai?anniaaiiui a e?uoeo, e
cae?uaaaony eieia/eiaie aaeeie.

Nioea 1 ?oeaaiai oi?aaeaiey iinaaeaia ia eiioea aaea nioee ia iaeeea
oeeoeu, ia?acaiiua ia eiiona aaea nioee. I?aaeeueiinoue oaeiaie
onoaiiaee nioee ia aae iaania/eaaaony iaee/eai a iae /aou??o naeaiaiiuo
oeeoe e niioaaonoaothueo naeaiaiiuo aiaaeei ia aaeo, a ieioiinoue
iinaaeee aeinoeaaaony caoyaeaaieai aaeee n iiiaioii 20-28 ean*i. Aa?oiee
eiiaoe aaea ?oeaaiai oi?aaeaiey a?auaaony ia iiaeoeiieea, cai?anniaaiiii
a o?oao eieiiee 11.

?anii?iay aooeea iiaeoeiieea oaea?aeeaaaony io ia?aiauaiey i?oaeeiie.
?oeaaay eieiiea n iiiiuueth no?aiyiee e ?aceiiaie aooeee e?aieony e
e?iiooaeio iaiaee i?eai?ia.

4.2. ?OEAAIE I?EAIAe.

?oeaaie i?eaiae iaania/eaaao i?aaeeueiia niioiioaiea oaeia iiai?ioa
oi?aaeyaiuo eie?n. ?oeaaie i?eaiae ninoieo ec nioee, oyae nioee, ?u/aaa
iiai?ioiiai eoeaea, oyae ?oeaaie o?aiaoeee e ?u/aaia o?aiaoeee.

Oyae o?oa/aoua. Oa?ie?u ?oeaauo oya (?en. 18) naiiiiaeaeeiathueany,
aa?iaoe/anee oieioiaiu, /oi iaania/eaaao ?aaioiniiniaiinoue oa?ie?ia a
oa/aiea aeeeoaeueiiai a?aiaie. I?e iiyaeaiee caci?a a oa?ie?a
iaiaoiaeeii caaa?iooue aei oii?a caaeooeo 1, a caoai ioaa?iooue a? ia
1/3 iai?ioa e a yoii iieiaeaiee niiaa cae?aieoue.

Ono?ienoai iiia?a/iie ?oeaaie oyae aaoiiiaeey ecia?aaeaii ia ?enoiea 17.
Iaee/ea ecaeaa a ai?eciioaeueiie ieineinoe ia oyaa ia iicaieyao
?aaoee?iaaoue noiaeaeaiea eie?n a?auaieai naiie oyae. Iaaeaeo i?aaui
iaeiia/ieeii e oyaie onoaiiaeai niaoeeaeueiue ?aaoee?iai/iue ooooea? 2 n
aioo?aiiae i?aaie e ia?oaeiie eaaie ?acueaie.

Oaoie/aneia ianeoaeeaaiea ?oeaaiai oi?aaeaiey caeeth/aaony a
ia?eiaee/aneie iiaeoyaeea aieoia e?aieaiey ea?oa?a ?oey e eiiaea?iio
?aiu, i?iaa?ea e?aieaiey iaeueoeaa ?oeaauo oya, e?aieaiey ?u/aaa
iiai?ioiiai eoeaea, i?iaa?ea naiaiaeiiai oiaea ?oeaaiai eieana,
?aaoee?iaea ?oeaaiai iaoaiecia , i?iaa?ea o?iaiy niacee e caiaia a? a
n?iee, i?aaeoniio?aiiua ea?oie niacee.

5. ?AAI*Ass OI?IICIAss NENOAIA AAOIIIAEEss.

Oi?iiciua nenoaiu neoaeao aeey nieaeaiey nei?inoe e iieiie inoaiiaee
aaoiiiaeey, a oaeaea aeey oaea?aeaiey ia ianoa iaiiaeaeaeii noiyuaai
aaoiiiaeey. Oi?iiciay nenoaia aeieaeia auoue iaeneiaeueii yooaeoeaiie
i?e aeaeaeaiee aaoiiiaeey n ?acee/iie iaa?oceie e ia ?acee/iuo
nei?inoyo aeaeaeaiey. Ia yooaeoeaiinoe oi?iiciuo nenoai noaeyo ii
oi?iiciiio iooe aaoiiiaeey ( io ia/aea iaaeaoey ia oi?iicioth iaaeaeue
aei aai iieiie inoaiiaee i?e aeaeaeaiee ii ai?eciioaeueiiio o/anoeo
nooie aei?iae n anoaeueoiaui iie?uoeai) e caiaaeeaieth. Oi?iiciua
nenoaiu aeieaeiu iaania/eaaoue ?aaiiia?iia ?ani?aaeaeaiea oi?iiciuo nee
iaaeaeo eieanaie iaeiiai iinoa. Ia aaoiiiaeeyo iaycaoaeueii aeieaeiu
auoue onoaiiaeaiu: ?aai/ay oi?iiciay nenoaia, eniieuecoaiay i?e
aeaeaeaiee aaoiiiaeey aeey nieaeaiey nei?inoe e iieiie inoaiiaee;
noiyii/iay oi?iiciay nenoaia, neoaeauay aeey oaea?aeaiey inoaiiaeaiiiai
aaoiiiaeey ia ianoa; caianiay oi?iiciay nenoaia, i?aaeiacia/aia aeey
inoaiiaee aaoiiiaeey i?e auoiaea ec no?iy ?aai/ae oi?iiciie nenoaiu.
Oi?iiciay nenoaia ninoieo ec oi?iiciuo iaoaieciia e eo i?eaiaea.

5.1. ONO?IENOAI OI?IICIIAI IAOAIECIA AAOIIIAEEss.

Oi?iiciua iaoaieciu inouanoaeytho iaiin?aaenoaaiiia oi?iiaeaiea

a?auathueony eiean aaoiiiaeey eee iaeiiai ec aaeia o?ainiennee.
Iaeaieueoaa ?ani?ino?aiaiea iieo/eee o?eeoeeiiiua oi?iiciua iaoaieciu,
a eioi?uo oi?iiaeaiea i?ienoiaeeo ca n/ao o?aiey a?auathueony e
iaiiaeaeaeiuo aeaoaeae. A caaeneiinoe io eiino?oeoeee a?auathueony
?aai/eo aeaoaeae oi?iiciuo iaoaieciia ?acee/atho aa?aaaiiua e aeeneiaua
oi?iica. A ia?auo neeu o?aiey nicaeathony n iiiiuueth i?eaeeiathueony
iaiiaeaeaeiuo eieiaeie ia aioo?aiiae iiaa?oiinoe a?auathuaainy
oeeeeiae?a, ai aoi?uo – ia aieiauo iiaa?oiinoyo a?auathuaainy aeenea.
Aa?aaaiiue oi?iiciie iaoaieci n ?acaeaeaathueieny eieiaeeaie
eniieuecotho eae a ?aai/eo, oae e a noiyii/iuo oi?iiciuo nenoaiao. A
oi?iiciii iaoaiecia caaeieo eiean aaoiiiaeey oi?iiciie aeene i?ee?aieai
(?enoiie 7) e oeaioeo eiaeooa iieoine aaaeouaai iinoa.

1 e 5 – oi?iiciua eieiaeee ; 2 – eieaniue oi?iiciie oeeeeiae? ; 3 ye?ai
oi?iiciiai oeeeeiae?a ; 4 – noyaeiay i?oaeeia ; 6 – o?eeoeeiiiay
iaeeaaeea eieiaeee ; 7 – iai?aaeythuay neiaa eieiaeee ; 8 –
?aaoee?iai/iue yenoeaio?ee.

?en.7. Oi?iiciie iaoaieci aaoiiiaeey.

Oi?iiciie aeene ia?aaeiaai oi?iiciiai iaoaiecia i?ee?aieai e
oeaioeo iiai?ioiiai eoeaea ia?aaeiaai iinoa. I?oaeeia 4 noyaeaaao
oi?iiciua eieiaeee 1 e 5,naiaiaeii iinaaeaiiua ia iii?iuo iaeueoeao
,eioi?ua cae?aieaiu a oi?iiciii aeenea aaeeaie. Ia ia?oaeiuo eiioeao
iaeueoeaa iinoaaeaiu iaoee aeey ?aaoee?iaaiey e naeaeaiu aieiaee iiae
eeth/. A aa?oiae /anoe eieiaeee iie?athony ia yenoeaio?eee, iiae eioi?ua
iinoaaeaiu oeene?othuea i?oaeeiu. Caci? iaaeaeo eieiaeeaie e aa?aaaiii
?aaoee?otho i?e iiiiue yenoeaio?eeia 8.E o?oueiny iiaa?oiinoyi eieiaeie
i?ee?aieaiu eiathuea ?acee/iue oaie ioaaoa iaeeaaeee ec i?anniaaiiiai
anaanoiaiai iaoa?eaea. Aa?oiea eiioeu eieiaeie oie?athony a ii?oie
?acaeeiiiai aeae?iono?ienoaa. Ye?ai caueuaao yoi ono?ienoai io
iaa?aaa io oi?iiciiai aa?aaaia. Io aieiaiai niauaiey eieiaeee
oaea?aeeaathony neiaaie 7 n ieanoei/aouie i?oaeeiaie .Oi?iiciie
aa?aaai i?ee?aieai e nooieoea eieana oae, /oi aai iiaeii nieiaoue aeey
aeinooia e oi?iiciiio iaoaiecio, ia nieiay nooieoeo.

5.2. ONO?IENOAI EIINO?OEOeEE OI?IICIIAI I?EAIAeA.

Iaeaieueoaa ?ani?ino?aiaiea a aaoiiiaeeyo iieo/eee iaoaie/aneea,
aeae?aaee/aneea e iiaaiaoe/aneea i?eaiaeu .Iaoaie/aneee i?eaiae
i?aaenoaaeyao niaie nenoaio oya e ?u/aaia ,niaaeeiythueo iaaeaeue eee
?u/aa n oi?iiciuie iaoaieciaie. Aeae?ii?eaiae ,a eioi?ii i?eaiaeiia
oneeea ia?aaeaaony oi?iiciie aeeaeeinoueth ,ninoieo ec neaaeothueo
oceia: aeaaiiai oi?iiciiai oeeeeiae?a, nicaeathuaai aeaaeaiea
aeeaeeinoe a nenoaia e eiathuaai ?aca?aoa?, caiieiaiiue oi?iiciie
aeeaeeinoueth ;eieaniuo oi?iiciuo oeeeeiae?ia ,ia?aaeathueo aeaaeaiea
oi?iiciie aeeaeeinoe ia oi?iiciua eieiaeee ;niaaeeieoaeueiuo
o?oaii?iaiaeia e oeaiaia; iaaeaee e aeae?iaaeooiiiai oneeeoaey n
oeeueo?ii, niaaeeiaiiiai /a?ac caii?iue eeaiai n aioneiui o?oaii?iaiaeii
aeaeaaoaey. Any nenoaia iinoiyiii caiieiaia oi?iiciie aeeaeeinoueth.
Noaia aeaooeiioo?iie oi?iiciie nenoaiu aaoiiiaeey iieacaia ia ?enoiea 8.

1 – ia?aaeiee oi?iiciie iaoaieci;2 – aioneiay o?oaa; 3 – caii?iue
eeaiai;4 – eaiia neaiaeecaoi?a;5 – neaiaeecaoi? iaeni?aaiinoe
aeae?ii?eaiaea;6 – aeaaiue oeeeeiae?; 7 – iaiieieoaeueiue aa/ie;8 –
aicaeooiue oeeueo?;9 – caaeiee oi?iiciie iaoaieci;10 – caaeiee
aeae?iaaeooiiue oneeeoaeue; 11 – ia?aaeiee aeae?iaaeooiiue oneeeoaeue..

?en.8 Noaia aeae?ii?eaiaea aeaooeiioo?iie oi?iiciie nenoaiu aaoiiiaeey.

Iaeiieiioo?iua i?eaiaeu iaeaaeatho nouanoaaiiui iaaeinoaoeii, a neo/aa
iia?aaeaeaiey eaeiai-eeai niaaeeiaiey aeaaeaiea nieaeaaony ai anai
i?eaiaea, ia?ooaaony ?aaioa oi?iiciuo iaoaieciia anao eiean. Iiyoiio
ia aaoiiiaeeyo auionea iinea 1987 aiaea i?eiaiyaony aeaooeiioo?iue
oi?iiciie i?eaiae. Aai ioee/eai yaeyaony oi ,/oi oi?iiciie
aeae?aaee/aneee i?eaiae ?acaeaeai ia aeaa eiioo?a. Ia?aue eiioo?
i?eaiaeeo a aeaenoaea ia?aaeiea oi?iiciua iaoaieciu a aoi?ie – caaeiea.
Oi?aaeaiea inouanoaeyaony iaeiie iaaeaeueth .Nieaeaiea aeaaeaiey a
iaeiii ec eiioo?ia ia i?eaiaeeo e auoiaeo ec no?iy aoi?iai eiioo?a.
Iaaeaoea ia iaaeaeue ia?aiauaao ii?oie ia?aaeiaai e caaeiaai eiioo?ia
a aeaaiii oi?iiciii oeeeeiae?a 6. Ia?aiauaiea ii?oiae iiauoaao
aeaaeaiea oi?iiciie aeeaeeinoe a o?oaii?iaiaeao iaaeo eiioo?ia ,eioi?ia
ia?aaeaaony a aeae?iaaeooiiua oneeeoaee 10 e 11 e caoai e ia?aaeiei 1 e
caaeiei 9 oi?iiciui iaoaieciai. Oaaee/aiea aeaaeaiey ia iaaeaeue oi?iica
cae?uaaao eeaiai a aeae?iaaeooiiii oneeeoaea /a?ac eioi?ue niiauathony
eaia?u iaae aeeao?aaiie e iiae iae. Oae eae eaia?a iaae aeeao?aaiie
/a?ac aicaeooiue oeeueo? 8 niiauaaony n aoiinoa?ie, a eaia?a iiae
aeeao?aaiie /a?ac caii?iue eeaiai 3 n aioneiie eaia?ie aeaeaaoaey 2,oi
?ac?aaeaiea iiae aeeao?aaiie, iiae aeaenoaeai aoiinoa?iiai aeaaeaiey
aucuaaao ia?aiauaiea aeeao?aaiu n oe?aieaiiui ia iae oieeaoaeai a
?acoeueoaoa /aai aeaaeaiea oi?iiciie aeeaeeinoe ia?aaeaaaaiia e
oi?iiciui iaoaieciai oneeeaaaony. I?e ioioneaiee iaaeaee aeaaeaiea
aeeaeeinoe ia eeaiai oi?aaeaiey oiaiueoaaony, a ?acoeueoaoa iieinoe a
aeae?iaaeooiiii oneeeoaea niiauathony iaaeaeo niaie ,aeaaeaiea
au?aaieaaaony e aeeao?aaia, iiae aeaenoaeai i?oaeeiu aica?auaaony a
enoiaeiia iieiaeaiea, oieeaoaeue n ii?oiai inaiaiaeaeaao eeaiai e
aeeaeeinoue, auoaniyaiay ec oi?iiciuo oeeeeiae?ia iiae aeaenoaeai
noyaeaathueo i?oaeei ,aica?auaaony a aeaaiue oi?iiciie oeeeeiae?
?anoi?iaaeeaay eieana. Iaiieieoaeueiue aa/ie 7 ,i?e iaiaoiaeeiinoe
eiiiaine?oao iioa?e oi?iiciie aeeaeeinoe a iaaeo eiioo?ao e i?aiyonoaoao
iiiaaeaieth a nenoaio aicaeooa.

6. ?AN*?O E IINO?IAIEA AIAOIEO

NEI?INOIUO OA?AEOA?ENOEE AeAEAAOAEss

6.1. Iiuiinoue aeaeaaoaey au/eneyaony ii oi?ioea Eaeaea?iaia:

Nex= Ne max * [ A *nex /nN + B * (nex /nN)2 – C * (nex /nN)3],

aaea A=A=N=1 — eiyooeoeeaiou aeey ea?ath?aoi?iiai aeaeaaoaey;

Ne max — iaeneiaeueiay iiuiinoue aeaeaaoaey ( Ne max = 55,2 eAo ) ;

nex — iaeioi?ua aua?aiiua cia/aiey /anoiou a?auaiey eieai/aoiai aaea
aeaeaaoaey a ieiooo (aeey oi/iinoe au/eneaiee ?aciaue?i iaeneiaeueiia
cia/aiea ia eioa?aaeu ii 800 ia/iei ) ;

nN – iaeneiaeueiia cia/aiea /anoiou a?auaiey eieai/aoiai aaea aeaeaaoaey
( nN =4000 ia/iei ) .

I?iecaaae?i au/eneaiey iiuiinoe aeaeaaoaey i?e aua?aiiuo
cia/aieyo /anoiou a?auaiey eieai/aoiai aaea aeaeaaoaey a ieiooo.

Ne1= 55,2 * [ 1* 800/4000 + 1* ( 800/4000 )2 – 1* ( 800/4000 )3 ] =
12,8 eAo

………………………………………………………………
……………………………………

Neo= 55,2 * [ 1* 4000/4000 + 1* ( 4000/4000 )2 – 1* ( 4000/4000 )3 ] =
55,2 eAo

6.2. E?ooyuee iiiaio aeaeaaoaey ?ann/eoaai ii oi?ioea:

Mex = 9550* Neo/ nex ,

aaea Neo – cia/aiey iiuiinoe;

nex — iaeioi?ua aua?aiiua cia/aiey /anoiou a?auaiey eieai/aoiai aaea
aeaeaaoaey a ieiooo.

Mex = 9550 * 12,8 / 800 = 152,9 I*i

………………………………………………………

Mex = 9550* 55,2 / 4000 = 131,79 I*i

6.3. Oaeaeueiue yooaeoeaiue ?anoiae oiieeaa aeey aua?aiiuo cia/aiee
/anoiou a?auaiey eieai/aoiai aaea aeaeaaoaey au/eneei ii oi?ioea:

qex = qeN * [1,55 – 1,55 * nex /nN + (nex /nN)2 ] a/eAo*/ ,

aaea q aN — iaeneiaeueiue oaeaeueiue yooaeoeaiue ?anoiae oiieeaa;

nex — iaeioi?ua aua?aiiua cia/aiey /anoiou a?auaiey eieai/aoiai aaea
aeaeaaoaey a ieiooo;

nN – iaeneiaeueiia cia/aiea /anoiou a?auaiey eieai/aoiai aaea aeaeaaoaey
.

qe1 = 230 * [1,55 – 1,55 * 800 / 4000 + (800 /4000)2 ] = 294,4
(a/eAo*/)

………………………………………………………………
…………………………………

qex = 230 * [1,55 – 1,55 * 4000 / 4000 + (4000 /4000)2 ] = 230
(a/eAo*/)

?acoeueoaou anao au/eneaiee caianai a oaaeeoeo.

OAAEEOeA 3. ?acoeueoaou aiaoieo nei?inoiuo oa?aeoa?enoee: iiuiinoe,
e?ooyuaai iiiaioa, oaeaeueiiai yooaeoeaiiai ?anoiaea oiieeaa.

Ia?a-iao?u Aaeeieoeu ecia?aiey n1=800

ia/iei n2=1600

ia/iei n3=2400

ia/iei n4=3200

ia/iei nN=4000

ia/iei

N ex eAo 12,8 27,4 41,1 51,2 55,2

M ex I * i 152,9 163,5 163,5 152,8 131,8

q ex a/ eAo * / 294,4 250,7 225,4 218,5 230

Ii aeaiiui oaaeeoeu no?iei a?aoeee ooieoeeiiaeueiie caaeneiinoe iiuiinoe
aeaeaaoaey, e?ooyuaai iiiaioa e oaeaeueiiai yooaeoeaiiai ?anoiaea
oiieeaa io /anoiou a?auaiey eieai/aoiai aaea aeaeaaoaey ia ?enoiea 9.

?en.9. A?aoeee aiaoieo nei?inoiuo oa?aeoa?enoee aaoiiiaeey OAC-452A.

7. ?AN*AO E IINO?IAIEA OA?AEOA?ENOEE O?AINIENNEE AAOIIIAEEss.

7.1. Nei?inoioth oa?aeoa?enoeeo aa?aaaoia o?ainiennee iaeae?i ii
oi?ioea:

Vax = 0,105 * nex * rn / Uo? i/n ,

¤ aaea rc =0,5* Do + Ao *(1 –l o) i ;

rc – naiaiaeiue ?aaeeon eieana;

Do – aeeaiao? iaiaea eieana;

Ao – aunioa i?ioeey oeiu a naiaiaeiii ninoiyiee (aeaiiua aicuei?i ec
oaaeeoeu 2) ;

l o – eiyooeoeeaio ?aaeeaeueie aeaoi?iaoeee oeiu , ?aaiue 0,1-0,16 aeey
noaiaea?oiuo e oe?ieii?ioeeueiuo oei e 0,2-0,3 aeey a?i/iuo iaoei e
iiaaiieaoeia.

(Ana aeaiiua e iaicia/aiey aeey ?an/aoa yoie oi?ioeu acyou ec §.28 [5]
).

¤¤ Cia/aiey rc i?e iaeneiaeueiie aeiionoeiie iaa?ocea
noaiaea?oece?iaaiu. I?eaeeae?iii rc iiaeii ii?aaeaeeoue ii oeeo?ai
iaicia/aiey oei:

rc =0,5 * d + D * A * l ci , ii ;

aaea d – iinaaei/iue aeeaiao? iaiaea, ii;

D = I / A ( I e A – aunioa e oe?eia i?ioeey oeiu, ii);

l ci – eiyooeoeeaio, o/eouaathuee niyoea oeiu iiae iaa?oceie.

I?e iaa?ocea e aioo?aiiai aeaaeaiee aicaeooa, oeacaiiuo a noaiaea?oao
aeey oei a?ociauo aaoiiiaeeae e aaoiaonia e oei n ?aaoee?oaiui
aeaaeaieai I/A » 1. Aeey eaaeiauo aaoiiiaeeae, anee oeiu eiatho
aetheiiaia iaicia/aiea, I/A » 0,95, anee niaoaiiia ( ieeeeiao?iai –
aetheiiaia ), I/A » 0,8….0,85. O ?aaeeaeueiuo oei eaaeiauo
aaoiiiaeeae a iaicia/aiea aaaae?i eiaeaen, niioaaonoaothuee ioiioaieth
I/A. Aeey aeaiiiai aaoiiiaeey ii ?aaai 0,9 (iaicia/aiea oei 215/90R15).

Aeey oei a?ociauo aaoiiiaeeae, aaoiaonia, oei n ?aaoee?oaiui aeaaeaieai
( e?iia oe?ieii?ioeeueiuo ), aeeaaiiaeueiuo oei eaaeiauo aaoiiiaeeae l
ci = 0,85……0,9, aeey ?aaeeaeueiuo oei eaaeiauo aaoiiiaeeae l ci =
0,8….0,85.

(Ana aeaiiua e iaicia/aiey aeey ?an/aoa yoie oi?ioeu acyou ec §.4 [2] ).

Aeey ?an/?oa aoaeai iieueciaaoueny oi?ioeie:

rc =0,5 * d + D * A * l ci , ii .

Uo?= Uei * Uaei * Ui ,

aaea Uo? – ia?aaeaoi/iia /enei o?ainiennee;

Uei – ia?aaeaoi/iua /enea ei?iaee ia?aaea/;

Uaei – ia?aaeaoi/iia /enei aeiiieieoaeueiie ia?aaea/e;

Ui- ia?aaeaoi/iia /enei aeaaiie ia?aaea/e.

rc =0,5 * 380 + 215 * 0,9 * 0,85 = 354,475 » 354,5 ( ii ) ,

Uo?1-1= 4,12 * 1,0 * 5,125 = 21,115 Uo?1-2= 4,12 * 1,94 * 5,125
= 40,9631

Uo?2-1= 2,64 * 1,0 * 5,125 = 13,53 Uo?2-2= 2,64 * 1,94 *
5,125 = 26,2482

Uo?3-1= 1,58 * 1,0 * 5,125 = 8,0975 Uo?3-2= 1,58 * 1,94 * 5,125
= 15,70915

Uo?4-1= 1,0 * 1,0 * 5,125 = 5,125 Uo?4-2= 1,0 * 1,94 *
5,125 = 9,9425

Va1-1=0,105*800*0,383/21,115=1,41 i/n
Va1-2=0,105*800*0,383/40,9631= 0,72 i/n

…………………………………………..
……………………………………………………

Va1-1=0,105*4000*0,383/21,115= 7,05 i/n
Va1-2=0,105*4000*0,383/40,9631= 3,63 i/n

………………………………………………
…………………………………………………..

Va4-1=0,105*800*0,383/5,125=5,8 i/n
Va4-2=0,105*800*0,383/9,9425=3 i/n

…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………

Va4-1=0,105*4000*0,383/5,125=29 i/n
Va4-2=0,105*4000*0,383/9,94=15 i/n

7.2. E?ooyuee iiiaio ia aaaeoueo eieanao i?e ?acee/iuo ia?aaea/ao
ei?iaee ia?aaea/ ?ann/eoaai ii oi?ioea:

Ieo = Iao * Uei* Uaei* Ui * ho? , I*i ,

aaea Iao—?acee/iua cia/aiey e?ooyuaai iiiaioa ia eieai/aoii aaeo
aeaeaaoaey;

Uei – ia?aaeaoi/iua /enea ei?iaee ia?aaea/;

Ui- ia?aaeaoi/iia /enei aeaaiie ia?aaea/e;

Uaei – ia?aaeaoi/iia /enei aeiiieieoaeueiie ia?aaea/e;

ho? — e.i.ae. o?ainiennee (ho?= 0,9) – aeaiiia cia/aiea aicuei?i ec §.3
[ 2 ] .

Ie1-1=152,9*4,12*1,0*5,125*0,9=2903,5 Ii Ie1-2
=152,9*4,12*1,94*5,125*0,9=5636,5 Ii

………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………..

Ie1-1 = 131,8*4,12*1,0*5,125*0,9=2509 Ii Ie1-2 =
131,8*4,12*1,94*5,125*0,9=4859 Ii

………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………..

Ie4-1=152,9*1,0*1,0*5,125*0,9=5636,5 Ii
Ie4-2=152,9*1,0*1,94*5,125*0,9=1368 Ii

…………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………….

Ie4-1= 131,8*1,0*1,0*5,125*0,9=4859 Ii Ie4-2=
131,8*1,0*1,94*5,125*0,9=1179,4 Ii

?acoeueoaou au/eneaiee naaae?i a oaaeeoeo 4.

7.3. E?ooyuee iiiaio ia auoiaea ec ei?iaee ia?aaea/ ?ann/eoaai ii
oi?ioea:

Ie auo = Iao * Uaa?. , I*i ,

aaea Iao – e?ooyuee iiiaio ia aoiaea a ei?iaeo ia?aaea/,

Uaa?—ia?aaeaoi/iua /enea ei?iaee ia?aaea/.

Ie auo1- I = 152,9 * 4,12 = 629,9 I*i ……………………………
Ie auo1- IV = 152,9 * 1,0 = 152,9 I*i

………………………………………………..

……………………………………………….

Ie auo5- I = 131,8 * 4,12 = 543,02 I*i …………………………..
Ie auo5- IV = 131,8 * 1,0 = 131,8 I*i

OAAEEOeA 4. ?acoeueoaou ?an/aoia nei?inoe e e?ooyuaai iiiaioa i?e
?acee/iuo ia?aaea/ao ei?iaee ia?aaea/, ia aaaeoueo eieanao.

Ia?aiao?u Aaeeieoeu

ecia?ai. n1=800

ia/iei n2=1600

ia/iei n3=2400

ia/iei n4=3200

ia/iei nN=4000

ia/iei

V1-1 i/n 1,41 2,82 4,23 5,64 7,05

V2-1 i/n 2,2 4,4 6,6 8,8 11

V3-1 i/n 3,68 7,35 11 14,7 18,39

V4-1 i/n 5,8 11,6 17,4 23,2 29

V1-2 i/n 0,73 1,45 2,18 2,9 3,63

V2-2 i/n 1,13 2,27 3,4 4,54 5,67

V3-2 i/n 1,9 3,79 5,69 7,58 9,48

V4-2 i/n 3 6 9 12 15

M1-1 I*i 2903,5 3112 3112 2901 2509

M1-2 I*i 1861,9 1991 1991 1860 1605

M1-3 I*i 1101 1177,2 1177,2 1099 948,9

M1-4 I*i 705,3 754 754 703,2 608

M1-2 I*i 5636,5 6027 6027 5634 4859

M2-2 I*i 3612 3863 3863 3610 3114

M3-2 I*i 2135,7 2310 2310 2133,5 1862

M4-2 I*i 1368 1463 1463 1366,1 1179

Ii iieo/aiiui aeaiiui au/eneaiee iino?iei a?aoeee
caaeneiinoe e?ooyuaai iiiaioa ia aaaeoueo eie?nao io nei?inoe aaoiiiaeey
ia ?enoieao 10 e 11 .

7.4. E?ooyuee iiiaio ia auoiaea ec ei?iaee ia?aaea/ aeey aeaaiie
ia?aaea/e au/eneei ii oi?ioea :

Ie auo ai = Ie auo (I-IV) * Ui ,

aaea Ie auo (I-IV) – e?ooyuee iiiaio ia auoiaea ec ei?iaee ia?aaea/ aeey
eaaeaeie aeeth/aiiie ia?aaea/e;

Ui- ia?aaeaoi/iia /enei aeaaiie ia?aaea/e.

Ie auo ai = 152,9 * 5,125 = 783,6 (I*i) , Ie auo ai = 152,9 * 5,125 =
783,6 (I*i) ,

a i?e eniieueciaaiee ia?aaea/e ?acaeaoi/iie ei?iaee :

Ie auo-1 = 152,9 * 5,125 * 1,94= 1520,2 (I*i)

7.5. *anoioo a?auaiey eieai/aoiai aaea aeaeaaoaey ia auoiaeiii aaeo
ei?iaee ia?aaea/ au/eneyai ii oi?ioea:

nauo = nao / Uaa? , ia/iei,

aaea nao – /anoioa a?auaiey eieai/aoiai aaea aeaeaaoaey ia ia?ae/iii
aaeo ei?iaee ia?aaea/;

Uaa?—ia?aaeaoi/iua /enea ei?iaee ia?aaea/.

?acoeueoaou au/eneaiee caianai a oaaeeoeo 5.

?en.11. A?aoee caaeneiinoe e?ooyuaai iiiaioa ia aaaeoueo eie?nao io
nei?inoe aaoiiiaeey (i?e aeeth/aiiii aeaioeueoeieeeaoi?a).

OAAEEOeA 5. ?acoeueoaou au/eneaiee /anoiou a?auaiey eieai/aoiai aaea
aeaeaaoaey ia auoiaeiii aaeo ei?iaee ia?aaea/.

Ia?aiao?u Aaeeieoeu

ecia?aiee n1=800

ia/iei n2=1600

ia/iei n3=2400

ia/iei n4=3200

ia/iei nN=4000

ia/iei

nauo I ia/iei 194,2 388,3 582,5 776,8 971

nauo II ia/iei 303 606 909,1 1212,1 1515,2

nauo III ia/iei 506,3 1012,6 1518,9 2025,3 2531,6

nauo IV ia/iei 800 1600 2400 3200 4000

Ii iieo/aiiui aeaiiui no?iei a?aoee caaeneiinoe /anoiou
a?auaiey eieai/aoiai aaea aeaeaaoaey io ia?aaeaoi/iiai /enea ei?iaee
ia?aaea/ ia auoiaeiii aaeo ei?iaee ia?aaea/ ia ?enoiea 12.

7.6. E?ooyuee iiiaio ia auoiaeiii aaeo ei?iaee ia?aaea/ aeey eaaeaeie
ia?aaea/e i?e iieo/aiiuo cia/aieyo e?ooyuaai iiiaioa aeaeaaoaey Iao (ec
i.5.2.) ii oi?ioea:

Iei = Iao * Uaa? , I*i,

aaea Iao – e?ooyuee iiiaio aeaeaaoaey i?e ?aciuo cia/aieyo /enea
iai?ioia eieai/aoiai aaea ( aeaiiua ec oaa.3);

Uaa? – ia?aaeaoi/iua /enea ei?iaee ia?aaea/.

Iei I-1 = 152,9* 4,12 = 629,9
Ii………………………………………. Iei IV-1 = 152,9 * 1,0=
152,9 Ii

…………………………………………

………………………………………..

Iei I-5 = 131,8 * 4,12=543 Ii…
………………………………………. Iei IV-5 = 131,8 *
1,0=131,8 Ii

?acoeueoaou au/eneaiee caian?i a oaaeeoeo 6.

OAAEEOeA 6. ?acoeueoaou au/eneaiee e?ooyuaai iiiaioa ia auoiaeiii aaeo
ei?iaee ia?aaea/.

Ia?aiao?u Aaeeieoeu

ecia?aiee n1=800

ia/iei n2=1600

ia/iei n3=2400

ia/iei n4=3200

ia/iei nN=4000

ia/iei

Iei I I * i 629,9 673,6 673,6 629,5 543

Iei II I * i 403,7 431,6 431,6 403,4 347,9

Iei III I * i 241,6 258,3 258,3 241,3 208,2

Iei IV I * i 152,9 163,5 163,5 152,8 131,8

Ii iieo/aiiui ?acoeueoaoai no?iei a?aoee eciaiaiey e?ooyuaai iiiaioa ia
auoiaeiii aaeo ei?iaee ia?aaea/ ia ?enoiea 13.

?en.13. A?aoee eciaiaiey e?ooyuaai iiiaioa ia auoiaeiii aaeo ei?iaee
ia?aaea/. 8. AUAIAeU

A eo?niaie ?aaioa iu ?anniio?aee e eco/eee oaoie/aneea oa?aeoa?enoeee e
ooieoeeiiaeueiue ninoaa o?ainiennee aaoiiiaeey OAC-452A. Iienaee
iacia/aiea e ono?ienoai iniiaiuo aa?aaaoia o?ainiennee .

Ia yenieoaoaoeeiiiua naienoaa aaoiiiaeey a cia/eoaeueiie
noaiaie aeeyao niaea?aeaiea e ninoaa o?ainiennee.

Ii enoiaeiui aeaiiui aaoiiiaeey OAC-452A auee ?ann/eoaiu
e iino?iaiu a?aoeee nei?inoiuo oa?aeoa?enoee aa?aaaoia o?ainiennee
aaoiaona.

Aiaeece?oy i?iecaaae?iiua ?an/?ou, iiaeii naeaeaoue auaiae, /oi
caaeneiinoue /anoiou a?auaiey eieai/aoiai aaea aeaeaaoaey e
oyaiai-nei?inoiuo oa?aeoa?enoee aaoiiiaeey eciaiythony ia i?yii
i?iii?oeeiiaeueii. Iaeneiaeueiua oa?aeoa?enoeee e?ooyuaai iiiaioa
iaoiaeyony a i?aaeaeao io 1500 aei 2500 iai?ioia a ieiooo e i?e
aeaeueiaeoai oaaee/aiee /anoiou a?auaiey eieai/aoiai aaea nieaeathony.

NIENIE EEOA?AOO?U:

Eeaiieeia A.I., Eeueei I.I., Ao?ae?a TH.A. Aaoiiiaeeue eaoaai?ee “A”.
O/aaiee aiaeeoaey. I.: O?ainii?o, 1982;

Eeoaeiia A.N. ,Oa?iaei ss.A. Aaoiiiaeeue. Oai?ey yenieoaoaoeeiiiuo
naienoa. I.: Iaoeiino?iaiea, 1989;

E?aoeee aaoiiiaeeueiue ni?aai/iee. IEEAO. I.: O?ainii?o, 1983 ;

Aaoiiiaeee naiaenoaa OAC-452. I.: Aiaiecaeao, 1985;

A?oaiiiia I.Ae., Eea?eiiia A.A., Ii?ei I.A. Oai?ey aaoiiiaeey e
aaoiiiaeeueiiai aeaeaaoaey. I.: Iaoeiino?iaiea, 1968.

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