IEIENOA?NOAI IA?ACIAAIEss ?AIOAEEEE AAEA?ONUe
AAEI?ONEEE AINOAeA?NOAAIIUE YEIIIIE*ANEEE OIEAA?NEOAO
Eaoaae?a oaoiieiaee
?aoa?ao ia oaio:
«Ia?niaeoeaiua oaoiieiaee a yia?aaoeea».
Auiieiee nooaeaio I eo?na OAAe: Eeeiaiie I. A.
I?iaa?ee i?aiiaeaaaoaeue: E?aaaie
Ieine 2002a.
Ieai:
Aaaaeaiea
Iaaieoiaeae?iaeeiaie/aneee aaia?aoi?
Oa?iiyienneiiiue i?aia?aciaaoaeue yia?aee
Oa?iiyeaeo?e/aneee aaia?aoi?
Yeaeo?ioeie/aneee aaia?aoi?
Aaaaeaiea
Yeaeo?e/anoai eee yeaeo?e/aneay yia?aey a ianoiyuaa a?aiy yaeyaony
iniiaiui aeaeii yia?aee. Yoi iaoneiaeaii ea/anoaaie yeaeo?e/aneie
yia?aee, e i?eia?o, eaaeinoue eiiaa?oe?iaaiey a? ai ana inoaeueiua oeiu
yia?aee. Ii n ?acaeoeai oaiiia ?inoa oeeaeeecaoeee a oeaeii,
iio?aaiinoue a yeaeo?iyia?aee n eaaeaeui aiaeii aic?inoaao a eiee/anoai
i?e?iaeiuo yia?ai?ano?nia aeey a? i?iecaiaenoaa ia?aie/aii. A nayce n
yoei /aeiaa/anoai ?aii eee iicaeii noieeiaony n iieneii aeueoa?iaoeaiuo
yia?ai?ano?nia. Oaea a iaoa a?aiy eae?o iiene / ?acaaaeea caeaaeae oaey,
iaooe e ae?aaeo aeaeia i?aaie/aneiai oiieeaa eioi?ia eniieuecoaony a
eeanne/aneeo niiniaao i?iecaiaenoaa yeaeo?iyia?aee.
Ii, iiene iiaeii aanoe e a ae?oaii iai?aaeaiee – oi anoue eceaoue ia
caeaaee oiieeaa, a iiiuoaoueny ia?ai?eaioe?iaaoue niinia i?iecaiaenoaa
yeaeo?iyia?aee ia aeueoa?iaoeaiua aeaeu oiieeaa. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy
aaaeoony ?ac?aaioee iiiaeo ia?niaeoeaiuo oaoiieiaee, oaeeo eae
iaaieoiaeae?iaeeiaie/aneee aaia?aoi?, oa?iiyienneiiiue i?aia?aciaaoaeue
yia?aee, oa?iiyeaeo?e/aneee aaia?aoi?, yeaeo?ioeie/aneee aaia?aoi? e
ae?oaea. Eiaiii yoei oaoiieiaeyi e iinayu?i iie ?aoa?ao.
Iaaieoiaeae?iaeeiaie/aneee aaia?aoi?
IAAe-aaia?aoi?, yia?aaoe/aneay onoaiiaea, a eioi?ie yia?aey ?aai/aai
oaea (aeeaeeie eee aaciia?aciie yeaeo?ii?iaiaeyuae n?aaeu),
aeaeaeouaainy a iaaieoiii iiea, i?aia?acoaony iaiin?aaenoaaiii a
yeaeo?e/aneoth yia?aeth. Iacaaiea “I. a.” naycaii n oai, /oi aeaeaeaiea
oaeeo n?aae iienuaaaony iaaieoiie aeae?iaeeiaieeie. I?yiia
(iaiin?aaenoaaiiia) i?aia?aciaaiea yia?aee ninoaaeyao aeaaioth
iniaaiiinoue I. a., ioee/athuoth aai io aaia?aoi?ia yeaeo?iiaoeiiuo. Oae
aea, eae e a iineaaeieo, i?ioeann aaia?e?iaaiey yeaeo?e/aneiai oiea a I.
A iniiaai ia yaeaiee eiaeoeoeee yeaeo?iiaaieoiie, oi anoue ia
aicieeiiaaiee oiea a i?iaiaeieea, ia?anaeathuai neeiaua eeiee iaaieoiiai
iiey; ioee/ea I. a. a oii, /oi a i?i i?iaiaeieeii yaeyaony naii ?aai/aa
oaei, a eioi?ii i?e aeaeaeaiee iiia??e iaaieoiiai iiey aicieeatho
i?ioeaiiieiaeii iai?aaeaiiua iioiee iineoaeae ca?yaeia i?ioeaiiieiaeiuo
ciaeia. ?aai/eie oaeaie I. a. iiaoo neoaeeoue yeaeo?ieeou, aeeaeeea
iaoaeeu e eiieciaaiiua aacu (ieacia).A oeie/iii aeey I. a. neo/aa,
eiaaea ?aai/ei oaeii neoaeeo aaciia?aciue i?iaiaeiee – ieacia,
iineoaeyie ca?yaeia yaeythony a iniiaiii naiaiaeiua yeaeo?iiu e
iieiaeeoaeueiua eiiu, ioeeiiythueany a iaaieoiii iiea io o?aaeoi?ee, ii
eioi?ie aac aeaeaaeny au a ionoonoaea iiey. A neeueiuo iaaieoiuo iieyo
eee ?ac?aaeaiiii aaca ca?yaeaiiua /anoeoeu oniaaatho iaaeaeo
nioaea?aieyie nianoeoueny (a ieineinoe, ia?iaiaeeeoey?iie iaaieoiiio
iieth); oaeia iai?aaeaiiia niauaiea ca?yaeaiiuo /anoeoe a I. a.
i?eaiaeeo e oiio, /oi iiyaeyaony aeiiieieoaeueiia yeaeo?e/aneia iiea,
oae iacuaaaiia iiea Oieea (ni. Oieea yooaeo), iai?aaeaiiia ia?aeeaeueii
iioieo aaca. Oa?iei. “I. a.”, ia?aiia/aeueii iaicia/aaoee ono?ienoaa, a
eioi?uo ?aai/ei oaeii yaeyeanue yeaeo?ii?iaiaeiay aeeaeeinoue, a
aeaeueiaeoai noae i?eiaiyoueny oaeaea aeey iaicia/aiey anao ono?ienoa
iiaeiaiiai oeia, a oii /enea eniieuecothueo a ea/anoaa ?aai/aai oaea
yeaeo?ii?iaiaeiue aac.
Eaeay aiciiaeiie caiaiu oa??aeiai i?iaiaeieea aeeaeeei auea auaeaeiooa
aiaeeeneei oeceeii I. Oa?aaeaai. Iaeiaei aai iiiuoea yenia?eiaioaeueii
iiaeoaa?aeeoue yoo eaeath a 1832 ieii/eeanue iaoaea/ae, e eeoue a 1851
aiaeeeneee o/?iue Aieeanoii i?aeoe/anee iiaeoaa?aeee i?aaeiieiaeaiea I.
Oa?aaeay, ecia?ea yaen, eiaeooee?iaaiioth i?eeeaiuie oa/aieyie a
Ea-Iaioa. Ionoonoaea iaiaoiaeeiuo ciaiee ii yeaeo?ioece/aneei naienoaai
aaciia?aciuo e aeeaeeeo oae aeieai oi?iiceei ?aaiou ii i?aeoe/aneiio
eniieueciaaieth eaeae Oa?aaeay. A aeaeueiaeoai enneaaeiaaiey
?acaeaaeenue ii aeaoi iniiaiui iai?aaeaieyi: eniieueciaaiea yooaeoa
eiaeooee?iaaiey yaen aeey ecia?aiey nei?inoe aeaeaeouaeny n?aaeu
(iai?eia?, a yeaeo?iiaaieoiuo ?anoiaeiia?ao) e aaia?e?iaaiea
yeaeo?e/aneie yia?aee. Ia?aua iaoaiou ii eniieueciaaieth iaoiaea
IAAe-i?aia?aciaaiey yia?aee auee auaeaiu a 1907-10, iaeiaei
oiiieiathueany a ieo niiniau e n?aaenoaa eae eiiecaoeee, oae e iieo/aiey
iaiaoiaeeiuo yeaeo?ioece/aneeo naienoa ?aai/aai oaea auee iai?eaieaiu.
I?aeoe/aneay ?aaeecaoeey IAAe-i?aia?aciaaiey yia?aee ieacaeanue
aiciiaeiie oieueei a eiioea 50-o aiaeia, iinea ?ac?aaioee oai?ee
iaaieoiie aeae?iaeeiaieee e oeceee ieaciu e enneaaeiaaiee a iaeanoe
oeceee aunieeo oaiia?aoo?, aeaaiaea?y aeaaiui ia?acii oniaoai ?aeaoiie
oaoieee e nicaeaieth e yoiio a?aiaie aea?ii?i/iuo iaoa?eaeia.
Ia?aue yenia?eiaioaeueiue I. a. iiuiinoueth 11,5 eao, a eioi?ii
inouanoaeyeinue aeinoaoi/ii neeueiia acaeiiaeaenoaea iaaeaeo
eiiece?iaaiiui aacii e iaaieoiui iieai, aue iino?iai a 1959 a NOA.
Enoi/ieeii ?aai/aai oaea – ieaciu n oaiia?aoo?ie 3000 K – neoaeee
ieaciio?ii, ?aaioaaoee ia a?aiia n i?enaaeeie uaei/iiai iaoaeea aeey
iiauoaiey noaiaie eiiecaoeee aaca. Ia yoii I. a. aue i?iaeaiiino?e?iaai
yooaeo Oieea. A 1960 a NOA aue iino?iai eaai?aoi?iue I. a. ia i?iaeoeoao
nai?aiey n i?enaaeeie uaei/iiai iaoaeea. E na?aaeeia 60-o aiaeia
iiuiinoue I. a, ia i?iaeoeoao nai?aiey oaeaeinue aeiaanoe ii 32 Iao
(“Ia?e-V”, NOA).
A NNN? oneeey niaoeeaeenoia auee iai?aaeaiu aeaaiui ia?acii ia nicaeaiea
eiiieaeniuo yia?aaoe/aneeo onoaiiaie n I. a. A 1962-65 auee i?iaaaeaiu
oai?aoe/aneea e yenia?eiaioaeueiua enneaaeiaaiey, nicaeaiu eaai?aoi?iua
onoaiiaee. ?acoeueoaou enneaaeiaaiee e iaeiieaiiue eiaeaia?iue iiuo
iicaieeee a 1965 aaanoe a aeaenoaea eiiieaenioth iiaeaeueioth
yia?aaoe/aneoth onoaiiaeo “O-02”, aeeth/aaooth iniiaiua yeaiaiou OYN n
I. a. e ?aaioaaooth ia i?e?iaeiii oiieeaa. Ia “O-02” auee iieo/aiu
yenia?eiaioaeueiua aeaiiua, nouanoaaiii ?anoe?eaoea i?aaenoaaeaiea i
aiciiaeiinoyo i?aeoe/aneiai eniieueciaaiey IAAe-onoaiiaie. Ianeieueei
iicaeiaa auei ia/aoi i?iaeoe?iaaiea iiuoii-i?iiuoeaiiie IAAe-onoaiiaee
“O-25”, eioi?ia i?iaiaeeeinue iaeiia?aiaiii n enneaaeiaaoaeueneeie
?aaioaie ia “O-02”. Oniaoiue ione ia?aie a NNN? iiuoii-i?iiuoeaiiie
yia?aaoe/aneie onoaiiaee n I. a., eiathuei ?an/?oioth iiuiinoue 20-25
Iao, ninoiyeny a 1971.
I. a. ninoieo ec eaiaea 8, ii eioi?iio aeaeaeaony ?aai/aa oaei 4 (iau/ii
ieacia), yeaeo?iiaaieoiie nenoaiu aeey nicaeaiey iaaieoiiai iiey 1 e
ono?ienoa aeey ioaiaea yeaeo?iyia?aee (yeaeo?iaeia) n aeeth/aiiie
iaa?oceie 7 (?en. 1).
Nenoaiu n I. a. iiaoo ?aaioaoue ii ioe?uoiio e caieiooiio oeeeeai. A
ia?aii neo/aa i?iaeoeou nai?aiey yaeythony ?aai/ei oaeii, a
eniieueciaaiiua aacu iinea oaeaeaiey ec ieo i?enaaeee uaei/iuo iaoaeeia
(aaiaeeiie a ?aai/aa oaei aeey oaaee/aiey yeaeo?ii?iaiaeiinoe)
aua?anuaathony a aoiinoa?o. A I. a. caieiooiai oeeeea oaieiaay yia?aey,
iieo/aiiay i?e naeeaaiee oiieeaa 3, ia?aaea?ony a oaieiiaiaiieea 6
?aai/aio oaeo, eioi?ia caoai, i?ieaey I. a., aica?auaaony, caiueay
oeeee, /a?ac eiii?anni? eee ianin. Enoi/ieeaie oaiea iiaoo neoaeeoue
?aaeoeaiua aeaeaaoaee, yaea?iua ?aaeoi?u, oaieiiaiaiiua ono?ienoaa.
?aai/ei oaeii a I. a. iiaoo auoue i?iaeoeou nai?aiey eneiiaaiuo oiieea e
eia?oiua aacu n i?enaaeeaie uaei/iuo iaoaeeia (eee eo nieae); ia?u
uaei/iuo iaoaeeia; aeaoooaciua niane ia?ia e aeeaeeeo uaei/iuo iaoaeeia;
aeeaeeea iaoaeeu e yeaeo?ieeou. Ii anee aeeaeeea iaoaeeu e yeaeo?ieeou
yaeythony i?e?iaeiuie i?iaiaeieeaie, oi aeey oiai /oiau aac noae
yeaeo?ii?iaiaeiui, aai iaiaoiaeeii eiieciaaoue aei ii?aaeae?iiie
noaiaie, /oi inouanoaeyaony aeaaiui ia?acii iaa?aaaieai aei oaiia?aoo?,
aeinoaoi/iuo aeey ia/aea oa?ie/aneie eiiecaoeee (aieueoeinoai aacia
eiiecoaony oieueei i?e oaiia?aoo?a ieiei 10000 E). Iaiaoiaeeiay noaiaiue
eiiecaoeee i?e iaiueoeo oaiia?aoo?ao aeinoeaaaony iaiaauaieai aaca
ia?aie uaei/iuo iaoaeeia; i?e aaaaeaiee a i?iaeoeou nai?aiey uaei/iuo
iaoaeeia (iai?eia?, E, Cs, Na) eee eo nieae aacu noaiiayony
i?iaiaeieeaie oaea i?e 2200-2700 E.
A I. a. n aeeaeeei ?aai/ei oaeii aaia?e?iaaiea yeaeo?iyia?aee eae?o
oieueei ca n/?o i?aia?aciaaiey /anoe eeiaoe/aneie eee iioaioeeaeueiie
yia?aee iioiea yeaeo?ii?iaiaeiie aeeaeeinoe i?aeoe/anee i?e iinoiyiiie
oaiia?aoo?a. A I. a. n aaciaui ?aai/ei oaeii i?eioeeieaeueii aiciiaeiu
o?e ?aaeeia: n nio?aiaieai oaiia?aoo?u e oiaiueoaieai eeiaoe/aneie
yia?aee; n nio?aiaieai eeiaoe/aneie yia?aee e oiaiueoaieai oaiia?aoo?u;
ni nieaeaieai e oaiia?aoo?u e eeiaoe/aneie yia?aee.
Ii niiniao ioaiaea yeaeo?iyia?aee I. a. ?acaeaeytho ia eiiaeoeoeeiiiua e
eiaeoeoeeiiiua. A eiiaeoeoeeiiiuo I a. a ?aai/ai oaea, i?ioaeathuai
/a?ac iiia?a/iia iaaieoiia iiea, aicieeaao yeaeo?e/aneee oie, eioi?ue
/a?ac nu?iiua yeaeo?iaeu, aiiioe?iaaiiua a aieiaua noaiee eaiaea,
caiueaaony ia aiaoithth oeaiue. A caaeneiinoe io eciaiaiey iaaieoiiai
iiey eee nei?inoe aeaeaeaiey ?aai/aai oaea oaeie I. a. iiaeao
aaia?e?iaaoue iinoiyiiue, eae i?aaeei, eee ioeuene?othuee oie. A
eiaeoeoeeiiiuo I. a. (ii aiaeiaee n iau/iuie yeaeo?iiaoeiiuie
aaia?aoi?aie) yeaeo?iaeu ionoonoaotho. Oaeea onoaiiaee aaia?e?otho
oieueei ia?aiaiiue oie e o?aaotho nicaeaiey aaaouaai aaeieue eaiaea
iaaieoiiai iiey. Aiciiaeiu ?acee/iua oi?iu eaiaeia: eeiaeiay – iauay
aeey eiiaeoeoeeiiiuo e eiaeoeoeeiiiuo I. a.; aeeneiaay e eiaeneaeueiay
oieeianeay – a eiiaeoeoeeiiiuo; ?aaeeaeueiay – a eiaeoeoeeiiiuo I. a. Ii
nenoaiai niaaeeiaiee yeaeo?iaeia ?acee/atho: oa?aaeaaaneee aaia?aoi? ni
nieioiuie eee naeoeeiie?iaaiiuie yeaeo?iaeaie (?en. 2, a), oieeianeee
aaia?aoi? (?en. 2, a), a eioi?ii ?aniieiaeaiiua ae?oa i?ioea ae?oaa
yeaeo?iaeu ei?ioeicaieioou, a iai?yaeaiea nieiaaony aaeieue eaiaea ca
n/?o iaee/ey iiey Oieea, e na?eaniue aaia?aoi? n aeeaaiiaeueiui
niaaeeiaieai yeaeo?iaeia (?en. 2, a).
Naeoeeiie?iaaiea yeaeo?iaeia a oa?aaeaaaneii I. a. aeaeaaony aeey oiai,
/oiau oiaiueoeoue oee?eoeyoeeth oiea aaeieue eaiaea e /a?ac yeaeo?iaeu
(yooaeo Oieea) e oai naiui iai?aaeoue iineoaee ca?yaeia ia?iaiaeeeoey?ii
ine eaiaea ia yeaeo?iaeu e a iaa?oceo; /ai cia/eoaeueiaa yooaeo Oieea,
oai ia aieueoaa /enei naeoeee iaiaoiaeeii ?acaeaeeoue yeaeo?iaeu, i?e/?i
eaaeaeay ia?a yeaeo?iaeia aeieaeia eiaoue naith iaa?oceo, /oi aanueia
oneiaeiyao eiino?oeoeeth onoaiiaee. I?eiaiaiea noaiu oieeianeiai I. a.
iaeaieaa auaiaeii i?e aieueoeo iaaieoiuo iieyo. Ca n/?o iaee/ey
i?iaeieueiiai yeaeo?e/aneiai iiey a oieeianeii e I. a. n aeeaaiiaeueiui
niaaeeiaieai yeaeo?iaeia iiaeii iieo/eoue cia/eoaeueiia iai?yaeaiea ia
auoiaea aaia?aoi?a. Iaeaieueoaa ?ani?ino?aiaiea a 70-o aiaeao iieo/eee
eiiaeoeoeeiiiua eeiaeiua I. a. ia i?iaeoeoao nai?aiey eneiiaaiuo oiieea
n i?enaaeeaie uaei/iuo iaoaeeia, ?aaioathuea ii ioe?uoiio oeeeeo.
Iiuiinoue I. a. i?iii?oeeiiaeueia i?iaiaeeiinoe ?aai/aai oaea, eaaae?aoo
aai nei?inoe e eaaae?aoo iai?yae?iiinoe iaaieoiiai iiey. Aeey
aaciia?aciiai ?aai/aai oaea a aeeaiaciia oaiia?aoo? 2000-3000 E
i?iaiaeeiinoue i?iii?oeeiiaeueia oaiia?aoo?a a 11-13-e noaiaie e ia?aoii
i?iii?oeeiiaeueia ei?ith eaaae?aoiiio ec aeaaeaiey. Nei?inoe iioiea a I.
a. iiaoo auoue a oe?ieii aeeaiaciia – io aeicaoeiauo aei naa?ocaoeiauo.
Eiaeoeoeey iaaieoiiai iiey ii?aaeaeyaony eiino?oeoeeae iaaieoia e
ia?aie/eaaaony cia/aieyie ieiei 2 oe aeey iaaieoia ni noaeueth e aei 6-8
oe aeey naa?oi?iaiaeyueo iaaieoiuo nenoai.
Iniiaiia i?aeiouanoai I. a. – ionoonoaea a i?i aeaeaeoueony oceia eee
aeaoaeae, iaiin?aaenoaaiii o/anoaothueo a i?aia?aciaaiee oaieiaie
yia?aee a yeaeo?e/aneoth. Yoi iicaieyao nouanoaaiii oaaee/eoue
ia/aeueioth oaiia?aoo?o ?aai/aai oaea e, neaaeiaaoaeueii, eiae
yeaeo?inoaioeee. Anee iinea I. a. iinoaaeoue iau/iue oo?aiaa?aaao, oi
iauee iaeneiaeueiue eiae oaeie yia?aaoe/aneie onoaiiaee aeinoeaiao
50-60%.
Ioee/eoaeueiie iniaaiiinoueth I. a. yaeyaony oaeaea aiciiaeiinoue
iieo/aiey aieueoeo iiuiinoae a iaeiii aa?aaaoa – 500-1000 Iao e
ni/aoaiey eo n ia?ineeiauie aeieaie oaeie aea iiuiinoe. Nouanoaotho o?e
iniiaiuo iai?aaeaiey aiciiaeiiai i?iiuoeaiiiai i?eiaiaiey I. a.: 1) OYN
n I. a. (?en. 3) ia i?iaeoeoao nai?aiey oiieeaa (ioe?uoue oeeee); yoe
onoaiiaee iaeaieaa i?inou ii naiaio i?eioeeio e eiatho aeeaeaeooth
ia?niaeoeao i?iiuoeaiiiai i?eiaiaiey; 2) aoiiiua yeaeo?inoaioeee n I. a.
ia eia?oiii aaca, iaa?aaaaiii a yaea?iii ?aaeoi?a (cae?uoue oeeee);
ia?niaeoeaiinoue yoiai iai?aaeaiey caaeneo io ?acaeoey yaea?iuo
?aaeoi?ia n oaiia?aoo?ie ?aai/aai oaea nauoa 2000 K; 3) oeeeeu n I. a.
ia aeeaeeii iaoaeea, eioi?ua aanueia ia?niaeoeaiu aeey aoiiiie
yia?aaoeee e aeey niaoeeaeueiuo yia?aaoe/aneeo onoaiiaie n?aaieoaeueii
iaaieueoie iiuiinoe, iaeiaei nouanoaothuea ia 1972 i?i?aaioee yoeo
oeeeeia ia iicaieytho noaeeoue ii?aaeaeaiii ia eo eniieueciaaiee a
i?iiuoeaiiie yia?aaoeea.
Nicaeaiiay a NNN? iiuoii-i?iiuoeaiiay onoaiiaea “O-25” – i?ioioei OYN n
I. a. Iia ?aaioaao ia i?iaeoeoao nai?aiey i?e?iaeiiai aaca n aeiaaaeie
K2CO3 a ea/anoaa eiiece?othuaeny i?enaaeee, iicaieythuae i?e
ioiineoaeueii iaaunieeo oaiia?aoo?ao (ieiei 3000 E) naeaeaoue i?iaeoeou
nai?aiey yeaeo?ii?iaiaeiuie. “O-25” eiaao aeaa eiioo?a: ia?ae/iue,
?aciieiooue, a eioi?ii i?aia?aciaaiea oaiea i?iaeoeoia nai?aiey a
yeaeo?e/aneoth yia?aeth i?ienoiaeeo a I. a., e aoi?e/iue, caieiooue –
ia?ineeiaie eiioo?, eniieuecothuee oaiei i?iaeoeoia nai?aiey aia eaiaea
I. a.
Onoaiiaea ?aaioaao ii neaaeothuae oaieiaie noaia. Aoiinoa?iue aicaeoo,
iaiaauaiiue eenei?iaeii, naeeiaaony a eiii?anni?a e iiaea?ony a
aicaeooiiiaeia?aaaoaee, ioeoaea aicaeooii-eenei?iaeiay nianue, iaa?aoay
aei ioaeiie oaiia?aoo?u, iai?aaeyaony a eaia?o nai?aiey. Ia?aae eaia?ie
nai?aiey a aicaeooiue iioie ai?uneeaaaony aiaeiue ?anoai?
eaaeieiiece?othuaeny i?enaaeee. Eiiece?iaaiiua i?iaeoeou nai?aiey
?acaiiythony a niiea e iinooiatho a eaiae I. a. Eaiae I. a. ?aciauai a
?aai/ai caci?a iaaieoiie nenoaiu n eiaeoeoeeae 2 oe. Ec eaiaea I. a.
i?iaeoeou nai?aiey iinooiatho a ia?iaaia?aoi? e ioaeatho nai? oaiei
ia?ineeiaiio oeeeeo, caoai i?e oaiia?aoo?a 420-450 K iie iai?aaeythony a
nenoaio oaeaeaiey i?enaaeee e iinea i/enoee aua?anuaathony a aoiinoa?o.
Yeaeo?e/aneia iai?oaeiaaiea “O-25” ninoieo ec I. a. e eiaa?oi?iie
onoaiiaee, nia?aiiie ia ?oooiuo eaieo?iiao. Onoie/eainoue niaianoiie
?aaiou I. a. e iiiaiyeaiaioiie eiaa?oi?iie onoaiiaee iaania/eaaaony
nenoaiie aaoiiaoe/aneiai ?aaoee?iaaiey. “O-25” iaania/aia
oaeaiao?e/aneie nenoaiie oi?aaeaiey e eiio?iey. Iieo/aiiua
yenia?eiaioaeueiua aeaiiua ia?aaaouaathony YAI.
Yia?aaoe/aneea onoaiiaee n I. a. iiaoo i?eiaiyoueny oaeaea eae ?aca?aiua
eee aaa?eeiua enoi/ieee yia?aee a yia?ainenoaiao, aeey einie/aneie
oaoieee (ai?oiaua nenoaiu ieoaiey), a ea/anoaa enoi/ieeia ieoaiey
?acee/iuo ono?ienoa, o?aaothueo aieueoeo iiuiinoae ia ei?ioeea
i?iiaaeooee a?aiaie (iai?eia?, aeey ieoaiey yeaeo?iiiaeia?aaaoaeae
ay?iaeeiaie/aneeo o?oa e o.i.).
E ia/aeo 70-o aiaeia ?aaiou ii i?iaeaia IAAe-iaoiaea i?aia?aciaaiey
yia?aee auoee ca ?aiee iao/iiai iienea e nicaeaiey iaaieueoeo
eaai?aoi?iuo enneaaeiaaoaeueneeo onoaiiaie e anooieee a noaaeeth
no?ieoaeuenoaa iiuoii-i?iiuoeaiiuo yeaeo?inoaioeee. Iaeiieai iaoe?iue
oaeoe/aneee iaoa?eae ii ?acoeueoaoai iao/ii-enneaaeiaaoaeueneeo e
i?iaeoii-eiino?oeoi?neeo ?aaio a iaeanoe I. a. Aeey iaiaia eioi?iaoeeae,
aiaeeca ninoiyiey e ioeaiee ia?niaeoea ?acaeoey I. a. auei i?iaaaeaii
ianeieueei iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo neiiiceoiia e iaoeeiiaeueiuo eiioa?aioeee; a
1966 auea iniiaaia Iaaeaeoia?iaeiay a?oiia nayce ii aii?inai
IAAe-iaoiaea i?aia?aciaaiey yia?aee, eoaea aioee i?aaenoaaeoaee
Aano?aeee, Aano?ee, Aiaeee, Aaeueaee, Eoaeee, Ieaea?eaiaeia, II?, NNN?,
NOA, O?aioeee, O?A, *NN?, Oaaeoea?ee e Oaaoeee.
Oa?iiyienneiiiue i?aia?aciaaoaeue yia?aee
Oa?iiyienneiiiue i?aia?aciaaoaeue yia?aee (OYI), oa?iiyeaeo?iiiue
i?aia?aciaaoaeue yia?aee, oa?iieiiiue i?aia?aciaaoaeue yia?aee,
ono?ienoai aeey iaiin?aaenoaaiiiai i?aia?aciaaiey oaieiaie yia?aee a
yeaeo?e/aneoth ia iniiaa yaeaiey oa?iiyeaeo?iiiie yiennee. I?inoaeoee
OYI ninoieo ec aeaoo yeaeo?iaeia (eaoiaea, eee yieooa?a, e aiiaea, eee
eieeaeoi?a, ecaioiaeyaiuo ec ooaiieaaeeo iaoaeeia, iau/ii Mo, Re, W),
?acaeae?iiuo aaeooiiui i?iiaaeooeii (?en. 1). E yieooa?o io enoi/ieea
oaiea iiaeaiaeeony oaieiaay yia?aey, aeinoaoi/iay aeey aicieeiiaaiey
caiaoiie oa?iiyeaeo?iiiie yiennee n iiaa?oiinoe iaoaeea. Yeaeo?iiu,
i?aiaeieaaay iaaeyeaeo?iaeiia i?ino?ainoai (ianeieueei aeanyouo aeieae
ii), iiiaaeatho ia iiaa?oiinoue eieeaeoi?a, nicaeaaay ia i?i ecauoie
io?eoeaoaeueiuo ca?yaeia e oaaee/eaay aai io?eoeaoaeueiue iioaioeeae.
Anee iai?a?uaii iaania/eaaoue iiaeaiae oaiea e yieooa?o e
niioaaonoaothuaa ioeaaeaeaiea eieeaeoi?a (eioi?ue iieo/aao oaiei io
aeinoeaathueo aai yeaeo?iiia), oi ai aiaoiae oeaie aoaeao
iiaeaea?aeeaaoueny yeaeo?e/aneee oie e oaeei ia?acii niaa?oaoueny
?aaioa. Oae eae OYI i?aaenoaaeyao niaie ii nouanoao oaieiaoth iaoeio,
?aai/ei oaeii eioi?ie neoaeeo “yeaeo?iiiue aac” (yeaeo?iiu “enia?ythony”
n yieooa?a – iaa?aaaoaey e “eiiaeaine?othony” ia eieeaeoi?a –
oieiaeeeueieea), oi eiae OYI ia iiaeao i?aainoiaeeoue eiae Ea?ii oeeeea.
Iai?yaeaiea, ?acaeaaaiia OYI (0,5- 1 a), – ii?yaeea eiioaeoiie ?aciinoe
iioaioeeaeia, ii iaiueoa a? ia aaee/eio iaaeaiey iai?yaeaiey ia
iaaeyeaeo?iaeiii caci?a e iioa?ue iai?yaeaiey ia eiiiooaoeeiiiuo
i?iaiaeao (?en. 2). Iaeneiaeueiay ieioiinoue oiea, aaia?e?oaiiai OYI,
ia?aie/aia yienneiiiie niiniaiinoueth yieooa?a e iiaeao aeinoeaaoue
ianeieueeeo aeanyoeia a 1 ni2 iiaa?oiinoe. Aeey iieo/aiey iioeiaeueiuo
aaee/ei ?aaiou auoiaea yieooa?a (2,5-2,8 ya) e eieeaeoi?a (1,0-1,7 ya) e
aeey eiiiainaoeee iau?iiiai ca?yaea yeaeo?iiia, ia?acothuaainy aaeece
yeaeo?iaeia, a caci? iaaeaeo ieie iau/ii aaiaeyo eaaei eiiece?oaiua ia?u
Cs. Iieiaeeoaeueiua eiiu oeacey ia?acothony i?e noieeiiaaiee aoiiia Cs n
auno?uie e oaieiauie yeaeo?iiaie eae ia ai?y/ai eaoiaea (iiaa?oiinoiay
eiiecaoeey), oae e a iaaeyeaeo?iaeiii iau?ia (aneaaenoaea eeai
iaeiie?aoiiai nioaea?aiey aoiiia Cs n auno?uie e oaieiauie yeaeo?iiaie,
eeai nooiai/aoie eiiecaoeee, i?e eioi?ie a ?acoeueoaoa 1-ai nioaea?aiey
n yeaeo?iiii aoii Cs ia?aoiaeeo a aicaoaeae?iiia ninoiyiea, a i?e
iineaaeothueo – eiiece?oaony). A iineaaeiai neo/aa OYI ?aaioaao a oae
iacuaaaiia aeoaiaii ?aaeeia – iaeaieaa oiio?aaeoaeueiii. I?e
eniieuecoaiuo a nia?aiaiiuo OYI oaiia?aoo?ao yeaeo?iaeia (1700-2000 E ia
eaoiaea e 800-1100 E ia aiiaea) eo oaeaeueiay iiuiinoue (a ?an/?oa ia 1
ni2 iiaa?oiinoe eaoiaea) aeinoeaaao aeanyoeia ao, a eiae iiaeao
i?aauoaoue 20%.
Ii ?iaeo enoi/ieea oaiea ?acee/atho yaea?iua (?aaeoi?iua e
?aaeeiecioiiiua), nieia/iua e aaciieaiaiiua OYI. A yaea?iuo OYI
eniieuecoaony oaiei, auaeaeythuaany a ?acoeueoaoa ?aaeoeee yaea?iiai
aeaeaiey (a ?aaeoi?iuo OYI) eee ?aniaaea ?aaeeiaeoeaiiai ecioiia (a
?aaeeiecioiiiuo). A 1970 a NNN? nicaeai ia?aue a ie?a oa?iiyienneiiiue
i?aia?aciaaoaeue-?aaeoi? “Oiiac” yeaeo?e/aneie iiuiinoueth ieiei 10 eao.
A nieia/iuo OYI iaa?aa yieooa?a inouanoaeyaony ca n/?o oaieiaie yia?aee
nieia/iiai eceo/aiey (n i?eiaiaieai aaeeieiioeaio?aoi?ia). Aaciieaiaiiua
OYI ?aaioatho ia oaiea, auaeaeythuainy i?e naeeaaiee i?aaie/aneiai
oiieeaa.
Aaaeiua i?aeiouanoaa OYI ii n?aaiaieth n o?aaeeoeeiiiuie
yeaeo?iiaoeiiuie i?aia?aciaaoaeyie – ionoonoaea a ieo aeaeaeoueony
/anoae, eiiiaeoiinoue, aunieay iaae?aeiinoue, aiciiaeiinoue
yenieoaoaoeee aac nenoaiaoe/aneiai ianeoaeeaaiey. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy
(na?aaeeia 70-o aa.) aeinoeaioo ?ano?n iai?a?uaiie ?aaiou iaeeii/iiai
OYI nauoa 40000 /. Ia?niaeoeaii eniieueciaaiea OYI a ea/anoaa
aunieioaiia?aoo?iiai caaia iiiainooiai/aouo i?aia?aciaaoaeae yia?aee,
iai?eia?, a ni/aoaiee n oa?iiyeaeo?e/aneeie i?aia?aciaaoaeyie,
?aaioathueie i?e aieaa ieceeo oaiia?aoo?ao. A NNN?, NOA, O?aioeee e
?yaea ae?. no?ai aaaeoony eioaineaiua ?aaiou ii nicaeaieth OYI,
i?eaiaeiuo aeey ianniaiai i?iiuoeaiiiai eniieueciaaiey.
Oa?iiyeaeo?e/aneee aaia?aoi?
Oa?iiyeaeo?e/aneee aaia?aoi? (OYA), oa?iiyeaeo?iaaia?aoi?, ono?ienoai
aeey i?yiiai i?aia?aciaaiey oaieiaie yia?aee a yeaeo?e/aneoth, i?eioeei
aeaenoaey eioi?iai iniiaai ia yooaeoa Caaaaea (ni. Oa?iiyeaeo?e/aneea
yaeaiey). A ninoaa OYA aoiaeyo: oa?iiaaoa?ae, iaa?aiiua ec
iieoi?iaiaeieeiauo oa?iiyeaiaioia, niaaeei?iiuo iineaaeiaaoaeueii eee
ia?aeeaeueii; oaieiiaiaiieee ai?y/eo e oieiaeiuo niaaa oa?iiaaoa?ae. OYA
iiae?acaeaeythony: ii eioa?aaeo ?aai/eo oaiia?aoo? – ia iecei-, n?aaeia
e aunieioaiia?aoo?iua (aeeaiaciiu oaiia?aoo? 20-300, 300-600, 600-1000
°N; iaoa?eaeu oa?iiyeaiaioia – niioaaonoaaiii oa??aeua ?anoai?u ia
iniiaa oaeueeiaaieaeia yeaiaioia V a?oiiu, IV a?oiiu ia?eiaee/aneie
nenoaiu Ae. E. Iaiaeaeaaaa e oa??aeua ?anoai?u Si-Ge); ii iaeanoe
i?eiaiaiey – ia einie/aneea, ii?neea, iacaiiua e o. ae.; ii oeio
enoi/ieea oaiea – ia ecioiiiua, nieia/iua (ni. Nieia/iue
oa?iiyeaeo?iaaia?aoi?), aaciaua e o. ae. Eiae eo/oeo OYA ninoaaeyao ~
15%, iiuiinoue aeinoeaaao ianeieueeeo nioai eao.
OYA iaeaaeatho ?yaeii i?aeiouanoa ia?aae o?aaeeoeeiiiuie
yeaeo?iiaoeiiuie i?aia?aciaaoaeyie yia?aee, iai?eia? oo?aiaaia?aoi?aie,
ionoonoaeai aeaeaeoueony /anoae, aunieie iaae?aeiinoueth, i?inoioie
ianeoaeeaaiey. OYA i?eiaiythony aeey yia?ainiaaaeaiey oaeae?iiuo e
o?oaeiiaeinooiiuo iio?aaeoaeae yeaeo?iyia?aee (aaoiiaoe/aneeo iayeia,
iaaeaaoeeiiiuo aoaa, iaoai?ieiae/aneeo noaioeee, aeoeaiuo
?ao?aineyoi?ia, einie/aneeo aiia?aoia, noaioeee aioeei??iceiiiie caueou
aaci- e iaooai?iaiaeia e o. i.). E iaaeinoaoeai nia?aiaiiuo OYA
ioiinyony ieceee eiae e ioiineoaeueii aunieay noieiinoue.
Yeaeo?ioeie/aneee aaia?aoi?
Yeaeo?ioeie/aneee aaia?aoi? (YOA), oeie/aneee enoi/iee oiea, a eioi?ii
?aaaaiou (iau/ii aaciia?aciua eee aeeaeeea aauanoaa) a oiaea
yeaeo?ioeie/aneie ?aaeoeee iai?a?uaii iinooiatho ec niaoeeaeueiuo
?aca?aoa?ia e yeaeo?iaeai. YOA ninoieo ec aaoa?ae oiieeaiuo yeaiaioia,
nenoai o?aiaiey e iiaea/e ?aaaaioia, ioaiaea i?iaeoeoia ?aaeoeee,
eiio?iey e aaoiiaoe/aneiai oi?aaeaiey. A ioee/ea io aaeueaaie/aneeo
yeaiaioia, YOA iiaoo ?aaioaoue aei oao ii?, iiea inouanoaeyaony iiaeaiae
?aaaaioia (oiieeaa e ieeneeoaey) e ioaiae i?iaeoeoia ?aaeoeee.
Ia?niaeoeaiu YOA, a eioi?uo a ea/anoaa ai?th/aai eniieuecotho aiaei?iae,
yeieiae/anee /enoue enoi/iee yia?aee. N na?aaeeiu 1970-o aa. a NNN?,
NOA, O?A, O?aioeee, ssiiiee e ae?. no?aiao aaaeoony ?aaiou ii nicaeaieth
e eniieueciaaieth aiaei?iaeii-eenei?iaeiuo e iniaaiii
aiaei?iaeii-aicaeooiuo YOA. I?eiaiaiea oaeiai ?iaea enoi/ieeia
yeaeo?e/aneie yia?aee a ?aaeei- e oaeaaeceiiiuo ono?ienoaao (?en.) e ia
o?ainii?oiuo n?aaenoaao aeieaeii niinianoaiaaoue ?aoaieth i?iaeaiu
nio?aiaiey /enoiou ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu. Eiae aiaei?iaeii-eenei?iaeiuo
YOA, nicaeaiiuo a NNN? e NOA, aeinoeaaao 70-80%. Eiae YOA, ?aaioathueo
i?e iinoiyiiuo aeaaeaiee e oaiia?aoo?a n iiaeiuaieai oaiea ec
ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu, oai?aoe/anee iiaeao i?aainoiaeeoue 100%.
Eeoa?aoo?a:
1. “Aieueoay ?inneeneay yioeeeeiiaaeey” Ye. Ecae. ?oa?eeii, I. 2001a.
(http://www.rubricon.ru/)
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