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Aaaaeaiea. Oeaee e caaea/e i?aaeiaoa.

IO?AIA O?OAeA – yoi aaaeiaeoay nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneay i?iaeaia,
o?aaothuay e naaa iinoiyiiiai aieiaiey ni noi?iiu ainoaea?noaa,
iaieiaoaeae e iauaaeeiaiee ?aaioieeia.

Iauanoai ian?o ia?iiiua yeiiiie/aneea iioa?e, iaoneiaeaiiua
iaaeiioeaieie iioaioeeaeueiie aiciiaeiinoe io?aiu o?oaea a iiauoaiee
yooaeoeaiinoe i?iecaiaenoaa.

IO?AIA O?OAeA – yoi nenoaia caeiiiaeaoaeueiuo,
nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneeo, i?aaiecaoeeiiiuo, oaoie/aneeo, aeaeaie/aneeo
eee ea/aaii–i?ioeeaeoe/aneeo ia?ii?eyoee, n?aaenoa, iaania/eaathueo
aaciianiinoue, nio?aiiinoue caei?iauey e ?aaioiniiniaiinoe /aeiaaea a
i?ioeanna o?oaea.

Aeenoeeieeia «Io?aia o?oaea» – yoi eiiieaeniay, nioeeaeueii-oaoie/aneay
aeenoeeieeia, aeeth/athuay a naay caeiiiaeaoaeueiua aii?inu,
i?iecaiaenoaaiioth naieoa?eth, oaoieeo aaciianiinoe (OA), iiaea?ioth
aaciianiinoue.

Caeiiiaeaoaeueii-i?aaiecaoeeiiiua aii?inu ioaaouaatho nicaeaiea
aaciianiuo oneiaee o?oaea e niaethaeaiey onoaiiaeaiiuo i?aaee;
?ac?aaioeo eino?oeoeee ii io?aia o?oaea e ae?. aeieoiaioia; auaea/o
iieiea, niaoeiaeaaeaeu, n?aaenoa eiaeeaeaeoaeueiie caueou e ae?.;
onoaiiaeaiey iaaeiniio?ia, i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoe ?aai/aai a?aiaie;
onoaiiaeaiea iaoa?eaeueiie ioaaonoaaiiinoe e ae?oaeo aeaeia
ioaaonoaaiiinoe e ae?.

I?iecaiaenoaaiiay naieoa?ey — yoi nenoaia i?aaiecaoeeiiiuo ia?ii?eyoee e
oaoie/aneeo n?aaenoa i?aaeioa?auaiey eee oiaiueoaiey aicaeaenoaey ia
?aaioathueo a?aaeiuo i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo oaeoi?ia.

Oaoieea aaciianiinoe (OA) — yoi eiiieaen ia?ii?eyoee e n?aaenoa,
iai?aaeaiiuo ia i?aaeioa?auaiea aicaeaenoaey ia ?aaioathueo iianiuo
i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo oaeoi?ia.

Iiaea?iay caueoa — yoi eiiieaen ia?ii?eyoee e n?aaenoa, i?aaeiacia/aiiuo
aeey i?aaeioa?auaiey aicaeaenoaey ia ethaeae iianiuo oaeoi?ia iiaea?a e
iaoa?eaeueiiai oua?aa io iaai.

O/eouaay niaoeeoeeo ae.ae. o?ainii?oa e iaoa?eaeu aiaeeca i?e/ei
o?aaiaoecia iniiaiia aieiaiea iaiaoiaeeii nin?aaeioi/eoue ia neaaeothueo
aii?inao:

· Nicaeaiea aaciianiuo oneiaee o?oaea;

· Oe?aieaiea oaoiieiae/aneie e o?oaeiaie aeenoeeieeiu;

· Niaethaeaiea noaiaea?oia, i?aaee e ii?i;

· Iiauoaiea eaaeeoeeaoeee ?aaioieeia a iaeanoe io?aiu o?oaea;

· Aiaae?aiea aunieii?iecaiaeeoaeueiie e aaciianiie oaoieee e oaoiieiaee;

· Inouanoaeaiea nioeeaeueiuo e naieoa?ii-icaei?iaeoaeuiuo ia?ii?eyoee;

?ACAeAE I

I?AAIAUA E I?AAIECAOeEIIIUA AII?INU IO?AIU O?OAeA.

O?oaeiaia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai e ii?iaoeaiia ?aaoee?iaaiea aii?inia io?aiu
o?oaea yaeyaony aaaeiaeoei yeaiaioii i?aaiaiai iaania/aiey
nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneeo ioiioaiee a iauanoaa e nicaeaiey caei?iauo e
aaciianiuo oneiaee o?oaea aeey ?aaioieeia.

Oaia 1.1 Iniiaiua caeiiiaeaoaeueiua aeou e ii?iaoeaiua aeieoiaiou ?A.

A iniiaa ainoaea?noaaiiie iieeoeea a iaeanoe io?aiu o?oaea eaaeeo
i?eioeei i?ioeeaeoeee o?aaiaoecia e i?ioanneiiaeueiie caaieaaaaiinoe,
/oi iaoiaeeo naie io?aaeaiey ai anao niioaaonoaothueo caeiiiaeaoaeueiuo
aeoao.

A nenoaia caeiiiaeaoaeueiuo aeoia ?aaoee?othuea aii?inu io?aiu o?oaea a
?A aoiaeeo:

1. Eiinoeoooeey ?A.

2. O?oaeiaie eiaeaen ?A.

3. Aeae?ao I?aceaeaioa ?A « Ia iaycaoaeueiii no?aoiaaiee io ian/anoiuo
neo/aaa ia i?iecaiaenoaa e i?ioanneiiaeueiuo caaieaaaiee ».

4. Caeiiu ii aii?inai io?aiu o?oaea:

(«I iiaea?iie aaciianiinoe», «Ia naieoa?ii-yieaeaieieiae/aneii
aeaaiiieo/ee ianaeaiey », « I oaoie/aneii ii?ie?iaaiee e
noaiaea?oecaoeee », « I i?iiuoeaiiie aaciianiinoe iianiuo
i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo iauaeoia » e ?yae ae?oaeo.)

Ii?iaoeaiie iniiaiie io?aiu o?oaea yaeythony Oeacu e Iinoaiiaeaiey
Aa?oiaiiai niaaoa ?A ii aii?inai io?aiu o?oaea;

Ii?iu; eino?oeoeee; i?aaeea;

Iaaeio?aneaaua, io?aneaaua ii?iaoeau e ii?iaoeaii-oaoie/aneea aeieoiaiou
(noaiaea?ou aaciianiinoe o?oaea, i?aaeea, ii?iu, iieiaeaiey
eino?oeoeee).

Iaeaieueoaa cia/aiea eiatho noaiaea?ou aaciianiinoe o?oaea.

Nenoaia noaiaea?oia aaciianiinoe o?oaea (NNAO).

NNAO i?aaenoaaeytho niaie eiiieaen acaeiinaycaiiuo noaiaea?oia,
niaea?aeaueo o?aaiaaiey, i?aaeea e ii?iu, iai?aaeaiiua ia iaania/aiea
aaciianiiai o?oaea, nio?aiaiea ?aaioiniiniaiinoe. Iia i?aaeoniao?eaaao
nenoaiaoecaoeeth ii?iaoeaii-oaoie/aneeo aeieoiaioia ii aaciianiinoe
o?oaea, acaeiioth oayceo ii?i e i?aaee ii oaoieea aaciianiinoe,
i?iecaiaenoaaiiie naieoa?ee e iiaea?iie caueou.

Noaiaea?ou NNAO iicaieyao ?aoaoue aii?inu io?aiu o?oaea iaeiia?aiaiii
nicaeaaaaiie iiaie oaoieeie e oaoiieiaeae.

Onoaiiaeaiu neaaeothuea eaoaai?ee noaiaea?oia ii noa?a aeaenoaey:

AINO – ainoaea?noaaiiue noaiaea?o;

INO – io?aneaaie noaiaea?o;

?NO – ?anioaeeeaineee noaiaea?o;

NOI – noaiaea?o i?aaei?eyoey.

Noaiaea?ou aoiaeyuea a NNAO iiae?acaeaeythony ia iiaenenoaiu (0-9 ):

0 – i?aaiecaoeeiiii iaoiaee/aneea noaiaea?ou, onoaiaaeeaathuea no?oeoo?o
NNAO, oa?ieiieiaeth a iaeanoe aaciianiinoe o?oaea, eeanneoeeaoeeth
a?aaeiuo e iianiuo i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo oaeoi?ia, i?aaiecaoeeth iao/aiey
?aaioieeia aaciianiinoe o?oaea e oae aeaeaa.

1 – noaiaea?ou o?aaiaaiee e ii?i ii aeaeai iianiuo e a?aaeiuo
i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo oaeoi?ia, onoaiaaeeaathuea eo i?aaeaeueii aeiionoeiua
cia/aiey, iaoiaeu eiio?iey e caueou ?aaioathueo.

2 – noaiaea?ou o?aaiaaiee aaciianiinoe e i?iecaiaenoaaiiiio
iai?oaeiaaieth.

3 – noaiaea?ou o?aaiaaiee aaciianiinoe e i?iecaiaenoaaiiui i?ioeannai.

4 – noaiaea?ou o?aaiaaiee e n?aaenoaai caueou ?aaioathueo.

5 – 9 – iiaenenoaiu ?aca?aiua.

Iiaenenoaiu 0, 2, 3, 4, 5 iiaoo auoue ainoaea?noaaiiuie, io?aneaauie e

?anioaeeeaineeie, a iiaenenoaia 0 oaeaea noaiaea?oaie i?aaei?eyoey.
Iiaenenoaia 1 aeieaeia auoue oieueei ainoaea?noaaiiay.

I?eiyoa neaaeothuay no?oeoo?a iaicia/aiey noaiaea?oia NNAO:

AINO 12.4. 089 80

12 – yoi oeo? AINO noaiaea?oia;

4 – ii?yaeie iiaenenoaiu (0, 1,2…);

089 – iaicia/aiea ii?yaeeiaiai iiia?a a iiaenenoaia;

80 – aeaoa ?aaeno?aoeee noaiaea?oia.

Eueaiou e eiiiainaoeee ca ?aaioo ai a?aaeiuo e oyaeaeuo oneiaeyo o?oaea.

Ia iniiaa ?acoeueoaoia aooanoaoeee ?aai/eo iano i?aaeinoaaeythony
neaaeothuea eueaiou e eiiiainaoeee: i?aaeoniio?aia nie?auaiiay
i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoue ?aai/aai a?aiaie e aeiiieieoaeueiue ioione;
ooaa?aeaeai nienie i?ioannee e aeieaeiinoae n a?aaeiuie oneiaeyie
o?oaea; onoaiaaeeaaaony iiauoaiiay iieaoa o?oaea; a caaeneiinoe io
noaiaie a?aaeiinoe onoaiaaeeaathony aeiieaou; auaeaaony aanieaoii ii
onoaiiaeaiiui ii?iai niaoeiaeaaeaea, niaoeeaeueiay iaoaue, n?aaenoaa
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiie caueou, iieiei, ae?. i?iaeoeou, i?aaeinoaaeyaony
ea/aaii-i?ioeeaeoe/aneia ieoaiea; iaieiaoaee ianoo iaoa?eaeueioth
ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca oua?a, oaa/uea eee eiui iia?aaeaeaieyi naycaiiuo n
?aaioie e ae?.

Yoe aii?inu ?aaoee?othony «I?aaeeaie aiciauaiey a?aaea, i?e/eiaiiiai
aeecie e caei?iaueth a?aaeaeaieia» e iinoaiiaeaieai eaaeiaoa ieieno?ia
«I aianaiee aeiiieiaiee e eciaiaiee a I?aaeeao aiciauaiey a?aaea,
i?e/eiaiiiai aeecie e caei?iaueth a?aaeaeaieia e ae?oaea.

Oaia 1.2 I?aaiecaoeey ?aaiou ii io?aia o?oaea ia i?aaei?eyoee.

Neoaeaa io?aiu o?oaea ia i?aaei?eyoee iiaeao auoue i?aaenoaaeaii
no?oeoo?iui iiae?acaeaeaieai (ioaeae, ath?i), niaoeeaeueii auaeaeaiiui
?aaioieeii (eiaeaia? – niaoeeaeeno ii io?aia o?oaea) ia iaaieueoeo
i?aaei?eyoeyo yoe ooieoeee iiaoo auoue aiceiaeaiu ia ae?oaeo ?aaioieeia
(ia?yaeo n auiieiaieai ae?oaeo aeieaeiinoiuo iaycaiiinoae) a naiae
?aaioa yoa neoaeaa ?oeiaiaenoaoaony oeiiaui iieiaeaieai e neoaeaa ii
io?aia o?oaea, (io 1.09.2002a), eaaeeoeeaoeeiiiuie oa?aeoa?enoeeaie –
yoe aeieoiaiou ii?aaeaeytho i?aaiaoth iniiao aeey aeayoaeueiinoe neoaeau
io?aiu o?oaea, a? iniiaiua caaea/e, i?aai e ioaaonoaaiiinoue. Yoa
neoaeaa iiae/eiyaony ?oeiaiaeeoaeth i?aaei?eyoey.

Nenoaia oi?aaeaiey io?aiu o?oaea.

I?e ?aoaiee caaea/ io?aiu o?oaea iaiaoiaeeii inouanoaeyoue iieiue oeeee
oi?aaeai/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe.

Oeaeue oi?aaeaiey io?aiu o?oaea — iaania/aiea nio?aiaiey caei?iauey e
?aaioiniiniaiinoe ?aaioieeia a i?ioeanna o?oaea. Yoa oeaeue iiaeao auoue
aeinoeaiooa auiieiaieai ooieoeee oi?aaeaiey:

ieaie?iaaiea ?aaio ii io?aia o?oaea, eo i?aaiecaoeey e eii?aeeiaoeey,
o/?o, aiaeec, ioeaiea, eiio?ieue ninoiyiey io?aiu o?oaea, noeioee?iaaiea
?aaio ii niaa?oainoao io?aiu o?oaea.

Ainoaea?noaaiiia oi?aaeaiea io?aiu o?oaea inouanoaeyaony Niaaoii
ieieno?ia ?A /a?ac Ieienoa?noai o?oaea.

Ainoaea?noaaiiua i?aaiu iaaeci?a e eiio?iey inouanoaeytho;

iaaeci? e eiio?ieue ca niaethaeaieai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa i o?oaea e ia
io?aia o?oaea (Aeaia?oaiaio ainoaea?noaaiiie einiaeoeee o?oaea);

· iaaeci? ca aaciianiui aaaeaieai ?aaio a i?iiuoeaiiinoe e aoiiiie
yia?aaoeea (I?iiaoiiiaaeci?);

· iaaeci? ca aaciianiie yenieoaoaoeeae yeaeo?e/aneeo e
oaieieniieuecothueo onoaiiaie (Ainyia?aiiaaeci?);

· iaaeci? ca niaethaeaieai naieoa?iiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, naieoa?iuo
ii?i, i?aaee e aeaeaie/aneeo ii?iaoeaia (Ainnaiiaaeci?);

· eiio?ieue ca i?iaaaeaieai aooanoaoeee ?aai/eo iano e onoaiiaeaieai
aeiieao ii oneiaeyi o?oaea, i?aaeeueiinoueth i?eiaiaiey nieneia
i?iecaiaenoa, ?aaio, i?ioannee, aeieaeiinoae e iieacaoaeae, aeathueo
i?aai ia iaineth ca ?aaioo n iniauie oneiaeyie o?oaea (Ainoaea?noaaiiay
yenia?oeca ii oneiaeyi o?oaea);

· eiio?ieue a noa?a iaania/aiey aaciianiinoe aei?iaeiiai aeaeaeaiey
(AAE);

· iaaeci? ca iaania/aieai iiaea?iie aaciianiinoe (Ainiiaeiaaeci?);

· iaaeci? ca oaoie/aneei ninoiyieai o?aeoi?ia, iaeei?aoeaiuo,
aei?iaeii-no?ieoaeueiuo e naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo iaoei e iai?oaeiaaiey

( Ainoaoiaaeci? ).

Iaaeci? ca niaethaeaieai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa i o?oaea.

Iaaeci? e eiio?ieue ca niaethaeaieai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa i o?oaea
inouanoaeytho niaoeeaeueiua oiieiiii/aiiua ia oi i?aaiu e einiaeoeee.

Ainoaea?noaaiiue eiio?ieue – aaia?aeueiue i?ieo?i? ?A e iiae/eiaiiua
no?oeoo?u. Aeaia?oaiaio aineiniaeoeee o?oaea.

Aaaeiinoaaiiue eiio?ieue – inouanoaeyaony neoaeaaie io?aiu o?oaea
ieienoa?noa e eo iiae?acaeaeaiee, niaeanii naieo ?ac?aaioaiiuo
Iieiaeaiee.

Iauanoaaiiue eiio?ieue – inouanoaeyaony i?ionithcaie e iauanoaaiiuie
einiaeoi?aie ii io?aia o?oaea.

N ia?oa 2004 aiaea aeaenoaoao oeiiaay eino?oeoeey i i?iaaaeaiee eiio?iey
ca niaethaeaieai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa ia io?aia o?oaea a i?aaiecaoeee.

Aeaeu ioaaonoaaiiinoe ca ia?ooaiea caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa ia io?aia o?oaea:

Aeenoeeieeia?iay – iaycaiiinoue ?aai/aai ioaa/aoue ca ianiaethaeaiea eee
ca iaauiieiaiea iaycaoaeuenoa; i?aaeoniio?aia OE ?A (caia/aiea, auaiai?,
oaieueiaiea).

Aaeieieno?aoeaiay – au?aaeaaony a oi?ia ?acee/iuo aaeieieno?aoeaiuo

acuneaiee (oo?aou ia aeieaeiinoiuo eeoe), i?aaeoniio?aia Eiaeaenii ia
aaeieieno?aoeaiuo i?aaiia?ooaieyo (aei 10 aaciauo aaee/ei).
Aaeieieno?aoeaiay ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca ia?ooaiea ii?iaoeaiuo i?aaiauo
aeoia ii io?aia o?oaea; i?aaeoniio?aia Eiaeaenii ia aaeieieno?aoeaiuo
i?aaiia?ooaieyo.

Oaieiaiay ioaaonoaaiiinoue – iaeacaiea eeoe, aeiionoeaoeo ia?ooaiea
i?aaee io?aiu o?oaea, eioi?ua iiaee iiaea/ue eee iiaeaeee ca niaie
ian/anoiua neo/ae eee ae?oaea oyaeaeua iineaaenoaey; i?aaeoniio?aia
Oaieiaiui Eiaeaenii ?A (aei 7 eao eeoaiey naiaiaeu).

Iao/aiea ?aaioathueo aaciianiui iaoiaeai o?oaea.

Iao/aiea e eino?oeoaae ii aaciianiinoe o?oaea iineo iai?a?uaiue
iiiaio?iaiaaue oa?aeoa? e i?iaiaeeony ia: i?iiuoeaiiuo i?aaei?eyoeyo
o?ainii?oa, nayce, no?ieoaeuenoaa, a iauaia?aciaaoaeueiuo e
i?ioanneiiaeueiuo o/aaiuo caaaaeaieyo, ai aiaoeieueiuo o/?aaeaeaieyo e a
i?ioeanna o?oaeiaie aeayoaeueiinoe.

Iao/aiea iniiaai aaciianiinoe o?oaea a o/aaiuo caaaaeaieyo i?aaiecoaony
e i?iaiaeeony ia anao noaaeeyo iao/aiey, a o/aaii-ainieoaoaeueiuo
o/?aaeaeaieyo.

Iao/aiea aaciianiinoe o?oaea i?e iiaeaioiaea ?aai/eo, ia?aiiaeaioiaea e
iao/aieth aoi?ui i?ioanneyi.

Niaoeeaeueiia iao/aiea e i?iaa?ea ciaiee ?aai/eo.

Aii?inu eino?oeoe?iaaiey e i?iaa?ee eo ciaiee ii io?aia o?oaea
?aaoee?oaony I?aaeeaie iao/aiey aaciianiui iaoiaeai e i?eaiai ?aaiou,
i?iaaaeaiey eino?oeoaaea e i?iaa?ee ciaiee ii io?aia o?oaea (? 164 io
30.12.03 aiaea) e AINO 12.0.004 « NNAO. I?aaiecaoeey iao/aiey
aaciianiinoe o?oaea. Iauea iieiaeaiey».

AEAeU EINO?OEOAAEAE

Ii oa?aeoa?o e a?aiaie i?iaaaeaiey eino?oeoaaee aeaeyony ia:

· Aaiaeiue

· Ia?ae/iue ia ?aai/ai ianoa

· Iiaoi?iue

· Aiaieaiiaue

· Oeaeaaie

Aaiaeiue eino?oeoaae – i?iaiaeeony ni anaie i?eiyouie aia?aua ia ?aaioo.

Ia?ae/iue ia ?aai/ai ianoa – aei ia/aea i?iecaiaenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe
ia ?aai/ai ianoa: ni anaie i?eiyouie ia i?aaei?eyoea, i?e ia?aaiaea ec
iaeiiai ?aai/aai ianoa ia ae?oaia, i?e auiieiaiee iiaie ?aaiou, n
eiiaiaee?iai/iuie, a?aiaiiuie, ni no?ieoaeyie, ni nooaeaioaie,
o/aueieny.

Iiaoi?iue eino?oeoaae – i?ioiaeyo ana ?aai/ea ia ?aaea iaeiiai ?aca a
iieoaiaeea.

Aiaieaiiaue – i?iaiaeyo i?e aaaaeaiea iiauo i?aaee, noaiaea?oia,
eino?oeoeee; i?e eciaiaiee oaoie/aneeo i?ioeannia, caiaia iai?oaeiaaiey
eee ae?oaeo oaeoi?ia; i?e ia?ooaiee o?aaiaaiee aaciianiinoe, eioi?ua
iiaee i?eaanoe e o?aaia, aaa?ee e oae aeaeaa; ii o?aaiaaieth i?aaiia,
i?e ia?a?uaao a ?aaioa a iaeei aiae, a i?e iiauoaiiuo o?aaiaaieyo
aaciianiinoe i?e ia?a?uaa aieaa 6 ianyoeaa.

Oeaeaaie – i?iaiaeyo i?e auiieiaiee ?aciauo ?aaio, ia naycaiiuo n
i?yiuie iaycaiiinoyie (iia?ocee, aua?ocee e o.ae.), i?e i?iaaaeaiee
?aaio, ia eioi?ua iai?aaeaii ?yae aeiioneia, ?ac?aoaiea e ae?oaea
aeieoiaiou, i?e i?iaaaeaiee yeneo?nee, ianniauo ia?ii?eyoee.

Eeoea, iieacaaoea iaoaeiaeaoai?eoaeueiua ciaiey e naiinoiyoaeueiie
?aaioa – ia aeiioneathony e iaycaiu aiiaue i?ieoe eino?oeoaae.

I?iaaaeaiea eaaeaeiai aeaea eino?oeoaaea ioi?ieyaony caienueth a
aeo?iaea i?iaaaeaiey eino?oeoaaeae n iiaeienueth eino?oeoe?othuaai e
eino?oeoe?oaiiai.

O?aaiaoeci e caaieaaaaiinoue ia i?iecaiaenoaa.

I?iecaiaenoaaiiue o?aaiaoeci – yoi niaieoiiinoue o?aai ca ii?aaeae?iiue
ia?eiae a?aiaie.

I?ioanneiiaeueiay caaieaaaaiinoue — yoi niaieoiiinoue i?ioanneiiaeueiuo
caaieaaaiee ca ii?aaeaeaiiue ia?eiae a?aiaie.

O?aaia – yoi iia?aaeaeaiea oeaie i?aaiecia e ia?ooaiea aai ooieoeee i?e
aicaeaenoaee ia ?aaioathuaai iianiuo e a?aaeiuo i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo
oaeoi?ia.

Ii aicaeaenoaeth o?aaiu auaatho:

1. Iaoaie/aneea (ooeau, ii?acu)

2. Oa?ie/aneea (oa?ie/aneee iaeaa, iaii?iaeaiea)

3. Yeaeo?e/aneea (yeaeo?ioaea? e iaeaa)

4. Oeie/aneea (oeie/anee? iaeaa e oaeoouea)

5. Ineoieiae/aneea ( ia?aiue no?ann e enioa)e ae?.

Ii ianoiyoaeuenoaai aicieeiiaaiey o?aaiu auaatho:

· I?iecaiaenoaaiiua – naycaiiua n ?aaioie;

· Auoiaua.

Ii oyaeanoe enoiaea auaatho:

· Iee?io?aaiu – aac iioa?e o?oaeiniiniaiinoe);

· N iioa?ae o?oaeiniiniaiinoe nauoa iaeiiai aeiy;

· A?oiiiaua (2 e aieaa /aeiaaea);

· Oyaeaeua, a oii /enea e nia?oaeueiua;

· Iniaiai o/?oa.

I?ioanneiiaeueiia caaieaaaiea – yoi caaieaaaiea, aicieeoaa io aeaenoaey
a?aaeiuo i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo oaeoi?ia. Iie iiaoo aucaaoue a?aiaiioth,
aeeeoaeueioth eee iinoiyiioth iioa?th o?oaeiniiniaiinoe.

I?e/eiu o?aaiaoecia e caaieaaaiee ia i?iecaiaenoaa:

1. Oaoie/aneea (iaeni?aaiua eino?oiaiou, eiino?oeoeaiua iaaeinoaoee e
o.ae.)

2. I?aaiecaoeeiiiua (ia i?iaaaeaiea eino?oeoaaeae, iaaeinoaoi/iue
eiio?ieue, iaoaeiaeaoai?eoaeueiia niaea?aeaiea ?aai/aai ianoa e o.ae.).

3. Naieoa?ii – aeaeaie/aneea (iaaeaaii?eyoiue iee?ieeeiaoe/aneea
oneiaey, aunieee o?iaaiue ooia, aea?aoeee, inoaoi/iay onoaeinoue e
o.ae.).

4. Ineoioece/aneea (iiiioiiiinoue, aunieay iai?yaeaiiinoue o?oaea e o.
ae.).

5. Noauaeoeaiua (ia aeenoeeieeie?iaaiiinoue ?aaioieea, aeeiaieue,
aieaciaiiia ninoiyiea e o.ae.)

6. Yeiiiie/aneea i?e/eiu ( aunieay au?aaioea i?e i?aiaa?aaeeoaeueiii
ioiioaiee e io?aia o?oaea, iaaeinoaoi/iia auaeaeaiea n?aaenoa ia
ia?ii?eyoey ii oeo/oaieth oneiaee o?oaea e o. ae.).

Iaoiaeu aiaeeca i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai o?aaiaoecia. Ioiineoaeueiua
iieacaoaee o?aaiaoecia.

Iaoiaeu:

1. Noaoenoe/aneee (a?oiiiaie e oiiia?aoe/aneee)

2. Iiiia?aoe/aneee

3. Yeiiiie/aneee

Iniiaiua iieacaoaee:

1. Eiyooeoeeaio /anoiou o?aaiaoecia – oa?aeoa?ecoao /enei o?aai,
i?eoiaeyueony ia 1000 ?aaioieeia.

2. Eiyooeoeeaio oyaeanoe – oa?aeoa?ecoao n?aaeithth iao?oaeiniiniaiinoue
aucaaiioth iaeiei ian/anoiui neo/aai e ae?oaea.

?anneaaeiaaiea e o/?o ian/anoiuo neo/aaa ia i?iecaiaenoaa.

?anneaaeiaaiea e o/?o ian/anoiuo neo/aaa ia i?iecaiaenoaa aaae?ony
niaeanii «I?aaee ?anneaaeiaaiey e o/?oa ian/anoiuo neo/aaa ia
i?iecaiaenoaa e i?ioanneiiaeueiuo caaieaaaiee» 15.01.2004a.

Ii?yaeie aeaenoaey i?e ian/anoiii neo/aa:

1. Ieacaoue ia?aoth iiiiuue iioa?iaaoaio e aeinoaaeoue a ea/aaiia
o/?aaeaeaiea.

2. Niiaueou auoanoiyuaio ?oeiaiaenoao.

3. Ii aiciiaeiinoe nio?aieoue ianoaiiaeo ia iiiaio i?ienoanoaey.

A caaeneiinoe io oyaeanoe ian/anoiiai neo/ay ?anneaaeiaaiea ?aciia.

?anneaaeiaaiea ian/anoiuo neo/aaa (e?iia a?oiiiauo, ni nia?oaeueiui
enoiaeii, oyaeaeuo) i?iaiaeeony oiieiiii/aiiui i?aaenoaaeoaeai
i?aaiecaoeee iaieiaoaey, no?aoiaaoaey n o/anoeai iieiiii/iiai
i?aaenoaaeoaey i?ionithca, ?aaioieeii neoaeau io?aiu o?oaea eee eeoea,
ia eioi?iai aiceiaeaiu yoe iaycaiiinoe, ae?. niaoeeaeenoia. I?e
iaiaoiaeeiinoe a ?anneaaeiaaiee iiaoo i?eaeaoaoueny niaoeeaeenou ia
aeiaiai?iie iniiaa.

A ?anneaaeiaaiee ia i?eieiaao o/anoea ?oeiaiaeeoaeue, ia eioi?iai
aiceiaeaii iaania/aiea aaciianiinoe o?oaea iioa?iaaoaai. ?anneaaeiaaiea
ian/anoiuo neo/aaa aeieaeii auoue i?iaaaeaii a n?ie ia aieaa 3 aeiae.

Iinea caaa?oaiey ?anneaaeiaaiey iieiiii/iue i?aaenoaaeoaeue i?aaiecaoeee
iaieiaoaey n o/anoeai ae?oaeo eeoe ioi?ieyao Aeo i ian/anoiii neo/aa ia
i?iecaiaenoaa oi?iu I-1 a 4–o yecaiiey?ao e ioi?aaeyao ia ooaa?aeaeaiea
iaieiaoaeth.

Anee a oiaea ?anneaaeiaaiey ia iniiaaiee aeieoiaioia niioaaonoaothueo
eiiiaoaioiuo i?aaiia onoaiiaeaii. /oi ian/anoiue neo/ae i?iecioae i?e
niaa?oaiee iioa?iaaoei i?ioeaii?aaiuo aeaenoaee, i?aneaaeoaiuo a
oaieiaiii ii?yaeea (oeuaiea, oaii), a ?acoeueoaoa oiuoeaiiiai aeaenoaey
ii i?e/eiaieth a?aaea naiaio caei?iaueth, eeai iaoneiaeaiiiai
eneeth/eoaeueiui ninoiyieai caei?iauey iioa?iaaoaai, oi oaeie ian/anoiue
neo/ae ioi?ieyaony Aeoii i iai?iecaiaenoaaiiii ian/anoiii neo/aa oi?iu
II a 4–o yecaiiey?ao.

Iaieiaoaeue, no?aoiaaoaeue a oa/aiea aeaoo aeiae iinea ieii/aiey
?anneaaeiaaiey ?anniao?eaaao aeieoiaiou ?anneaaeiaaiey, ooaa?aeaeaao aeo
oi?iu I-1 eee oi?iu II e ?aaeno?e?oao aai a aeo?iaea ?aaeno?aoeee
ian/anoiuo neo/aaa ia i?iecaiaenoaa.

Aeo oi?iu I-1 eee oi?iu II n iaoa?eaeaie ?anneaaeiaaiee o?aieony a
oa/aiee 45 eao o iaieiaoaey, o eioi?iai acyo ia n/?o ian/anoiue neo/ae.
Aeo oi?iu I-1 eee oi?iu II e eo eiiee iai?aaeythony a ae?oaea
i?aaiecaoeee, o?aiyony aei ieiiaaiey iaaeiaiinoe.

Ian/anoiue neo/ae, i eioi?ii iaieiaoaeth ia iinooieei niiauaiea a
oa/aiee ?aai/ae niaiu (aeiy) eee aneaaenoaea eioi?iai iioa?y
o?oaeiniiniaiinoe ianooieea ia n?aco, ?anneaaeoaony a niioaaonoaee n
ianoiyuei iieiaeaieai ii cayaeaieth iioa?iaaoaai, aai ?iaenoaaiieeia e
eeoe, i?aaenoaaeythuea aai eioa?anu, a n?ie ia aieaa ianyoea ni aeiy
iiaea/e cayaeaiey.

Ian/anoiue neo/ae ia i?iecaiaenoaa, eioi?ue ia aucaae o iioa?iaaoaai
iioa?th o?oaeiniiniaiinoe eee iaiaoiaeeiinoe ia?aaiaea ia ae?oaoth
?aaioo, o/eouaaaony a aeo?iaea o/?oa iee?io?aai.

Ian/anoiue neo/ae n o/aueieny e nooaeaioaie o/?aaeaeaiee ia?aciaaiey,
i?ioiaeyueie i?aeoeeo eee auiieiythueie ?aaioo iiae ?oeiaiaenoaii
ia?niiaea iaieiaoaey. ?anneaaeoaony iaieiaoaeai n o/anoeai
i?aaenoaaeoaey o/aaiiai caaaaeaiey e o/eouaathuee iaieiaoaey n o/aueieny
e nooaeaioaie o/?aaeaeaiee ia?aciaaiey, i?ioiaeyueie i?aeoeeo eee
auiieiythueie ?aaioo iiae ?oeiaiaenoaii ia?niiaea o/aaiiai caaaaeaiey ia
o/anoea, auaeaeaiiii aeey yoeo oeaeae iaieiaoaeai, ?anneaaeoaony o/aaiui
caaaaeaieai n o/anoeai i?aaenoaaeoaey iaieiaoaey e o/eouaathony o/aaiui
caaaaeaieai.

Niaoeeaeueiia ?anneaaeiaaiea:

Niaoeeaeueiiio ?anneaaeiaaieth iiaeeaaeao:

· A?oiiiaua ian/anoiua neo/ae, i?ienoaaeoea iaeiia?aiaiii n aeaoiy eee
aieaa ?aaioieeaie, ia caaenyuea io oyaeanoe iieo/aiiuo o?aai.

· Ian/anoiua neo/ae ni nia?oaeueiui enoiaeii, n oyae?eui enoiaeii.

I a?oiiiauo ian/anoiuo neo/ayo, ian/anoiuo neo/ayo ni nia?oaeueiui
enoiaeii, ian/anoiuo neo/ayo n yaiui oyaeaeui enoiaeii niiauaaony a
niioaaonoaothuea einoaioeee.

Niaoeeaeueiia ?anneaaeiaaiea ian/anoiiai neo/ay i?iaiaeeo
ainoaea?noaaiiue einiaeoi? o?oaea n o/anoeai i?aaenoaaeoaeae
i?aaiecaoeee iaieiaoaey, no?aoiaaoaey, i?ionithcia, auoanoiyuaai i?aaia
oi?aaeaiey.

Niaoeeaeueiua ?anneaaeiaaiey i?iaiaeyony a n?ie ia aieaa 14 aeiae ni
aeiy iieo/aiey niiauaiey i eo i?ienoanoaee Oeacaiiue n?ie, iiaeao auoue
i?iaeeai aeaaiui ainoaea?noaaiiui einiaeoi?ii o?oaea iaeanoe aei 28
aeiae.

Aeaaiue ainoaea?noaaiiue einiaeoi? o?oaea ?A iiaeao onoaiaaeeaaoue aieaa
aeeeoaeueiue n?ie ?anneaaeiaaiey.

Ii ?acoeueoaoai niaoeeaeueiiai ?anneaaeiaaiey ainoaea?noaaiiui
einiaeoi?ii o?oaea ninoaaeyaony e iiaeienuaaaony caeeth/aiea i
ian/anoiii neo/aa.

A niioaaonoaee n caeeth/aieai iaieiaoaeue a oa/aiea nooie ninoaaeyao aeo
oi?iu I-1 eee oi?iu II ia eaaeaeiai iioa?iaaoaai e ooaa?aeaeaao eo. Ia
iineaaeiae no?aieoea aeoa oi?iu I-1 eee oi?iu II aeaeaaony caaa?aiiay
iaieiaoaeai caienue: « Ninoaaeai a niioaaonoaee n caeeth/aieai ».

Ii ieii/aiee niaoeeaeueiiai ?anneaaeiaaiey ainoaea?noaaiiue einiaeoi?
o?oaea iai?aaeyao aeieoiaiou niaoeeaeueiiai ?anneaaeiaaiey a i?ieo?aoo?o
ii ianoo, aaea i?iecioae ian/anoiue neo/ae, a niioaaonoaothuea
auoanoiyuea no?oeoo?iua iiae?acaeaeaiey aeaia?oaiaioa ii einiaeoeee
o?oaea, i?aaio ainoaea?noaaiiiai niaoeeaeece?iaaiiiai iaaeci?a,
iaieiaoaeth e eiiee caeeth/aiey – i?aaiai, i?aaenoaaeoaee eioi?uo
i?eieiaee o/anoea a niaoeeaeueiii ?anneaaeiaaiee.

I?aaiu i?ieo?aoo?u a onoaiiaeaiiua n?iee niiauatho no?oeoo?iui
oa??eoi?eaeueiui iiae?acaeaeaieyi aeaia?oaiaioa ii einiaeoeee o?oaea i
?acoeueoaoao ?anniio?aiey i?aaenoaaeaiiuo aeieoiaioia niaoeeaeueiiai
?anneaaeiaaiey, a i?e ioeaca a aicaoaeaeaiee oaieiaiiai aeaea, eeai aai
i?ae?auaiee iai?aaeytho ei eiieth iinoaiiaeaiey ia yoii.

OAIA 1.3 I?aaiecaoeey o?oaea ia ?aai/ai ianoa

Oeceieiae/aneea e ineoieiae/aneea iniiau o?oaeiaiai i?ioeanna

?aaioiniiniaiinoue — yoi neiaeiia yaeaiea, caaenyuaa io iiiaeo oaeoi?ia
(naiiai ?aaioieea, o?iaiy aai ?acaeoey, iano?iaiey, yiioeee, aiee,
iioeaaoeee, io i?aaiecaoeee e oneiaee o?oaea e oae aeaeaa).

Aniaeou /aeiaa/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe, naiiai /aeiaaea eco/atho ?aciua
iaoee.

Oeceieiaey o?oaea — iaoea, eco/athuay eciaiaiey, i?ienoiaeyuea a
i?aaiecia, ?aaioathuaai iiae aeeyieai o?oaeiaiai i?ioeanna e aiaoiae
n?aaeu.

Ia iniiaaiee yoiai eco/aiey nicaeathony ?aoeeiiaeueiua o?oaeiaua i?e?iu,
eioi?ua iaania/eaatho nio?aiaiey ?aaioiniiniaiinoe, i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiey
ooiieaiey, iiauoaiea i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe e aea?ony iao/iia iainiiaaiea
?aaeeiia o?oaea e ioaeuoa, ?aoeeiiaeecaoeee ?aai/eo iano.

Oeceieiaey oanii naycaia n ineoieiaeae o?oaea – eco/aao ineoieiae/aneea
iniaaiiinoe ?acee/iuo aeaeia o?oaeiaie aeayoaeueiinoe, iia caieiaaony
aii?inaie ioeaiee i?ioanneiiaeueiie i?eaiaeiinoe ?aaioieeia,
?aoeeiiaeecaoeeae ?aai/ae ianoaiiaee e ?aai/eo iano, iaoiaeia o?oaea e
iao/aiey, acaeiiioiioaieai iaaeaeo ethaeueie a i?ioeanna o?oaea e oae
aeaeaa. Iia oanii naycaia n aeaeaiie o?oaea, a?a/aaii-o?oaeiaie
yenia?oecie, iaaeaaiaeeie e ae?oaeie iaoeaie.

Ooiieaiea — yoi iiieaeaiea ?aaioiniiniaiinoe a ?acoeueoaoa eaeie eeai
?aaiou e eiiieaen iuouaiee (iiauoaiea aeaaeaiey, oiaiueoaiea naoa?a a
e?iae, oaaee/aiea iiei/iie eeneiou a iuooeao, nieaeaiea
i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe) naycaiiuo n yoei.

Ia?aooiieaiea — ianooiaao, anee ca a?aiy, onoaiiaeaiiia aeey ioaeuoa
iinea ?aaiou o?oaeiniiniaiinoue iieiinoueth ia ainnoaiaaeeaaaony.

Ia?u ii oiaiueoaieth ooiieaiey:

1. Oiaiueoeoue aeeyiea iiiioiiiinoe ?aaiou;

2. I?eiyoue iioeiaeueiue ?aaeei o?oaea e ioaeuoa;

3. Ia?aiaiiue ?eoi ?aaiou;

4. Ynoaoe/iinoue i?iecaiaenoaa;

5. I?eiaiyoue aeoeaiue ioaeuo e o.ae.

Iniaia ianoi caieiaao aeaeaia oinoaaiiiai o?oaea. Ineoieiaey oanii
naycaia n nioeeieiaeae o?oaea, i?iecaiaenoaaiiie ynoaoeeie, y?aiiiieeie,
n aeaeaiie o?oaea.

I?e o?oaeiaie aeayoaeueiinoe /aeiaaea inouanoaeythony acaeiiaeaenoaey
i?iecaiaenoaaiiie n?aaeu e i?aaiecia /aeiaaea. Aeey oniaoiiai e
aaciianiiai auiieiaiey ethaie ?aaiou ?aaioiee aeieaeai iaeaaeaoue
niioaaonoaothuei ciaieai, oiaieai e iaaueii.

Ethaay o?oaeiaay aeayoaeueiinoue i?aaeiieaaaao o/anoea aunoeo
ineoieiae/aneeo ooieoeee iaiyoe, aieiaiey, iuoeaiey.

Ia?iiioth ?ieue a iaania/aiee aaciianiinoe o?oaea ea?aao o?oaeiaie
eieeaeoea, aaea /aeiaae aunooiaao ia oieueei eae ?aaioiee, ii e eae
nioeeaeueiay ee/iinoue.

Aieueoia cia/aiea a i?aaiecaoeee o?oaeiaiai i?ioeanna eiatho
ineoioecei–eiae/aneea oaeoi?u oneiaee o?oaea, i?iiuoeaiiay ynoaoeea,
?eoi e oaii ?aaiou, i?iecaiaenoaaiiay aeiianoeea, eiiiaou
ineoieiae/aneie ?aca?ocee e ae?oaea.

Iaiaoiaeeii niioaaonoaea e iaono?ienoai ?aai/aai aiaoiii-oeceieiae/aneei
aiciiaeiinoyi /aeiaaea, niaethaeaiea y?aiiiie/aneeo o?aaiaaiee.

Y?aiiiieea — yoi iaoea, eco/athuay iioeiaeueiia acaeiiaeaenoaea /aeiaaea
e iaoeiu, iai?oaeiaaiey, eco/athuay ooieoeeiiaeueiua aiciiaeiinoe
/aeiaaea a o?oaeiauo i?ioeannao e auyaeythuay aiciiaeiinoe nicaeaiey
iioeiaeueiuo oneiaee aaciianiiai o?oaea.

O?aaiaaiey y?aiiiieee iiae?acaeaeythony ia:

1. Yeiiiie/aneea;

2. Ineoioeceieiae/aneea;

3. Aio?iiieiae/aneea;

4. Aeiiaoaie/aneea;

5. Aeaeaie/aneea;

6. Ynoaoe/aneea;

7. Nioeeaeueiua.

?aai/aa ianoi aeieaeii iaania/eaaoue iioeiaeueiia iieiaeaiea /anoae
oaea. Iii aeeth/aao eioi?iaoeeiiiua e iioi?iua iiey.

Eioi?iaoeeiiiua iiey eiatho ciiu:

1. Ciia, aaea ?aniieaaathony n?aaenoaa ioia?aaeaiey eioi?iaoeee,
o?aaothuea oi/iiai e auno?iai n/eouaaiey iieacaiee (eioi?iaoeee);

2. Ciia, o?aaothuay iaiaa oi/iiai e auno?iai n/eouaaiey eioi?iaoeee;

3. Ciia, n ?aaeei eniieuecoaiuie n?aaenoaaie ioia?aaeaiey eioi?iaoeee;

A iioi?iii iiea eiathony ciiu:

1. Ciia iioeiaeueiie aeinyaaaiinoe (ia?aie/aiiay aeoaaie, iienuaaaiuie
i?aaeiea/ueyie a aeaeaeaiee eieoaauo nonoaaia n iii?ie).

2. Ciia e?aeie aeinyaaaiinoe (ia?aie/aia aeoaaie, iienuaaaiuie
?anneaaeaiiuie ?oeaie i?e aeaeaeaiee eo a iea/aaii nonoaaa).

3. Ciia aeinyaaaiinoe (ia?aie/aia aeoaaie, iienuaaaiuie auoyioouie
?oeaie i?e aeaeaeaiee a iea/aaii nonoaaa).

Eoeueoo?a i?iecaiaenoaa.

Eoeueoo?a i?iecaiaenoaa — yoi eiiieaen ia? ii i?aaiecaoeee o?oaea,
iai?aaeaiiuo ia nicaeaiea aeaaii?eyoiie i?iecaiaenoaaiiie ianoaiiaee.
Iia aeeth/aao a naay y?aiiiieeo, ineoieiaeth, ynoaoeeo i?iecaiaenoaa.

?ACAeAE II

I?IECAIAeNOAAIIAss NAIEOA?Ess E AEAEAIA O?OAeA.

Naieoa?iua o?aaiaaiey aaciianiinoe e i?aaei?eyoeyi.

I. Auai? ieiuaaeee aeey no?ieoaeuenoaa e ?aciauaiey i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo
caeaiee.

Iaiaoiaeeii o/eouaaoue eiiieaen naieoa?ii-oaoie/aneeo ia?ii?eyoee,
eioi?ua nicaeaee au aeaaii?eyoiua oneiaey aeey ?aaioathueo e aeey
ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu, aeeeiai ianneaa.

I?aaei?eyoey eiathuea a?aaeiua i?iecaiaenoaaiiua oaeoi?u ioaeaeytho io
aeeeie cano?ieee naieoa?ii-caueoiuie ciiaie.

Eeann i?aaei?eyoeyIIIIIIIVVOe?eia naieoa?ii-

caueoiie ciiu, i.

1000

500

300

100

50

Iniiaiua i?iecaiaenoaaiiua oeaoa ia oa??eoi?ee i?aaei?eyoey neaaeoao
?aniieaaaoue ii oiaeo oaoiieiae/aneiai i?ioeanna.

Aniiiiaaoaeueiua oeaoa iaoiaeyony aaeece iniiaiuo oeaoia. Ana caeaiey e
nii?oaeaiey ?aniieaaatho ii ciiai a niioaaonoaee n i?iecaiaenoaaiiuie
i?eciaeaie.

2. O?aaiaaiea e ono?ienoao caeaiee e iiiauaiee.

Aioo?e iiiauaiee ?aciauaiea iai?oaeiaaiey aeieaeii i?aaeoniao?eaaoue
ecieyoeeth i?ioeannia n auaeaeaieai iuee oiene/iuo aauanoa, ooiia e oae
aeaeaa. Ia eaaeaeiai ?aaioathuaai aeieaeii i?eoiaeeoueny ia iaiaa 4,5
i2, i?e aunioa ia iaiaa 3,2 i, naieoa?ii-auoiaua iiiauaiey e ono?ienoaa
(aa?aea?iaiua, oiuaaeueiee, aeooaaua, ioieou ieoaiey, cae?aaioieou,
ono?ienoai aeey nooee e iaaniueeaaiey, iaaca?aaeeaaiey niaoeiaeaaeaeu e
iaoae) i?aaeiacia/aiiua aeey oaeiaeaoai?aiey auoiauo iio?aaiinoae,
eeeaeaeaoeee io?eoeaoaeueiuo iineaaenoaee, i?iaaaeaiey i?ioeeaeoe/aneeo
ia?ii?eyoee ii ono?aiaieth eciaiaiee, aucaaiiuo aeeyieai a?aaeiuo
i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo oaeoi?ia.

3. Na?ueaciia aieiaiea oaeaeyaony naaoiaiio ?aoaieth i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai
eioa?uea?a, neaiaeueiui oeaaoai e ciaeai aaciianiinoe.

Naieoa?ii-aeaeaie/aneea o?aaiaaiey e aicaeooo ?aai/ae ciiu.

?yae oaoi?ioeannia ia i?aaei?eyoeyo nii?iaiaeaeaaony auaeaeaieai a
aicaeoo ?aai/ae ciiu ?acee/iuo a?aaeiuo aauanoa a aeaea ia?ia, eaiaeue,
oa??aeuo /anoeoe. Oaa?aeua e aeeaeeea aauanoaa n aicaeooii ia?acotho
ay?iciee, eioi?ua aeaeyony ia:

1. Iueue

2. Aeui

3. Ooiai

?acee/atho iueue e?oiii-, n?aaeia- e iaeeiaeenia?nioth.

Aicaeaenoaea a?aaeiiai aauanoaa ia i?aaieci /aeiaaea caaeneo io
oeie/aneiai ninoaaa, eiioeaio?aoeee, aeeeoaeueiinoe aicaeaenoaey,
ia?aiao?ia ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu, eiaeeaeaeoaeueiuo niiniaiinoae /aeiaaea.

Ii oa?aeoa?o aicaeaenoaey ia i?aaieci /aeiaaea a?aaeiua aauanoaa
iiae?acaeaeythony ia:

1. Iauaoiene/iua (io?aaeaiea anaai i?aaiecia);

2. ?acae?aaeathuea (?acae?aaeaiea neecenouo iaiei/ae e aeuoaoaeueiiai
o?aeoa;

3. Naineaeeece?othuea (aeaenoaoao eae aeea?aey)

4. Iooaaaiiua (eciaiytho ianeaaenoaaiioth eioi?iaoeeth);

5. Aeeythuea ia ?ai?iaeoeoeaioth (aeaoi?iaeioth) ooieoeeth.

Ii noaiaie aicaeaenoaey ia i?aaieci /aeiaaea a?aaeiua aauanoaa aeaeyony
ia 4 eeanna iianiinoe:

1. *?acau/aeii iianiua;

2. Auniei iianiua;

3. Oia?aiii iianiua;

4. Iaeiiianiua.

Niaea?aeaiea a?aaeiuo aauanoa a aicaeooa ?aai/ae ciiu ia aeieaeii
i?aauoaoue i?aaeaeueii aeiionoeiuo eiioeaio?aoeee (IAeE).

I?aaeaeueii aeiionoeiay eiioeaio?aoeey (IAeE) – yoi eiioeaio?aoeey,
eioi?ay i?e aaeaaeiaaiie, ii ia aieaa 40 /ania a iaaeaeth, a oa/aiea
anaai ?aai/aai noaaea ia iiaoo aucaaoue caaieaaaiee eee ioeeiiaiee a
ninoiyiee caei?iauey, iaia?oaeeaaaiuo nia?aiaiiuie iaoiaeaie
enneaaeiaaiee a i?ioeanna ?aaiou eee a ioaeaeaiiua n?iee aeecie
ianoiyuaai eee iineaaeothueo iieieaiee (ia/i3 ).

N?aaenoaa caueou ?aaioathueo – yoi n?aaenoaa, i?eiaiaiea eioi?uo
i?aaeioa?auaao eee oiaiueoaao aicaeaenoaea ia ?aaioathueo a?aaeiuo e
iianiuo i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo oaeoi?ia. A caaeneiinoe io eiee/anoaa
?aaioathueo iie iiae?acaeaeythony ia n?aaenoaa eiaeeaeaeoaeueiie e
eieeaeoeaiie caueou.

Aooanoaoeey ?aai/eo iano ia niioaaonoaey o?aaiaaieyi
ii?iaoeaii-oaoie/aneeo aeieoiaioia e ii?iai ii io?aia o?oaea.

Iinoaiiaeaieai Ieio?oaea ?A ooaa?aeaeaia iaoiaeeea i?iaaaeaiey
aooanoaoeee ?aai/eo iano, aooanoaoeeiiiie eiienneae i?aaei?eyoey.

Ia?eiaee/iinoue i?iaaaeaiey iaeei ?ac a iyoue eao. Iia i?aaeoniao?eaaao:

1. Auyaeaiea ia ?aai/ai ianoa a?aaeiuo e iianiuo i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo
oaeoi?ia, onoaiiaeaiea eo aicieeiiaaiey;

2. Ioeaieo oaoie/aneiai e i?aaiecaoeeiiiiai o?iaiy ?aai/aai ianoa ia aai

niioaaonoaea ii?iai, i?aaeeai e noaiaea?oai;

3. Enneaaeiaaiea naieoa?ii-aeaeaie/aneeo oaeoi?ia i?iecaiaenoaaiiie
noa?u, neiaeiinoe e iai?yaeaiiinoue o?oaeiaiai i?ioeanna;

4. Ii?aaeaeaiea i?aaa ?aaioieeia ia iaineth ii aic?anoo, ii nieneai ?1 e
?2, onoaiiaeaiea aeiieao, eueaio e eiiiainaoeee; e ae?.

Aiai/a?aaeiay aooanoaoeey i?iaiaeeony: a neo/aa eciaiaiey oa?aeoa?a
o?oaea i?e ?aeiino?oeoeee i?aaei?eyoey, aiaae?aiey iiaie oaoieee e
oaoiieiaee, i?eiaiaiea iiauo aeaeia nu?uey, iaoa?eaeia; i?e oeo/oaiee
oneiaee o?oaea ca n/?o inouanoaeaiey i?aaiecaoeeiiii-oaoie/aneeo
ia?ii?eyoee; ii eieoeeaoeaa iaieiaoaey, i?ionithciuo i?aaiecaoeee, eeai
naiiai ?aaioieea; ii eieoeeaoeaa ainoaea?noaaiiie yenia?oecu oneiaee
o?oaea.

Oaia 2.2 Iee?ieeeiao e aaioeeyoeey iiiauaiee.

Iao?ieiae/aneea oneiaey i?iecaiaenoaaiiie n?aaeu.

Ia?aiao?u iaoaioneiaee:

· Oaiia?aoo?a

· Aeaaeiinoue

· Nei?inoue aeaeaeaiey aicaeoo

· Oaiia?aoo?a ie?oaeathueo iiaa?oiinoae

Yoe ia?aiao?u iiaoo eciaiyoueny a oe?ieeo i?aaeaeao, ii i?e yoii
oaiia?aoo?a oaea, eae i?aaeei, inoa?ony iinoiyiiie – eiiieaen neiaeiuo
oeceieiae/aneeo i?ioeannia iiaeaea?aeeaaao iiaeaea?aeeaathuee
oaiia?aoo?o oaea /aeiaaea i?e eciaiaiee ia?aiao?ia, i?e auiieiaiee
?aaiou iacuaatho oa?ii?aaoeyoeeae

Niaeanii noaiaea?oo onoaiaaeeaathony aeiionoeiua e iioeiaeueiua

iee?ieeeiaoe/aneea oneiaey ?aai/ae ciiu iiiauaiee.

Iioeiaeueiua — yoi oaeea ni/aoaiey iaoaieiae/aneeo ia?aiao?ia, eioi?ua
i?e aeeeoaeueiii e nenoaiaoe/aneii aicaeaenoaee ia /aeiaaea
iaania/eaatho nio?aiaiea ii?iaeueiiai ooieoeeiiaeueiiai e oaieiaiai
ninoiyiey i?aaiecia aac iai?yaeaiey iaoaieciia oa?ii?aaoeyoeee.

Aeiionoeiua – yoi oaeea ni/aoaiey iaoaieiae/aneeo ia?aiao?ia, eioi?ua
iiaoo aucaaoue ia?aoiaeyuea e auno?i ii?iaeecothueany eciaiaiey
ooieoeeiiaeueiiai e oaieiaiai ninoiyiey i?aaiecia e iai?yaeaiey ?aaiou
oa?ii?aaoeyoeee ia auoiaeyuea ca i?aaeaeu oeceieiae/aneeo.
i?eniiniaeoaeueiuo aiciiaeiinoae. I?e yoii ia aicieeaao iia?aaeaeaiee e
ia?ooaiee ninoiyiey caei?iauey, ii iiaoo iaaethaeaoueny aeeneiioi?oiua
oaieiiuouaiey, oooaeoaiea naii/oanoaey, iiieaeaiea ?aaioiniiniaiinoe.

Ii?ie?iaaiea iioeiaeueiuo e aeiionoeiuo iaoaioneiaee a ?aai/ae ciia

inouanoaeyaony a caaeneiinoe io:

Oyaeanoe oece/aneiai o?oaea (e?aeay ?aaioa, n?aaeiae oyaeanoe e oyaeaeay
?aaioa).

A?aiaie aiaea (oieiaeiue – n?aaeianooi/iay ia?oaeiay oaiia?aoo?a aei
+10°N e oaieue – auoa +10 N).

Aeey eiio?iey ia?aiao?ia iaoaioneiaee eniieuecotho neaaeothuea i?eai?u:

· Oaiia?aoo?a – oa?iiiao?, oa?iia?ao.

· Nei?inoue aeaeaeaiey aicaeooa aeey iaeuo – eaoaoa?iiiao?, aeey
aieueoeo – aiaiiiao?.

· Aeaaeiinoue – ineo?iiao?; aeae?ia?ao.

· Eo/enoia oaiei – aeoeiiiao?.

Aaioeeyoeey i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo iiiauaiee.

Aaioeeyoeey – yoi nenoaia ia?ii?eyoee e ono?ienoa, i?aaeiacia/aiiuo aeey
iaania/aiey ia iinoiyiiuo ?aai/eo ianoao, a ?aai/ae e ianeoaeeaaaiuo
ciiao iiiauaiee, iaoai?ieiae/aneeo oneiaee e /enoiou aicaeooiie n?aaeu,
niioaaonoaothueo aeaeaie/aneei e oaoie/aneei o?aaiaaieyi..

Nenoaia aaioeeyoeee eeanneoeoee?oaony:

· Ii niiniao ia?aiauaiey aicaeooa

· Iai?aaeaieth aai iioiea

· Ii ciia aeaenoaey

· Ii a?aiaie ?aaiou

Ii niiniao ia?aiauaiey aicaeooa ?acee/atho anoanoaaiioth e iaoaie/aneoth
(eneonnoaaiioth) aaioeeyoeeth.

Anoanoaaiiay i?ienoiaeeo ca n/?o ?aciinoe oaiia?aoo?, ieioiinoe
ia?oaeiiai e aioo?aiiaai aicaeooa, a oaeaea iiae aeaenoaeai aeaaeaiey e
?ac?yaeaiey nicaeaaaaiiai aao?ii, iiaeao auoue iai?aaieciaaiiay e
i?aaieciaaiiay.

Iaoaie/aneay inouanoaeyaony n iiiiuueth aaioeeyoi?ia. Iaoaie/aneay
aaioeeyoeey caaeneo io iai?aaeaiey iioieia aicaeooa e auaaao i?eoi/iie e
auoyaeiie. I?eoi/iay – i?aaeiacia/aia aeey iiaea/e /enoiai aicaeooa ia
?aai/ea ianoa, o/anoee. Auoyaeiay – aeey oaeaeaiey caa?yciaiiiai
aicaeooa ec iiiauaiee.

Ii ciia aeaenoaey ?acee/atho iauaiaiaiioth, ianoioth e niaoaiioth.

Iauaiaiaiiay — inouanoaeyaony iaiai aicaeooa ai an?i iiiauaiee,
i?eiaiyaony, eiaaea auaeaeaiea a?aaeiuo aauanoa iacia/eoaeueiia e
?aaiiia?ii ?ani?aaeaeyaony ii anaio iau?io iiiauaiee.

Ianoiay

1) Ianoiay-auoyaeiay – i?aaeiacia/aia aeey eieaeecaoeee e oaeaeaiey

a?aaeiinoe iaiin?aaenoaaiii a ianoao eo ia?aciaaiey (auoyaeiua
ciiou,ai?oiaua ioninu);

2) Ianoiay-i?eoi/iay – iaania/eaaao caaeaiiua ia?aiao?u aicaeooiie
n?aaeu a ii?aaeaeaiiie /anoe iiiauaiey, aaea /aeiaae iaoiaeeony iaeaieaa
i?iaeieaeeoaeueiia a?aiy (aicaeooiue aeoo, iacenu, aicaeooiay caaana).

Niaoaiiay = Iauaiaiaiiay + Ianoiay.

Aaa?eeiay aaioeeyoeey – i?aaeiacia/aia aeey auno?iai oaeaeaiey ec
iiiauaiey cia/eoaeueiiai iauaia aicaeooa, n aieueoei niaea?aeaieai
a?aaeiuo ac?uaiiianiuo aauanoa, iinooieaoeo a iiiauaiea i?e ia?ooaiee
oaoiiieiae/aneiai i?ioeanna eee aaa?ee..

Iniiaiuie yeaiaioaie iaoaie/aneie aaioeeyoeee yaeythony aicaeooicaai?iua
eee aicaeooi-aua?iniua ono?ienoaa, eaia?u aeey i?eaioiaeaiey aicaeooa,
aicaeooiaiaeu, aaioeeyoi? n yeaeo?iaeaeaaoaeai e
aicaeooi?ani?aaeaeeoaeai.

Aua?aiiay nenoaia aaioeeyoeee aeieaeia iaania/eaaoue ii?ie?oaiua
ia?aiao?u iee?ieeeiaoa e /enoioo aicaeooa a ?aai/ae ciia. Iaiaoiaeeii,
/oiau iia ia aucuaaea ac?uaiie e iiaea?iie iianiinoe e ia niinianoaiaaea
?ani?ino?aiaieth i?iaeoeoia ai?aiey a ae?oaeo iiiauaieyo, eiaea
ono?ienoaa, iaania/eaathuea yeaeo?iaaciianiinoue e iaiaaeeaiiia
ioeeth/aiea. ?aniieiaeaiea yeaiaioia nenoaiu aaioeeyoeee ia aeieaeii
cao?oaeiyoue iiioaae, yenieoaoaoeeth e ?aiiio oaoiieiae/aneiai
iai?oaeiaaiey, a oaeaea caa?iiiaeaeaoue ?aai/ea ianoa, i?ioiaeu,
nieaeaoue inaauaiiinoue.

Nicaeaiea e aaoiiaoe/aneia iiaeaea?aeaiea a cae?uouo iiiauaieyo
oaiia?aoo?u, ioiineoaeueiie aeaaeiinoe, nei?inoe aeaeaeaiey, /enoiou e
ninoaaa aicaeooa, iaeaieaa aeaaii?eyoiuo aeey naii/oanoaey ethaeae
aeinoeaaaony eiiaeeoeeiie?iaaieai aicaeooa.

Yooaeoeaiinoue aaioeeyoeeiiiie onoaiiaee oa?aeoa?ecoaony e?aoiinoueth
aicaeooiiaiaia – iieacuaathuaai neieueei ?ac a oa/aiee /ana iieiinoueth
caiaiyaony aicaeoo a iiiauaiee.

Oaia 2.3 I?iecaiaenoaaiiia inaauaiea.

Naao yaeyaony anoanoaaiiui oneiaeai aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe /aeiaaea –
iaania/eaaao naycue i?aaiecia n aiaoiae n?aaeie. I?e ieioi
i?aaieciaaiiii inaauaiee oooaeoaaony aeaeaiea, ooiieyaony c?eoaeueiue
aiia?ao, nieaeaaony ino?ioa c?aiey, io?eoeaoaeueii aeeyao ia ia?aioth
nenoaio, iiaeao noaoue i?e/eiie o?aaiaoecia.

A caaeneiinoe io enoi/ieea ?acee/atho:

1) Anoanoaaiiia

2) Eneonnoaaiiia

3) Niaiauaiiia

Anoanoaaiiia — nicaeaaony yia?aeae nieioea e iiae?acaeaeyaony ia:

1. Aieiaia,

2. Aa?oiaa,

3. Niaiauaiiia.

Eneonnoaaiiia – nicaeaaony eneonnoaaiiuie enoi/ieeaie naaoa.

Ii ?aniieiaeaieth enoi/ieeia eneonnoaaiiua aeaeyony ia iauaa
eiiaeie?iaaiiia (iauaa + ianoiia)

Iauaa – ?aaiiia?ii inaauaao ana iiiauaiea;

Ianoiia – oieueei ?aai/oth iiaa?oiinoue.

Ii iacia/aieth eneonnoaaiiia inaauaiea iiae?acaeaeyaony ia:

1. ?aai/aa,

2. Aaa?eeiia,

3. Yaaeoaoeeiiiia,

4. Io?aiiia,

5. Aeaaeo?iia.

Inaauaiea ?aai/eo iano aeieaeii ioaa/aoue oneiaeyi e oa?aeoa?o ?aaiou,
auoue iioeiaeueiui ii aaee/eia.

Iaaeinoaoi/iay inaauaiiinoue nieaeaao ino?ioo c?aiey.

*?acia?iay inaauaiiinoue – auno?ia ooiieaiea aeac, nieaeaiea aeaeeiinoe.

Ia inaauaiiinoue iiiauaiee aeeytho ea/anoai ioaeaeee, oeaao noai,
iioieea.

Ia anoanoaaiioth inaauaiiinoue aeeytho neaaeothuea oaeoi?u:

1. A?aiy nooie

2. Iiaiaeiua oneiaey

3. A?aiy aiaea

4. Inoaeeaiea

5. Naii iiiauaiea e ae?.

Onoaiiaeaiu naieoa?ii-aeaeaie/aneea o?aaiaaiey e eneonnoaaiiiio
inaauaieth:

Inaauaiea aeieaeii niioaaonoaiaaoue o?iaith auiieiyaiie c?eoaeueiie
?aaiou;

inaauaiea aeieaeii auoue onoie/eaui e ?aaiiia?iui a oa/aiee ?aai/aai
a?aiaie; niaeo?aeueiue ninoaa eneonnoaaiiuo enoi/ieeia naaoa aeieaeai
auoue iaeneiaeueii i?eaeeaeai e anoanoaaiiiio; naie enoi/ieee e
iaoiaeyueany a ?aai/ae ciia i?aaeiaou ia aeieaeiu nicaeaaaoue
ae?noeinoae e ae?.

Inaaoeoaeueiua onoaiiaee ia aeieaeiu nicaeaaaoue ooia e ineaieyoue
i?yiui iiiaaeaieai a aeaca.

Ii?iu i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai inaauaiey onoaiiaeaiu aeey eneonnoaaiiiai,
anoanoaaiiiai e niaiauaiiiai inaauaiey ii ainueie ?ac?yaeai ?aaio,
oa?aeoa?ecothueieny oi/iinoueth auiieiaiey e iaeiaiueoei ?acia?ii
?anniao?eaaaiiai iauaeoa.

Ia eneonnoaaiiia inaauaiea ii?iu aaaaeaiu n o/?oii eiio?anoiinoe iaaeaeo
iauaeoii e oiiii (ii?aaeaeyaony ii ?ac?yaeii a, a, a…).

Eiio?ano iiaeao auoue

aieueoie,

n?aaeiee e

iaeue.

Iniiaiua naaoioaoie/aneea oa?aeoa?enoeee:

· Naaoiaie iioie

· Inaauaiiinoue

· Eiyooeoeeaio anoanoaaiiie inaauaiiinoe

· Eiyooeoeeaio ioeuenaoeee inaauaiiinoe

· Eiyooeoeeaio io?aaeaiiinoe

· Eiio?ano iauaeoa n oiiii

· Iieacaoaeue ineaieaiiinoe

Enoi/ieee naaoa e inaaoeoaeueiua i?eai?u.

Enoi/ieee naaoa auaatho: aaci?ac?yaeiua eaiiu e eaiiu iaeaeeaaiey.

Inaaoeoaeueiue i?eai? – niaieoiiinoue enoi/ieeia naaoa e a?iaoo?u.

Iie auaatho aeeaeiaai e aeaeueiaai aeaenoaey ( naaoeeueieee, i?iaeaeoi?u
).

A i?ioeanna yenieoaoaoeee inaaoeoaeueiie onoaiiaee iaiaoiaeeii
i?aaeoniao?eaaoue ?aaoey?ioth i/enoeo io caa?yciaiey, naiaa?aiaiioth
caiaio eaii, eiio?ieue iai?yaeaiey a naoe, ?aiiio naaoeeueieeia,
?aaoey?ioth ie?aneo noai, iioieea. Eiio?ieue ninoiyiey inaaoeoaeueiuo
onoaiiaie i?iaiaeeony ia?eiaee/anee ia ?aaea iaeiiai ?aca a aiae.

I?iaa?yaony inaauaiiinoue ia ?aai/eo ianoao n iiiiuueth
oioiyeaeo?e/aneeo etheniao?ia TH–116. TH–117 e ae?. Aeey ecia?aiey neeu
naaoa e y?einoe i?eiaiytho oioiiao?u oeia OIE e OI*.

Oaia 2.4 Caueoa io ooia e aea?aoeee.

Ooi, aai aeeyiea ia /aeiaaea, n?aaenoai caueou io iaai.

Ooi – yoi niaieoiiinoue caoeia, ?acee/iuo ii /anoioa e eioaineaiinoe,
a?aaeii aeeythueo ia i?aaieci /aeiaaea.

Ooi — yoi iaaeaaii?eyoiua caoee.

Aicieeaao ooi i?e iaoaie/aneeo eieaaaieyo a oaa?aeuo, aeeaeeeo e
aaciia?aciuo n?aaeao. N oece/aneie noi?iiu ooi oa?aeoa?ecoaony /anoioie
eieaaaiey, caoeiaui aeaaeaieai, eioaineaiinoueth eee neeie caoea.

Ooi aini?eieiaao caoeiaua eieaaaiey io 16 aei 20000 Aoe. Eio?acaoe
(ieaea 16 Aoe) e Oeueo?acaoe (auoa 20000 Aoe) neooii ia aini?eieiathony,
ii ieacuaatho aeieiae/aneia aeaenoaea ia i?aaieci /aeiaaea.

Neooiaie aiia?ao /aeiaaea iaeaaeaao ia iaeeiaeiaie /oanoaeoaeueiinoueth
e caoeai ?acee/iie /anoiou. Aaee/eia ieieiaeueiiai caoeiaiai aeaaeaiey
neaai ?acee/eiuo neooiaui aiia?aoii /aeiaaea caoeia iacuaaaony
ii?iaiaui, ca yoaeii i?eiyo caoe n /anoioie 1000 Aoe. Aa?oiyy ii
eioaineaiinoe a?aieoea aini?eieiaaiuo /aeiaaeii caoeia – ii?ia aieaaiai
iuouaiey. Iaaeaeo ii?iaii aieaaiai iuouaiey e neuoeiinoe eaaeeo iaeanoue
neuoeiinoe. Ooi yaeyaony iauaaeieiae/aneei ?acae?aaeeoaeai. Aicaeaenoaoy
ia ia?aioth nenoaio, ii ieacuaaao aeeyiea ia i?aaieci /aeiaaea. Ooi
aucuaaao aieiaiua aiee, iiauoaiea e?iayiiai aeaaeaiey, nieaeaao
eiioeaio?aoeeth aieiaiey, ino?ioo c?aiey, ineaaeyao iaiyoue, i?eaiaeeo e
?anno?ienoao

ia?aiie nenoaiu e ae?., niinianoaoao aicieeiiaaieth oneiaee, eioi?ua
i?eaiaeyo e ian/anoiui neo/ayi. Eioaineaiue ooi aucuaaao ia?ooaiea
nae?aoi?iie e iioi?iie aeayoaeueiinoe aeaeoaeea, eciaiaiey a
na?aea/ii-ninoaeenoie nenoaia, i?eaiaeeo e ?acaeoeth caaieaaaiee i?aaiia
neooa (iaa?eo neooiaiai ia?aa, ooaiooinoue, aeooioa).

Ooiu eeanneoeoee?othony.

· Ii oa?aeoa?o niaeo?a ia: oe?ieiiieiniua e oiiaeueiua.

Ii a?aiaiiui oa?aeoa?enoeeai

Iinoiyiiue (o?iaaiue caoeiaiai aeaaeaiey ca 8 /aniaie aeaiue eciaiyaony
ai a?aiaie ia aieaa /ai ia 5 OeA)

Iaiinoiyiiue (aieaa /ai ia 5 OeA)

· Eieaaethuea,

· I?a?uaenoua,

· Eiioeueniua.

Ai?ueaa n ooiii aaaeaony ii 3 iai?aaeaieyi:

1. Nieaeaiea ooia a enoi/ieea aai ia?aciaaiey ca n/?o eiino?oeoeaiuo,
oaoiieiae/aneeo e yenieoaoaoeeiiiuo ia?ii?eyoee.

2. Nieaeaiea ooia ia iooe aai ?ani?ino?aiaiey io enoi/ieea aei
?aaioathuaai.

3. Oiaiueoaiea a?aaeiiai aicaeaenoaey ooia ia i?aaieci /aeiaaea ca n/?o
n?aaenoa eiaeeaeaeoaeueiie caueou.

Iaeaieaa yooaeoeaiue iaoiae – yoi aeenoaioeeiiiia oi?aaeaiea
oaoiieiae/aneei iai?oaeiaaieai.

Nouiinoue caoeiecieyoeee: /anoue caoeiaie yia?aee io?aaeaaony io
i?aa?aaeu, /anoue iiaeiuaaony naiie i?aa?aaeie e iacia/eoaeueiay /anoue
i?iieeaao ca ia?aaeaeaiea (aeonoe/aneee ye?ai, eaaeia, eiaeooe).

Iaeiei ec iaoiaeia no?ieoaeueiie aeonoeee yaeyaony eniieueciaaiea
ooiiiiaeauathueo eiino?oeoeee eee iaoa?eaeia (iaiiieano, ii?ieii, aaoa).

Ia ?aai/eo ianoao, aaea nieceoue ooi aei aeiionoeiuo cia/aiee ca n/?o
oaoie/aneeo ia?ii?eyoee ia i?aaenoaaeyaony aiciiaeiui i?eiaiythony
n?aaenoaa eiaeeaeaeoaeueiie caueou; aeeaaeuoe, iaooieee, oeaiioiiu
(aieaa 120 AeA) e ae?.

Aea?aoeey, a? aeeyiea ia /aeiaaea, n?aaenoaa e iaoiaeu caueou.

Aea?aoeey — yoi iaoaie/aneea eieaaaiey a oaoieea (iaoeiao, iaoaieciao,
iai?oaeiaaiee, eino?oiaioao) ioiineoaeueii eaeeo eeai ia?aiia/aeueiuo
iieiaeaiee.

Ia oaei /aeiaaea aea?aoeey ia?aaeaaony i?e eiioaeoa n eieaaethueieny
iauaeoaie.

Ii niiniao ia?aaea/e ?acee/atho aea?aoeeth:

1. Eieaeueioth – (ianoiay) ia?aaea?ony /a?ac ?oee (ae?aeue).

2. Iauoth – ia?aaeaaony /a?ac iii?iua iiaa?oiinoe neaeyuaai eee noiyuaai
/aeiaaea.

Iauay aea?aoeey ii enoi/ieeo aicieeiiaaiey iiae?acaeaeyaony ia
eaoaai?ee:

1. O?ainii?oiua aea?aoeee;

2. O?ainii?oii-oaoiieiae/aneea;

3. Oaoiieiae/aneea.

Aeaenoaea aea?aoeee ia /aeiaaea.

Ianoiua aea?aoeee iaeie eioaineaiinoe iiaoo ieacaoue aeaaii?eyoiua
aicaeaenoaey ia i?aaieci /aeiaaea: oeo/oeoue ooieoeeiiaeueiia ninoiyiea
/aeiaaea, onei?eoue caaeeaeaiea ?ai e oae aeaeaa.

I?e oaaee/aiee eioaineaiinoe eieaaaiee e aeeeoaeueiinoe eo aicaeaenoaey
aicieeatho eciaiaiey i?eaiaeyuea a ?yaea neo/aaa e ?acaeoeth
i?iocaaieaaaiee aea?iaieacie. Iaeaieaa iianiu ?aciiainiua eieaaaiey.

Iniiaiua i?iyaeaiey aea?iaieacie: ia?ooaiea oeaio?aeueiie ia?aiie e
na?aea/ii-ninoaeenoie nenoaiu, iiyaeaiea aieiaiuo aieae,
aieiaie?oaeaiea, iiauoaiiay aicaoaeeiinoue, nieaeaiea ?aaioiniiniaiinoe,
ia?ooaiea nia, ?anno?ienoai aanoeaoey?iiai aiia?aoa. Aeeeoaeueiia
aicaeaenoaea aea?aoeee iiaeao i?eaanoe e noieeei iaoieiae/aneei
eciaiaieyi: ii?aaeaiea einii- nonoaaiiai aiia?aoa, ooieoeeiiaeueii
?anno?ienoai aioo?aiieo i?aaiia, iiouaiea i?aaiia iaeiai oaca,
ieinoaiaiea nooiaeeeee, iuooe e oae aeaeaa.

Ia?ii?eyoey ii caueoa io aea?aoeee iiae?acaeaeythony ia iaoaie/aneea,
i?aaiecaoeeiiiua, ea/aaii-i?ioeeaeoe/aneea:

– ono?aiaiea aea?aoeee a enoi/ieea e ia iooe eo ?ani?ino?aiaiey
(nicaeaiea aeaaii?eyoiuo oneiaee o?oaea, caiaia oaoiieiae/aneeo
i?ioeannia, i?eiaiaiea aeaoaeae ec ieanoiannu, iioeiaeueiua ?aaeeiu
ioaeuoa, aaeaine?iaea a?auathueony aeaoaeae e oae aeaeaa.)

Aeey oiaiueoaiey ia iooe ?ani?ino?aiaiey i?eiaiytho
aea?i-aeaiioe??iaaiea (iaianaiea neiy oi?iaiayceeo iaoa?eaeia, ?aceiu
ieanoiannu e oae aeaeaa), aea?iaaoaiea;

– ?aoeeiiaeueiia /a?aaeiaaiea o?oaea e ioaeuoa, aeoeaiue ioaeuo, ia
aeiioneathony eeoea iieiaea 18 eao e aa?aiaiiua aeaiueiu, cai?auaia
naa?o o?i/iay ?aaioa;

– oeueo?aoeieaoiaia iaeo/aiea, aicaeooiue iaia?aa, iannaae, oaieay
aaiiay, i?e?i aeoaieiiuo i?aia?aoia.

Oaeaea i?eiaiythony n?aaenoaa eiaeeaeaeoaeueiie caueou: ?oeaaeoeu,
ia?/aoee,niaoeeaeueiay iaoaue e oae aeaeaa.

Oeueo?acaoe e eio?acaoe.

Eio?acaoe iaei i?eiaiyaony a i?ecaiaenoaa, oeueo?acaoe iaoae oe?ieia
i?eiaiaiea (iaoeiino?iaiea, iaoaeeo?aey, ?aaeeioaoieea, e?aeay
i?iiuoeaiiinoue, iaaeeoeeia e oae aeaeaa)

Aeaenoaea ia i?aaieci eio?acaoea: aieiaiua aiee, nieaeaiea aieiaiey,
iaiyoe, /oanoai no?aoa, o?aaiae, ia?ooaiea ?aaiou iiiaeo i?aaiia.

Ia?ii?eyoey ii ai?ueaa n iei: ono?aiaiea i?e/ei aai aicieeiiaaiey e
ineaaeaiea a enoi/ieea, oneeaiea ae?noeinoe eiino?oeoeee aieueoeo
?acia?ia, i?eiaiaiea aeooeoaeae, i?eiaiaiea n?aaenoa eiaeeaeaeoaeueiie
caueou. Caoeiecieyoeey e caoeiiiaeiuaiea iaeiyooaeoeaiu io eio?acaoea.

Aeeeoaeueiia aicaeaenoaea oeueo?acaoea aucuaaao ia?ooaiea ia?aiie
na?aea/ii-ninoaeenoie nenoaiu, neooiaiai aiia?aoa, aieiaioth aieue,
?anno?ienoaa nia, ooiieyaiinoue, eciaiaiea ninoaaa e naienoa a e?iae,
nieaeaiea neooa.

Caueoiua ia?ii?eyoey, aiaeiae/iua caueoa io ooia: caoeieciee?othuea
eiaeooe, eaaeiu e oae aeaeaa. Yooaeoeaii i?eiaiyoue aeenoaioeeiiiia
oi?aaeaiea.

Oaia 2.5

Caueoa io aicaeaenoaey i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo eceo/aiee.

Caueoa io yeaeo?iiaaieoiuo iieae (YII).

A i?iecaiaenoaa oe?iei i?eiaiythony yeaeo?iiaaieoiua iiey ?aaeei/anoio e
i?iiuoeaiiie /anoiou, iinoiyiiua iaaieoiua e yeaeo?inoaoe/aneea iiey,
iianiinoue aicaeaenoaey eioi?uo onoaoaeyaony oai, /oi iie ia
iaia?oaeeaathony i?aaiaie /oanoa. Eo eniieuecotho aeey iaa?aaa iaoaeea
i?e ieaaea e eiaea, iieo/aiey ieaciaiiiai ninoiyiey aauanoaa, i?e
oa?iiia?aaioea ?acee/iuo iaoa?eaeia, a ?aaeeioaoie/aneeo e yeaeo?iiiuo
i?eai?ao. Noaiaiue e oa?aeoa? aicaeaenoaey YII ia i?aaieci /aeiaaea
ii?aaeaeyaony ieioiinoueth iioiea yia?aee, /anoioie eceo/aiey,
i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoueth aicaeaenoaey, ?aaeeiia iaeo/aiey (iai?a?uaiue,
i?iaeieaeeoaeueiue), ?acia?ii iaeo/aaiie iiaa?oiinoe oaea,
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiuie iniaaiiinoyie i?aaiecia, eiiaeie?iaaiiui aeaenoaeai
niaianoii n ae?oaeie a?aaeiuie oaeoi?aie i?iecaiaenoaaiiie n?aaeu
(iiauoaiiay oaiia?aoo?a ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu, iaee/ea ?aioaaiianeiai
eceo/aiey, ooi e ae?oaia).

A ciia aeaenoaey YII /aeiaae iiaeaa?aaaony oaieiaiio e aeieiae/aneiio
aicaeaenoaeth: ia?aa?aa, iaeo/aiea aeac, ooieoeeiiaeueiua eciaiaiey
oeaio?aeueiie ia?aiie e na?aea/ii-ninoaeenoie nenoaiu (aieiaiua aiee,
ooiieyaiinoue, oooaeoaiea naii/oanoaey, ia?aii-ineoe/aneia ?anno?ienoai
e ae?.) iiaoo iaaethaeaoueny o?ioe/aneea ?anno?ienoaa: iiooaeaiea,
auiaaeaiea aiein, eiieinoue iiaoae, eciaiaiea a e?iae.

– N?aaenoaa e niiniau caueou: oiaiueoaiea ia?aiao?ia eceo/aiey
iaiin?aaenoaaiii a naiii enoi/ieea eceo/aiey, ye?aie?iaaiea enoi/ieeia
eceo/aiey, ye?aie?iaaiea ?aai/aai ianoa, ia?aie/aiea a?aiaie i?aauaaiey
ia?niiaea a ciia aeaenoaey YII, oaaee/aiea ?annoiyiey iaaeaeo enoi/ieeii
eceo/aiey e ?aai/ei ianoii, i?eiaiaiea i?aaeoi?aaeeoaeueiie
neaiaeecaoeee, i?eiaiaiea n?aaenoa eiaeeaeaeoaeueiie caueou e ae?.

– Yeaeo?e/aneea iiey i?iiuoeaiiie /anoiou.

– Iinoiyiiua iaaieoiua iiey.

– Eaca?iia eceo/aiea.

Caueoa io eiiece?othueo eceo/aiee.

Eiiecaoeey eceo/aiey iaoiaeyo i?eiaiaiea aeey aaoiiaoe/aneiai eiio?iey
ioaeaeueiuo oaoiieiae/aneeo iia?aoeee, ii?aaeaeaiey ea/anoaa naa?iuo
niaaeeiaiee, eciina aeaoaeae e o.ae.

Enoi/ieee eiiece?othueo eceo/aiee: onoaiiaee ?aiaaii-no?oeoo?iiai
aiaeeca, aunieiaieueoiua yeaeo?iaaeooiiua nenoaiu, ?aaeeaoeeiiiua
aeaoaeoineiiu, oieueiiia?u, ieioiiia?u e o.ae.

Aeieiae/aneia aicaeaenoaea eiiece?othuaai eceo/aiey ii?aaeaeyaony
iiaeiuaieai aeeaie oeaiueth yia?aee e aicieeathuae i?e yoii eiiecaoeeae
iieaeoe iaeo/aaiiai aauanoaa.

Iaeo/aiea iiaeao auoue aioo?aiiei (?aaeeiaeoeaiue ecioii iiiaaeaao
aioo?ue i?aaiecia) e aiaoiei: iauei (iaeo/aiea anaai i?aaiecia) e
ianoiui (iaeo/aiea ?oe); o?iie/aneei ( iinoiyiiia eee iai?a?uaiiai
aeaenoaey a oa/aiee aeeeoaeueiiai a?aiaie) e ino?ui (iaeiie?aoiia,
e?aoeia?aiaiiia, eo/aaia aicaeaenoaea).

IAeAe – iaeaieueoaa cia/aiea eiaeeaeaeoaeueiie yeaeaaeaioiie aeicu ca
aiae, eioi?ia i?e ?aaiiia?iii aicaeaenoaee a oa/aiee 50 eao ia auciaao a
ninoiyiee caei?iauey ia?niiaea iaaeaaii?eyoiuo eciaiaiee,
iaia?oaeeaaaiuo nia?aiaiiuie iaoiaeaie.

Ia?u aaciianiinoe: eneeth/aiea anyeiai iaiainiiaaiiiai iaeo/aiey,
nieaeaiea aeic iaeo/aiey aei aiciiaeiiai ieceiai o?iaiy n o/?oii
nioeeaeueiuo e yeiiiie/aneeo aiciiaeiinoae, ia i?aauoaoue onoaiiaeaiiiai
aeiciaiai i?aaeaea.

Caueoa io eiiece?othueo eceo/aiee: eniieueciaaiea enoi/ieeia n
ieieiaeueii aiciiaeiui auoiaeii eceo/aiey; caueoa ?annoiyieai,
ye?aie?iaaiea enoi/ieeia; i?eiaiaiea ?iaioece?iaaiiuo eiiieaenia,
aeenoaioeeiiiiai oi?aaeaiey, iaieioeyoi?ia, niio?iauo ono?ienoa,
i?eiaiaiea n?aaenoa eiaeeaeaeoaeueiie caueou; aeiceiao?e/aneee eiio?ieue
e ae?.

Iaoiaeu ?aaeno?aoeee eceo/aiee: eiiecaoeeiiiue, noeeioeey?iue,
oioia?aoe/aneee, eieiiao?e/aneee e ae?.

Aeey ecia?aiey iiuiinoe yeniiceoeeiiiie aeicu i?eiaiytho ?aioaaiiiao?u
Ae?O-2-03, EO*-A, EIA-A, EIA-1 e ae?.; aeey ecia?aiey ieioiinoe iioieia
eiiece?othueo eceo/aiee – ?aaeeiiao?u ?OI – 1, OINN, «E?enoaee», e ae?.;
aeey ecia?aiey yeniiceoeeiiiie eee iaeau?iiie aeicu eniieuecotho
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiua aeiceiao?u AeE-02, « Nieiaae », EEAe-2, e ae?.).

Oaia 2.6 Iniiau aeaeaiu o?oaea.

Aeaeaia o?oaea – yoi iaaeeoeeineay iaoea, eco/athuay aicaeaenoaea
ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu, oa?aeoa?a o?oaeiaie aeayoaeueiinoe ia i?aaieci
?aaioathuaai n oeaeueth ?ac?aaioee naieoa?ii-aeaeaie/aneeo ia?aiao?ia e
i?aeoe/aneeo ia?ii?eyoee, iai?aaeaiiuo ia ono?aiaiea iaaeaaii?eyoiuo
i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo oaeoi?ia, i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiea ee ineaaeaiea eo aeeyiey
ia i?aaieci /aeiaaea aeey oe?aieaiey caei?iauey e iiauoaiey
?aaioiniiniaiinoe.

Aeaeaia o?oaea eco/aao iaoiaeu e oi?iu o?oaeiauo i?ioeannia, eciaiaiey a
i?ioeanna ?aaiou ooieoeee e ?aaioiniiniaiinoe o ?aaioathuaai, ?aaeei
o?oaea e ioaeuoa; iniaaiiinoe i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo i?ioeanna,
iai?oaeiaaiey, iaoa?eaeia, naieoa?iua oneiaey o?oaea, ninoiyiea e
aeaeaie/aneoth yooaeoeaiinoue n?aaenoa eiaeeaeaeoaeueiie caueou.
Iaeaieaa aaaeiui iiiyoeyie aeaeaiu o?oaea e i?iecaiaenoaaiiie naieoa?ee
yaeythony iianiua e a?aaeiua i?iecaiaenoaaiiua oaeoi?u, IAeE e o?iaie
a?aaeiuo oaeoi?ia.

Eeanneoeeaoeey a?aaeiuo e iianiuo i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo oaeoi?ia.

Iianiua — yoi oa, aicaeaenoaea eioi?uo ia ?aaioathueo i?eaiaeeo e o?aaia
eee ae?oaiio aiacaiiiio oooaeoaieth caei?iauey.

A?aaeiua – yoi oa oaeoi?u, aicaeaenoaea eioi?uo ia ?aaioathueo i?eaiaeeo
e caaieaaaieyi eee nieaeaieth ?aaioiniiniaiinoue.

Niaeanii AINOa iianiua e a?aaeiua i?iecaiaenoaaiiua oaeoi?u ii i?e?iaea
aeaenoaey iiae?acaeaeythony ia neaaeothuea a?oiiu:

1. Oece/aneea: iiauoaiiay eee iiieaeaiiay oaiia?aoo?a, iiauoaiea o?iaiy
ooia, aea?aoeee, ionoonoaea eee iaaeinoaoie anoanoaaiiie inaauaiiinoe,
iiauoaiiay y?einoue naaoa, eiiecaoeey aicaeooa e oae aeaeaa.

2. Oeie/aneea:

a. Ii oa?aeoa?o aicaeaenoaey ia i?aaieci /aeiaaea (oiene/aneea,
?acae?aaeathuea, iooaaaiiua, naineaeeece?othuea, eaioea?iaaiiua e ae?.);

a. Ii iooe i?iieeiiaaiey a i?aaieci /aeiaaea, /a?ac: i?aaiu aeuoaiey,
aeaeoaei/ii-eeoa/iue o?aeo, eiaeiue iie?ia e neecenoua iaiei/ee.

3. Aeieiae/aneea oaeoi?u: iaoiaaiua iee?ii?aaieciu (aaeoa?ee, ae?onu e
ae?;); iae?ii?aaieciu ( ?anoaiey e aeeaioiua).

4. Ineoioeceieiae/aneea: (oece/aneea e ia?aii-ineoieiae/aneea
ia?aa?ocee)

I?ioanneiiaeueiua caaieaaaiey aicieeatho io aicaeaenoaey a?aaeiuo
oneiaee o?oaea.

Aeaeu (iniiaiua):

1. Iiaaiieiieicu.

2. Aea?iaieaciue.

3. Iueaaua a?iioeou.

4. Iaa?eou neooiauo ia?aia e ae?.

?aaeno?aoeey, ?anneaaeiaaiea, o/?o e aiaeec i?iocaaieaaaiee
?aaeaiaioe?oaony I?aaeeaie ?anneaaeiaaiey e o/?oa ian/anoiuo neo/aaa ia
i?iecaiaenoaa e i?ioanneiiaeueiuo caaieaaaiee.

I?eioeeiu ii?aaeaeaiey iieacaoaeae ioeaiee oneiaee o?oaea ia
i?iecaiaenoaa:

· Oneiaey o?oaea – niaieoiiinoue oaeoi?ia i?iecaiaenoaaiiie n?aaeu,
ieacuaathuaa aicaeaenoaea ia caei?iauea e ?aaioiniiniaiinoue /aeiaaea a
i?ioeanna o?oaea.

· I?iaaaeaiea aooanoaoeee ?aai/eo iano;

· N?aaiaiea n ii?iaoeaiuie cia/aieyie ia?aiao?ia oaeoi?ia
i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo n?aae;

· Caia? oaeoe/aneeo ia?aiao?ia e niiinoaaeaiea eo n ii?iaie.

I?aaiecoaony e inouanoaeyaony eiio?ieue ca oaeoi?aie i?iecaiaenoaaiiie
n?aaeu e o?oaeiaiai i?ioeanna.

Aeey i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiey aicaeaenoaey iianiuo e a?aaeiuo oaeoi?ia
iaiaoiaeeii inouanoaeyoue i?aaeeueiue auai? n?aaenoa eieeaeoeaiie e
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiie caueou. Iaiaoiaeeii o/eouaaoue iniaaiiinoe aeaeaiu
o?oaea i?e eniieueciaaiee aeaineiai o?oaea e iiae?inoeia.

Iaania/eaaoue iaaeci? ca i?iecaiaenoaaiiie n?aaeie.

Iaiaoiaeeii naieoa?ii-auoiaia iaania/aiea ?aaioathueo, i?ioiaeaeaiea
iaaeiniio?ia.

Iniaaiiinoe aeaeaiu o?oaea iiae?inoeia e aeaiuei.

Iniaaiiinoe ?aaoee?iaaiey o?oaea aeaiuei a niioaaonoaee ni noaoueyie
262–271 OE ?A.

Cai?auaaony i?eiaiaiea o?oaea aeaiuei ia oyaeaeuo ?aaioao e ia ?aaioao n
a?aaeiuie oneiaeyie o?oaea, a oaeaea ia iiaecaiiuo ?aaioao, e?iia
iaeioi?uo iiaecaiiuo ?aaio.

A oeaeyo iaania/aiey nio?aiaiey caei?iauey ?aaioathueo aeaiuei,
iinoaiiaeaieai Ieienoa?noaa o?oaea ?anioaeeee Aaea?onue onoaiiaeaiu
oeacaiiua ii?iu i?e iiaeuaia e ia?aiauaiee oyaeanoae, i?e /a?aaeiaaiee n
ae?oaie ?aaioie, i?aaeaeueiay aeiionoeiay ianna a?oca ninoaaeyao 10 ea,
iinoiyiii a oa/aiea ?aai/ae niaiu, i?aaeaeueiay ianna a?oca nieaeaaony
aei 7 ea, ia?aie/aiey ?annoiyiey, ia eioi?ia ia?aiauaaony a?oc a?o/ioth
– (5 i), auniou iiaeuaia a?oca (n iiea – 1 i, n ?aai/ae iiaa?oiinoe –
0,5 i).

Cai?auaaony i?eaea/aiea e ?aaioai a ii/iia a?aiy, e naa?oo?i/iui
?aaioai, ?aaioai a ainoaea?noaaiiua i?acaeieee e i?acaeie/iua aeie,
?aaioai a auoiaeiua aeie e iai?aaeaiea a neoaeaaioth eiiaiaee?iaeo
aa?aiaiiuo aeaiuei e aeaiuei, eiathueo aeaoae a aic?anoa aei o?ao eao.

AEaiueiu, eiathuea aeaoae a aic?anoa io o?ao aei /aou?iaaeoeaoe eao
(aeaoae-eiaaeeaeia aei ainaiiaaeoeaoe eao), iiaoo i?eaeaeaoueny e
ii/iui, naa?oo?i/iui ?aaioai, ?aaioai a ainoaea?noaaiiua i?acaeieee e
i?acaeie/iua aeie, ?aaioai a auoiaeiua aeie e iai?aaeyoueny a
neoaeaaioth eiiaiaee?iaeo oieueei n eo niaeaney.

OE ?A onoaiiaeai ?yae aa?aioee e eueaio aeaiueiai–o?oaeaieoeai;
Aa?aiaiiui aeaiueiai nieaeathony ii?iu au?aaioee, ianeoaeeaaiey, eeai
iie ia?aaiaeyony ia ae?oaoth ?aaioo, aieaa eaaeoth e eneeth/athuoth
aicaeaenoaea iaaeaaii?eyoiuo i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo oaeoi?ia, n nio?aiaieai
n?aaeiaai ca?aaioea;

aeaiueiai i?aaeinoaaeyaony ioione ii aa?aiaiiinoe e ?iaeai, ii aeaeaieth
aeaiueiu ae i?aaeinoaaeyaony ioione ii ooiaeo ca ?aaaieii aei
aeinoeaeaiey ei aic?anoa o?ao eao n auieaoie ca yoio ia?eiae
aaeaiany/iiai ainoaea?noaaiiiai iiniaey.

3a a?aiy ioionea ii ooiaeo ca aeaiueiie nio?aiyaony ianoi ?aaiou
(aeieaeiinoue), a ia?eiae iaoiaeaeaiey a ioionea can/eouaaaony a iauee e
iai?a?uaiue noaae ?aaiou, a oaeaea a noaae ?aaiou ii niaoeeaeueiinoe.

Iaoa?e, ainieouaathuae ?aaaiea-eiaaeeaea a aic?anoa aei ainaiiaaeoeaoe
eao, ii aa cayaeaieth aaeaiany/ii i?aaeinoaaeyaony iaeei naiaiaeiue io
?aaiou aeaiue n iieaoie

Iaoa?e, ainieouaathuae aeaieo e aieaa aeaoae a aic?anoa aei
oanoiaaeoeaoe eao, ii aa cayaeaieth aaeaiany/ii i?aaeinoaaeyaony iaeei
naiaiaeiue io ?aaiou aeaiue n iieaoie a ?acia?a e ia oneiaeyo,
i?aaeoniio?aiiuo a eieeaeoeaiii aeiaiai?a.

AEaiueiai, eiathuei aeaoae a aic?anoa aei iieooi?a eao,
i?aaeinoaaeythony aeiiieieoaeueiua ia?a?uau aeey ei?ieaiey ?aaaiea,
cai?auaaony ioeacuaaoue aeaiueiai a caeeth/aiee o?oaeiaiai aeiaiai?a e
nieaeaoue ei ca?aaioioth ieaoo ii iioeaai, naycaiiui n aa?aiaiiinoueth
eee iaee/eai aeaoae a aic?anoa aei o?ao eao, a iaeeiieei iaoa?yi – n
iaee/eai ?aaaiea a aic?anoa aei 14 eao. Iaieiaoaeue iiaeao auaeaaaoue
aa?aiaiiui aeaiueiai iooaaee a naiaoi?ee e aeiia ioaeuoa aanieaoii eee
ia eueaioiuo oneiaeyo, a oaeaea ieacuaaoue ei iaoa?eaeueioth iiiiuue e
ae?oaia.

Ioaeaeueiay aeaaa OE ?A iinayuaia o?oaeo iieiaeaaee. O?oae
ianiaa?oaiiieaoieo iaoiaeeony iiae io?aiie ainoaea?noaa, a yoi cia/eo,
/oi eniieueciaaiea oaeiai o?oaea no?iai ia?aie/aii, ia aeiioneaaony
caeeth/aiea o?oaeiaiai aeiaiai?a n eeoeaie iieiaea 16 eao. N 14 eao, ii
oieueei n ienueiaiiiai niaeaney iaeiiai ec ?iaeeoaeae. I?e yoii o?oae
o/auaainy ioee/aaony io iau/iiai oai, /oi ii yaeyaony ia iniiaiui
caiyoeai iiae?inoea. Iie i?eieiathony ia ?aaioo aeey auiieiaiey a
naiaiaeiia io o/aau a?aiy eaaeiai o?oaea, ia i?e/eiythuaai a?aaea eo
caei?iaueth, ia i?aiyonoaothuaai ii?iaeueiiio ?acaeoeth e ia iaiinyuaai
oua?aa iinauaaiinoe caiyoee.

Ianiaa?oaiiieaoiea a iaeanoe io?aiu o?oaea iieuecothony eueaioaie. Ei ia
onoaiaaeeaaaony eniuoaiea i?e i?eaia ia ?aaioo, n ieie ia caeeth/athony
aeiaiai?u i iieiie iaoa?eaeueiie ioaaonoaaiiinoe, aaeaaiaeiue ioione
i?aaeinoaaeyaony aei enoa/aiey oanoe ianyoeaa iai?a?uaiie ?aaiou a
eaoiaa a?aiy eee, ii eo aeaeaieth, a ethaia ae?oaia a?aiy aiaea
i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoueth ia iaiaa iaeiiai eaeaiaea?iiai ianyoea;
i?eieiathony ia ?aaioo eeoue iinea i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai iaaeeoeeineiai
iniio?a e a aeaeueiaeoai, aei aeinoeaeaiey ainaiiaaeoeaoe eao,
aaeaaiaeii iiaeeaaeao iaycaoaeueiiio iaaeeoeeineiio iniio?o;

Cai?auaaony a niioaaonoaee ni noaoueae 274 OE ?A i?eiaiaiea eo o?oaea ia
oyaeaeuo ?aaioao e ia ?aaioao n a?aaeiuie eee iianiuie oneiaeyie o?oaea,
ia iiaecaiiuo e ai?iuo ?aaioao.

Nienie oaeeo ?aaio ooaa?aeaeaaony I?aaeoaeuenoaii eee oiieiiii/aiiui
i?aaiii; ooaa?aeaeaiu ii?iu i?aaeaeueii aeiionoeiuo aaee/ei iiaeu?ia e
ia?aiauaiey oyaeanoae a?o/ioth iiae?inoeaie io 14 aei 18 eao ( a
caaeneiinoe io iiea e eiee/anoaa eao).

Cai?auaaony i?eaeaeaoue ?aaioieeia iieiaea ainaiiaaeoeaoe eao e ii/iui e
naa?oo?i/iui ?aaioai, e ?aaioai a ainoaea?noaaiiua i?acaeieee e
auoiaeiua e i?acaeie/iua aeie.

Ii?iu au?aaioee aeey ?aaioieeia iieiaea ainaiiaaeoeaoe eao
onoaiaaeeaathony enoiaey ec ii?i au?aaioee aeey ac?ineuo ?aaioieeia
i?iii?oeeiiaeueii nie?auaiiie i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoe ?aai/aai a?aiaie,
i?aaeoniio?aiiie caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii aeey aeaiiie eaoaai?ee ?aaioieeia;
iiaoo onoaiaaeeaaoueny iiieaeaiiua ii?iu au?aaioee.

Ca?aaioiay ieaoa ianiaa?oaiiieaoiei, ianiio?y ia nie?auaiioth
i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoue ?aai/aai a?aiaie, auiea/eaaaony a oaeii aea
?acia?a, eae ?aaioieeai niioaaonoaothueo eaoaai?ee i?e iieiie
i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoe aaeaaeiaaiie ?aaiou.

Iaieiaoaeue ai?aaa onoaiaaeeaaoue aeiieaou e ca?aaioiie ieaoa,
i?aaeoniio?aiiua aeey ianiaa?oaiiieaoieo ?aaioieeia.

?ACAeAE III

OAOIEEA AACIIANIINOE

Oaia 3.1 Yeaeo?iaaciianiinoue

Yeaeo?iaaciianiinoue – yoi nenoaia i?aaiecaoeeiiiuo e oaoie/aneeo
ia?ii?eyoee e n?aaenoa caueou io a?aaeiiai e iianiiai aicaeaenoaey
yeaeo?ioiea.

Aicaeaenoaea yeaeo?e/aneiai oiea ia i?aaieci /aeiaaea. Yeaeo?io?aaiu.

Yeaeo?ionoaiiaee, n eioi?uie i?eoiaeeony eiaoue aeaei i?aeoe/anee anai
?aaioathuei, i?aaenoaaeytho aeey aieueooth iioaioeeaeueioth iianiinoue,
eioi?ay onoaoaeyaony oai, /oi i?aaiu /oanoa /aeiaaea ia iiaoo ia
?annoiyiee iaia?oaeeoue iaee/ea iai?yaeaiey ia iai?oaeiaaiee.

I?ioiaey /a?ac oaei /aeiaaea yeaeo?ioie ieacuaaao ia iaai neaaeothuea
aicaeaenoaey:

1. Oaieiaia (iaa?aa oeaie e aeieiae/aneeo n?aae)

2. Oeie/aneia (?aceiaeaiea e?iae, ieaciu)

3. Aeieiae/aneia (?acae?aaeaiea e aicaoaeaeaiea ia?aiuo oeaiae e ae?oaeo
oeaiae)

4. Iaoaie/aneia aicaeaenoaea (?ac?ua eiaee, auaeoe e ae?.)

Ethaia ec yoeo aicaeaenoaee iiaeao i?eaanoe e yeaeo?io?aaia —
iia?aaeaeaieth i?aaiecia, aucaaiiia aicaeaenoaeai yeaeo?ioiea.

?acee/atho yeaeo?io?aaiu:

· Ianoiua

· Iauea

Ianoiua — yeaeo?iiaeaa, yeaeo?iciae (niaoeeoe/aneia ii?aaeaiea eiaee),
iaoaeeecaoeey eiaee /anoeoeaie ?anieaaeaiiiai iaoaea iiae aeaenoaeai
yeaeo?iaeoae),yeaeo?iiooaeueiey (ainiaeaiea ia?oaeiuo iaiei/ae aeac io
aicaeaenoaey oeueo?aoeieaoiauo eo/ae yeaeo?e/aneie aeoae), iaoaie/aneea
iia?aaeaeaiey (?ac?ua eiaee, auaeoe, ia?aeiiu einoae), aucaaiiua
iai?iecaieueiui nie?auaieai iuooe iiae aeaenoaeai yeaeo?e/aneiai oiea.

Iauea yeaeo?io?aaiu – (yeaeo?ioaea?u) i?eaiaeyo e ii?aaeaieth anaai
i?aaiecia.

A caaeneiinoe io iineaaenoaey yeaeo?ioaea?u aeaeyony ia 4 noaiaie:

1-y – noaei?iaeiia nie?auaiea iuooe aac iioa?e niciaiey;

2-y – noaei?iaeiia nie?auaiea iuooe n iioa?ae niciaiey;

3-y – iioa?y niciaiey, ia?ooaiea aeuoaiey e na?aea/iie aeayoaeueiinoe;

4-y — ninoiyiea aoeie/aneie nia?oe.

Oyaeanoue ii?aaeaiey yeaeo?ioiea caaeneo io oeaeiai ?yaea oaeoi?ia:

Io ?iaea oiea.

Io neeu oiea.

*anoiou oiea.

Io aaee/eiu iai?yaeaiey.

Io iooe aai i?ioiaeaeaiey.

Io noaiu aeeth/aiey /aeiaaea a yeaeo?e/aneoth oeaiue.

Nii?ioeaeaiey oaea /aeiaaea.

Io eiaeeaeaeoaeueiuo iniaaiiinoae /aeiaaea.

Io oneiaee ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu.

Eeanneoeeaoeey iiiauaiee ii iianiinoe ii?aaeaiey yeaeo?ioieii.

O?aaiaaiey, i?aaeuyaeyaiua e yeaeo?iiai?oaeiaaieth, ai iiiaii caaenyo io
iiiauaiey, eioi?ii iii onoaiiaeaii.

Ii iianiinoe ii?aaeaiey ethaeae yeaeo?ioieii i?iecaiaenoaaiiua iiiauaiey
iiae?acaeaeythony:

1. Iniai iianiua – eiatho iiauoaiioth aeaaeiinoue (i?eaeeaeaiioth e
100%) eee oeie/anee aeoeaioth n?aaeo, eee oi e ae?oaia.

2. Iiauoaiiie iianiinoe – n ioiineoaeueiie aeaaeiinoueth aeeeoaeueii
i?aauoathuae 75% eee eiathony oieii?iaiaeyuea iieu, oieii?iaiaeyuay
iueue, oaiia?aoo?a aicaeooa aeeeoaeueii i?aauoaao +35°N e ae?.

3. Iiiauaiea aac iiauoaiiie iianiinoe – ionoonoaotho auoaia?a/eneaiiua
oaeoi?u.

Yeaeo?ionoaiiaee aia iiiauaiey i?e?aaieaathony e iniai iianiui.

O?aaiaaiey e ia?niiaeo, ianeoaeeaathueo yeaeo?ionoaiiaee:

Aeiioneathony eeoea ia iieiaea 18 eao, i?ioaaeoea iaaeeoeeineia
inaeaeaoaeuenoaiaaiea e niaoeeaeueioth yeaeo?ioaoie/aneoth iiaeaioiaeo.
Iie aeieaeiu oi?ioi ciaoue yeaeo?ioaoieeo, yeaeo?iiai?oaeiaaiea, noaiu e
iniaaiiinoe ianeoaeeaaaiuo ono?ienoa; aeieaeiu eiaoue /?oeia
i?aaenoaaeaiea i aiciiaeiuo iianiinoyo, ciaoue e oiaei i?eiaiyoue
i?aaeeii yeaeo?iaaciianiinoe, oiaoue ieacuaaoue ia?aoth iiiiuue
iino?aaeaaoaio.

O?iaaiue o?aaoaiuo ciaiee ii?aaeaeyaony eaaeeoeeaoeeiiiie a?oiiie ii
yeaeo?iaaciianiinoe. *ai auoa eaaeeoeeaoeeiiiay a?oiia, oai aieueoa
o?aaiaaiee i?aaeuyaeyaony e ?aaioieeo. Eo onoaiiaeaii 5 a?oii.

Ia?eiaee/aneay i?iaa?ea ia?niiaea i?iaiaeeony:

• 1 ?ac a aiae – aeey ia?niiaea iaiin?aaenoaaiii ianeoaeeaathueo
aeaenoaothuea yeaeo?ionoaiiaee e aeey ?aaioieeia ioi?ieythueo
?anii?yaeaiea e i?aaiecaoeeth yoeo ?aaio;

• 1 ?ac a 3 aiaea – aeey ?aaioieeia EO? (eiaeaia?ii oaoie/aneeo
?aaioieeia), ia ioiinyueony e i?aaeuaeouae a?oiia, eiaeaia?ai ii Io?aia
o?oaea, aeiiouaiiuo e einiaeoe?iaaieth yeaeo?ionoaiiaie.

I?aaiecaoeey ia?ii?eyoee ii i?aaeoi?aaeaeaieth ii?aaeaiey yeaeo?e/aneei
oieii.

1. Ioi?ieaiea ?aaiou: ia?yae – yoi ienueiaiiia ?anii?yaeaiea ia
i?iecaiaenoai ?aaio a yeaeo?ionoaiiaeao: ii?aaeaeaiea eaoaai?ee e
oa?aeoa?a ?aaiou, ianoi, a?aiy ia/aea e ieii/aiey, oneiaea aaciianiinoe
a? i?iaaaeaiey, eaaeeoeeaoeeiiiue ninoaa a?eaaaeu, iacia/aaony
ioaaonoaaiiue ca aaciianiinoue ?aaio. Ninoaaeyaony ia niaoeeaeueiii
aeaiea (2 yecaiiey?a);

onoiia ?anii?yaeaiea – auiieiaiea ?aaio aac niyoey iai?yaeaiey, aaeaee
io oieiaaaeoueo /anoae, aiaieaiiaua ?aaiou ii iaiaoiaeeiinoe, – yoio
aeae ?aaio eiaao ?aciaue oa?aeoa?, auaeaaony ia iaeio ?aaioo,
ioi?ieyaony caienueth a iia?aoeaiii aeo?iaea.

2. Aeiione e ?aaioa: i?iaa?ytho oaoie/aneea ia?ii?eyoey ii iiaeaioiaea
?aai/aai ianoa; niioaaonoaea a?eaaaeu, a? eaaeeoeeaoeee, oeacaiiii a
ia?yaea;oeacuaaaony ianoi ?aaio, i?iaa?ytho iaee/ea iai?yaeaiey ia
ioeeth/aiiuo oieiaaaeoueo /anoyo; eino?oeoaae a?eaaaeu; iaeei yecaiiey?
aea?ony a?eaaaea e ana /eaiu a?eaaaeu ?anienuaathony a i?i.

3. Iaaeci? ai a?aiy ?aaiou: n oeaeueth i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiey ian/anoiiai
neo/ay, aiceaaaaony ia i?iecaiaeyuaai ?aaiou eee iaaethaeathuaai.

4. Ioi?ieaiea ia?a?uaia a ?aaioa, ia?aaiaea ia ae?oaia ?aai/aa ianoi,

ieii/aiea ?aaiou.

Oaoie/aneea ia?ii?eyoey iaania/eaathuea aaciianiinoue

ianeoaeeaathuaai ia?niiaea.

1. Ioeeth/aiea iai?oaeiaaiey

2. Auaaoeaaiea i?aaeoi?aaeeoaeueiuo ieaeaoia e ciaeia aaciianiinoe

3. I?iaa?ea ionoonoaey iai?yaeaiey

4. Iaeiaeaiea cacaieaiey – aeey caueou ?aaioathueo io ii?aaeaiey
yeaeo?ioieii i?e ioeai/iie iiaea/a. I?e iaeiaeaiee cacaieaiey, nia/aea
ia?aiiniie cacaieeoaeue i?eniaaeeiyaony e caiea, a caoai iinea i?iaa?ee
ionoonoaey iai?yaeaiey – e oieiaaaeouei /anoyi. Nieiaaony a ia?aoii
ii?yaeea.

Oaoie/aneea n?aaenoaa caueou, iaania/eaathuea aaciianiinoue a
yeaeo?e/aneeo onoaiiaeao

1. Yeaeo?e/aneay ecieyoeey oieiaaaeoueo /anoae.

2. Caueoiia cacaieaiea (i?eioeei aai aeaenoaey a oiaiueoaiee neeu oiea,
i?ioiaeyuaai /a?ac /aeiaaea).

3. 3aioeaiea (aai caueoiue yooaeo — nie?auaiea a?aiaie aicaeaenoaey oiea
ia /aeiaaea).

4. Au?aaieaaiea iioaioeeaeia.

5. Caueoiia ioeeth/aiea.

6. Yeaeo?e/aneia ?acaeaeaiea naoe.

7. I?eiaiaiea iaeuo iai?yaeaiee e ae?.

Yeaeo?icaueoiua n?aaenoaa.

Iie o neiaii aeaeyony ia 3 a?oiiu:

1. Eciee?othuea — caueuatho /aeiaaea io /anoae, iaoiaeyueony iiae
iai?yaeaieai iin?aaenoaii aeiiieieoaeueiie ecieyoeee e iicaieytho n
aaciianiinoueth aeey /aeiaaea ii?aaeaeyoue iaee/ea a onoaiiaea
iai?yaeaiey e oiea: eciee?othuea ooaiae, eciee?othuea ono?ienoaa e
i?eniiniaeaiey aeey ?aiiioiuo ?aaio iai?yaeaieai auoa 1000A;
neana?ii-iiioaaeiue eino?oiaio n eciee?othueie ?oeiyoeaie a
yeaeo?ionoaiiaeao iai?yaeaieai aei 1000A; aeeyeaeo?e/aneea ia?/aoee,
aiou, aaeioe, eia?u, eciee?othuea iaeeaaeee e iiaenoaaee.

2. Ye?aiece?othuea — caueuatho ?aaioathueo io aicaeaenoaey yeaeo?iiieae
yeaeo?e/aneeo onoaiiaie i?iiuoeaiiuo /anoio: ia?aiiniua ye?aiu, iaeaoee,
ye?aie?othuea ciiou, eiaeeaeaeoaeueiua ye?aie?othuea einothiu n
aieiaiuie oai?aie e oae aeaeaa. Oaeaea aeey caueou io a?aaeiuo e iianiuo
aicaeaenoaee yeaeo?e/aneie aeoae, i?iaeoeoia ai?aiey, iaaeaiey n auniou
i?eiaiythony n?aaenoaa eiaeeaeaeoaeueiie caueou: i/ee, eanee,
i?ioeaiaacu, ?oeaaeoeu, i?aaeio?aieoaeueiua, iiioa?neea e no?aoiai/iua
eaiaou.

3. Ia?aaeaeathuea – aeey a?aiaiiiai ia?aaeaeaiey oieiaaaeoueo /anoae,
i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiey ioeai/iuo iia?aoeee n yeaeo?e/aneeie aiia?aoaie.
Aeeth/atho ia?aiiniua cacaieaiey, ia?aaeeoaeueiua ono?ienoaa e
aeeyeaeo?e/aneea eieiaee, ieaeaou e ciaee aaciianiinoe e ae?.

Eciee?othuea iiae?acaeaeythony ia:

1) Iniiaiua – ecieyoeey, eioi?ay iiaeao aeeeoaeueii auaea?aeaoue
iai?yaeaiea yeaeo?e/aneie onoaiiaee e iicaieytho i?eeanaoueny e
oieiaaaeouei /anoyi, iaoiaeyueony iiae iai?yaeaieai.

2) Aeiiieieoaeueiua – neoaeao aeey oneeaiey aeaenoaey iniiaiuo, naie ia
caueuatho.

Iniiaiua e aeiiieieoaeueiua iiae?acaeaeythony aeey ?aaiou a onoaiiaeao
aei 1000 A e nauoa 1000A. Yeaeo?icaueoiua n?aaenoaa iiaeaa?aathony
eiio?ieueiiio iniio?o e ia?eiaee/anee iaoaie/aneiio e yeaeo?e/aneiio
eniuoaieyi.

Oaia 3.2 O?aaiaaiea aaciianiinoe e i?iecaiaenoaaiiiio iai?oaeiaaieth.

Oaoie/aneea n?aaenoaa iaania/aiey aaciianiinoe o?oaea.

Aeey i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiey ian/anoiiai neo/ay oe?iei i?eiaiythony ?acee/iua
oaoie/aneea n?aaenoaa: caueoiua ia?aaeaeaiey, i?aaeio?aieoaeueiua,
oi?iiciua, aeiee?iai/iua, neaiaeece?othuea, aeenoaioeeiiiua e ae?oaea.

Aeaeu caueoiuo ia?aaeaeaiee:

1) Ia?aaeaeaiey no?ieieiuaaeie e o/anoeia i?iecaiaenoaa.

2) Ia?aaeaeaiey caueoiua eiaaioa?iua (caueoii-io?aiiua, caueoiua,
neaiaeueiua).

Ia?aaeaeaiey iiaoo auoue: noaoeeiia?iuie, yaeythueany ninoaaiie /anoueth
oceia aa?aaaoia e nuaiiuie; iinoiyiiuie (eiaeooe iaoei), a?aiaiiuie
(ueou, ooi?u, e?aiu), iaiieueiuie, ?o/iuie.

I?aaeio?aieoaeueiua ono?ienoaa: i?aaeiacia/aiu aeey aaoiiaoe/aneiai
aueeth/aiey iaoaieciia, eciaiaiey ?aaeeia ?aai/aai i?ioeanna i?e auoiaea
eiio?iee?oaiiai ia?aiao?a ca aeiionoeiua i?aaeaeu (iooou, n?acaaiua
oieeueee, eiioeaaua aueeth/aoaee, eeaiaiu, ia?aie/eoaee, aaoiiaoe/aneea
ono?ienoaa, cacaieythuea, caioeythuea ono?ienoaa e ae?.)

Oi?iiciua ono?ienoaa — aeey ieaaiie e yeno?aiiie inoaiiaee aeaeaeoueony
iaoei, /anoae iai?oaeiaaiey, oaea?aeaiey oaoieee ia oeeiiao,
i?aaeioa?auaiea naii nioneaiey a?oca e ae?. neo/ayo.

Oaoie/aneiio ninoiyieth e yooaeoeaiinoe ?aaiou oi?iicia iaoei e
iaoaieciia i?aaeuyaeythony i/aiue aunieea o?aaiaaiey.

Aeiee?iai/iua ono?ienoaa: i?eiaiytho aeey aueeth/aiey iaoaieciia,
inoaiiaee oaoiieiae/aneiai i?ia?anna, niyoey iai?yaeaiey i?e iiiuoea
i?iieeiiaaiey a iianioth ciio, aeey eneeth/aiey ia?ooaiey onoaiiaeaiiuo
iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoae aeaenoaee.

Aeiee?iaee iiaoo auoue:

Iaoaie/aneea

Yeaeo?e/aneea

Yeaeo?iiaoaie/aneea

Oioiyeaeo?e/aneea

?aaeei/anoioiua

Iiaaiaoe/aneea

Aeae?aaee/aneea e ae?.

Neaiaeece?othuea ono?ienoaa – aeatho ?aaioathuei eioi?iaoeeth i
ninoiyiee ?aai/aai i?ioeanna, aai ea/anoaaiiuo e eiee/anoaaiiuo
eciaiaiee, o?iaiy a?aaeiuo aauanoa, i?aaeoi?aaeaeatho i eaeeo eeai
iaeni?aaiinoyo, aaa?eeiuo e o?aaiiiianiuo neooaoeeyo.

N eo iiiiuueth niiauaaony i iaee/ee eaeeo eeai aeaenoaee, iiaeatho
eiiaiaeu e oae aeaeaa.

Yoe ono?ienoaa iiaoo auoue aaoiiaoe/aneea e n ?o/iui i?eaiaeii.

Aeenoaioeeiiiia iaaethaeaiea e oi?aaeaiea ?aai/eie i?ioeannaie –
inouanoaeytho eiaaea iaiin?aaenoaaiii iaoiaeaeaiea iia?aoi?ia a ?aai/ae
ciia iaaiciiaeii eee yeiiiie/anee ia auaiaeii, a oneiaeyo eiiieaeniie
iaoaiecaoeee e aaoiiaoecaoeee i?iecaiaenoaa.

Aeenoaioeeiiiia iaaethaeaiea inouanoaeyaony n iiiiuueth niaoeeaeueiuo
aeao/eeia, neaiaeecaoi?ia, oaeaye?aiia, eiio?ieueii-ecia?eoaeueiuo
i?eai?ia e oae aeaeaa, e oi?aaeyaony n iiiiuueth yeaeo?e/aneeo,
iiaaiaoe/aneeo, iaoaie/aneeo e ae?oaeo i?eaiaeia, iee?ii?ioeanni?ia,
aaoiiaoe/aneeo nenoai oi?aaeaiey, yeaeo?e/aneie au/eneeoaeueiie oaoieee.

Neaiaeueiua oeaaoa, ciaee, ieaeaou aaciianiinoe — aeey i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiey
?aaioathueo i aiciiaeiie iianiinoe, i?aaeienaiey eee ?ac?aoaiey
ii?aaeaeaiiuo aeaenoaee.

I?eiaiythony oeaaoa: e?aniue, cae?iue, aeaeoue e neiee.

Ciaee aaciianiinoe iiae?acaeaeythony ia 4 a?oiiu:

1) Cai?auathuea ( auiieiyoue ii?aaeae?iiua aeaenoaey ).

2) I?aaeoi?aaeaeathuea (i aiciiaeiie iianiinoe).

3) I?aaeienuaathuea (auiieiyoue ii?aaeaeaiiua aeaenoaey).

4) Oeacaoaeueiua.

Oaia 3.3 Iniiau aaciianiinoe oaoiieiae/aneeo i?ioeannia.

O?aaiaaiey aaciianiinoe e i?iecaiaenoaaiiiio iai?oaeiaaieth.

A niioaaonoaee ni noaiaea?oii i?iecaiaenoaaiiia iai?oaeiaaiea aeieaeii
iaania/eaaoue o?aaiaaiey aaciianiinoe i?e iiioaaea, yenieoaoaoeee,
?aiiioa, o?ainii?oe?iaea, o?aiaiee.

A i?ioeanna yenieoaoaoeee iai?oaeiaaiea ia aeieaeii caa?yciyoue
ie?oaeathuoth n?aaeo aua?inaie a?aaeiuo aauanoa auoa onoaiiaeaiiuo ii?i;
aeieaeii auoue iiaea?iaaciianii e ac?uaiaaciianii; ia nicaeaaaoue
iianiinoae io aicaeaenoaey ie?oaeathueo oaeoi?ia.

Oaoieea aaciianiinoe e iai?oaeiaaieth i?aaeuyaeyaony a oa/aiee anaai
n?iea neoaeau.

Iai?oaeiaaiea aeieaeii auoue aaciianiui, aeieaeiu i?eiaiyoueny
aaoiiaoecaoeey e aeenoaioeeiiiia oi?aaeaiea, niaoeeaeueiua n?aaenoaa
caueou; niioaaonoaiaaoue y?aiiiie/aneei o?aaiaaieyi.

Iauea o?aaiaaiey aaciianiinoe e oaoiieiae/aneei i?ioeannai.

I?iecaiaenoaaiiua i?ioeannu ia aeieaeiu i?aaenoaaeyoue iianiinoue aeey
ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu, auoue iiaea?iaaciianiu e ac?uaiaaciianiu.

Oaoiieiae/aneea i?ioeannu aeieaeiu i?aaeoniao?eaaoue neaaeothuaa:
ono?aiaiea iaiin?aaenoaaiii eiioaeoa ?aaioathueo n iaoa?eaeaie,
caaioiaeaie, i?iaeoeoeeae, iooiaeaie ieacuaathuea a?aaeiua aicaeaenoaey;
caiaio a?aaeiuo e iiaea?iiianiuo aauanoa ia iaiaa iianiua; eiiieaenioth
iaoaiecaoeeth, aaoiiaoecaoeeth, aeenoaioeeiiiia oi?aaeaiea
oaoiieiae/aneeie i?ioeannaie i?e iaee/ee a?aaeiuo e iianiuo oaeoi?ia,
i?eiaiaiea nenoai eiio?iey e oi?aaeaiey oaoiieiae/aneeo i?ioeannia aeey
caueou ?aaioathueo, aaa?eeiia ioeeth/aiea; naiaa?aiaiiia iieo/aiea
eioi?iaoeee i a?aaeiuo e iianiuo oaeoi?ao; naiaa?aiaiiia oaeaeaiea e
iaaca?aaeeaaiea iooiaeia, yaeythueony enoi/ieeaie iianiuo e a?aaeiuo
oaeoi?ia; i?eiaiaiea n?aaenoa eieeaeoeaiie caueou ?aaioathuaai,
?aoeeiiaeueioth i?aaiecaoeeth o?oaea e ioaeuoa.

O?aaiaaiea aaciianiinoe e oaoiieiae/aneei i?ioeannai aeeth/aao
ii?iaoeaii oaoie/aneoth e oaoiieiae/aneoth aeieoiaioaoeee.

Aaciianiinoue oaoiieiae/aneeo i?ioeannia aeinoeaaaony oaeaea i?eiaiaieai
eiaeaia?ii-oaoie/aneeo n?aaenoa aaciianiinoe (ia?aaeeoaeueiua,
i?aaeio?aieoaeueiua ono?ienoaa, neaiaeecaoeee, e ae?.).

Aaciianiinoue o?oaea i?e iaoaie/aneie ia?aaioea iaoa?eaeia.

Iaoaie/aneay ia?aaioea iaoa?eaeia auiieiytho a?o/ioth e ia noaieao. I?e
?o/iie i?eiaiythony eino?oiaiou iauaai iacia/aiey: iieioie, eoaaeaea,
iaieeueieee e oae aeaeaa. Iie ecaioaaeeaathony ec ii?aaeaeaiiiai
iaoa?eaea. Eo ?oeiyoee aeieaeiu auoue iaaeaaeii oe?aieaiu, aa?oony
i?i/iua ii?iaeu aea?aaueaa, aac no/eia, aaee/eia ?oeiyoee aa??ony ii
?acia?ai.

?aai/eo, caiyouo ?aaioie n oaea?iui eino?oiaioii, iaania/eaatho
caueoiuie i/eaie, a ianoi ?aaiou ia?aaeaeatho naoeaie eee ueoaie.
Iaiaoiaeeii i?aaeeueii i?aaieciaaoue ?aai/aa ianoi neana?y,
?aoeeiiaeueii ?aniieiaeeoue eino?oiaiou, n o/?oii ?aai/eo iic
eniieiaiey, ia?aaeaeatho ana ia?aaea/e aia ei?ionia noaieia e
i?aaenoaaeythuea niaie iianiinoue o?aaie?iaaiey. Ciio ia?aaioee
ia?aaeaeatho ye?aiaie, caueuathueie io no?oaeee e
niaci/ii-ioeaaeaeathuae aeeaeeinoueth. I?aaiu ?o/iiai oi?aaeaiey
?aniieaaatho aeey oaeiaiiai iieueciaaiey, aeaa?oeu oeaoia n
yeaeo?e/aneei iai?oaeiaaieai aeiee?otho naiaeiui aueeth/aoaeai. Ana
iaoaeee/aneea /anoe noaiea, eioi?ua iiaoo ieacaoueny iiae iai?yaeaieai
nauoa 42 A cacaieythony eee niaaeeiythony n ioeaaui i?iaiaeii e ae?.

I?aaeoniao?eaaaiua ia?u, iicaieythuea nieceoue o?iaaiue ooia e
aea?aoeee.

Iaiaoiaeeii i?eiaiyoue eino?oiaiou e i?eniiniaeaiey, aeey ae?iaeaiey e
ioaiaea no?oaeee.

Caoi/iua oeeoiaaeueiua noaiee iai?oaeotho caueoiui ye?aiii ec
i?ic?a/iiai iaoa?eaea, eioi?ue aeiee?oaony n ioneiaui ono?ienoaii
noaiea. ?aaioiee aeieaeai eiaoue caueoiua i/ee. Ai a?aiy ?aaiou
niaoeiaeaaeaea aeieaeia auoue canoaaiooa, aieinu oa?aiu iiae aieiaiie
oai?. Cai?auaaony ?aaioaoue ia noaiea a ?oeaaeoeao eee ia?/aoeao,
iie?aoueny ia ?aai/ee noaiie, iiaeaaaoue /a?ac iaai eaeea eeai
i?aaeiaou, oaeaeyoue no?oaeeo iaiin?aaenoaaiii ?oeaie e oae aeaeaa.

Noauaeoeaiua e iauaeoeaiua n?aaenoaa i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiey ia iianiinoe.

Noauaeoeaiua (ianneaiua) n?aaenoaa oieueei i?aaeoi?aaeaeatho i
ianooiathuae iianiinoe.

1) eiio?ieueii ecia?eoaeueiua i?eai?u (iaiiiao?, aiia?iao?, aieueoiao?)
– iiiiaatho eiio?iee?iaaoue i?ioaeathuea i?ioeannu, inouanoaeyoue
aaciianioth yenieoaoaoeeth iaoei e iai?oaeiaaiey, ii?aaeaeyoue
i?aaeaeueii aeiionoeiua cia/aiey ia?aiao?ia.

2) I?aaeoi?aaeeoaeueiua ciaee e iaaeiene – aeey iaiiieiaiey ?aaioathuei
ia iianiinoyo, i a?aieoeao iianiie ciiu, iai?aaeeueiuo aeaenoaeyo.

3) Neaiaeueiua ono?ienoaa – aeey i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiey ?aaioathueo ia
iianiinoe eee aaa?ee (caoe, naaoiaay neaiaeecaoeey, caiiee).

Iauaeoeaiua (aeoeaiua) n?aaenoaa caueou ia oieueei i?aaeoi?aaeaeatho, ii
e naie ono?aiytho iianiinoue. Iie aeaenoaotho aaoiiaoe/anee, ia caaeneii
io eaaeeoeeaoeeiiiiai ninoiyiey ?aaioathueo, ia aeiioneay aicaeaenoaey
ia ieo iianiuo i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo oaeoi?ia. *aua anaai oaeea n?aaenoaa
ia?acotho oece/aneoth i?aa?aaeo iaaeaeo ?aaioathueie e iianiuie
i?iecaiaenoaaiiuie oaeoi?aie.

E iei ioiinyony:

· ?acee/iua i?aaeio?aieoaeueiua ono?ienoaa, ia?aaeaeaiey caueoiua
aeiee?iaee, cacaieaiea iai?oaeiaaiey, eiaeeaeaeoaeueiua n?aaenoaa caueou
e ae?.

Oaia 3.4 Aaciianiinoue yenieoaoaoeee aa?iaoe/iuo nenoai. ?aaioathueo
iiae aeaaeaieai.

Ia?iaua e aiaeia?aeiua eiiou.

Ia?iaui eioeii iacuaaaony eiathuaa oieeo ono?ienoai, iaia?aaaaiia
i?iaeoeoaie naeeaaaiiai a iae oiieeaa e i?aaeiacia/aiiia aeey iieo/aiey
ia?a n aeaaeaieai, auoa aoiinoa?iiai, eioi?ue eniieuecoaony aia yoiai
ono?ienoaa.

Aiaeia?aeiue eio?e i?aaeiacia/ai aeey iaa?aaaiey aiaeu, eioi?ay
iaoiaeeony a i?i iiae aeaaeaieai, auoa aoiinoa?iiai, e eniieuecoaony aia
yoiai eioea.

Ia?iaua eioeu i/aiue iianiu a iiiaio ac?uaa. I?e ac?uaa i?ienoiaeeo
?aceia nieaeaiea ?aai/aai aeaaeaiey a eioea, /oi i?eaiaeeo e iaiiaaiiiio
aneeiaieth eioeiaie aiaeu e ia?aciaaieth aieueoiai eiee/anoaa ia?a. A
?acoeueoaoa aeaenoaey neeueiaeoae ac?uaiie aieiu eioae ?ac?ooaaony.

Aieueoeinoai ia?iauo eioeia iai?oaeoaony nia?aiaiiuie n?aaenoaaie
aaoiiaoeee, eiio?ieueii-ecia?eoaeueiie aiia?aoo?ie e i?eai?aie
aaciianiinoe, /oi cia/eoaeueii oiaiueoaao iianiinoue oneiaee o?oaea.

Iaiiiao?u neoaeao aeey ecia?aiey aeaaeaiey a eioea. I?ioaaeoea i?iaa?eo
iaiiiao?u ieiiae?othony, i?iaa?ythony ?ac a 6 ianyoeaa.

Aeey i?aaeioa?auaiey iiauoaiey aeaaeaiey a eioea naa?o onoaiiaeaiiiai
i?eiaiytho i?aaeio?aieoaeueiua eeaiaiu (i?oaeeiiua, ?u/aaeiua).

Aeey ecia?aiey oaiia?aoo?u aiaeu i?e auoiaea aa a eioae e ia auoiaea ec
iaai onoaiaaeeaatho oa?iiiao?u.

Ia?iaua e aiaeia?aeiua eioeu, ?aaioathuea ia aaciia?aciii eee aeeaeeii
oiieeaa, ia?acothony i?eai?aie aaciianiinoe.

Eioeu onoaiaaeeaatho a ioaeaeueiuo iiiauaieyo, ioaa/athueo o?aaiaaieyi,
no?ieoaeueiuo ii?i e i?aaee, naieoa?iuo ii?i i?iaeoe?iaaiey i?iiuoeaiiuo
i?aaei?eyoee e i?ioeaiiiaea?iuo ii?i.

E ianeoaeeaaieth eioeia aeiioneathony eeoea a aic?anoa ia iieiaea 18
eao, i?ioaaeoea iaaeeoeeineia inaeaeaoaeuenoaiaaiea, iao/aiiua ii
niioaaonoaothuae i?ia?aiia e eiathuea oaeinoiaa?aiea ia i?aai
ianeoaeeaaiey eioea.

Ia eaaeaeue eio?e eiaaony ianii?o, eino?oeoeey ii yenieoaoaoeee. A
i?ioeanna yenieoaoaoeee iaiaoiaeeii aanoe ?aiiioiua e niaiiua aeo?iaeu,
?aaeeiioth ea?oo e ae?.

N oeaeueth i?iaa?ee i?eaiaeiinoe eioeu iiaeaa?aatho oaoie/aneiio
inaeaeaoaeuenoaiaaieth: ia?ae/iiio, ia?eiaee/aneiio, aiai/a?aaeiiio,

Oaia 2.5 Caueoa io aicaeaenoaey i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo eceo/aiee.

YII (yeaeo?iiaaieoiua iiey) – aeeeoaeueiia o?iie/aneia aeaenoaea, ia
aeathuaa yaiiai oaieiaiai yooaeoa, iiaeao aucaaoue ooieoeeiiaeueiia
eciaiaiea a oeaio?aeueiie ia?aiie e na?aea/ii-ninoaeenoie nenoaia.
Iiyaeythony aieiaiua aiee, auno?ia ooiieaiea, oooaeoaiea naii/oanoaey,
iiieaeaiea ioeuena, iiauoaiea aeaaeaiey, ia?aii ineoe/aneea
?anno?ienoaa. Iiaoo iaaethaeaoueny: iiooaeaiea, auiaaeaiea aiein,
eiieinoue iiaoae, eciaiaiea a e?iae.

Aeey caueou nouanoaotho niiniau e n?aaenoaa caueou:

Oiaiueoaiea ia?aiao?ia eceo/aiey iaiin?aaenoaaiii a naiii enoi/ieea
eceo/aiey, eioi?ia aeinoeaaaony ca n/ao i?eiaiaiey niaeaniaaiiuo
iaa?ocie e iiaeioeoaeae iiuiinoae.

?ACAeAE III

OAOIEEA AACIIANIINOE

Oaia 3.1 Yeaeo?iaaciianiinoue.

Yeaeo?iaaciianiinoue – yoi nenoaia i?aaiecaoeeiiiuo e oaoie/aneeo
ia?ii?eyoee e n?aaenoa caueou io a?aaeiiai e iianiiai aicaeaenoaey
yeaeo?ioiea.

Aicaeaenoaea yeaeo?e/aneiai oiea ia i?aaieci /aeiaaea. Yeaeo?io?aaiu.

Yeaeo?ionoaiiaee, n eioi?uie i?eoiaeeony eiaoue aeaei i?aeoe/anee anai
?aaioathuei, i?aaenoaaeytho aeey ieo aieueooth iioaioeeaeueioth
iianiinoue, eioi?ay onoaoaeyaony oai, /oi i?aaiu /oanoa /aeiaaea ia
iiaoo ia ?annoiyiee iaia?oaeeoue iaee/ea iai?yaeaiey ia iai?oaeiaaiee.

I?ioiaey /a?ac oaei /aeiaaea yeaeo?ioie ieacuaaao ia iaai neaaeothuea
aicaeaenoaey:

1. Oaieiaia (iaa?aa oeaie e aeieiae/aneeo n?aae)

2. Oeie/aneia (?aceiaeaiea e?iae, ieaciu)

3. Aeieiae/aneia (?acae?aaeaiea e aicaoaeaeaiea ia?aiuo e ae?oaeo
oeaiae)

4. Iaoaie/aneia aicaeaenoaea (?ac?ua eiaee, auaeoe e ae?.)

Ethaia ec yoeo aicaeaenoaee iiaeao i?eaanoe e yeaeo?io?aaia —
iia?aaeaeaieth i?aaiecia, aucaaiiia aicaeaenoaeai yeaeo?ioiea.

?acee/atho yeaeo?io?aaiu:

· Ianoiua

· Iauea

Ianoiua — yeaeo?iiaeaa, yeaeo?iciae (niaoeeoe/aneia ii?aaeaiea eiaee),
iaoaeeecaoeey eiaee /anoeoeaie ?anieaaeaiiiai iaoaea iiae aeaenoaeai
yeaeo?iaeoae, yeaeo?iiooaeueiey (ainiaeaiea ia?oaeiuo iaiei/ae aeac io
aicaeaenoaey oeueo?aoeieaoiauo eo/ae yeaeo?e/aneie aeoae), iaoaie/aneea
iia?aaeaeaiey (?ac?ua eiaee, auaeoe, ia?aeiiu einoae), aucaaiiua
iai?iecaieueiui nie?auaieai iuooe iiae aeaenoaeai yeaeo?e/aneiai oiea.

Iauea yeaeo?io?aaiu – (yeaeo?ioaea?u) i?eaiaeyo e ii?aaeaieth anaai
i?aaiecia.

A caaeneiinoe io iineaaenoaey yeaeo?ioaea?u aeaeyony ia 4 noaiaie:

1-y – noaei?iaeiia nie?auaiea iuooe aac iioa?e niciaiey;

2-y – noaei?iaeiia nie?auaiea iuooe n iioa?ae niciaiey;

3-y – iioa?y niciaiey, ia?ooaiea aeuoaiey e na?aea/iie aeayoaeueiinoe;

4-y — ninoiyiea eeeie/aneie nia?oe.

Oyaeanoue ii?aaeaiey yeaeo?ioiea caaeneo io oeaeiai ?yaea oaeoi?ia:

Io ?iaea oiea.

Io neeu oiea.

*anoiou oiea.

Io aaee/eiu iai?yaeaiey.

Io iooe aai i?ioiaeaeaiey.

Io noaiu aeeth/aiey /aeiaaea a yeaeo?e/aneoth oeaiue.

Nii?ioeaeaiey oaea /aeiaaea.

Io eiaeeaeaeoaeueiuo iniaaiiinoae /aeiaaea.

Io oneiaee ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu.

Iiiyoea oaaiaiai iai?yaeaiey. Iai?yaeaiey i?eeiniiaaiey.

A ethauo yeaeo?e/aneeo naoyo /aeiaae, iaoiaeyueeny a ciia ?anoaeaiey
oiea, iiaeao ieacaoueny iiae iai?yaeaieai oaaa e iai?yaeaieai
i?eeiniiaaiey.

A niioaaonoaee n AINOii 12.1.009 “NNAO. Yeaeo?iaaciianiinoue. Oa?ieiu e
ii?aaeaeaiey” (aeaeaa — AINO 12.1.009) oaaiaui iai?yaeaieai
(iai?yaeaieai oaaa) iacuaaaony iai?yaeaiea iaaeaeo aeaoiy oi/eaie oeaie
oiea, iaoiaeyueieny iaeia io ae?oaie ia ?annoiyiee oaaa (0,8 i) e ia
eioi?uo iaeiia?aiaiii noieo /aeiaae.

Iaeaieueoee yeaeo?e/aneee iioaioeeae aoaeao a ianoa nii?eeiniiaaiey
i?iaiaeieea n caieae. Ii ia?a oaeaeaiey io yoiai ianoa iioaioeeae
iiaa?oiinoe a?oioa oiaiueoaaony, oae eae na/aiea i?iaiaeieea (ii/au)
oaaee/eaaaony i?iii?oeeiiaeueii eaaae?aoo ?aaeeona, e ia ?annoiyiee,
i?eia?ii ?aaiii 20 i, iiaeao auoue i?eiyo ?aaiui ioeth. Iianiinoue
iai?yaeaiey oaaa oaaee/eaaaony, anee /aeiaae, iiaeaa?aoeeny aai
aicaeaenoaeth, iaaeaao: iai?yaeaiea oaaa aic?anoaao, oae eae oie
i?ioiaeeo oaea ia /a?ac iiae, a /a?ac ana oaei /aeiaaea.

Iai?yaeaieai i?eeiniiaaiey iacuaaaony iai?yaeaiea iaaeaeo aeaoiy oi/eaie
oeaie oiea, eioi?uo iaeiia?aiaiii eanaaony /aeiaae (AINO 12.1.009).
Iianiinoue oaeiai i?eeiniiaaiey ioeaieaaaony cia/aieai oiea,
i?ioiaeyuaai /a?ac oaei /aeiaaea, eee aea iai?yaeaieai i?eeiniiaaiey e
caaeneo io ?yaea oaeoi?ia: noaiu caiueaiey oeaie oiea /a?ac oaei
/aeiaaea, iai?yaeaiey naoe, noaiu naiie naoe, ?aaeeia aa iaeo?aee (o.a.
cacaieaia eee eciee?iaaia iaeo?aeue), noaiaie ecieyoeee oieiaaaeoueo
/anoae io caiee, a oaeaea io cia/aiey aieinoe oieiaaaeoueo /anoae
ioiineoaeueii caiee e o.ae.

Cacaieaiea e caioeaiea. Eo caueoiia aeaenoaea.

Caueoiui cacaieaieai iacuaaaony i?aaeiaia?aiiia yeaeo?e/aneia
niaaeeiaiea n caie?e eee a? yeaeaaeaioii iaoaeee/aneeo iaoieiaaaeoueo
/anoae, eioi?ua iiaoo ieacaoueny iiae iai?yaeaieai i?e caiueaiee ia
ei?ion e ii ae?oaei i?e/eiai.

Caaea/a caueoiiai cacaieaiey – ono?aiaiea iianiinoe ii?aaeaiey oieii a
neo/aa i?eeiniiaaiey e ei?iono e ae?oaei oieiaaaeouei iaoaeee/aneei
/anoyi yeaeo?ionoaiiaee, ieacaaoeiny iiae iai?yaeaieai. Caueoiia
cacaieaiea i?eiaiytho a o?aooaciuo naoyo n eciee?iaaiiie iaeo?aeueth.

I?eioeei aeaenoaey caueoiiai cacaieaiey – nieaeaiea iai?yaeaiey iaaeaeo
ei?ionii, ieacaaoeiny iiae iai?yaeaieai, e caieae aei aaciianiiai
cia/aiey.

Anee ei?ion yeaeo?iiai?oaeiaaiey ia cacaieai e ieacaeny a eiioaeoa n
oacie, oi i?eeiniiaaiea e oaeiio ei?iono ?aaiineeueii i?eeiniiaaieth e
oaca. A yoii neo/aa oie, i?ioiaeyuee /a?ac /aeiaaea (i?e iaeii
nii?ioeaeaiee iaoae, iiea e ecieyoeee i?iaiaeia ioiineoaeueii caiee),
iiaeao aeinoeaaoue iianiuo cia/aiee.

Anee aea ei?ion cacaieai, oi aaee/eia oiea, i?ioiaeyuaai /a?ac /aeiaaea,
aaciiania aeey iaai. A yoii iacia/aiea cacaieaiey, e iiyoiio iii
iacuaaaony caueoiui.

Caioeaieai iacuaaaony i?aaeiaia?aiiia yeaeo?e/aneia niaaeeiaiea n
ioeaaui caueoiui i?iaiaeieeii iaoaeee/aneeo iaoieiaaaeoueo /anoae,
eioi?ua iiaoo ieacaoueny iiae iai?yaeaieai aneaaenoaea caiueaiey ia
ei?ion e ii ae?oaei i?e/eiai.

Caaea/a caioeaiey – ono?aiaiea iianiinoe ii?aaeaiey oieii a neo/aa
i?eeiniiaaiey e ei?iono e ae?oaei iaoieiaaaeouei iaoaeee/aneei /anoyi
yeaeo?ionoaiiaee, ieacaaoeiny iiae iai?yaeaieai aneaaenoaea caiueaiey ia
ei?ion. ?aoaaony yoa caaea/a auno?ui ioeeth/aieai iia?aaeaeaiiie
yeaeo?ionoaiiaee io naoe.

I?e caioeaiee, anee iii iaaeaaeii auiieiaii, anyeia caiueaiea ia ei?ion
i?aa?auaaony a iaeiioaciia ei?ioeia caiueaiea (o.a. caiueaiea iaaeaeo
oacaie e ioeaaui i?iaiaeii).

I?e yoii aicieeaao oie oaeie neeu, i?e eioi?ie iaania/eaaaony
n?aaaouaaiea caueou (i?aaeio?aieoaey eee aaoiiaoa) e aaoiiaoe/aneia
ioeeth/aiea iia?aaeaeaiiie onoaiiaee io naoe.

Aianoa n oai caioeaiea (eae e cacaieaiea) ia caueuaao /aeiaaea io
ii?aaeaiey yeaeo?e/aneei oieii i?e i?yiii i?eeiniiaaiee e oieiaaaeouei
/anoyi. Iiyoiio aicieeaao iaiaoiaeeiinoue (a iiiauaieyo, iniai iianiuo a
ioiioaiee ii?aaeaiey yeaeo?e/aneei oieii) a eniieueciaaiee, iiieii
caioeaiey, e ae?oaeo caueoiuo ia?, a /anoiinoe, caueoiiai ioeeth/aiey e
au?aaieaaiey iioaioeeaea.

I?e i?e?ia cacaieythuaai ono?ienoaa a yenieoaoaoeeth i?aaeuyaeytho
i?eaii/iie eiiennee: eniieieoaeueiua /a?oaaee e noaiu cacaieythueo
ono?ienoa, aeou ia ne?uoua ?aaiou, aeou i?iaa?ee ioe?uoi i?ieiaeaiiuo
cacaieythueo i?iaiaeieeia, i?ioieieu ecia?aiey nii?ioeaeaiey.
Nii?ioeaeaiea i?ioaeaieth cacaieeoaeae i?iaa?ytho niaoeeaeueiuie
i?eai?aie: I–416 ( I–08 ).

Cacaieythuaa ono?ienoai aeieaeii eiaoue ianii?o.

Ia?eiaee/anee cacaieaiey iaiaoiaeeii iniao?eaaoue e eniuouaaoue;

Ia ?aaea 1 ?aca a aiae a ia?eiaeu iaeiaiueoae i?iaiaeeiinoe ii/au eaoii
eee ceiie – ecia?ytho nii?ioeaeaiea cacaieythuaai ono?ienoaa.
?acoeueoaou ioi?ieytho i?ioieieii e caiinyo a ianii?o.

Eeanneoeeaoeey iiiauaiee ii iianiinoe ii?aaeaiey yeaeo?ioieii.

O?aaiaaiey, i?aaeuyaeyaiua e yeaeo?iiai?oaeiaaieth, ai iiiaii caaenyo io
iiiauaiey, eioi?ii iii onoaiiaeaii.

Ii iianiinoe ii?aaeaiey ethaeae yeaeo?ioieii i?iecaiaenoaaiiua iiiauaiey
iiae?acaeaeythony:

1. Iniai iianiua – eiatho iiauoaiioth aeaaeiinoue (i?eaeeaeaiioth e
100%) eee oeie/anee aeoeaioth n?aaeo, eee oi e ae?oaia.

2. Iiauoaiiie iianiinoe – n ioiineoaeueiie aeaaeiinoueth aeeeoaeueii
i?aauoathuae 75% eee eiathony oieii?iaiaeyuea iieu, oieii?iaiaeyuay
iueue, oaiia?aoo?a aicaeooa aeeeoaeueii i?aauoaao +35°N e ae?.

3. Iiiauaiea aac iiauoaiiie iianiinoe – ionoonoaotho auoaia?a/eneaiiua
oaeoi?u. Yeaeo?ionoaiiaee aia iiiauaiey i?e?aaieaathony e iniai iianiui.

O?aaiaaiey e ia?niiaeo, ianeoaeeaathueo yeaeo?ionoaiiaee:

Aeiioneathony eeoea ia iieiaea 18 eao, i?ioaaeoea iaaeeoeeineia
inaeaeaoaeuenoaiaaiea e niaoeeaeueioth yeaeo?ioaoie/aneoth iiaeaioiaeo.
Iie aeieaeiu oi?ioi ciaoue yeaeo?ioaoieeo, yeaeo?iiai?oaeiaaiea, noaiu e
iniaaiiinoe ianeoaeeaaaiuo ono?ienoa; aeieaeiu eiaoue /?oeia
i?aaenoaaeaiea i aiciiaeiuo iianiinoyo, ciaoue e oiaei i?eiaiyoue
i?aaeeii yeaeo?iaaciianiinoe, oiaoue ieacuaaoue ia?aoth iiiiuue
iino?aaeaaoaio.

O?iaaiue o?aaoaiuo ciaiee ii?aaeaeyaony eaaeeoeeaoeeiiiie a?oiiie ii
yeaeo?iaaciianiinoe. *ai auoa eaaeeoeeaoeeiiiay a?oiia, oai aieueoa
o?aaiaaiee i?aaeuyaeyaony e ?aaioieeo. Eo onoaiiaeaii 5 a?oii.

Ia?eiaee/aneay i?iaa?ea ia?niiaea i?iaiaeeony:

• 1 ?ac a aiae – aeey ia?niiaea iaiin?aaenoaaiii ianeoaeeaathueo
aeaenoaothuea yeaeo?ionoaiiaee e aeey ?aaioieeia ioi?ieythueo
?anii?yaeaiea e i?aaiecaoeeth yoeo ?aaio;

• 1 ?ac a 3 aiaea – aeey ?aaioieeia EO? (eiaeaia?ii oaoie/aneeo
?aaioieeia), ia ioiinyueony e i?aaeuaeouae a?oiia, eiaeaia?ai ii Io?aia
o?oaea, aeiiouaiiuo e einiaeoe?iaaieth yeaeo?ionoaiiaie.

I?aaiecaoeey ia?ii?eyoee ii i?aaeoi?aaeaeaieth ii?aaeaiey yeaeo?e/aneei
oieii.

3. Ioi?ieaiea ?aaiou: ia?yae – yoi ienueiaiiia ?anii?yaeaiea ia
i?iecaiaenoai ?aaio a yeaeo?ionoaiiaeao: ii?aaeaeaiea eaoaai?ee e
oa?aeoa?a ?aaiou, ianoi, a?aiy ia/aea e ieii/aiey, oneiaea aaciianiinoe
a? i?iaaaeaiey, eaaeeoeeaoeeiiiue ninoaa a?eaaaeu, iacia/aaony
ioaaonoaaiiue ca aaciianiinoue ?aaio. Ninoaaeyaony ia niaoeeaeueiii
aeaiea (2 yecaiiey?a);

onoiia ?anii?yaeaiea – auiieiaiea ?aaio aac niyoey iai?yaeaiey, aaeaee
io oieiaaaeoueo /anoae, aiaieaiiaua ?aaiou ii iaiaoiaeeiinoe, – yoio
aeae ?aaio eiaao ?aciaue oa?aeoa?, auaeaaony ia iaeio ?aaioo,
ioi?ieyaony caienueth a iia?aoeaiii aeo?iaea.

4. Aeiione e ?aaioa: i?iaa?ytho oaoie/aneea ia?ii?eyoey ii iiaeaioiaea
?aai/aai ianoa; niioaaonoaea a?eaaaeu, a? eaaeeoeeaoeee, oeacaiiii a
ia?yaea; oeacuaaaony ianoi ?aaio, i?iaa?ytho iaee/ea iai?yaeaiey ia
ioeeth/aiiuo oieiaaaeoueo /anoyo; eino?oeoaae a?eaaaeu; iaeei yecaiiey?
aea?ony a?eaaaea e ana /eaiu a?eaaaeu ?anienuaathony a i?i.

3. Iaaeci? ai a?aiy ?aaiou: n oeaeueth i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiey ian/anoiiai
neo/ay, aiceaaaaony ia i?iecaiaeyuaai ?aaiou eee iaaethaeathuaai.

4. Ioi?ieaiea ia?a?uaia a ?aaioa, ia?aaiaea ia ae?oaia ?aai/aa ianoi,
ieii/aiea ?aaiou.

Oaoie/aneea ia?ii?eyoey iaania/eaathuea aaciianiinoue ianeoaeeaathuaai
ia?niiaea.

1. Ioeeth/aiea iai?oaeiaaiey

2. Auaaoeaaiea i?aaeoi?aaeeoaeueiuo ieaeaoia e ciaeia aaciianiinoe

3. I?iaa?ea ionoonoaey iai?yaeaiey

4. Iaeiaeaiea cacaieaiey – aeey caueou ?aaioathueo io ii?aaeaiey
yeaeo?ioieii i?e ioeai/iie iiaea/a. I?e iaeiaeaiee cacaieaiey, nia/aea
ia?aiiniie cacaieeoaeue i?eniaaeeiyaony e caiea, a caoai iinea i?iaa?ee
ionoonoaey iai?yaeaiey – e oieiaaaeouei /anoyi. Nieiaaony a ia?aoii
ii?yaeea.

Oaoie/aneea n?aaenoaa caueou, iaania/eaathuea aaciianiinoue a
yeaeo?e/aneeo onoaiiaeao

8. Yeaeo?e/aneay ecieyoeey oieiaaaeoueo /anoae.

9. Caueoiia cacaieaiea (i?eioeei aai aeaenoaey a oiaiueoaiee neeu oiea,
i?ioiaeyuaai /a?ac /aeiaaea).

10. 3aioeaiea (aai caueoiue yooaeo — nie?auaiea a?aiaie aicaeaenoaey
oiea ia /aeiaaea).

11. Au?aaieaaiea iioaioeeaeia.

12. Caueoiia ioeeth/aiea.

13. Yeaeo?e/aneia ?acaeaeaiea naoe.

14. I?eiaiaiea iaeuo iai?yaeaiee e ae?oaia.

Yeaeo?icaueoiua n?aaenoaa.

Iie oneiaii aeaeyony ia 3 a?oiiu:

1. Eciee?othuea — caueuatho /aeiaaea io /anoae, iaoiaeyueony iiae
iai?yaeaieai iin?aaenoaii aeiiieieoaeueiie ecieyoeee e iicaieytho n
aaciianiinoueth aeey /aeiaaea ii?aaeaeyoue iaee/ea a onoaiiaea
iai?yaeaiey e oiea: eciee?othuea ooaiae, eciee?othuea ono?ienoaa e
i?eniiniaeaiey aeey ?aiiioiuo ?aaio iai?yaeaieai auoa 1000A;
neana?ii-iiioaaeiue eino?oiaio n eciee?othueie ?oeiyoeaie a
yeaeo?ionoaiiaeao iai?yaeaieai aei 1000A; aeeyeaeo?e/aneea ia?/aoee,
aiou, aaeioe, eia?u, eciee?othuea iaeeaaeee e iiaenoaaee aeaeyony ia:

1) Iniiaiua – ecieyoeey, eioi?ay iiaeao aeeeoaeueii auaea?aeaoue
iai?yaeaiea yeaeo?e/aneie onoaiiaee e iicaieytho i?eeanaoueny e
oieiaaaeouei /anoyi, iaoiaeyueony iiae iai?yaeaieai.

2) Aeiiieieoaeueiua – neoaeao aeey oneeaiey aeaenoaey iniiaiuo, naie ia
caueuatho.

Iniiaiua e aeiiieieoaeueiua iiae?acaeaeythony aeey ?aaiou a onoaiiaeao
aei 1000 A e nauoa 1000A.

2. Ye?aiece?othuea — caueuatho ?aaioathueo io aicaeaenoaey yeaeo?iiieae
yeaeo?e/aneeo onoaiiaie i?iiuoeaiiuo /anoio: ia?aiiniua ye?aiu, iaeaoee,
ye?aie?othuea ciiou, eiaeeaeaeoaeueiua ye?aie?othuea einothiu n
aieiaiuie oai?aie e oae aeaeaa. Oaeaea aeey caueou io a?aaeiuo e iianiuo
aicaeaenoaee yeaeo?e/aneie aeoae, i?iaeoeoia ai?aiey, iaaeaiey n auniou
i?eiaiythony n?aaenoaa eiaeeaeaeoaeueiie caueou: i/ee, eanee,
i?ioeaiaacu, ?oeaaeoeu, i?aaeio?aieoaeueiua, iiioa?neea e no?aoiai/iua
eaiaou.

3. Ia?aaeaeathuea – aeey a?aiaiiiai ia?aaeaeaiey oieiaaaeoueo /anoae,
i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiey ioeai/iuo iia?aoeee n yeaeo?e/aneeie aiia?aoaie.

Aeeth/atho ia?aiiniua cacaieaiey, ia?aaeeoaeueiua ono?ienoaa e
aeeyeaeo?e/aneea eieiaee, ieaeaou e ciaee aaciianiinoe e ae?.

Yeaeo?icaueoiua n?aaenoaa iiaeaa?aathony eiio?ieueiiio iniio?o e
ia?eiaee/anee iaoaie/aneiio e yeaeo?e/aneiio eniuoaieyi.

Caueoa io noaoe/aneiai yeaeo?e/anoaa

Iiyaeaiea noaoe/aneiai yeaeo?e/anoaa iauyniyaony oai, /oi i?e eiioaeoa
aeaoo oae ec ?acii?iaeiuo iaoa?eaeia ia eo iiaa?oiinoe aneaaenoaea
?acii?iaeiuo aioo?eaoiiiuo yeaeo?e/aneeo nee ia?acoaony aeaieiie
yeaeo?e/aneee neie. I?e iaoaie/aneii ?acaeaeaiee iiaa?oiinoae
i?ienoiaeeo ?acaeaeaiea ca?yaeia yoiai aeaieiiai yeaeo?e/aneiai neiy.
I?e yoii iaaeaeo ?acaeaeaiiuie iiaa?oiinoyie, ianoueie yeaeo?e/aneee
ca?yae, ia?acoaony ?aciinoue iioaioeeaeia e aicieeaao yeaeo?e/aneia
iiea. Yeaeo?e/aneea ca?yaeu ia iiaa?oiinoe oaa?aeuo oae ia?acothony a
neo/ayo, anee ?acaeaeythueony iiaa?oiinoe, eee oioy au iaeia ec ieo,
iaeaaeatho aeeyeaeo?e/aneeie naienoaaie. Anee aea iaa eiioaeoe?othueany
iiaa?oiinoe yeaeo?ii?iaiaeaie, oi aicieeathuea yeaeo?e/aneea ca?yaeu
iaiiaaiii ?annaeaathony (?aeaene?otho) e yeaeo?ecaoeey ia i?ienoiaeeo.

Ii ia?a oaaee/aiey ?annoiyiey iaaeaeo iiaa?oiinoyie oaaee/eaaaony
?aciinoue eo iioaioeeaeia e i?e aeinoeaeaiee ii?iaiaiai cia/aiey,
ii?aaeaeyaiiai yeaeo?e/aneie i?i/iinoueth aaciaie n?aaeu, i?ienoiaeeo
ene?iaie ?ac?yae, /oi i?aaenoaaeyao niaie iaeaieueooth iianiinoue
noaoe/aneiai yeaeo?e/anoaa, oae eae anee auaeaeythuaeny a ?ac?yaea
yia?aey ?aaia eee aieueoa ieieiaeueiie yia?aee ainieaiaiaiey ?acee/iuo
nianae ia?ia, aacia e iuee n aicaeooii, oi aicieeaao iianiinoue ac?uaa,
iiaea?a.

Yeaeo?e/aneee oie, iaoneiaeaiiue i?ioeannii yeaeo?ecaoeee, iae e ia
iiaeao aucaaoue ii?aaeaiey /aeiaaea. Iaeiaei ?ac?yae noaoe/aneiai
yeaeo?e/anoaa, iuouaaiue /aeiaaeii eae aieaciaiiue oeie, iiaeao a
iaeioi?uo neo/ayo yaeoueny einaaiiie i?e/eiie ian/anoiiai neo/ay.

Noaiaiue yeaeo?ecaoeee aeeyeaeo?e/aneeo iaoa?eaeia caaeneo io
yeaeo?e/aneeo naienoa eiioaeoe?othueo iaoa?eaeia, eo oece/aneiai
ninoiyiey, aeaaeaiey, n eioi?ui iiaa?oiinoe i?eaeaou ae?oa e ae?oao,
nei?inoe ia?aiauaiey, aeaaeiinoe e oaiia?aoo?u ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu e
ae?oaiai.

Iniiaiuie iai?aaeaieyie i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiey iianiinoe noaoe/aneiai
yeaeo?e/anoaa neoaeao i?aaeioa?auaiea iaeiieaiey ca?yaeia ia
iai?oaeiaaiee e iaoa?eaeao, nieaeaiea noaoe/aneiai nii?ioeaeaiey
ia?a?aaaouaaaiuo aauanoa, iaeo?aeecaoeey e oiaiueoaiea eioaineaiinoe
aicieeiiaaiey ca?yaeia noaoe/aneiai yeaeo?e/anoaa, ioaiae ca?yaeia,
iaeaieeaathueony ia ?aaioathueo.

Oaoie/aneeie ia?aie, iaania/eaathueie aeinoeaeaiea aaciianiinoe a
oneiaeyo aicieeiiaaiey iianiinoe noaoe/aneiai yeaeo?e/anoaa, yaeythony:

Cacaieaiea iai?oaeiaaiey e eiiioieeaoeee, ia eioi?uo iiaoo iiyaeoueny
ca?yaeu;

Iiaeai? nei?inoe aeaeaeaiey aeeaeeeo e iueaaeaeiuo aauanoa a caaeneiinoe
io eo oaeaeueiiai iauaiiiai yeaeo?e/aneiai nii?ioeaeaiey. Aeey eaaeaeie
aeeaeeinoe onoaiiaeaia naiy nei?inoue;

i?eiaiaiea noaoe/aneeo aauanoa e oeie/aneie ia?aaioee o?oueony
iiaa?oiinoae, iaianaiea ia ieo yeaeo?ii?iaiaeiuo ieaiie; eiiecaoeey
aicaeooa;

ono?ienoai yeaeo?ii?iaiaeyueo iieia eee cacaieaiea iiiinoia e ?aai/eo
ieiuaaeie, ia eioi?uo iaoiaeeony /aeiaae, nii?eeanathueony n enoi/ieeaie
aicieeiiaaiey noaoe/aneiai yeaeo?e/anoaa; i?eiaiaiea ?aaioathuei
oieii?iaiaeyuae iaoae e aioenoaoe/aneeo oaeaoia.

Oaia 3.2 O?aaiaaiey aaciianiinoe e i?iecaiaenoaaiiiio iai?oaeiaaieth
noi?ioee?iaaiu a AINO 12.2.003–91, NNAO. «Iai?oaeiaaiea
i?iecaiaenoaaiiia. Iauea o?aaiaaiey aaciianiinoe».

A niioaaonoaee ni noaiaea?oii i?iecaiaenoaaiiia iai?oaeiaaiea aeieaeii
iaania/eaaoue o?aaiaaiey aaciianiinoe i?e iiioaaea, yenieoaoaoeee,
?aiiioa, o?ainii?oe?iaea, o?aiaiee.

A i?ioeanna yenieoaoaoeee iai?oaeiaaiea ia aeieaeii caa?yciyoue
ie?oaeathuoth n?aaeo aua?inaie a?aaeiuo aauanoa auoa onoaiiaeaiiuo ii?i;
aeieaeii auoue iiaea?iaaciianii e ac?uaiaaciianii; ia nicaeaaaoue
iianiinoae io aicaeaenoaey ie?oaeathueo oaeoi?ia.

Oaoieea aaciianiinoe e iai?oaeiaaieth i?aaeuyaeyaony a oa/aiee anaai
n?iea neoaeau.

Iai?oaeiaaiea aeieaeii auoue aaciianiui, aeieaeiu i?eiaiyoueny
aaoiiaoecaoeey e aeenoaioeeiiiia oi?aaeaiea, niaoeeaeueiua n?aaenoaa
caueou; niioaaonoaiaaoue y?aiiiie/aneei o?aaiaaieyi.

Oaoie/aneea n?aaenoaa iaania/aiey aaciianiinoe o?oaea.

Aeey i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiey ian/anoiiai neo/ay oe?iei i?eiaiythony ?acee/iua
oaoie/aneea n?aaenoaa: caueoiua ia?aaeaeaiey, i?aaeio?aieoaeueiua,
oi?iiciua, aeiee?iai/iua, neaiaeece?othuea, aeenoaioeeiiiua e ae?oaea.

Aeaeu caueoiuo ia?aaeaeaiee:

1) Ia?aaeaeaiey no?ieieiuaaeie e o/anoeia i?iecaiaenoaa.

2) Ia?aaeaeaiey caueoiua eiaaioa?iua (caueoii-io?aiiua, caueoiua,
neaiaeueiua).

Ia?aaeaeaiey iiaoo auoue: noaoeeiia?iuie, yaeythueany ninoaaiie /anoueth
oceia aa?aaaoia e nuaiiuie; iinoiyiiuie (eiaeooe iaoei), a?aiaiiuie
(ueou, ooi?u, ye?aiu), iaiieueiuie, ?o/iuie.

I?aaeio?aieoaeueiua ono?ienoaa: i?aaeiacia/aiu aeey aaoiiaoe/aneiai
aueeth/aiey iaoaieciia, eciaiaiey ?aaeeia ?aai/aai i?ioeanna i?e auoiaea
eiio?iee?oaiiai ia?aiao?a ca aeiionoeiua i?aaeaeu (iooou, n?acaaiua
oieeueee, eiioeaaua aueeth/aoaee, eeaiaiu, ia?aie/eoaee, aaoiiaoe/aneea
ono?ienoaa, cacaieythuea, caioeythuea ono?ienoaa e ae?.)

Oi?iiciua ono?ienoaa — aeey ieaaiie e yeno?aiiie inoaiiaee aeaeaeoueony
iaoei, /anoae iai?oaeiaaiey, oaea?aeaiey oaoieee ia oeeiiao,
i?aaeioa?auaiea naii nioneaiey a?oca e ae?oaeo neo/ayo.

Oaoie/aneiio ninoiyieth e yooaeoeaiinoe ?aaiou oi?iicia iaoei e
iaoaieciia i?aaeuyaeythony i/aiue aunieea o?aaiaaiey.

Aeiee?iai/iua ono?ienoaa: i?eiaiytho aeey aueeth/aiey iaoaieciia,
inoaiiaee oaoiieiae/aneiai i?ia?anna, niyoey iai?yaeaiey i?e iiiuoea
i?iieeiiaaiey a iianioth ciio, aeey eneeth/aiey ia?ooaiey onoaiiaeaiiuo
iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoae aeaenoaee.

Aeiee?iaee iiaoo auoue:

Iaoaie/aneea

Yeaeo?e/aneea

Yeaeo?iiaoaie/aneea

Oioiyeaeo?e/aneea

?aaeei/anoioiua

Iiaaiaoe/aneea

Aeae?aaee/aneea e ae?.

Neaiaeece?othuea ono?ienoaa – aeatho ?aaioathuei eioi?iaoeeth i
ninoiyiee ?aai/aai i?ioeanna, aai ea/anoaaiiuo e eiee/anoaaiiuo
eciaiaiee, o?iaiy a?aaeiuo aauanoa, i?aaeoi?aaeaeatho i eaeeo eeai
iaeni?aaiinoyo, aaa?eeiuo e o?aaiiiianiuo neooaoeeyo.

N eo iiiiuueth niiauaaony i iaee/ee eaeeo eeai aeaenoaee, iiaeatho
eiiaiaeu e oae aeaeaa.

Yoe ono?ienoaa iiaoo auoue aaoiiaoe/aneea e n ?o/iui i?eaiaeii.

Aeenoaioeeiiiia iaaethaeaiea e oi?aaeaiea ?aai/eie i?ioeannaie –
inouanoaeytho eiaaea iaiin?aaenoaaiii iaoiaeaeaiea iia?aoi?ia a ?aai/ae
ciia iaaiciiaeii eee yeiiiie/anee ia auaiaeii, a oneiaeyo eiiieaeniie
iaoaiecaoeee e aaoiiaoecaoeee i?iecaiaenoaa..

Aeenoaioeeiiiia iaaethaeaiea inouanoaeyaony n iiiiuueth niaoeeaeueiuo
aeao/eeia, neaiaeecaoi?ia, oaeaye?aiia, eiio?ieueii-ecia?eoaeueiuo
i?eai?ia e oae aeaeaa, e oi?aaeyaony n iiiiuueth yeaeo?e/aneeo,
iiaaiaoe/aneeo, iaoaie/aneeo e ae?oaeo i?eaiaeia, iee?ii?ioeanni?ia,
aaoiiaoe/aneeo nenoai oi?aaeaiey, yeaeo?e/aneie au/eneeoaeueiie oaoieee.

Neaiaeueiua oeaaoa, ciaee, ieaeaou aaciianiinoe — aeey i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiey
?aaioathueo i aiciiaeiie iianiinoe, i?aaeienaiey eee ?ac?aoaiey
ii?aaeaeaiiuo aeaenoaee.

I?eiaiythony oeaaoa: e?aniue, cae?iue, aeaeoue e neiee.

Ciaee aaciianiinoe iiae?acaeaeythony ia 4 a?oiiu:

1) Cai?auathuea (auiieiyoue ii?aaeae?iiua aeaenoaey).

2) I?aaeoi?aaeaeathuea (i aiciiaeiie iianiinoe).

3) I?aaeienuaathuea (auiieiyoue ii?aaeaeaiiua aeaenoaey).

4) Oeacaoaeueiua.

Oaia 3.3 Iniiau aaciianiinoe oaoiieiae/aneeo i?ioeannia.

Iauea o?aaiaaiey aaciianiinoe e oaoiieiae/aneei i?ioeannai
noi?ioee?iaaiu a AINO 12.3.002–745 NNAO. « I?ioeannu i?iecaiaenoaaiiua.
Iauea o?aaiaaiey aaciianiinoe ».

I?iecaiaenoaaiiua i?ioeannu ia aeieaeiu i?aaenoaaeyoue iianiinoue aeey
ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu, auoue iiaea?iaaciianiu e ac?uaiaaciianiu.

Oaoiieiae/aneea i?ioeannu aeieaeiu i?aaeoniao?eaaoue neaaeothuaa:
ono?aiaiea iaiin?aaenoaaiii eiioaeoa ?aaioathueo n iaoa?eaeaie,
caaioiaeaie, i?iaeoeoeeae, iooiaeaie ieacuaathuea a?aaeiua aicaeaenoaey;
caiaio a?aaeiuo e iiaea?iiianiuo aauanoa ia iaiaa iianiua; eiiieaenioth
iaoaiecaoeeth, aaoiiaoecaoeeth, aeenoaioeeiiiia oi?aaeaiea
oaoiieiae/aneeie i?ioeannaie i?e iaee/ee a?aaeiuo e iianiuo oaeoi?ia,
i?eiaiaiea nenoai eiio?iey e oi?aaeaiey oaoiieiae/aneeo i?ioeannia aeey
caueou ?aaioathueo, aaa?eeiia ioeeth/aiea; naiaa?aiaiiia iieo/aiea
eioi?iaoeee i a?aaeiuo e iianiuo oaeoi?ao; naiaa?aiaiiia oaeaeaiea e
iaaca?aaeeaaiea iooiaeia, yaeythueony enoi/ieeaie iianiuo e a?aaeiuo
oaeoi?ia; i?eiaiaiea n?aaenoa eieeaeoeaiie caueou ?aaioathuaai,
?aoeeiiaeueioth i?aaiecaoeeth o?oaea e ioaeuoa.

O?aaiaaiea aaciianiinoe e oaoiieiae/aneei i?ioeannai aeeth/aao
ii?iaoeaii oaoie/aneoth e oaoiieiae/aneoth aeieoiaioaoeee.

Aaciianiinoue oaoiieiae/aneeo i?ioeannia aeinoeaaaony oaeaea i?eiaiaieai
eiaeaia?ii-oaoie/aneeo n?aaenoa aaciianiinoe (ia?aaeeoaeueiua,
i?aaeio?aieoaeueiua ono?ienoaa, neaiaeecaoeee, e ae?.).

Aaciianiinoue o?oaea i?e iaoaie/aneie ia?aaioea iaoa?eaeia.

Iaoaie/aneay ia?aaioea iaoa?eaeia auiieiytho a?o/ioth e ia noaieao. I?e
?o/iie i?eiaiythony eino?oiaiou iauaai iacia/aiey: iieioie, eoaaeaea,
iaieeueieee e oae aeaeaa. Iie ecaioaaeeaathony ec ii?aaeaeaiiiai
iaoa?eaea. Eo ?oeiyoee aeieaeiu auoue iaaeaaeii oe?aieaiu, aa?oony
i?i/iua ii?iaeu aea?aaueaa, aac no/eia, aaee/eia ?oeiyoee aa??ony ii
?acia?ai.

?aai/eo, caiyouo ?aaioie n oaea?iui eino?oiaioii, iaania/eaatho
caueoiuie i/eaie, a ianoi ?aaiou ia?aaeaeatho naoeaie eee ueoaie.
Iaiaoiaeeii i?aaeeueii i?aaieciaaoue ?aai/aa ianoi neana?y,
?aoeeiiaeueii ?aniieiaeeoue eino?oiaiou, n o/?oii ?aai/eo iic
eniieiaiey, ia?aaeaeatho ana ia?aaea/e aia ei?ionia noaieia e
i?aaenoaaeythuea niaie iianiinoue o?aaie?iaaiey. Ciio ia?aaioee
ia?aaeaeatho ye?aiaie, caueuathueie io no?oaeee e
niaci/ii-ioeaaeaeathuae aeeaeeinoueth. I?aaiu ?o/iiai oi?aaeaiey
?aniieaaatho aeey oaeiaiiai iieueciaaiey, aeaa?oeu oeaoia n
yeaeo?e/aneei iai?oaeiaaieai aeiee?otho naiaeiui aueeth/aoaeai. Ana
iaoaeee/aneea /anoe noaiea, eioi?ua iiaoo ieacaoueny iiae iai?yaeaieai
nauoa 42 A cacaieythony eee niaaeeiythony n ioeaaui i?iaiaeii e ae?.

I?aaeoniao?eaathony ia?u, iicaieythuea nieceoue o?iaaiue ooia e
aea?aoeee.

Iaiaoiaeeii i?eiaiyoue eino?oiaiou e i?eniiniaeaiey, aeey ae?iaeaiey e
ioaiaea no?oaeee.

Caoi/iua oeeoiaaeueiua noaiee iai?oaeotho caueoiui ye?aiii ec
i?ic?a/iiai iaoa?eaea, eioi?ue aeiee?oaony n ioneiaui ono?ienoaii
noaiea. ?aaioiee aeieaeai eiaoue caueoiua i/ee. Ai a?aiy ?aaiou
niaoeiaeaaeaea aeieaeia auoue canoaaiooa, aieinu oa?aiu iiae aieiaiie
oai?. Cai?auaaony ?aaioaoue ia noaiea a ?oeaaeoeao eee ia?/aoeao,
iie?aoueny ia ?aai/ee noaiie, iiaeaaaoue /a?ac iaai eaeea eeai
i?aaeiaou, oaeaeyoue no?oaeeo iaiin?aaenoaaiii ?oeaie e oae aeaeaa.

Noauaeoeaiua e iauaeoeaiua n?aaenoaa i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiey ia iianiinoe.

Noauaeoeaiua (ianneaiua) n?aaenoaa oieueei i?aaeoi?aaeaeatho i
ianooiathuae iianiinoe.

1) eiio?ieueii- ecia?eoaeueiua i?eai?u (iaiiiao?, aiia?iao?, aieueoiao?)
– iiiiaatho eiio?iee?iaaoue i?ioaeathuea i?ioeannu, inouanoaeyoue
aaciianioth yenieoaoaoeeth iaoei e iai?oaeiaaiey, ii?aaeaeyoue
i?aaeaeueii aeiionoeiua cia/aiey ia?aiao?ia.

2) I?aaeoi?aaeeoaeueiua ciaee e iaaeiene – aeey iaiiieiaiey ?aaioathuei
ia iianiinoyo, i a?aieoeao iianiie ciiu, iai?aaeeueiuo aeaenoaeyo.

3) Neaiaeueiua ono?ienoaa – aeey i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiey ?aaioathueo ia
iianiinoe eee aaa?ee (caoe, naaoiaay neaiaeecaoeey, caiiee).

Iauaeoeaiua (aeoeaiua) n?aaenoaa caueou ia oieueei i?aaeoi?aaeaeatho, ii
e naie ono?aiytho iianiinoue. Iie aeaenoaotho aaoiiaoe/anee, ia caaeneii
io eaaeeoeeaoeeiiiiai ninoiyiey ?aaioathueo, ia aeiioneay aicaeaenoaey
ia ieo iianiuo i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo oaeoi?ia. *aua anaai oaeea n?aaenoaa
ia?acotho oece/aneoth i?aa?aaeo iaaeaeo ?aaioathueie e iianiuie
i?iecaiaenoaaiiuie oaeoi?aie.

E iei ioiinyony:

· ?acee/iua i?aaeio?aieoaeueiua ono?ienoaa, ia?aaeaeaiey caueoiua
aeiee?iaee, cacaieaiea iai?oaeiaaiey, eiaeeaeaeoaeueiua n?aaenoaa caueou
e ae?.

Oaia 3.4 Aaciianiinoue yenieoaoaoeee aa?iaoe/iuo nenoai ?aaioathueo iiae
aeaaeaieai.

Aa?iaoe/iinoue ono?ienoa e onoaiiaie — yoi naienoai ia i?iioneaoue /a?ac
noaieo, niaaeeiaiey e ae?oaea yeaiaiou eiino?oeoeee aeeaeeinoe e aacu,
eioi?ua a ieo niaea?aeaony. Aa?iaoe/iinoue iaania/eaaao nicaeaiea
oneiaee, iaiaoiaeeiuo aeey i?iaaaeaiey niioaaonoaothueo oaoiieiae/aneeo
i?ioeannia, a a ?yaea neo/aaa yaeyaony oneiaeai iaania/aiey aaciianiinoe
o?oaea. Yoi i?aaeaea anaai ioiineony ei anai nenoaiai, ?aaioathuei iiae
aeaaeaieai, ia ?aaiui aoiinoa?iiio: eiii?anni?ai, noaoeeiia?iui
onoaiiaeai, aaeeiiai, aaci- e o?oaii?iaiaeai, a oaeaea aaeooiiui
onoaiiaeai.

?acaa?iaoecaoeey iiaeao i?eaanoe e aicieeiiaaieth a ?aai/ae ciia ?yaea
iianiuo e a?aaeiuo oaeoi?ia (oiene/iuo ia?ia e aacia, eiiece?othueo
eceo/aiee, anee ?aai/aa oaei ?aaeeiaeoeaii, oaieiauo eceo/aiee i?e
auniei- e ieceioaiia?aoo?iuo ?aai/eo oaeao), a oaeaea ia?aiauaieth
?acaa?iaoece?iaaaoeony aieinoae a i?ino?ainoaa, ?aceiio iiauoaieth
aeaaeaiey, ia?ooaieth no?ieoaeueiuo eiino?oeoeee e iai?oaeiaaiey i?e
ac?uaa.

Oaeei ia?acii, ?acaa?iaoecaoeey iiaeao auoue i?e/eiie io?aaeaiee,
iaeiaia (eae oaieiauo, oae e oeie/aneeo), ?aaeeiaeoeaiiai iaeo/aiey,
iaoaie/aneiai o?aaie?iaaiey.

Aauanoaa, niiniaiua ia?aciauaaoue ac?uaiiianioth n?aaeo eniieuecothony a
i?iecaiaenoaa. Yoi i?aaeaea anaai ia?u ?aciiai ?iaea niaci/iuo aauanoa,
ai?th/ea aacu, eniieuecoaiua a nenoaiao aaciniaaaeaiey i?aaei?eyoee,
aiaei?iae. Ana yoe ia?u e aacu aeoeaii anooiatho a ?aaeoeeth n
eenei?iaeii. Ii ieeneeoaeai iiaeao auoue ia oieueei eenei?iae, ii e
ae?oaea oeie/aneea yeaiaiou e niaaeeiaiey (icii, ooi?, oei?, ieeneu
acioa e o.i.). Ac?uaiiianioth n?aaeo iiaoo ia?aciauaaoue oaeaea iuee e
aauanoaa, neeiiiua e ac?uaiiio ?aceiaeaieth (aoeaoeeai, aeae?icei, icii,
aiiea/iay naeeo?a e o. i.). Ac?uaiaaciianiinoue aeieaeia auoue
iaania/aia ia?aie ac?uaii?aaeoi?aaeaeaiey e ac?uaicaueou,
i?aaiecaoeeiiiuie e i?aaiecaoeeiiii-oaoie/aneeie ia?ii?eyoeyie. Aeey
i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiey ac?uaa iaiaoiaeeii eneeth/eoue ia?aciaaiea
ac?uaiiianiie n?aaeu e aicieeiiaaiea enoi/ieea eieoeee?iaaiey ac?uaa.
I?aaeioa?auaiea ia?aciaaiey ac?uaiiianiie n?aaeu e iaania/aiea a
aicaeooa i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo iiiauaiee niaea?aeaiey ac?uaiiianiuo aauanoa,
ia i?aauoathuaai ieaeiaai eiioeaio?aoeeiiiiai i?aaeaea ainieaiaiaiey,
aeieaeii aeinoeaaoueny: eiio?ieai ninoaaa aicaeooiie n?aaeu; i?eiaiaieai
aa?iaoe/iiai i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai iai?oaeiaaiey; i?eiaiaieai ?aai/ae e
aaa?eeiie aaioeeyoeee; ioaiaeii ac?uaiiianiie n?aaeu.

Ac?uaicaueoa — nenoaia ia?ii?eyoee, i?aaeioa?auathueo aicaeaenoaey ia
ethaeae iianiuo e a?aaeiuo oaeoi?ia, aicieeathueo a ?acoeueoaoa ac?uaa.
Iia aeeth/aao i?eiaiaiea iai?oaeiaaiey, ?ann/eoaiiiai ia aeaaeaiea
ac?uaa; i?eiaiaiea iaiai?aa?aaeeoaeae, aeae?icaoai?ia, aiaeyiuo
caneiiia, eia?oiuo aaciauo eee ia?iauo caaan; caueoo aiia?aoia io
?ac?ooaiey i?e ac?uaa n iiiiuueth ono?ienoa aaa?eeiiai na?ina aeaaeaiey
(i?aaeio?aieoaeueiua iaia?aiu e eeaiaiu, auno?iaeaenoaothuea iona/aiiua
e ia?aoiua eeaiaiu e o. ae.).

I?e/eiu aaa?ee e ian/anoiuo neo/aaa i?e ?aaioa eiii?anni?ia e oneiaey
aaciianiinoe eo yenieoaoaoeee.

Ac?ua eiii?anni?ia iiaeao auoue neaaenoaeai ia?aa?aaa aai noaiie,
iiauoaiey ?aai/aai aeaaeaiey, aicieeiiaaiey ia ei?iona ca?yaeia
noaoe/aneiai yeaeo?e/anoaa, caai?aiey e ac?uaa niane ia?ia niaci/iiai
iaoa?eaea n aicaeooii, aeae?aaee/aneiai oaea?a (a oeeeeiae?ao
eiii?anni?ia, oieiaeeeueiuo onoaiiaie).

Iianiinoue ia?aa?aaa yeaiaioia eiino?oeoeee eiii?anni?a naycaia i?aaeaea
anaai n oai, /oi i?e naeaoee ethauo aacia eo oaiia?aoo?a iiauoaaony e
oai aieueoa, /ai aieueoa noaiaiue naeaoey. E?iia oiai, iia iaoneiaeaia
ia?aciaaieai «iaaa?a» ia noaieao oeeeeiae?a, eeaiaiiuo ono?ienoa e
o?oaii?iaiaeia, i?aaenoaaeythuaai niaie niane oaa?aeuo i?iaeoeoia
?aceiaeaiey niaci/iuo ianae. Iaaa? oaaee/eaaao o?aiea e i?eaiaeeo e
ianoiui ia?aa?aaai, eieoeee?othuei ac?ua.

I?aauoaiea ?aai/aai aeaaeaiey /aua anaai iauyniyaony ionoonoaeai eee
iaeni?aaiinoueth eiio?ieueii-ecia?eoaeueiie aiia?aoo?u, ia?ooaieai
i?aaee yenieoaoaoeee eiii?anni?a.

A eiii?anni?ao oieiaeeeueiuo onoaiiaie aiciiaeiu eiiaeainaoeey
eniieuecoaiuo a oeeeeiae?a eaaei naeeiaaiuo aacia e aicieeiiaaiea
aeae?aaee/aneiai oaea?a, /oi iiaeao auoue i?e/eiie aai ?ac?ooaiey.

Aaciianiinoue yenieoaoaoeee eiii?anni?ia aeinoeaaaony no?iaie
?aaeaiaioaoeeae aeaea i?eiaiyaiiai niaci/iiai iaoa?eaea, ono?ienoaii
nenoai ioeaaeaeaiey e i/enoee ?aai/eo oae.

E ia?ii?eyoeyi ii ono?aiaieth aeae?aaee/aneeo oaea?ia ioiineony
iaania/aiea iai?a?uaiiai eee ia?eiaee/aneiai ioaiaea neiiaeaine?iaaiiie
aeeaeeinoe ec oieiaeeeueieeia, a oaeaea eiio?ieue ioiineoaeueiie
aeaaeiinoe aicaeooa, cananuaaaiiai a eiii?anni? aeieaeia auoue ia aieaa
60 %. Aeey iiaeaea?aeaiey iaiaoiaeeiiai aeaaeaiey eniieuecotho
i?aaeio?aieoaeueiua ono?ienoaa — eeaiaiu ioe?uoiai e cae?uoiai oeia.

Ana aeaeaeoueany /anoe eiii?anni?a n i?eaiaeii ia?aaeaeatho.

Aeey eneeth/aiey ioeai/iuo aeaenoaee ianeoaeeaathuaai ia?niiaea e
ianeoaeeaaieth eiii?anni?ia aeiioneathony iaoeienou e aiia?ao/eee,
i?ioaaeoea niaoeeaeueioth iiaeaioiaeo, naeaaoea yecaiaiu e eiathuea
niioaaonoaothuea oaeinoiaa?aiey.

I?e/eiu aaa?ee noaoeeiia?iuo ninoaeia, aaciauo aaeeiiia, aaci- e
o?oaii?iaiaeia.

Yoe i?e/eiu aanueia iiiaiia?aciu e iiaoo auoue ?acaeaeaiu ia
eiino?oeoi?neea, oaoiieiae/aneea e yenieoaoaoeeiiiua. E eiino?oeoi?neei
i?e/eiai ioiinyony iai?aaeeueiue auai? eiino?oeoeee eee ioaeaeueiuo aa
yeaiaioia, ionoonoaea i?iaa?i/iiai ?an/aoa ia i?i/iinoue. E
oaoiieiae/aneei i?e/eiai ioiinyony iiyaeaiea aeaoaeoia eiino?oeoeee,
nieaeathueo aa i?i/iinoiua oa?aeoa?enoeee. Yoi eeoaeiua ?aeiaeiu,
iai?iaa?u, aaciaua ii?u e oeaeiaua aeeth/aiey naa?iuo niaaeeiaiee,
aeaoaeou caeeaiie, aioo?aiiea e ia?oaeiua o?aueiu, i?iaeiae. Ana iie a
cia/eoaeueiie ia?a iaoneiaeeaatho aa?iyoiinoue ?acaa?iaoecaoeee nenoaiu
iiae aeaaeaieai.

E yenieoaoaoeeiiiui i?e/eiai ioiinyony: ia?ooaiea ?aaeeiia yenieoaoaoeee
(i?aauoaiea aeiionoeiuo cia/aiee aeaaeaiee, oaiia?aoo?), a oii /enea
aneaaenoaea ioeai/iuo aeaenoaee ia?niiaea eee ec-ca ionoonoaey
eiio?ieueiuo i?eai?ia; iiai/iua i?ioeannu a ono?ienoaao e onoaiiaeao
(ei??icey, ia?aciaaiea iaeeie); ?anoe?aiea aeeaeeinoae a caieioouo
iauaiao aneaaenoaea iaa?aaa;

eciaiaiea i?i/iinoiuo naienoa eiino?oeoeeiiiuo iaoa?eaeia a oneiaeyo
ieceeo oaiia?aoo?; ia?aciaaiea niane «ai?th/aa – ieeneeoaeue».

Ac?ua aaeeiiia naeaouo e naeeaeaiiuo aacia iiaeao i?iecieoe i?e
caiieiaiee eo ?aai/ei oaeii, aeey eioi?iai iie ia i?aaeiacia/aiu.

I?eiaieoaeueii e nenoaiai o?oai- e aacii?iaiaeia i?e/eiie
?acaa?iaoecaoeee iiaeao auoue caia?caiea eiiaeainaoa, aeaoi?iaoeee
aneaaenoaea oaieiauo ?anoe?aiee.

N o/aoii iacaaiiuo i?e/ei aaa?ee nenoai, ?aaioathueo iiae aeaaeaieai,
i?aaeea Ainoaoiaaeci?a onoaiaaeeaatho o?aaiaaiey e ono?ienoao e
aaciianiie eo yenieoaoaoeee.

Aeey auyaeaiey oaoiieiae/aneeo oaeoi?ia ?acaa?iaoecaoeee ninoaeu e
aiia?aou, ?aaioathuea iiae aeaaeaieai, ia?aae ioneii a yenieoaoaoeeth, a
oaeaea ia?eiaee/anee iiaeaa?aatho inaeaeaoaeuenoaiaaieth e eniuoaieyi.
I?e yoii inouanoaeytho aioo?aiiee iniio? anao ninoaeia.

Aaci- o?oaii?iaiaeu oaeaea aeieaeiu eiaoue neaiaeueioth ie?aneo.

Aaaeiui ia?ii?eyoeai, niaeaenoaothuei auyaeaieth iiyaeaiey aaca a
aicaeooa ?aai/ae ciiu, yaeyaony i?eaeaiea aio caiaoa (iaei?ecaoeey).

Aacii?iaiaeu i?ieeaaeuaatho n iaaieueoei oeeiiii a noi?iio aeaeaeaiey
aaca, a aooa?ioth ?ieinoue niaaaeatho a ieaeiae /anoe nioneiie o?oaeie n
e?aiii aeey nenoaiaoe/aneiai oaeaeaiey aiaeyiiai eiiaeainaoa e ianea.

Ia?ii?iaiaeu niaaaeatho eiiaeainaoiioaiae/eeaie, eioi?ua iicaieytho
i?aaeioa?aoeoue aicieeiiaaiea aeae?aaee/aneeo oaea?ia e i?iaie.

E yenieoaoaoeee onoaiiaie e ninoaeia, ?aaioathueo iiae aeaaeaieai,
aeiioneathony eeoea ia iieiaea 18 eao, i?ioaaeoea iao/aiea e
aooanoaoeeth e eiathuea oaeinoiaa?aiea ia i?aai eo ianeoaeeaaiey.

A nenoaiao, ?aaioathueo iiae aeaaeaieai, eniieuecotho ?acee/iua
eiio?ieueiua i?eai?u. Yoi, i?aaeaea anaai, iaiiiao?u aeey ecia?aiey
aeaaeaiey.

I?e iaiaoiaeeiinoe iiieaeaiey aeaaeaiey aaca eee aicaeooa i?e eo ioai?a
ec aaeeiia eee aieinoe i?eiaiytho ?aaeoeoeeiiiua eeaiaiu.

Aeey eiio?iey oaiia?aoo?u a onoaiiaeao iiae aeaaeaieai iianaianoii
eniieuecotho oa?iiiao?u, a oaeaea oa?iiia?u. Aeey eiio?iey iaee/ey
aeeaeeinoe a eioeao e iiaeiaiuo ei onoaiiaeao i?eiaiytho oeacaoaee
o?iaiy aeeaeeinoe.

Oaia 3.5 I?aaiecaoeey aaciianiie ?aaiou a?ociiiaeuaiiuo iaoei e
iaoaieciia.

Iiaeuaiii-o?ainii?oiua n?aaenoaa aanueia ?aciiia?aciu. Iie aeeth/atho
i?inoua ono?ienoaa (aeiee, ?o/iua eaaaaeee e oaeaaeee, aeiie?aou) e
iiaeuaiii-o?ainii?oiua iaoeiu (IOI). E iineaaeiei ioiinyony
o?ainii?oe?othuea e a?ociiiaeuaiiua iaoeiu.

Aiaeec o?aaiaoecia i?e yenieoaoaoeee iiaeuaiii-o?ainii?oiuo n?aaenoa
iieacuaaao, /oi aieueoay /anoue ian/anoiuo neo/aaa, a oii /enea n
oyaeaeui enoiaeii, i?eoiaeeony ia ?aaiou, ia eioi?uo eniieuecothony
a?ociiiaeuaiiua iaoeiu.

Nenoaia o?aaiaaiee, iaania/eaathuay aaciianioth eo yenieoaoaoeeth,
onoaiiaeaia I?aaeeaie Ainoaoiaaeci?a, oaeaea eino?oeoeeyie ii oaoieea
aaciianiinoe aeey e?aiiaueeia, no?iiaeueueeia, aeey eeoe, ioaaonoaaiiuo
ca aaciianiia i?iecaiaenoai ?aaio ii ia?aiauaieth a?ocia,
ooaa?aeaeaiiuie Ainoaoiaaeci?ii.

O?aaiaaiey aaciianiinoe i?e yenieoaoaoeee o?ainii?oe?othueo iaoei e
i?inoaeoeo iiaeuaiiuo ono?ienoa ii?aaeaeaiu eino?oeoeeyie ii oaoieea
aaciianiinoe.

E oyaeaeui iineaaenoaeyi i?eaiaeeo iaaeaiea iiaeieiaaiuo a?ocia
aneaaenoaea ia?uaa eaiaoia e oeaiae, ca eioi?ua iiaeieiaaony a?oc,
?ac?ooaiey yeaiaioia e?aia i?e ia?aa?ocea eee iioa?a onoie/eainoe,
«iaaaaaiey» a?oca ia yeaiaiou eiino?oeoeee e?aia eee aai nineaeeaaiey n
a?ocicaoaaoiiai i?aaia.

I?i/iinoue eiaaeaaeiinoue IOI iaania/eaathony i?e auiieiaiee o?aaiaaiee
aaciianiinoe a niioaaonoaee n i?aaeeaie Ainoaoiaaeci?a ii anai iniiaiui
eiino?oeoeaiui yeaiaioai e nenoaiai.

Aeey iaania/aiey onoie/eainoe e?aiia eniieuecotho i?ioeaiaanu.

Iinoiaua e?aiu e eo oaeaaeea, ?aaioathuea ia ioe?uouo ynoaeaaeao,
aeieaeiu auoue niaaaeaiu i?ioeaioaiiiuie ono?ienoaaie aeey eneeth/aiey
ia?aiauaiey e?aiia, iaoiaeyueony a ia?aai/ai ninoiyiee, io aao?iaie
iaa?ocee. A yoii neo/aa iaeaieaa ?aoeeiiaeueiui n/eoaaony eniieueciaaiea
eeauaauo caoaaoia, caaeeiathueo aieiaee iiaee?aiiauo ?aeuenia, iooai
eniieueciaaiey aeae?i e iiaaiii?eaiaeia. Eo onoaiaaeeaatho n iaaeo
noi?ii iinoa.

Aeey eneeth/aiey aiciiaeiinoe ?ac?ooaiey e?aiia io ia?aa?ocee eo
niaaaeatho ia?aie/eoaeyie a?ociiiaeuaiiinoe, ioeeth/athueie iaoaieci
iiaeuaia a?oca

Aeey eneeth/aiey iaacaea e?aiia ia no?ieoaeueiua eiino?oeoeee i?eiaiytho
ia?aie/eoaee oiaea (oii?u), iiioe?oaiua ia eiioeai ?aeueniaiai iooe.
A?ociiiaeuaiiua iaoeiu n iaoeiiui i?eaiaeii, aeaeaeoueany ii ?aeueniaiio
iooe, e eo oaeaaeee aeey niya/aiey aiciiaeiiai oaea?a ia iii?u eee ae?oa
i ae?oaa niaaaeatho niioaaonoaothueie oi?oaeie aooa?iuie ono?ienoaaie.

Ae?oaei aeaeii ia?aie/eoaeae oiaea yaeythony eiioeaaua aueeth/aoaee,
iaania/eaathuea aaoiiaoe/aneia ioeeth/aiea i?eaiaea e?aia i?e ia?aoiaea
aai iiaeaeaeiuie /anoyie onoaiiaeaiiuo iieiaeaiee.

Ec ae?oaeo aeaeia i?aaeio?aieoaeueiuo ono?ienoa iiaeii ioiaoeoue
aeiee?iaee

Ia?aaeeoaeueiua n?aaenoaa caueou i?eiaiytho aeey eneeth/aiey aeinooia e
eaaeiaeinooiiui, iaoiaeyueiny a aeaeaeaiee eee iiae iai?yaeaieai
yeaeo?e/aneiai oiea /anoyi a?ociiiaeuaiiie iaoeiu. Ia?aaeaeatho ana
aeaeu ia?aaea/ (coa/aoua, oeaiiua e o. i.), niaaeeieoaeueiua iooou e
aa?aaaiu, ?aniieiaeaiiua aaeece ?aai/aai ianoa e?aiiaueea eee a
i?ioiaeao, aaeu iaoaiecia ia?aaeaeaeaiey e?aiia e ae?oaeo nenoai (anee
iineaaeiea ?aniieiaeaiu a ianoao, i?aaeiacia/aiiuo aeey i?ioiaea
ianeoaeeaathuaai ia?niiaea). Ia?aaeaeaieth iiaeeaaeao oaeaea ioe?uoua
oieiaaaeouea /anoe.

Eneeth/eoaeueii aaaeioth ?ieue aeey iaania/aiey aaciianiinoe a aaa?eeiuo
neooaoeeyo ea?atho oi?iiciua ono?ienoaa.

I?e yenieoaoaoeee a?ociiiaeuaiiuo iaoei i?eiaiythony, e?iia oiai,
nenoaiu neaiaeecaoeee. Iie iiaoo auoue aeaoo oeiia. Yoi neaiaeueiay
ie?anea iiaeaeaeiuo yeaiaioia a?ociiiaeuaiiiai iai?oaeiaaiey, aaaa?eoia
o?ainii?oiuo i?iaiia, ia?aiaaeia a ieineinoe iiea, ia?aaeaeaiee, oaeia
noai, etheia a iieo, nooiaiae eanoieoe, a oaeaea caoeiaay
i?aaeoi?aaeeoaeueiay neaiaeecaoeey ia e?aiao, oi?aaeyaiuo ec eaaei eee n
ioeueoa.

Ciia ia?aiauaiey a?ocia iinoiauo e?aiia, yaeythuayny iianiie, aeieaeia
auoue iaicia/aia aeaeoie neaiaeueiie eeieae.

Niaoeeoeeie nenoai cacaieaiey IOI yaeyaony eniieueciaaiea a ea/anoaa
cacaieythueo ono?ienoa iiaee?aiiauo iooae (oai, aaea iie eiatho ianoi) e
niaoeeaeueiuo oeaiiuo ono?ienoa, neieuecyueo o e?aiia ia aaoiiiaeeueiii
oiaeo ii caiea eee ii aei?iaeiiio iie?uoeth.

Aeey eneeth/aiey naiii?iecaieueiiai aeeth/aiey iaoaieciia i?e
ainnoaiiaeaiee iai?yaeaiey naoe iinea i/a?aaeiiai ioeeth/aiey
yeaeo?iieoaiey eniieuecotho niaoeeaeueioth (ioeaaoth) caueoo.

Ia aaoaiiuo e ii?oaeueiuo e?aiao iaiaoiaeeii ono?aeaaoue iieieacaueoo.

I?e yenieoaoaoeee a?ociiiaeuaiiuo e?aiia aeieaeii i?eiaiyoueny
i?ioeaiiiaea?iia iai?oaeiaaiea.

Ioeaiea oaoie/aneiai ninoiyiey iiaeuaiii-o?ainii?oiuo ono?ienoa n oi/ee
c?aiey niioaaonoaey eceiaeaiiui o?aaiaaieyi aaciianiinoe i?iecaiaeeony
i?e eo oaoie/aneii inaeaeaoaeuenoaiaaiey.

Aiiaue onoaiiaeaiiua a?ociiiaeuaiiua iaoeiu aeieaeiu auoue iiaeaa?aioou
aei ionea a ?aaioo iieiiio oaoie/aneiio inaeaeaoaeuenoaiaaieth.

A?ociiiaeuaiiua e?aiu, iaoiaeyueany a ?aaioa, aeieaeiu iiaeaa?aaoueny
ia?eiaee/aneiio oaoie/aneiio inaeaeaoaeuenoaiaaieth: /anoe/iiio — ia
?aaea iaeiiai ?aca a 12 ianyoeaa; iieiiio — ia ?aaea iaeiiai ?aca a o?e
aiaea, ca eneeth/aieai ?aaeei eniieuecoaiuo ia ?aaea /ai /a?ac, eaaeaeua
iyoue eao.

Aiciiaeii aiai/a?aaeiia iieiia oaoie/aneia inaeaeaoaeuenoaiaaiea
a?ociiiaeuaiiiai e?aia.

I?e iieiii oaoie/aneii inaeaeaoaeuenoaiaaiee a?ociiiaeuaiiay iaoeia
aeieaeia iiaeaa?aaoueny: iniio?o; noaoe/aneiio e aeeiaie/aneiio
eniuoaieyi.

?acoeueoaou oaoie/aneiai inaeaeaoaeuenoaiaaiey e?aiia, ia?aaeaeaathueony
ii iaaecaiiui ?aeueniaui iooyi niaianoii n eaaeiie oi?aaeaiey,
caienuaaao a eo ianii?o eeoei, i?iecaiaeeaoaa inaeaeaoaeuenoaiaaiea.
?acoeueoaou oaoie/aneiai inaeaeaoaeuenoaiaaiey ae?oaeo a?ociiiaeuaiiuo
iaoei caienuaatho a aeo?iae eo o/aoa e iniio?a.

Inaeaeaoaeuenoaiaaieth iiaeaa?aatho e aniiiiaaoaeueiua i?eniiniaeaiey
aeey ia?aiauaiey a?ocia.

Oaoie/aneia inaeaeaoaeuenoaiaaiea aniiiiaaoaeueiuo i?eniiniaeaiee.

A?ocicaoaaoiua ono?ienoaa, yaeythueany iai?oaeiaaieai e?aiia, a oaeaea
nuaiiua a?ocicaoaaoiua ono?ienoaa iiaeeaaeao aei ionea a ?aaioo iieiiio
oaoie/aneiio inaeaeaoaeuenoaiaaieth.

Noaeueiua i?iaiei/iua eaiaou (o?inu), oeaie, iaiueeiaua e
oeii/aoiaoiaaeiua eaiaou eniieuecotho a a?ociiiaeuaiiuo iaoeiao a
ea/anoaa aeaeeo i?aaiia.

Noaeueiua i?iaiei/iua eaiaou iiaoo auoue iaeeia?iie e aeaieiie naeaee,
iaeiineieiua e iiiaineieiua.

I?e auai?a eaiaoia aeieaeii iaania/eaaoueny oneiaea eo iaycaoaeueiie
i?i/iinoe ia ?ac?ua.

A ea/anoaa aeaeeo i?aaiia eniieuecotho oaeaea naa?iua e ieanoei/aoua
oeaie. Eiyooeoeeaio caiana i?i/iinoe yoeo eaiaoia aeieaeai auoue oaeaea
ia iaiaa 8.

A?ociiiaeuaiiua e?thee e iaoee yaeythony oieaa?naeueiuie
a?ociiiaeuaiiuie i?eniiniaeaieyie e?aiia e eiatho iaeaieueoaa
i?eiaiaiea. E?thee iiaoo auoue iaeii?iaea e aeao?iaea. Aeey e?aiia
aieueoie a?ociiiaeuaiiinoe i?eiaiytho e?thee niaoeeaeueiie eiino?oeoeee
— ieanoei/aoua. A?ociaua iaoee iiaoo auoue oeaeueiieiaaiua e ninoaaiua.

Nuaiiua a?ocicaoaaoiua i?eniiniaeaiey iiaoo auoue ioaaouaathueie,
iiaeaea?aeeaathueie, caaeeiiuie e i?eoyaeaathueie.

A i?ioeanna yenieoaoaoeee nuaiiuo a?ocicaoaaoiuo i?eniiniaeaiee e oa?u
i?aaei?eyoea-aeaaeaeaoe aeieaeai ia?eiaee/anee eo iniao?eaaoue a
onoaiiaeaiiua n?iee, ii ia ?aaea, /ai: /a?ac eaaeaeua oanoue ianyoeaa
i?e iniio?a o?aaa?n; /a?ac iaeei ianyoe i?e eniieueciaaiee eeauaauo e
ae?oaeo caoaaoia, a oaeaea oa?u; /a?ac eaaeaeua 10 aeiae i?e iniio?a
no?iiia (ca eneeth/aieai ?aaeei eniieuecoaiuo).

?aaeei eniieuecoaiua nu?iiua a?ocicaoaaoiua i?eniiniaeaiey aeieaeiu
iniao?eaaoueny ia?aae auaea/ae eo a ?aaioo.

A?aeiaea iaoiaeyueony a ?aaioa noaeueiuo eaiaoia inouanoaeyaony ii /eneo
ia?uaia i?iaieie ia aeeeia iaeiiai oaaa naeaee.

Iaaeci? ca ninoiyieai a?ociiiaeuaiiuo iaoei e eo aaciianiie
yenieoaoaoeeae inouanoaeyaony einiaeoeeae Ainoaoiaaeci?a e eiaeaia?ii ii
oaoie/aneiio iaaeci?o, iacia/aiiui aaeieieno?aoeeae
i?aaei?eyoey-aeaaeaeueoea iaoeiu iinea i?iaa?ee o iaai ciaiee I?aaee
eiienneae e auaea/e aio niioaaonoaothuaai oaeinoiaa?aiey.

A oeaoao, ia no?ieoaeueiie ieiuaaeea eee ae?oaii o/anoea ?aaio
a?ociiiaeuaiiuo e?aiia a eaaeaeie niaia aeieaeii auoue i?eeacii
iacia/aii eeoei, ioaaonoaaiiia ca aaciianiia i?iecaiaenoai ?aaio ii
ia?aiauaieth a?ocia, ec /enea eiaeaia?ia e ae?oaeo niaoeeaeenoia
(ia/aeueieeia niai, niaiiuo ianoa?ia, i?i?aaia, ia/aeueieeia o/anoeia)
iinea i?iaa?ee o ieo ciaiee e eino?oeoeee e?aiiaueea e no?iiaeueueea.
Ia?eiaee/aneay i?iaa?ea ciaiee yoeo eeoe i?iecaiaeeony /a?ac o?e aiaea.

No?iiaeueueee aeieaeiu i?iecaiaeeoue ia?aae ?aaioie iniio? iauaiiuo
a?ocicaoaaoiuo ono?ienoa e oa?u, eioi?ua aeieaeiu eiaoue ae?ee n
oeacaieai a?ociiiaeuaiiinoe e aeaoo inaeaeaoaeuenoaiaaiey.

?acaeae 4. Iiaea?iay aaciianiinoue.

Oaia 4.1. Ai?aiea e iiaea?iiianiua naienoaa aauanoa.

Aeaeu ai?aiey e iiaea?iiianiua naienoaa aauanoa e iaoa?eaeia.

Ai?aieai iacuaatho oeceei-oeie/aneee i?ioeann, aeey eioi?iai oa?aeoa?iu
o?e i?eciaea: oeie/aneia i?aa?auaiea, auaeaeaiea oaiea, eceo/aiea naaoa.
Iniiaa ai?aiey – yecioa?ie/aneay ieeneeoaeueii-ainoaiiaeoaeueiay
?aaeoeey (eee eiiieaen ?aaeoeee) aauanoaa n ieeneeoaeai. Ieeneeoaeyie
iiaoo auoue oei?, a?ii, na?a, eenei?iae, eenei?iaeiniaea?aeauea e
ae?oaea aauanoaa.

Iaeiaei /aua i?eoiaeeony eiaoue aeaei n ai?aieai a aoiinoa?a aicaeooa,
eiaaea ieeneeoaeai yaeyaony eenei?iae.

Aeey aicieeiiaaiey ai?aiey iaiaoiaeeii iaee/ea ai?th/aai aauanoaa,
ieeneeoaey e enoi/ieea ainieaiaiaiey. Ii e a yoii neo/aa ai?aiea aoaeao
aiciiaeiui, anee ai?th/ea aauanoai e eenei?iae (eee ae?oaie ieeneeoaeue)
iaoiaeyony a ii?aaeaeaiiii eiee/anoaaiiii niioiioaiee, a oaieiaie
eiioeuen eiaao caian oaiea, aeinoaoi/iue aeey iaa?aaaiey aauanoaa aei
oaiia?aoo?u aai ainieaiaiaiey. Anee iaei ai?y/aai aauanoaa a niane n
aicaeooii eee iaei eenei?iaea (iaiaa 14-16%), i?ioeann ai?aiey ia
ia/iaony.

Ai?aiea iiaeao auoue aucaaii iaiin?aaenoaaiiui aicaeaenoaeai ia ai?th/aa
aauanoai ioe?uoiai ieaiaie eee iaeaeaiiiai oaea, neaaui, ii aani?a?uaiui
e i?iaeieaeeoaeueiui iaa?aaaieai ai?th/aai aauanoaa, naiiaicai?aieai,
ac?uaii, oeie/aneie yia?aeae (o?aiea, oaea?, aeaaeaiea), eo/enoie
yia?aeae oaiea, iaa?aoui aei aunieeo oaiia?aoo? aicaeooii e o.ae.

Eiee/anoai oaiea, auaeaeyaiiai i?e iieiii nai?aiee aauanoaa e ai?th/aai
aauanoaa, iacuaatho oaieioie nai?aiey.

I?e ai?aiee aieueoay /anoue oaiea eaeao ia iaa?aaaiea ie?oaeathuae
n?aaeu, no?ieoaeueiuo eiino?oeoeee e naieo ai?th/eo aauanoa. Oaiei a
ie?oaeathuoth n?aaeo ia?aaeaaony iooai oaieii?iaiaeeiinoe, eiiaaeoeee e
eceo/aiey.

Iiae oaieii?iaiaeeiinoueth iiieiatho ia?aiin oaieiaie yia?aee i?e
iaiin?aaenoaaiiii nii?eeiniiaaiiii aauanoa, iaoa?eaeia e eiino?oeoeee.
Eiiaaeoeey – yoi ia?aiin oaieiaie yia?aee a ?acoeueoaoa ia?aiauaiey eee
ia?aiaoeaaiey /anoeoe aeeaeeinoe eee aaca. Eiiaaeoeaiua iioiee ia
e?oiiuo iiaea?ao aeinoeaatho aieueoeo nei?inoae, /oi i?eaiaeeo e
ia?aa?ino ia cia/eoaeueiua ?annoiyiey ai?yueo aieiaiae e ene?. Oaieiaia
eceo/aiea i?aaenoaaeyao niaie ia?aiin oaieiaie yia?aee a aeaea
yeaeo?iiaaieoiuo aiei.

Nei?inoue ?ani?ino?aiaiey ai?aiey ii iiaa?oiinoe ai?th/aai iaoa?eaea
caaeneo io aai aa?aaaoiiai ninoiyiey, oaieioece/aneeo naienoa, ieioiinoe
?ani?aaeaeaiey a i?ino?ainoaa e na/aiey yeaiaioia ai?th/ae caa?ocee,
iaoai?ieiae/aneeo e ae?oaeo oneiaee.

Nouanoaaiiia cia/aiea aeey ioeaiee iiaea?iie iianiinoe oiai eee eiiai
aauanoaa, iaoa?eaea eiaao oaiia?aoo?a aai ainieaiaiaiey, niainieaiaiaiey
e aniuoee.

Ainieaiaiaiea – yoi aicai?aiea, nii?iaiaeaeathuaany iiyaeaieai ieaiaie.
Oaiia?aoo?ie ainieaiaiaiey yaeyaony oaiia?aoo?a ai?th/aai aauanoaa, i?e
eioi?ie iii auaeaeyao ai?th/ea ia?u e aacu n oaeie nei?inoueth, /oi
iinea ainieaiaiaiey eo io enoi/ieea caaeeaaiey aicieeaao onoie/eaia
ai?aiea.(Oaiia?aoo?a ainieaiaiaiey caaeneo ia oieueei io i?e?iaeu
aauanoaa, ye e io aoiinoa?iiai aeaaeaiey, i?ioeaioiiai niaea?aeaiey
eenei?iaea a aicaeooa ae?oaeo oneiaee. Aeaaea aeey iaeiiai e oiai aea
aauanoaa oaiia?aoo?a ainieaiaiaiey iiaeao eieaaaoueny io 250 aei 350°N,
aeey oi?oa 225 aei 280°N.

E i?e/eiai, eioi?ua iiaoo aucaaoue iiauoaiea oaiia?aoo?u aauanoaa n aai
ainieaiaiaiey, ioiinyony iaiin?aaenoaaiiia aicaeaenoaea ioe?uoiai iaiy
eo/enoay yia?aey, ene?a yeaeo?e/aneiai oiea, oaieioa nieia/iuo eo/ae,
?ac-

?yae iieiee e ae?. *ai ieaea oaiia?aoo?a ainieaiaiaiey iaoa?eaea, oai
aieaa ii iaiaiianai.

Anoue iaoa?eaeu, eioi?ua i?e ecaanoiuo oneiaeyo iiaoo naiiaicai?aoueny.
Naiiaicai?aiea – yoi iiyaeaiea ?aceiai oaaee/aiey nei?inoe
yecioa?ie/aneeo ?aaeoeee, i?eaiaeyuaa e aicieeiiaaieth ai?aiey aauanoaa
a ionoonoaea enoi/ieea caaeeaaiey. I?ioeann naiiaicai?aiey onei?yaony,
eiaaea iaeiieaiea oaiea, a neaaeiaaoaeueii e ia?anoaiea oaiia?aoo?u,
i?ienoiaeyuaa a ?acoeueoaoa i?ioeanna ieeneaiey (i?eaea/aiea eenei?iaea
ec aicaeooa), i?aauoaa eiee/anoai oaiea, ?annaeaaaiiai a ie?oaeathuoth
n?aaeo.

I?ioeann oaieiaiai naiiaicai?aiey ninoieo ec aeaoo noaaeee –
naiiiaa?aaaiey e naiiainieaiaiaiey (oeaiey).( Oaiia?aoo?ie
naiiaicai?aiey iacuaatho naioth ieceoth oaiia?aoo?o aauanoaa, i?e
eioi?ie aicieeaao aai naiiiaa?aaaiea, oaiia?aoo?ie naiiainieaiaiaiey –
naioth ieceoth oaiia?aoo?o aauanoaa, i?e eioi?ie i?ienoiaeeo ?aceia
oaaee/aiea nei?inoe yecioa?ie/aneeo ?aaeoeee, caeai/eaathueony
aicieeiiaaieai ieaiaiiiai ai?aiey.

A caaeneiinoe io oaiia?aoo?u naiiainieaiaiaiey ana ai?th/ea aauanoaa
oneiaii aeaeyo ia aeaa a?oiiu: aauanoaa n oaiia?aoo?ie naiiainieaiaiaiey
auoa oaiia?aoo?u ie?oaeathuae eo n?aaeu e aauanoaa n oaiia?aoo?ie ieaea
oaiia?aoo?u ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu. Ioiinyueany e ia?aie a?oiia aauanoaa
niiniaiu naiiainieaiaiyoueny oieueei a ?acoeueoaoa iaa?aaa eo auoa
oaiia?aoo?u ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu. Aauanoaa aoi?ie a?oiiu iiaoo
naiiainieaiaiyoueny aac iaa?aaa, oae eae ie?oaeathuay eo n?aaea oaea
iaa?aea eo aei oaiia?aoo?u naiiainieaiaiaiey. Oaeea aauanoaa
i?aaenoaaeytho aieueooth iiaea?ioth iianiinoue e iacuaathony
naiiaicai?athueieny.

N?aaee iaoa?eaeia, eniieuecoaiuo a no?ieoaeuenoaa, iniaaiii iiaeaa?aeaiu
naiiaicai?aieth aieieienoua iaoa?eaeu: iaeey, o?yiee, iieeee,
i?iieoaiiua ?acee/iuie ianeaie, a oaeaea oi?o, eaiaiiua e ao?ua oaee,
neiaeaiiua a ooaaaey. I?e ia?aaicea a?ocia naiiaicai?athony oeiieiaay
oaeooa, i?yaea, i?yaeeeueiua iooiaeu, i?iianeaiiua eiioeu e i/anu,
ae?aaaniue oaieue, ae?iaeaiua aeiuoe e ae?.

Ii nei?inoe, n eioi?ie i?ioaeaao ai?aiea, ?acee/atho aniuoeo,
ainieaiaiaiey e ac?ua.

Oaiia?aoo?ie aniuoee ia?ia eaaeiainieaiaiythueony e ai?th/eo aeeaeeinoae
iacuaatho naioth ieceoth oaiia?aoo?o ai?th/aai aauanoaa, i?e eioi?ie
iaae iiaa?oiinoueth aai ia?acothony aacu e ia?u, niiniaiua aniuoeaaoue a
aicaeooa io enoi/ieea io enoi/ieea caaeeaaiey, ii nei?inoue eo
ia?aciaaiey aua iaaeinoaoi/ia aeey iineaaeothuaai ai?aiey. Oaiia?aoo?a
aniuoee aauanoa eieaaeaony a oe?ieeo i?aaeaeao. Aeey aoeaoiia, aaiceia,
nu?ie iaooe iia ninoaaeyao 28°N e ieaea, ea?ineia, neeieaea?a – io 28
aei 45°N, e?aicioa, iacooa, aeecaeueiiai oiieeaa- io 45 aei 120°N.

A i?ioeanna aniuoee, i?ioaeathuee e?aeia auno?i, nianue aacia e ia?ia
aeeaeeinoe eee ae?oaiai aauanoaa n aicaeooii nai?aao, iinea /aai ai?aiea
i?ae?auaaony. Auno?ia i?ae?auaiea ai?aiea iauyniyaony oai, /oi
auaeaeaiiiai i?e aniuoea eiee/anoaa oaiea ia oaaoaao aeey ainieaiaiaiey.

Iniaaiii iianiu ac?uau. Ac?uaii iacuaatho iaiiaaiiia ?aceiaeaiea eee
nai?aiea aauanoaa, i?e eioi?ii auaeaeyaony aieueoia eiee/anoai aacia e
ia?a, nicaeathueo ia?iiiia aeaaeaiea ia ie?oaeathuoth n?aaeo.

Ai?aiea nianae ai?th/eo aacia e ia?ia n aicaeooii niiniaii
?ani?ino?aiyoueny ia i?e ethauo niioiioaieyo eiiiiiaioia, a eeoue a
ii?aaeaeaiiuo i?aaeaeao, iacuaaaiuo eiioeaio?aoeeiiiuie i?aaeaeaie
ainieaiaiaiey (ac?uaa). Ieieiaeueioth e iaeneiaeueioth eiioeaio?aoeee
ai?th/eo aacia e ia?ia a aicaeooa, i?e eioi?uo niane niiniaiu
ainieaiaiyoueny, iacuaatho ieaeiei eiioeaio?aoeeiiiuie i?aaeaeaie
ainieaiaiaiey,

Ana niane, eiioeaio?aoeey eioi?uo iaoiaeyony iaaeaeo i?aaeaeaie
ainieaiaiaiey e niiniaiu ?ani?ino?aieoue ai?aiea, iacuaatho
ac?uaiiianiuie.

Niane, eiioeaio?aoeee eioi?uo iaoiaeyony ieaea ieaeiaai e auoa aa?oiaai
i?aaeaeia ainieaiaiaiey, a caieioouo iauaiao ai?aoue ia niiniaiu e
yaeythony aaciianiuie. Iaeiaei niane, eiioeaio?aoeee eioi?uo iaoiaeyony
auoa aa?oiaai i?aaeaea ainieaiaiaiey, i?e auoiaea ec caieiooiai iauaia a
aicaeooa ai?aoue aeeooociui ieaiaiai, o.a. aaaeoo naay, eae ia?u e aacu,
ia niaoaiiua n aicaeooii.

Ana no?ieoaeueiua iaoa?eaeu ii eo niiniaiinoe aicai?aoueny
(ainieaiaiyoueny) iiae aeaenoaeai enoi/ieea caaeeaaiey iiae?acaeaeythony
ia o?e a?oiiu: iaai?th/ea, o?oaeiiai?th/ea e ai?th/ea.

Iaai?th/ea iaoa?eaeu iiae aeaenoaeai iaiy eee aunieie oaiia?aoo?u ia
oeatho e ia iaoaeeaathony. E iei ioiinyony ana anoanoaaiiua e
eneonnoaaiiua iai?aaie/aneea iaoa?eaeu (iaica, ooo, i?aii?, aeeiyiue e
neeeeaoiue ee?ie/, aeaeaciaaoii e ae?.), i?eiaiyaiua a no?ieoaeuenoaa
iaoaeeu, a oaeaea aeiniaua e aeiniaieieienoua ieeou i?e niaea?aeaiee
i?aaie/aneie /anoe aei 8% iannu, ieia?aeiaua ieeou i?e ia neioaoe/aneii,
e?aoiaeueiii eee aeooiiii naycothuai i?e niaea?aeaiee aai aei 6%.

O?oaeiiai?th/ea iaoa?eaeu niiniaiu ai?aoue iiae aeaenoaeai enoi/ieea
caaeeaaiey, ii ia niiniaiu e naiinoiyoaeueiiio ai?aieth iinea aai
oaeaeaiey.

O?oaeiiai?th/eie yaeythony iaoa?eaeu, ninoiyuea ec iaai?th/eo e ai?th/eo
ninoaaeythueo. Yoi anoaeueoiaue aaoii, aeiniaua aaoiiiua iaoa?eaeu,
niaea?aeauea i?aaie/aneee iaiieieoaeue aieaa 8% iannu, ieia?aeiaaoiua
ieeou ia aeooiiii naycothuai i?e niaea?aeaiee aai io 7 aei 15%,
aeeiinieiiaiiua iaoa?eaeu ni n?aaeiae ieioiinoueth iaiaa
900ea/i2,aieeie, auii/aiiue a aeeiyiii ?anoai?a, ae?aaaneia,
iiaeaa?aiooay aeoaieie i?iieoea iaiacaueoiuie ninoaaaie, oeaiaioiue
oea?ieeo, iaeioi?ua iieeia?iua iaoa?eaeu.

Ai?th/ea iaoa?eaeu iiae aicaeaenoaeai iaiy eee aunieie oaiia?aoo?u
ainieaiaiythony e i?iaeieaeatho ai?aoue eee oeaoue iinea oaeaeaiey
enoi/ieea iaiy. E yoei iaoa?eaeai ioiinyo ae?aaaneio, oieue, ?oaa?ieae,
oi?oiieeou, aieeie, a oaeaea iaoa?eaeu ia iniiaa ieanoe/aneeo iann
(ae?aaaniino?oaea/iua e ae?aaaniiaieieienoua ieeou e o.i.).

Oaia 4.2. I?ioeeaeoeea iiaea?ia,

Eae iieacuaaao i?aeoeea, iaeaieueoaa eiee/anoai iiaea?ia aicieeaao a
?acoeueoaoa ia?ooaiey i?aaee iiaea?iie aaciianiinoe: neo/ae
iainoi?iaeiinoe ia?auaiey n ioe?uouie enoi/ieeaie iaiy, a oii /enea
iaa?aaeiinoue, aeiioneaaiay i?e eo?aiee eee iieueciaaiee yeaeo?iauoiauie
i?eai?aie; ia?ooaiea i?aaee iiaea?iie aaciianiinoe i?e i?iecaiaenoaa
yeaeo?iaacinaa?i/iuo ?aaio; i?e yenieoaoaoeee ia/ae, oaieiaaia?e?othueo
aa?aaaoia e ono?ienoa; iaeni?aaiia ninoiyiea yeaeo?ii?iaiaeee e
yeaeo?ii?eai?ia; iaeni?aaiia o?aiaiea ?acee/iuo aauanoa e iaoa?eaeia e
o.i. A ioaeaeueiuo neo/ayo i?e/eiie iiaea?ia yaeythony aeaenoaey nee
i?e?iaeu: a?iciaua ?ac?yaeu, nieia/iua eo/e.

Iacaaiiua i?e/eiu yaeythony iaueie eee iniiaiuie. Eaaeaeay ec yoeo
i?e/ei iiaeao niaea?aeaoue, a naith i/a?aaeue, iaiin?aaenoaaiiua
i?e/eiu, oi anoue eiie?aoiua i?e/eiu caaeeaaiey, i?eaiaeyuea e
aicieeiiaaieth iiaea?a.

E iei iiaoo ioiineoueny: iaiiaaoaiiay iaie?ina eee neaa?aoa; ioe?uoia
ieaiy e oaieieceo/aiea yeaeo?iauoiauo i?eai?ia; ene?aiea, ioe?uoia ieaiy
e yeaeo?e/aneea aeoae i?e i?iecaiaenoaa yeaeo?iaacinaa?i/iuo e ae?oaeo
iaiaiianiuo ?aaio; aunieay oaiia?aoo?a ia?oaeiuo iiaa?oiinoae
ioiieoaeueiuo ono?ienoa, iaoei e iai?oaeiaaiey; ei?ioeia caiueaiea,
ia?aa?ocea, aieueoea ia?aoiaeiua nii?ioeaeaiey a yeaeo?e/aneie oeaie;
naiiaicai?aiea e o.i.

E?iia iiaea?ia, aicieeoeo a ?acoeueoaoa ia?ooaiee i?aaee aaciianiionoe,
iaaethaeathony neo/ae aicieeiiaaiey iiaea?ia a ?acoeueoaoa iiaeaeiaia. I
iiaeaeiaao, eo niiniaao iiaoo naeaeaoaeuenoaiaaoue oaeea iaia?oaeaiiua
i?e iniio?a iaoa iiaea?a oaeou, eae inoaaeaiea ai?yuaai eee oeathuaai
oeoeey, iaeeaaiea aaiceiii eee ae?oaie EAAE i?aaeiaoia e iiaeaeeaaiea
eo, inoaaeaiea aeeth/aiiuie a yeaeo?inaoue /aeieea, oothaa,
yeaeo?iieeoee e o.i. Ii neaaeoao eiaoue a aeaeo, /oi iiaeiaiua oaeou
iiaoo iaaethaeaoueny. I?e i?anooiii-iaa?aaeiii ioiioaiee e niaethaeaieth
i?aaee iiaea?iie aaciianiinoe.

Aicieeiiaaiea iiaea?a io i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai iai?oaeiaaiey aiciiaeii i?e;

ia?aaiyo a ?aaioa e iaeni?aaiinoyo (ia?aeinao, caeeeieaaiee, nooii
o?aiee, iaa?aaaiee, ooa/ee i?iaeoeoa e o.i.);

eniieueciaaiee a oaoiieiae/aneii i?ioeanna eee i?e yenieoaoaoeee
iai?oaeiaaiey iaiaiianiuo aauanoa e iaoa?eaeia, niiniaiuo ia?aciaaoue
iaiaiianiua eiioeaio?aoeee eee neeiiiuo e naiiaicai?aieth,
naiiainieaiaiaieth, ia?aciaaieth noaoe/aneiai yeaeo?e/anoai;

aiciiaeiinoe ia?aciaaiey e neiieaiey a i?ioeanna i?iecaiaenoaa
iiaea?iiianiuo iooiaeia, niiniaiuo naiiaicai?aoueny eee
naiiainieaiaiyoueny.

I?e ia?aa?ocea a yeaeo?inaoyie onoaiiaeao oaaee/eaaaony eiee/anoai
auaeaeyaiiai i?iaiaeieeaie oaiea, eioi?ia i?eaiaeeo e /?acia?iiio
iaa?aaaieth, ?ac?ooaieth e ainieaiaiaieth nai?aaiuo iie?iaia ecieyoeee,
/anoae a?iaoo?u e aeecei ?aniieiaeaiiuo i?aaeiaoia.

Iniiaiua i?e/eiu a-ea?ii?eyoey ii i?aaeoi?aaeaeaieth iiaea?ia.

Aeey ?ac?aaioee e inouanoaeaiey ia? ii i?aaeoi?aaeaeaieth iiaea?ia
neaaeoao ciaoue ia oieueei i?e/eiu eo aicieeiiaaiey, ii e oio a?iiaaeiue
iaoa?eaeueiuo oua?a, eioi?ue i?e/eiyaony iiaea?aie-

Iiaea?aie oie/oiaeaaony ia oieueei iaoa?eaeueiua oeaiiinoe, io ieo
aeaioo ethaee. Iiaea?u e?aeia io?eoeaoaeueii aeeytho ia yeieiaeth
ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu, oie/oiaeay eaniua ianneau, caa?yciyy aoiinoa?o
i?iaeoeoaie ai?aiey e o.ae.

I?e/eiaie iiaea?ia, iaeaieaa /anoi ano?a/athueony ia aeaeaciiaei?iaeiii
o?ainii?oa e a o?ainii?oiii no?ieoaeuenoaa, yaeythony iainoi?iaeiia
ia?auaiea n iaiai.I ene?u eieiiioeaia, ia/ae aaaiiia-oaieooae, eioeia
ioiieaiey iannaaee?neeo aaaiiia, oaoie/aneay iaeni?aaiinoue
yeaeo?iiai?oaeiaaiey, ia?ooaiea o?aaiaaiee ainoaea?noaaiiuo noaiaea?oia
e i?aaee iia?ocee eaaeiai?th/eo a?ocia, iiiaaeaiea ?acee/iuo enoi/ieeia
caaeeaaiey ia ioe?uoue iiaeaeaeiie ninoaa, iaaeiniio? ca i?eai?aie
ioiieaiey e eo iaeni?aaiinoue, oaeinoue aeaoae n iaiai. Iiaea?u iiaoo
aicieeaoue oaeaea a ?acoeueoaoa ei?ioeiai caiueaiey, aieueoeo
ia?aoiaeiuo nii?ioeaeaiee, ia?aa?ocee yeaeo?ii?iaiaeia e eaaaeae,
ia?ooaiea i?aaee ono?ienoaa yeaeo?ionoaiiaie, ianiioaaonoaey eeanno
iiaea?i- e ac?uaiiianiinoe iiiauaiee, ianiaethaeaiey i?aaee iiaea?iie
aaciianiinoe i?e iaiaauo ?aaioao, ia?ooaiey oaoiieiaee i?iecaiaenoaa e
ae?.

Iaeiie ec aaaeiuo ia? i?ioeaiiiaea?iie caueou i?e i?iaeoe?iaaiee e
cano?ieea ianaeaiiuo ioieoia e i?iiuoeaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee yaeyaony
no?iaia niaethaeaiea i?ioeaiiiaea?iuo ?ac?uaia. Iie i?aaeiacia/aiu aeey
i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiey ?ani?ino?aiaiey iaiy ia ninaaeiea caeaiey e
nii?oaeaiey, a oaeaea iaania/aiey oniaoiiai iaiaa?e?iaaiey iiaea?iuo
iiae?acaeaeaiee, i?eauaoeo aeey oooaiey iiaea?a. I?ioeaiiiaea?iua
?ac?uau iaaeaeo ioaeaeueiuie caeaieyie caaenyo io noaiaie eo
iaianoieeinoe.

A neo/ayo, eiaaea i?e ?aeiino?oeoeee caeaiee eee nii?oaeaiee iaaiciiaeii
niaethnoe ?ac?uau, ?ac?aaaouaatho ia?ii?eyoey, eiiiaine?othuea eo
iaaeinoaoi/ioth aaee/eio. E oaeei ia?ii?eyoeyi ioiinyo nii?oaeaiey
i?ioeaiiiaea?iuo i?aa?aae, nieaeaiea iiaea?iie iianiinoe
i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo i?ioeannia, i?eiaiaiea iaai?th/eo iaoa?eaeia,
iaaaeiaaiea eee caaeoaeaiea caeaiee e nii?oaeaiee, ono?ienoai onoaiiaie
iiaea?ioooaiey e ae?.

I?ioeaiiiaea?iua i?aa?aaeu (i?ioeaiiiaea?iua noaiu, ia?ae?uoey,
ia?aai?iaeee, ye?aiu, aiaeyiua caaanu e o.i.) neoaeao aeey ?acaeaeaiey
iauaia caeaiey ia i?ioeaiiiaea?iua ionaee. A i?aaeaeao ionaea
i?ioeaiiiaea?iuie noaiaie eee ia?aai?iaeeaie ?acaeaeytho ?acee/iua io
iiaea?iie iianiinoe iiiauaiey e i?ioeannu, iai?eia? neeaaeneea,
aniiiiaaoaeueiua, aaeieieno?aoeaiua e auoiaua iiiauaiey io
i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo. I?e iaee/ee o?oaeiiai?th/eo ia?oaeiuo noai caeaiee
i?ioeaiiiaea?iua noaiu aeieaeiu aunooiaoue ca ia?oaeiua noaiu, ca
ea?iecu e naanu e?uo ia iaiaa /ai ia 30 ni, a iaae e?iaeae i?e ai?th/ai
ia?ae?uoee aicauoaoueny ia 60 ni, i?e iaai?th/ai eee o?oaeiiai?th/ai –
ia 30 ni. I?ioeaiiiaea?iua ia?aai?iaeee i?aaenoaaeytho niaie
?aciiaeaeiinoue i?ioeaiiiaea?iuo noai. Eo oe?iei i?eiaiytho eae a
i?iiuoeaiiinoe, oae e a a?aaeaeaineii no?ieoaeuenoaa. Iiieii ?acaeaeaiey
?acee/iuo ii iiaea?iie iianiinoe oaoiieiae/aneeo i?ioeannia,
i?ioeaiiiaea?iua ia?aai?iaeee auiieiytho ooieoeeth i?aa?aaeu,
eneeth/athuae ?ani?ino?aiaiea i?iaeoeoia ai?aiey i?e iiaea?a e
iineaaenoaee ac?uaa ia niaaeiua iiiauaiey.

Ia aeaenoaothueo e i?iaeoe?othueo i?aaei?eyoeyo i?e iaiaoiaeeiinoe
i?eiaiytho ciie?iaaiea. I?ioeaiiiaea?iua ciiu ono?aeaatho n oeaeueth
ia?aie/aiey ?ani?ino?aiaiey iiaea?a ii eiino?oeoeaiui yeaiaioai e
oaoiieiae/aneiio iai?oaeiaaieth. Iaeaieaa ?ani?ino?aiaiu ciiu a aeaea
oeaeuo i?ieaoia caeaiey, ?acaeaeyaiuo iaai?th/eie noaiaie e iie?uoeyie.

I?e i?iaeoe?iaaiee caeaiee e nii?oaeaiee aeieaeiu auoue i?aaeoniio?aiu
yaaeoaoeeiiiua auoiaeu aeey auno?ie e aaciianiie yaaeoaoeee ethaeae e
iaoa?eaeueiuo oeaiiinoae a neo/aa aicieeiiaaiey iiaea?a. Auoiaeu
n/eoathony yaaeoaoeeiiiuie, anee iie aaaeoo: ec iiiauaiee ia?aiai yoaaea
ia?oaeo iaiin?aaenoaaiii eee /a?ac ei?eaei?, aanoeatheue, eanoie/ioth
eeaoeo; ec iiiauaiee ethaiai yoaaea (e?iia ia?aiai) a ei?eaei? eee
i?ioiae, aaaeouee e eanoie/iie eeaoea eee ia eanoie/ioth eeaoeo,
eiathuoth auoiae iaiin?aaenoaaiii ia?oaeo eee /a?ac aanoeatheue,
ioaeaeaiiue io ei?eaei?a ia?aai?iaeeaie n aeaa?yie (aeeth/ay
inoaeeaiiua); ec iiiauaiee a ninaaeiea iiiauaiey ia oii aea yoaaea,
iaania/aiiua auoiaeaie ia?oaeo.

Eeoou, yneaeaoi?u e ae?oaea iaoaie/aneea n?aaenoaa ia?aaeaeaeaiey
ethaeae a ?an/ao yaaeoaoeee ia i?eieiathony. Noiia?iay oe?eia eanoie/iuo
eeaoie a caaeneiinoe io /enea ethaeae; iaoiaeyueony ia iaeaieaa
ianaeaiiii yoaaea (e?iia ia?iaiai), a oaeaea oe?eia aeaa?ae, ei?eaei?ia
eee i?ioiaeia ia iooyo yaaeoaoeee aeieaeia ninoaaeyoue ia iaiaa 0,6 i ia
100 /ae. (ca eneeth/aieai neo/aaa, oeacaiiuo a niioaaonoaothueo aeaaao
NIeI 2.01.02-85). Ieieiaeueiay oe?eia yaaeoaoeeiiiuo aeaa?ae aeieaeia
auoue 0,8 i, a aunioa aeaa?ae e i?ioiaeia ia iooyo yaaeoaoeee 2 i.
I?aaeoniao?eaaaony ono?ienoai ia iaiaa aeaoo yaaeoaoeeiiiuo auoiaeia ec
caeaiey. A ioaeaeueiuo neo/ayo ?ac?aoaaony ono?aeaaoue iaeei auoiae.

Aeaa?e ia iooyo yaaeoaoeee aeieaeiu ioe?uaaoueny ii iai?aaeaieth auoiaea
ec caeaiey. Aeaa?e, aaaeouea ia aaeeiiu e ieiuaaeee, i?aaeiacia/aiu aeey
yaaeoaoeee, aeaa?e ec iiiauaiee, a eioi?uo iaeiia?aiaiii iaoiaeeony ia
aieaa 15 /ae., a oaeaea aeaa?e ec eeaaeiauo ieiuaaeueth ia aieaa 200 i2
e naieoa?iuo oceia aeiioneaaony ono?aeaaoue n ioe?uaaieai aioo?ue
iiiauaiee.

I?ioiaeu, auoiaeu, ei?eaei?ia, oaiao?u e eanoieoeu ia ?ac?aoaaony
caa?iiiaeaeaoue ?acee/iuie i?aaeiaoaie e iai?oaeiaaieai. Ia eanoie/iuo
eeaoeao caeaiee cai?auaaony ono?aeaaoue ?aai/ea, neeaaeneea e ae?oaea
iiiauaiey, auoiaeu ec oaoo a?ociauo iiaeuaiieeia, i?ieeaaeuaaoue
i?iiuoeaiiua aacii?iaiaeu, o?oaii?iaiaeu n eaaeiainieaiaiythueieny e
ai?th/eie aeeaeeinoyie, onoaiaaeeaaoue iai?oaeiaaiea, i?aiyonoaothuea
ia?aaeaeaeaiea ethaeae.

Eeanneoeeaoeey caeaiee e nii?oaeaiee ii noaiaie iaianoieeinoe.

I?e aicaeaenoaee iaiy no?ieoaeueiua eiino?oeoeee aeaoi?ie?othony.
Noaiaiue aeaoi?iaoeee a cia/eoaeueiie ia?a caaeneo io oaiia?aoo?u e
i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoe aicaeaenoaey iaiy. I?e aeeeoaeueiii aicaeaenoaee e
aunieie oaiia?aoo?a eiino?oeoeey iiaeao iioa?youe iaianoieeinoue.
I?aaeae iaianoieeinoe ii?aaeaeyaony ia?eiaeii a?aiaie a /anao io ia/aea
eniuoaiey eiino?oeoeee ia iaianoieeinoue aei aicieeiiaaiey iaeiiai ec
neaaeothueo i?eciaeia: ia?aciaaiea a eiino?oeoeee neaiciuo o?auei;
iiauoaiea oaiia?aoo?u ia ia iaia?aaaaiie iiaa?oiinoe eiino?oeoeee a
n?aaeiai aieaa /ai ia 140°N eee a ethaie oi/ea yoie iiaa?oiinoe aieaa
/ai ia 180°N ii n?aaiaieth n oaiia?aoo?ie eiino?oeoeee aei eniuoaiey eee
aeinoeaeaiey oaiia?aoo?u 220°N e aieaa iacaaeneii io oaiia?aoo?u
eiino?oeoeee aei eniuoaiey.

Noaiaiue iaianoieeinoe caeaiee e nii?oaeaiee oa?aeoa?ecoaony a?oiiie
aicai?aaiinoe e i?aaeaeii iaianoieeinoe ioaeaeueiuo eo /anoae. Ii
iaianoieeinoe ana caeaiey e nii?oaeaiey a niioaaonoaee ni NieI
2.01.02-85 iiae?acaeaeytho ia ainaiue noaiaiae: I, II, III, Oa, Oa, IV,
AOa, V.

Eeanneoeeaoeey iiiauaiee e caeaiee ii ac?uaiiiaea?iie e iiaea?iie
iianiinoe.

I?aaeeueiue auai? eaoaai?ee i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo iiiauaiee ii
ac?uaiiiaea?iie e iiaea?iie iianiinoe iicaieyao onoaiiaeoue iioeiaeueiia
niioiioaiea iaaeaeo aaciianiinoueth i?iecaiaenoaa e ?acia?ai
eaieoaeueiuo cao?ao ia aai i?iaeoe?iaaiea e yenieoaoaoeeth.

A caaeneiinoe io eaoaai?ee onoaiaaeeaaaony ii?iaoeaiua o?aaiaaiey ii
iaania/aieth ac?uaiiiaea?iie e iiaea?iie aaciianiinoe iiiauaiee e
caeaiee i?iecaiaenoaa a ioiioaiee ieaie?iaee e cano?ieee, yoaaeiinoe,
ieiuaaeae, ?aciauaiey iiiauaiee, eiino?oeoeaiuo ?aoaiee, eiaeaia?iiai
iai?oaeiaaiey e o.i.

Eaoaai?ey iiiauaiey e caeaiee onoaiaaeeaaaony a oaoiieiae/aneie /anoe
i?iaeoa ia aiiaue no?iyueeny eee ?aeiino?oe?oaiue iauaeo a niioaaonoaee
n aeaaie NieI 2.09.02-85 “I?iecaiaenoaaiiua caeaiey”, ii?iaie
oaoiieiae/aneiai i?iaeoe?iaaiey “Ii?aaeaeaiea eaoaai?ee iiiauaiee e
caeaiee ii ac?uaiiiaea?iie e iiaea?iie iianiinoe” (IIOI 24-86) e
aaaeiinoaaiiuie ii?iaie.

Ii ac?uaiiiaea?iie e iiaea?iie iianiinoe iiiauaiey e caeaiey
iiae?acaeaeythony ia iyoue eaoaai?ee (A, A, A, A, Ae) a caaeneiinoe io
eiee/anoaa e naienoa iaoiaeyueony a ieo aauanoa e iaoa?eaeia, a oaeaea
iniaaiiinoae ?aciauaaiuo a ieo oaoiieiae/aneeo i?ioeannia.

Eaoaai?eth caeaiey onoaiaaeeaatho a aeaa yoaia: nia/aea ii?aaeaeytho
eaoaai?eth eaaeaeiai iiiauaiey a ioaeaeueiinoe, a caoai – anaai caeaiey
a oeaeii. E eaoaai?ee Ae aeiioneaaony ioiineoue oaeaea iiiauaiey, a
eioi?uo iaoiaeyony ai?th/ea aeeaeeinoe a nenoaiao niacee, ioeaaeaeaiey e
aeae?ii?eaiaea iai?oaeiaaiey a eiee/anoaa ia aieaa 40 ea a aaeeieoea
iai?oaeiaaiey i?e aeaaeaiee ia nauoa 0,2 eIa, eaaaeueiua
yeaeo?ii?iaiaeee e iai?oaeiaaieth, ioaeaeueiua i?aaeiaou iaaaee ia
?aai/eo ianoao.

Niaeanii ii?iai oaoiieiae/aneiai i?iaeoe?iaaiey IIOI 24-86 caeaiey
ioiineony:

e eaoaai?ee A, anee a iai noiia?iay ieiuaaeue iiiauaiee eaoaai?ee A
i?aauoaao 5 % ieiuaaee anao iiiauaiee eee 200 i . Aeiioneaaony ia
ioiineoue caeaiea e eaoaai?ee A, anee noiia?iay ieiuaaeue iiiauaiee
eaoaai?ee A a caeaiee ia i?aauoaao 25 % noiia?iie ieiuaaee anao
?aciauaiiuo a iai iiiauaiee (ii ia aieaa 1000 i2), e yoe iiiauaiey
iai?oaeothony onoaiiaee aaoiiaoe/aneiai iiaea?ioooaiey;

e eaoaai?ee A, anee iaeiia?aiaiii auiieiaiu aeaa oneiaey:

a) caeaiea ia ioiineony e eaoaai?ee A;

a) noiia?iay ieiuaaeue iiiauaiee eaoaai?ee A e A i?aauoaao 5 % noiia?iie
ieiuaaee anao iiiauaiee eee 200i .

Aeiioneaaony ia ioiineoue caeaiey e eaoaai?ee A, anee noiia?iay
ieiuaaeue iiiauaiee eaoaai?ee A e A ia i?aauoaao 25 % noiia?iie ieiuaaee
anao ?aciauaiiuo a iai iiiauaiee (ii ia aieaa 1000 i2) e yoe iiiauaiey
iai?oaeothony onoaiiaeaie aaoiiaoe/aneiai iiaea?ioooaiey;

e eaoaai?ee A, anee iaeiia?aiaiii auiieiaiu aeaa oneiaey:

a) caeaiey ia ioiineony e eaoaai?ee A eee A;

a) noiia?iay ieiuaaeue iiiauaiey eaoaai?ee A, A, eee A i?aauoaao 5% (10%
i?e ionoonoaee a caeaiee iiiauaiey eaoaai?ee A e A) noiia?iie ieiuaaee
anao iiiauaiee.

Aeiioneaaony ia ioiineoue caeaiey e eaoaai?ee A, anee noiia?iay
ieiuaaeue iiiauaiee eaoaai?ee A, A e A a caeaiee ia i?aauoaao 25%
noiia?iie ieiuaaee anao ?aciauaiiuo a iai iiiauaiee (ii ia aieaa 3500
i2), e yoe iiiauaiey iai?oaeothony onoaiiaeaie aaoiiaoe/aneiai
iiaea?ioooaiey;

e eaoaai?ee A, anee iaeiia?aiaiii auiieiaiu aeaa oneiaey:

a) caeaiea ia ioiineony e eaoaai?eyi A, A, eee A;

a) noiia?iay ieiuaaeue iiiauaiee eaoaai?ee A, A, A e A i?aauoaao 5%
noiia?iie ieiuaaee anao iiiauaiee.

Aeiioneaaony ia ioiineoue caeaiea e eaoaai?ee A, anee noiia?iay
ieiuaaeue iiiauaiee eaoaai?ee A, A, A, e A a caeaiee ia i?aauoaao 25 %
noiia?iie ieiuaaee anao ?aciauaiiuo a iai iiiauaiee (ii ia aieaa 5000
i2), e iiiauaiey eaoaai?ee A, A, A iai?oaeothony onoaiiaeaie
aaoiiaoe/aneiai iiaea?ioooaiey;

e eaoaai?ee Ae anee iii ia ioiineony e eaoaai?eyi A, A, A, eee A.

I?e ii?aaeaeaiee eaoaai?ee iiiauaiee i?eieiaaony ianeieueei e?eoa?eaa
iianiinoe. E iei ioiinyony naienoaa aauanoa e iaoa?eaeia, ia?acothueony
a oaoiieiae/aneeo i?ioeannao, eo eiee/anoai e ecauoi/iia aeaaeaiea
ac?uaa a iiiauaiee, eioi?ia iiaeao ?acaeoueny i?e ainieaiaiaiee
ia?acothueony ac?uaiiianiuo ia?iaaciiueaaicaeooiuo nianae.

Iiaea?iiianiua naienoaa aauanoa e iaoa?eaeia, iaoiaeyueony a iiiauaieyo,
ii?aaeaeytho ia iniiaaiee ?acoeueoaoia eniuoaiee eee ?an/aoia ii
noaiaea?oiui iaoiaeeeai n o/aoii ia?aiao?ia eo ninoiyiey (aeaaeaiey,
oaiia?aoo?u e o.ae.). ?ac?aoaaony eniieueciaaoue ni?aai/iua aeaiiua,
iioaeeeiaaiiua aieiaiuie iao/ii-enneaaeiaaoaeueneeie i?aaiecaoeeyie a
iaeanoe iiaea?iie aaciianiinoe eee auaeaiiua Ainnoaiaea?oii.

I?e iaee/ee a iiiauaiee nianae aauanoa e iaoa?eaeia ioeaieo aeiioneaaony
aanoe ii iaeaieaa iianiiio eiiiiiaioo. ^Cia/aiea e?eoa?eaa
ac?uaiiiaea?iie iianiinoe ii?aaeaeytho ?an/aoiui ‘iooai. A ea/anoaa
?an/aoiiai auae?atho iaeaieaa iaaeaaii?eyoiue aa?eaio aaa?ee eee ia?eiae
ii?iaeueiie ?aaiou aiia?aoia, i?e eioi?ii ai ac?uaa o/anoaoao
iaeaieueoaa eiee/anoai aauanoa eee iaoa?eaeia, iaeaieaa iianiuo a
ioiioaiee iineaaenoaee ac?uaa.

A ?acaeoee ii?i II 11124-86 ?ac?aaioaiu aaaeiinoaaiiua ii?iu
oaoiieiae/aneiai i?iaeoe?iaaiey AIOI 05-89 “Ii?aaeaeaiea eaoaai?ee
iiiauaiee e caeaiee i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai e neeaaeneiai iacia/aiey
i?aaei?eyoee e iauaeoia aeaeaciiaei?iaeiiai o?ainii?oa e iao?iiieeoaiia
ii ac?uaiiiaea?iie e iiaea?iie iianiinoe”. Yoe ii?iu ?ani?ino?aiythony
ia i?iaeoe?oaiua iiaua, ?anoe?yaiua, ?aeiino?oe?oaiua e oaoie/aneea
ia?aaii?oaeaaiua i?iecaiaenoaaiiua e neeaaeneea iiiauaiey e caeaiey (eee
/anoe caeaiee, auaeaeaiiua i?ioeaiiiaea?iuie noaiaie, – iiaea?iua
ionaee).

Ii ac?uaiiiaea?iie e iiaea?iie iianiinoe i?iecaiaenoaaiiua iiiauaiey
aeaeaciiaei?iaeiiai o?ainii?oa iiae?acaeaeythony ia eaoaai?ee A, A, A,
A, Ae a caaeneiinoe io eiee/anoaa e naienoa iaoiaeyueony (ia?auathueony)
a ieo aauanoa e iaoa?eaeia, a oaeaea iniaaiiinoae ?aciauaaiuo a ieo
oaoiieiae/aneeo i?ioeannia. Iieacaoaee iiaea?iac?uaiiianiinoe aauanoa e
iaoa?eaeia ii?aaeaeytho a niioaaonoaee n AINO 12^.1.044-89 “NNAO.
Iiaea?iac?uaiiianiinoue aauanoa e iaoa?eaeia. Iiiaieeaoo?a iieacaoaeae e
iaoiaeu eo ii?aaeaeaiey”. Caeaiey e iiiauaiey neeaaeia a caaeneiinoe io
eiee/anoaa e naienoa o?aieiuo aauanoa, iaoa?eaeia, i?iaeoeoeee nu?uey e
eo oiaeiaee iiae?acaeaeythony ia eaoaai?ee A, A, A, Ae ii
ac?uaiiiaea?iie e iiaea?iie iianiinoe n o/aoii eo ooieoeeiiaeueiiai
iacia/aiey.

Eaoaai?ee iiiauaiee e caeaiee ii ac?uaiiiaea?iie e iiaea?iie iianiinoe
i?aaei?eyoee e iauaeoia aeaeaciiaei?iaeiiai o?ainii?oa ii?aaeaeythony
oaoiieiaaie i?iaeoiuo i?aaiecaoeee ia noaaeee i?iaeoe?iaaiey caeaiee e
nii?oaeaiee a niioaaonoaee n ii?iaie IIOI 24-86 e i?ioeannao, a oaeaea a
eiee/anoaa e oa?aeoa?enoeea ac?uaiiiaea?iie iianiinoe ia?auathueony
(iaoiaeyueony) a yenieoaoe?oaiuo iiiauaieyo aauanoa e iaoa?eaeia i?ioea
onoaiiaeaiiuo a oaoiieiae/aneie /anoe i?iaeoa aeieaeiu niaeaniauaaoueny
n oi?aaeaieai aiaiece?iaaiiie io?aiu Aay. AE. Ae. e aai eeiaeiuie
iiae?acaeaeaieyie i?e o/anoee i?iaeoiuo i?aaiecaoeee, inouanoaeythueo
aaoi?neee iaaeci? ca auiieiaieai ii?iaoeaia, i?aaeoniio?aiiuo i?iaeoii.

Oaia 4.3 N?aaenoaa oooaiey iiaea?ia, iiaea?iay neaiaeecaoeey.

Niiniau e n?aaenoaa oooaiey iiaea?ia.

I?ae?aoeoue ai?aiea – yoi, cia/eo, inoaiiaeoue yecioa?ie/aneoth
?aaeoeeth, i?ioiaeyuoth a oiieii naaoyuainy neia ciiu ai?aiey,
iacuaaaiii ciiie ?aaeoeee.

Aicaeaenoaiaaoue ia nei?inoue ?aaeoeee iiaeii oece/aneei e oeie/aneei
niiniaaie, a oaeaea eiiieaeniui i?eiaiaieai yoeo niiniaia.

E oece/aneei niiniaai oi?iiaeaiey ?aaeoeee ai?aiey ioiinyony
ioeaaeaeaiea ai?yueo aauanoa (iaoa?eaeia) e iauaia ciiu ai?aiey,
?acaaaeaiea;

?aaae?othueo aauanoa iaai?th/eie, a oaeaea eciee?iaaiea ?aaae?othueo
aauanoa io ciiu ai?aiey (?aaeoeee). I?ae?auaiea ai?aiey ioeaaeaeaieai
aeinoeaaaony oiaiueoaieai nei?inoae ?aceiaeaiey aauanoa e iaoa?eaeia,
enia?aiey ai?th/eo eiiiiiaioia e iinooieaiey eo a ciio ai?aiey. Iiae
?acaaaeaieai ?aaae?othueo aauanoa iiieaeaaony eo eiioeaio?aoeey a ciia
?aaeoeee, oiaiueoaaony nei?inoue ?aaeoeee e, oaiia?aoo?a ai?aiey.
I?ae?auaiea ai?aiey eciee?iaaieai ?aaae?othueo aauanoa io ciiu ai?aiey
(?aaeoeee) i?ienoiaeeo ca n/ao iiieaeaiey a iae eiioeaio?aoeee iaeiiai
ec ?aaae?othueo eiiiiiaioia nenoaiu

Oeie/aneee niinia oi?iiaeaiey ?aaeoeee ai?aiey iniiaai ia oiaiueoaiee
eiioeaio?aoeee aeoeaiuo oeaio?ia a ciia ?aaeoeee. Yoi i?ienoiaeeo a
?acoeueoaoa aaaaeaiey a yoo ciio oeie/anee ianoieeeo aauanoa, eioi?ua
iiae aeeyieai oaieiaie yia?aee, auaeaeyaiie ieaiaiai, ?aceaaathony ia
?aaeeeaeu, niiniaiua ?aaae?iaaoue n aeoeaiuie oeaio?aie, iaeo?aeecoy eo.

Iiae n?aaenoaaie oooaiey iiieiathony iaiaoooauea ninoaau, iiaea?iua
aaoiiiaeee, iiaea?iua iiacaea, iiaea?ii-oaoie/aneia aii?oaeaiea, a
oaeaea ae?oaay oaoieea, eioi?ay iiaeao auoue eniieueciaaiiay aeey
oooaiey iiaea?ia.

Ii iacia/aieth n?aaenoaa oooaiey ?acaeaeythony ia iaiaoooauea aauanoaa,
i?ae?auathuea ai?aiea, n?aaenoaa aeinoaaee iaiaoooaueo aauanoa, eo
iieo/aiey, a oaeaea auiieiaiey ae?oaeo ?aaio ia iiaea?a.

Ec ioeaaeaeathueo iaiaoooaueo aauanoa iaeaieaa ?ani?ino?aiaiu aiaea e
oaeaeeneue aac. Aiaea iaeaaeaao aieueoie oaieiaieinoueth, /oi i/aiue
aaaeii i?e oooaiee iiaea?ia. Oae, aeey ia?aaiaea 1 e aiaeu ec aeeaeeiai
a ia?iia?aciia ninoiyiea o?aaoaony 2263 eAeae (539 eeae) oaieiaie
yia?aee. I?e yoii ia?acoaony 1750 e aiaeyiiai ia?a, eioi?ue nieaeaao
niaea?aeaiea eenei?iaea a aicaeooa. Oaeaeeneue aac, eee aeaoieenue
oaea?iaea, – iaeii ec naiuo ?ani?ino?aiaiiuo aauanoa a i?e?iaea. I?e
enia?aiee 1 ea aeeaeeie oaeaeeneiou ia?acoaony 500 e aaca. A ciia
ai?aiey oaeaeeneue aac ieacuaaao ioeaaeaeathuea e eciee?othuea
aeaenoaea, 1 ea aeeaeeie oaeaeeneiai eueaea i?e enia?aiee iiaeiuaao 588
eAeae (140 eeae) oaiea. E?iia oiai, aie?oa ai?yuaai aauanoaa nicaeaaony
ciia aunieie eiioeaio?aoeee oaeaeeneiai aaca, /oi niinianoaoao
i?ae?auaieth ai?aiey. Oaeaeeneue aac /aua anaai i?eiaiyaony i?e oooaiey
eaaeiainieaiaiythueony e ai?th/eo aeeaeeinoae a aieinoyo, ai?yuaai
yeaeo?iiai?oaeiaaiey e aeaeaaoaeae aioo?aiiaai nai?aiey, i?e oooaiee
iiaea?ia a ianoao, aaea i?eiaiyoue aiaeo eee iaio iaoeaeaniia?acii.

E eciee?othuei e ?acaaaeythuei iaiaoooauei aauanoaai ioiinyo oeie/aneoth
e aicaeooii-iaoaie/aneoth iaio, acio, ii?ioee iauaai e niaoeeaeueiiai
iacia/aiey. Oeie/aneoth iaio i?eiaiytho aeey oooaiey
eaaeiainieaiaiythueony e ai?th/eo aeeaeeinoae. Iaeaieaa yooaeoeaia
aicaeooii iaoaie/aneay iaia, eioi?ay eiaao iaeoth oaieii?iaiaeiinoue,
iaeaaeaao aeinoaoi/iie iiaeaeaeiinoueth, oi?ioei oaieiio?aaeathuei
yooaeoii.

Acio oae aea, eae oaeaeeneue aac, nieaeaao niaea?aeaiea eenei?iaea a
aicaeooa, a ?acoeueoaoa /aai ai?aiea i?ae?auaaony.

E ii?ioeai iauaai iacia/aiey ioiinyo ii?ioee oeia INA ia iniiaa
aeea?aiiaoa iao?ey e oeia IO ia iniiaa oinoi?iiiieeiuo nieae. Eo
eniieuecotho aeey oooaiey eaaeiainieaiaiythueony e ai?th/eo aeeaeeinoae,
ai?th/eo aacia, ae?aaaneiu, yeaeo?ionoaiiaie, iaoiaeyueony iiae
iai?yaeaieai aei 1000 A. Oooaiea ii?ioeaie aeinoeaaaony a ?acoeueoaoa
ia?aciaaiey ia ii aa?oiinoe iaoa?eaea ieaiee ieaayueony eiiiiiaioia e
ecieyoeee iiaa?oiinoe ai?aiey io aicaeooa.

A niioaaonoaee n AINO 27331-87 “Iiaea?iay oaoieea. Eeanneoeeaoeey
iiaea?ia” e iaoiaeeeie ioeaiee iaiaoooauae niiniaiinoe iaiaoooeoaeae
iiaea?u a caaeneiinoe io aeaea ai?th/eo iaoa?eaeia e aauanoa aeaeyony ia
iyoue eeannia: A, A, N, Ae e A. ‘Naaaeaiey i oii, eaeiai eeanna iiaea?u
iiaeii iioooeoue oaie eee eiuie iaiaoooeoaeyie, i?eaaaeaiu a oaoie/aneeo
ianii?oao ia iaiaoooeoaee.

Iiaea?iay oaoieea.

Auioneaaioth a iaoae no?aia iiaea?ioth oaoieeo iiaeii iiae?acaeaeeoue ia
neaaeothuea iniiaiua a?oiiu: aaoiiiaeee, iiaea?iua iiacaea, iioiiiiiu
iaiaoooeoaee, iai?oaeiaaiea aeey noaoeeiia?iuo onoaiiaie aaoiiaoe/aneiai
iiaea?ioooaiey, iiaea?i-oaoie/aneia aii?oaeaiea e ?aciia iiaea?iia iai?o
aeiaaiea

Iiaea?iua aaoiiiaeee (IA). I?aaeiacia/aiu aeey aeinoaaee a o?aaoaiue
?aeii aiaauo ?an/aoia, iaiaoooaueo n?aaenoa e iiaea?iiai iai?oaeiaaiey;
iiaea/e a iaiaoiaeeiii eiee/anoaa iaiaoooaueo n?aaenoa a i/aae ai?aiey;
auiieiaiey ?yaea niaoeeaeueiuo ?aaio ia?aae ia/aeii e ai a?aiy oooaiey
iiaea?a. A caaeneiinoe io iacia/aiey iai?oaeiaaiey, eioi?ui
oeiiieaeoiaaiu IA, eo ?acaeaeytho ia iniiaiua, niaoeeaeueiua e
aniiiiaaoaeueiua.

Iiaea?iua iiacaea. I?aaeiacia/aiu aeey oooaiey iiaea?ia a iiaeaeaeiii
ninoaaa e ia iauaeoao, e eioi?ui iiaeii iiaeaoue iiacae. Eo eniieuecotho
oaeaea aeey ieacaiey iiiiue i?e aaa?eyo, e?ooaieyo, iaaiaeiaieyo e
ae?oaeo noe oeeiuo aaaenoaeyo.

A caaeneiinoe io oaeoeei-oaoie/aneie oa?aeoa?enoeee iiaea?iua iiacaeo
iiae?acaeaeytho ia iiacaea I e I eaoaai?ee. Iiaea?iue iiacae I eaoaai?ee
aeeth/aao /aou?a aaeeieoeu iiaeaeaeiiai ninoaaa: aeaa oeenoa?iu,
aaaii-aa?aae, iannaaee?neee aaaii aeey ?aciauaiey aiaaiai ?an/aoa,
ianiniuo onoaiiaie, yeaeo?inoaioeee, iiaea?iiai iai?oaeiaaiey e
iaiaoooaueo n?aaenoa. Iiacae II eaoaai?ee eiaao aeaa oeenoa?iu e
iannaaee?neee aaaii aeey aiaaiai ?an/aoa e ?aciauaiey iiaea?iiai
iai?oaeiaaiey.

Iiaea?iua iioiiiiiu. Eniieuecothony aeey iiaea/e aiaeu ec aiaeienoi/
ieea e ianoo oooaiey iiaea?a Iie ninoiyo ec aeaeaaoaey aioo?aiiaai
nai?aiey, oeaio?iaaaeiiai ianina e nenoai, ianeoaeeaathueo aeaeaaoaeue e
ianin aia?aiy ?aaiou. Iioiiiiiu iiae?acaeaeytho ia ia?aiiniua e
i?eoeaiiua.

Iaiaoooeoaee. Yoi oaoie/aneea ono?ienoaa, i?aaeiacia/aiiua aeey oooaiey
iiaea?ia a ia/aeueiie noaaeee eo aicieeiiaaiey.

Ii niiniao o?ainii?oe?iaaiey iaiaoooeoaee iiae?acaeaeythony ia
ia?aiiniua (?o/iua, ?aioeaaua) e ia?aaeaeaeiua, ii aeaeo iaiaoooauaai
ca?yaea ia aiaeiua iaiaoooeoaee, iaiiua (aicaeooioiiiaiiua, oeie/aneea
iaiiua), ii?ioeiaua, aaciaua (oaeaeeneioiua, oeaaeiiiaua e ae?.) e o.i.

Ii iauaio ei?iona iaiaoooeoaee oneiaii iiae?acaeaeytho ia ?o/iua
iaeieeo?aaeiua n iauaiii ei?iona aei 5 e; i?iiuoeaiiua ?o/iua n iauaiii
ei?iona 5-10 e; noaoeeiia?iua e ia?aaeaeaeiua n iauaiii ei?iona nauoa
10e.

Ii niiniao iiaea/e iaiaoooaueo n?aaenoa auaeaeytho /aou?a a?oiiu
iaiaoooeoaeae;

iiae aeaaeaieai aacia, ia?acothueony a ?acoeueoaoa oeie/aneie ?aaeoeee
eiiiiiaioia ca?yaea;

iiae aeaaeaieai aacia, iiaeaaaaiuo ec niaoeeaeueiiai aaeeii/eea,
?aciauaiiiai a ei?iona iaiaoooeoaey;

iiae aeaaeaieai aacia, i?aaeaa?eoaeueii caea/aiiuo a ei?ion
iaiaoooeoaey;

iiae nianoaaiiui aeaaeaieai iaiaoooauaai n?aaenoaa.

Ii aeaeo ioneiauo ono?ienoa iaiaoooeoaee iiae?acaeaeytho ia /aou?a
a?oiiu: n aaioeeueiui caoai?ii; n caii?ii-ioneiaui ono?ienoaii
ienoieaoiiai oeia; n ioneii io ie?iiao?iia; n ioneii io iinoiyiiiai
enoi/ieea aeaaeaiey.

A ea/anoaa aeeaeeeo iaiaoooaueo ninoaaia i?eiaiytho aiaeiua ?anoai?u
?acee/iuo oeie/aneeo niaaeeiaiee eee aiaeo n aeiaaaeaie iiaa?oiinoii
aeoeaiuo aauanoa. Iaiaoooeoaee n yoeie ninoaaaie ia iieo/eee oe?ieiai
?ani?ino?aiaiey, oae eae iiaoo eniieueciaaoueny oieueei a ciiao n
e?oaeiai aee/iuie iieiaeeoaeueiuie oaiia?aoo?aie.

A iaiiuo iaiaoooeoaeyo i?eiaiytho eeai oeie/aneoth iaio, iieo/aiioth ec
aiaeiuo ?anoai?ia iaiiia?aciaaoaeae iioieii ?aai/aai aaca: aicaeooa,
acioa eee oaeaeeneiai aaca.

Iaiaoooauei n?aaenoaii oaeaeeneioiuo iaiaoooeoaeae yaeyaony naeeaeaiiue
aeeieneae oaea?iaea (oaeaeeneioa).

A ay?icieueiuo iaiaoooeoaeyo a ea/anoaa iaiaoooauaai n?aaenoaa
i?eiaiytho ia?iia?acothuea aaeieaee?iaaiiua oaeaaiaei?iaeu (a?iienoue
yoee, oeaaeii, nianue oeaaeiiia eee nianue a?iienoiai yoeea n
oeaaeiiii).

Iaiaoooauei n?aaenoaii ii?ioeiauo iaiaoooeoaeae yaeythony ii?ioee ia
iniiaa aeaooaeaeeneie niaeu n aeiaaaeaie.

Iaiaoooaueie n?aaenoaaie eiiaeie?iaaiiuo iaiaoooeoaeae yaeythony ii?ioie
e ?anoai? iaiiia?aciaaoaey.

Iaiaoooeoaee oeie/aneea iaiiua (IOI) eiatho oe?ieoth iaeanoue
i?eiaiaiey, ca eneeth/aieai neo/aaa, eiaaea iaiaoooauee ca?yae
niinianoaoao ?acaeoeth i?ioeanna ai?aiey eee yaeyaony i?iaiaeieeii
yeaeo?e/aneiai oiea.

Iaiaoooauee ca?yae IOI ninoieo ec aeaoo /anoae: uaei/iie e eeneioiie.
Iaeaieaa ?ani?ino?aiaiu oeie/aneea iaiiua iaiaoooeoaee oeia IOI-10.

Oaeaeeneioiua iaiaoooeoaee i?aaeiacia/aiu aeey oooaiey caai?aiee
aeeieneaeii oaea?iaea a aaci- eee niaaiia?aciii aeaea anao oeiia
ai?th/eo iaoa?eaeia e yeaeo?e/aneeo onoaiiaie iiae iai?yaeaieai.
I?eiaiytho oaeaea noaoeeiia?iua oaeaeeneioiua onoaiiaee eee
ia?aaeaeaeiua i?eoeaiu. Niaaiia?aciay ianna iieo/aaony ec anao oeiia
oaeaeeneioiuo iaiaoooeoaeae i?e auno?ii enia?aiee aeeaeeiai aeeieneaea
oaea?iaea a ?ano?oaa. Iieo/aiiay niaaiia?aciay ianna eiaao ieioiinoue
1,5 a/ni3 e oaiia?aoo?o ieion 80 °N. Niaaiia?aciue aeeieneae oaea?iaea
i?e oooaiee caai?aiee nieaeaao oaiia?aoo?o ai?yuaai aauanoaa e
oiaiueoaao niaea?aeaiea eenei?iaea a ciia ai?aiey.

Aeeieneae oaea?iaea a aaeeiia eee iaiaoooeoaea iaoiaeeony a aeeaeeie eee
aaciia?aciie oaca. Ioiineoaeueiia eiee/anoai aeeaeeiai eee aaciia?aciiai
aeeieneaea oaea?iaea caaeneo io oaiia?aoo?u. N iiauoaieai oaiia?aoo?u
aeeaeeee aeeieneae oaea?iaea ia?aoiaeeo a aaciia?aciia ninoiyiea e
aeaaeaiea a aaeeiia ?acei aic?anoaao. Ai ecaaaeaiee ?ac?uaa aaeeiiu
caiieiytho aeeaeeei aeeieneaeii oaea?iaea ia 75 %. Ana iaiaoooeoaee
niaaaeatho i?aaeio?aieoaeueiuie iaia?aiaie.

Oaeaeeneioiua iaiaoooeoaee iiae?acaeaeythony ia ?o/iua (IO, IO-2A,
IO-2II, IO-5, IO-5II, IO-8), noaoeeiia?iua (INO-5I, INO-5) e
ia?aaeaeaeiua (IO-25, IO-80 e IO- 400).

?o/iie oaaaeeneioiue iaiaoooeoaeue IO i?aaeiacia/ai aeey oooaiey
caai?aiee ?acee/iuo aauanoa ia o?ainii?oiuo n?aaenoaao: noaeao,
naiieaoao, aaoiiiaeeyo e eieiiioeaao.

Ay?icieueiua iaiaoooeoaee i?aaeiacia/aiu aeey oooaiey caai?aiee
eaaeiainieaiaiythueony e ai?th/eo aeeaeeinoae, oaa?aeuo aauanoa,
yeaeo?ionoaiiaie iiae iai?yaeaieai e ?acee/iuo iaoa?eaeia, e?iia
uaei/iuo e eenei?iaeiniaea?aeaueo aauanoa.

Iaiaoooeoaee ii?ioeiaua (II) iieo/eee a ianoiyuea a?aiy, iniaaiii ca
?oaaaeii, iaeaieueoaa ?ani?ino?aiaiea. Auioneathony iie o?ao oeiia:

?o/iua (ia?aiiniua), aiceiua e noaoeeiia?iua. A ea/anoaa iaiaoooauaai
aauanoaa eniieuecotho ii?ioee iauaai e niaoeeaeueiiai iacia/aiey:
ii?ioee iauaai iacia/aiey – i?e oooaiee iiaea?ia e caai?aiee EAAE e IE,
aacia, ae?aaaneiu e ae?oaeo iaoa?eaeia ia iniiaa oaea?iaea; ii?ioee
niaoeeaeueiiai iacia/aiey – i?e eeeaeaeaoeee iiaea?ia e caai?aiee
uaei/iuo iaoaeeia, aethieiee e e?aiieei?aaie/aneeo niaaeeiaiee e ae?oaeo
ie?ioi?iuo (nii-

niaiuo e naiiaicai?aieth) aauanoa.

I?ioeaiiiaea?iia aiaeiniaaaeaiea.

I?ioeaiiiaea?iia aiaeiniaaaeaiea – niaieoiiinoue eiaeaia?ii-oaoie/aneeo
n?aaenoa e nii?oaeaiee, iaania/eaathueo iiaea/o aiaeu aeey oooaiey
iiaea?a.

Oei aiaeii?iaiaea caaeneo io aeaea ianeoaeeaaaiuo iauaeoia;
aiaeii?iaiaeu iiae?acaeaeyaony ia ai?iaeneea, iinaeeiaua e i?iiuoeaiiua.
Ii iacia/aieth ?acee/atho aiaeii?iaiaeu oicyenoaaiii-ieoueaaua,
i?iecaiaenoaaiiua, i?ioeaiiiaea?iua, iauaaeeiaiiua
(oicyenoaaiii-ieoueaaua i?ioeaiiiaea?iua,
i?iecaiaenoaaiii-i?ioeaiiiaea?iua eee oicyenoaaiii-i?eoueaaua
i?iecainaeoaaiii-i?ioeaiiiaea?iua). A caaeneiinoe io iaii?a ?acee/atho
i?ioeaiiiaea?iua aiaeii?iaiaeu aunieiai e ieceiai aeaaeaiey.

A i?ioeaiiiaea?iii aiaeii?iaiaea aunieiai aeaaeaiey a oa/aiea 5 ieioo
iinea niiauaiey i iiaea?a nicaeaao iaii?, iaiaoiaeeiue aeey oooaiey
iiaea?a a naiii aunieii caeaiee aac i?eiaiaiey iiaea?iuo iaoei. Aeey
yoiai a caeaieyo ianiniuo noaioeee eee a ae?oaeo ioaeaeueiuo iiiauaieyo
onoaiaaeeaatho noaoeeiia?iua iiaea?iua ianinu.

A aiaeii?iaiaeao ieceiai aeaaeaiey ai a?aiy iiaea?a aeey nicaeaiey
o?aaoaiiai iaii?a eniieuecotho iiaea?iua ianinu, eioi?ua iiaeeeth/atho e
iiaea?iui aeae?aioai n iiiiuueth ananuaathueo ?oeaaia.

Iniiaiua i?ioeaiiiaea?iua o?aaiaaiey naiaeyony e iieo/aieth iaiaoiaeeiuo
?anoiaeia aiaeu iiae o?aaoaiui iaii?ii a oa/aiee ?an/aoiiai a?aiaie
oooaiey iiaea?ia i?e iaania/aiee aeinoaoi/iie noaiaie iaaeaaeiinoe
?aaiou nenoaiu aiaeiniaaaeaiey a oeaeii e ioaeaeueiuo aiaeii?iaiaeiuo
nii?oaeaiee.

Ana nii?oaeaiey aiaeii?iaiaea i?iaeoe?otho oae, /oiau ai a?aiy
yenieoaoaoeee iie i?iioneaee ?an/aoiue ?anoiae aiaeu aeey iiaea?iuo
ioaeae i?e iaeneiaeueiii ?anoiaea aiaeu ia oicyenoaaiii-ieoueaaua
ioaeaeu. E?iia oiai, a ?aca?aoa?ao /enoie aiaeu e aiaeiiaii?iuo aaoiyo
i?aaeoniao?eaatho iai?eeiniiaaiiue caian aiaeu aeey oooaiey iiaea?ia, a
a ianiniuo noaioeeyo aoi?iai iiaeuaia onoaiaaeeaatho iiaea?iua ianinu.

Noaiu iiaea/e aiaeu auaatho ec ioe?uouo e iiaecaiiuo aiaeienoi/ieeia.

Iai?oaeiaaiea aeey noaoeeiia?iuo onoaiiaie aaoiiaoe/aneiai
iiaea?ioooaiey.

Onoaiiaee aaoiiaoe/aneie iiaea?iie caueou (AIC) i?eiaiytho niaeanii
Ia?a/ith caeaiee e iiiauaiee iauaeoia ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa ?A,
iiaeeaaeaueo iai?oaeiaaieth aaoiiaoe/aneeie n?aaenoaaie iiaea?ioooaiey e
aaoiiaoe/aneie neaiaeecaoeeae, NIeI 2.04.01-85 e ae?oaei aeieoiaioai iie
i?aaeiacia/aiu aeey iieiie eeeaeaeaoeee iiaea?a a ia/aeueiie noaaeee,
aeey eieaeecaoeee aai i?e iiiiue iaiaoooaueo aauanoa aei i?eauoey
iiaea?iiai iiae?acaeaeaiey. Naiuie ?ani?ino?aiaiiuie yaeythony aiaeyiua
e aaciaua onoaiiaee aaoiiaoe/aneiai iiaea?ioooaiey. E?iia ieo,
i?eiaiytho aiaeioeie/aneea, iaiiua e ii?ioeiaua onoaiiaee.

Aiaeyiua onoaiiaee auaatho nieieea?iua e ae?ai/a?iua.

Ni?eieea?iay onoaiiaea i?aaeiacia/aia aeey oooaiey e eieaeecaoeee
iiaea?a -Iia aaoiiaoe/anee aeeth/aaony i?e iiauoaiee oaiia?aoo?u
aicaeooa a iiiauaiee auoa caaeaiiiai i?aaeaea. Onoaiiaea ninoieo ec naoe
aiaeii?iaiaeiuo o?oa, niiioe?iaaiiuo iiae iioieeii iiiauaiey ia
niaoeeaeueiuo iiaeaaneao, ni?eieea?iuo aieiaie, i?aaenoaaeythueo niaie
niaoeeaeueiua ono?ienoaa aeey aaoiiaae/aneiai oooaiey iaiy, aaa?ouaaaiua
a o?oau onoaiiaee, e eiio?ieueii-neaiaeiuo eeaiaiia.

Caiie ni?eieea?iie aieiaee ninoieo ec o?ao iaaeiuo ieanoeiie, niayiiuo
eaaeiieaaeei nieaaii. A neo/aa iiauoaiey oaiia?aoo?u a iiiauaiee auoa
ii?aaeaeaiiiai i?aaeaea nieaa ?anieaaeyaony, e ieanoeiu ?aniaaeathony,
aneaaenoaea /aai inaiaiaeaeaaony noaeeyiiue eieiae, e ni?eieea?
i?eoiaeeo a aeaenoaea- Iaeiia?aiaiii iiaeaaony neaiae i ia/aaoainy
iiaea?a.

Ni?eieea?u ecaioiaeytho ia ?acee/iua oaiia?aoo?u n?aaaouaaiey:72, 93,
141 e 182 °N. Iaeaieueoaa ?ani?ino?aiaiea iieo/eee ni?eieea?iua aieiaee
oeia 2NI.

?aciauatho ni?eieea?u n o/aoii iiaea?iie iianiinoe i?iecaiaenoaa
(iiiauaiey), iaianoieeinoe caeaiey, eiino?oeoeee ia?ae?uoey,
?aniieiaeaiey oaoiieiae/aneiai e ae?oaiai iai?oaeiaaiey. Ii
no?ieoaeueiui ii?iai ieiuaaeue iiea, caueuaaiay iaeiei ni?eieea?ii, a
i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo iiiauaieyo n iiauoaiiie iiaea?iie iianiinoueth (i?e
eiee/anoaa ai?th/eo iaoa?eaeia aieaa 200 ea/i2) ia aeieaeia auoue
aieueoa 9 i2, a inoaeueiuo iiiauaieyo 12 i1 ?annoiyiea iaaeaeo
ni?eieea?aie ia aeieaeii i?aauoaoue a ia?aii neo/aa 3 i e ai aoi?ii 4 i.
?annoiyiea iaaeaeo ni?eieea?aie e noaiaie a iiiauaieyo n iiauoaiiie
iiaea?iie iianiinoueth i?e ianai?aaiuo noaiao e ia?aai?iaeeao
i?eieiaaony 1,5 i, i?e nai?aaiuo e o?oaeiinai?aaiuo noaiao e
ia?aai?iaeeao 1 i, a inoaeueiuo iiiauaieyo niioaaonoaaiii 2 e 1,2 i.

Ae?ai/a?iua onoaiiaee eniieuecotho aeey oooaiey iiaea?ia a iiiauaieyo, a
eioi?uo o?aaothony iaeiia?aiaiiia i?ioaiea ?an/aoiie ieiuaaee
ioaeaeueiuo /anoae caeaiey, nicaeaiey aiaeyiuo caaan a i?iaiao aeaa?ae e
ieii, i?ioaiea ioaeaeueiuo yeaiaioia oaoiieiae/aneiai iai?oaeiaaiey e
o.i. Iie i?aaeiacia/aiu a iniiaiii aeey ai?ueau n iiaea?aie a iiiauaieyo
n aunieie eaoaai?ee iiaea?iie iianiinoe, aaea aiciiaeii auno?ia
?ani?ino?aiaiea iaiy.

A caaeneiinoe io oaiia?aoo?u a iiiauaiee (iethniaay eee ieioniaay)
ae?ai/a?iua onoaiiaee iiae?acaeaeytho ia caeeaiua e nooio?oaiua.
Caeeaiua i?eiaiytho aeey caueou iiaea?i- e ac?uaiiianiuo i?iecaiaenoa.
Ana o?oaii?iaiaeu yoeo onoaiiaie iinoiyiii caiieiaiu (caeeou) aiaeie aei
ooooea?ia ae?ai/a?ia ia ?ani?aaeaeeoaeueiuo o?oaii?iaiaeao. Oaeeie
onoaiiaeaie iai?oaeotho oieueei ioaieeaaaiua iiiauaiey. Nooio?oaiua
ae?ai/a?iua onoaeiaee i?eiaiytho aeey caueou eae ioaieeaaaiuo, oae e ia
ioaieeaaaiuo iiiauaiee.

Ii niiniao aeeth/aiey ae?ai/a?iua onoaiiaee iiae?acaeaeytho ia
aaoiiaoe/aneea, iieoaaoiiaoe/aneea e n ?o/iui ioneii.

A neo/ayo, eiaaea i?eiaiaiea aiaeu a ea/anoaa iaiaoooauaai aauanoaa
iaaeiionoeii, eniieuecotho oeie/aneea onoaiiaee aaoiiaoe/aneiai
iiaea?ioooaiey. E iei ioiinyony aeaooaaeeiiiua aaoa?ae n o?iniaui (O2) e
yeaeo?e/aneei (O-2I) ioneii, aaoiiaoe/aneea aaoa?ae n iiaaiaoe/aneei
(AAE) e yeaeo?e/aneei (AAY) ioneii. A ea/anoaa iaiaoooauaai aauanoaa a
yoeo onoaiiaeao i?eiaiytho oaeaeeneioo e niaoeeaeueiua ninoaau.

Aaoa?ae AAE i?eiaiytho aeey eeeaeaeaoeee iiaea?a a iiiauaieyo, iauai
eioi?uo ia i?aauoaao 200 i3. Eo eniieuecotho a onoaiiaeao oeie/aneiai
iiaea?ioooaiey a eiiieaena n iiaoaeeoaeueii-ioneiaie naeoeeae (IN?).
Iineaaeiyy i?eaiaeeo aaoa?ath a aeaenoaea, ?ani?aaeaeyao iaiaoooauaa
aauanoai a ia?oaeiii iai?aaeaiee e iiaeieouaaao aicaeooii
iiaoaeeoaeueioth naoue.

Iaaeaeo niaie onoaiiaee oeie/aneiai iiaea?ioooaiey ?acee/athony /eneii
aaeeiiia e ono?ienoaii ionea eo aeaenoaey.

Iao/ii-oaoie/aneee i?ia?ann a iaeanoe i?ioeaiiiaea?iie caueou iauaeoia
aeaeaciiaei?iaeiiai o?ainii?oa e o?ainii?oiiai no?ieoaeuenoaa
i?aaeiieaaaao oe?ieia aiaae?aiea onoaiiaie iiaea?iie aaoiiaoeee, e /eneo
eioi?uo niioiinyony onoaiiaee iiaea?iie e io?aiii-iiaea?iie
neaiaeecaoeee.

I Nia?aiaiiua onoaiiaee iiaea?iie aaoiiaoeee ninoiyo ec iiaea?iuo
ecaauaoaeae (iiaoaeeoaeae), ?aciauaaiuo a iiaea?iiianiuo ianoao
caueuaaiiai iiiauaiey, i?eaiii-eiio?ieueiuo i?eai?ia (ioeueoia,
eiioeaio?aoia e o.i.), iaania/eaathueo aeenoaioeeiiiue eiio?ieue ca
ninoiyieai ecaauaoaeae e neaiaeecaoeeth ia eo n?aaaouaaiee, e
eniieieoaeueiuo yeaiaioia, caioneathueo aaoiiaoe/aneea onoaiiaee
iiaea?ioooaiey

Yooaeoeaiinoue onoaiiaie iiaea?iie aaoiiaoeee ii?aaeaeyaony oai, a eaeie
iiiaio a?aiaie iinea ia/aea iiaea?a iiaeao auoue iieo/ai neaiae
iiaea?iie iianiinoe. ^A onoaiiaeao iiaea?iie neaiaeecaoeee eniieuecotho
ecaauaoaee, ?aaae?othuea ia oaiia?aoo?o, naaoiaia eceo/aiea ioe?uoiai
ieaiaie, aeui e ae?oaea oaeoi?u ai?aiey. Oaieiaua iiaea?iua ecaauaoaee
i?eiaiytho o?ao oeiia: n aeao/eeaie iaeneiaeueiiai, aeeooa?aioeeaeueiiai
e iaeneiaeueiiai aeeooa?aioeeaeueiiai aeaenoaey. Ecaauaoaee n aeao/eeaie
iaeneiaeueiiai aeaenoaey n?aaaouaatho i?e ii?aaeaeaiiie ca?aiaa
caaeaiiie oaiia?aoo?a. Ecaauaoaee n aeeooa?aioeeaeueiui aeao/eeaie
?aaae?otho ia ii?aaeaeaiioth nei?inoue iiauoaiey oaiia?aoo?u.
Iaeneiaeueii aeeooa?aioeeaeueiua ecaauaoaee aeeth/atho a naay aeao/eee
iaeneiaeueiiai e aeeooa?aioeeaeueiiai aeaenoaey e n?aaaouaatho eae i?e
ii?aaeaeaiiie, ca?aiaa caaeaiiie oaiia?aoo?a, oae e i?e ii?aaeaeaiiie
nei?inoe aa iiauoaiey.

Ecaauaoaeue iiaea?iue oaieiaie EI104-1 (EO1O) iaeneiaeueiiai
iaeii?aciaiai aeaenoaey. A ea/anoaa /oanoaeoaeueii aeao/eea a iai
eniieuecoaony nieaa “Aoaea”, eioi?ue i?e iiauoaiee oaiia?aoo?u
ie?oaeathuaai aicaeooa a eiio?iee?oaiii iiiauaiee (ieiei aeao/eea) auoa
72 °N ?anieaaeyaony. I?e yoii eiioaeou ecaauaoaey (i?oaeeiyuea ieanoeiu)
?aciueatho yeaeo?e/aneoth oeaiue. ?ac?ua oeaeoa aucuaaao ia i?eaiiie
noaioeee niioaaonoaothuoth neaiaeecaoeeth.

?aaioa oioiyeaeo?e/aneeo ecaauaoaeae iniiaaia ia ?aaeno?aoeee eciaiaiey
iioe/aneie ieioiinoe n?aaeu a eiio?iee?oaiii iiiauaiee a ciia aeaenoaey
ecaauaoaey, aucaaiiiai iiyaeaieai aeuia A iniiao ono?ienoaa
aaoiiaoe/aneeo oaauaoaeae ieaiaie iieiaeai i?eioeei ?aaeno?aoeee
eceo/aiey e ioeuenaoeee ieaiaie i/aaa caai?aiey. E oaeei ecaauaoaeyi
ioiinyony ecaauaoaeue iiaea?iue EI329-2 “Aiaoeno”. Ii i?aaenoaaeyao
niaie aaoiiaoe/aneia iioeei-yeaeo?iiiia ono?ienoai, inouanoaeythuaa
neaiaeecaoeeth i iiyaeaiee ieaiaie a eiio?iee?oaiii iiiauaiee
oiaiueoaieai aioo?aiiaai nii?ioeaeaiey ecaauaoaey e aeeth/aieai
eiaeeeaoi?a n?aaaouaaiey ia ei?iona ecaauaoaey. Ecaauaoaee ?o/iua
iiaea?iua (EI?) i?aaeiacia/aiu aeey iiaea/e neaiaea o?aaiae i iiaea?a ia
i?aiiieiio?ieueiua i?eai?u iiaea?iie e io?aiii-iiaea?iie neaiaeecaoeee
a?o/ioth n iiiiuueth ?oeiyoee, ?aniieiaeaiiie ia ecaauaoaea. Aeiy
i?eaia, i?aia?aciaaiey e ioia?aaeaiey eioi?iaoeee, iinooiathuae io
iiaea?iuo ecaauaoaeae, onoaiaaeeaatho i?eaiii-eiio?ieueiua i?eai?u
(ioeueou, eiioeaio?aoi?u, noaioeee, ono?ienoaa e o.i.).

?acaeae 4. Iiaea?iay aaciianiinoue.

Oaia 4.1. Ai?aiea e iiaea?iiianiua naienoaa aauanoa.

Aeaeu ai?aiey e iiaea?iiianiua naienoaa aauanoa e iaoa?eaeia.

Ai?aieai iacuaatho oeceei-oeie/aneee i?ioeann, aeey eioi?iai oa?aeoa?iu
o?e i?eciaea: oeie/aneia i?aa?auaiea, auaeaeaiea oaiea, eceo/aiea naaoa.
Iniiaa ai?aiey – yecioa?ie/aneay ieeneeoaeueii-ainoaiiaeoaeueiay
?aaeoeey (eee eiiieaen ?aaeoeee) aauanoaa n ieeneeoaeai. Ieeneeoaeyie
iiaoo auoue oei?, a?ii, na?a, eenei?iae, eenei?iaeiniaea?aeauea e
ae?oaea aauanoaa.

Iaeiaei /aua i?eoiaeeony eiaoue aeaei n ai?aieai a aoiinoa?a aicaeooa,
eiaaea ieeneeoaeai yaeyaony eenei?iae.

Aeey aicieeiiaaiey ai?aiey iaiaoiaeeii iaee/ea ai?th/aai aauanoaa,
ieeneeoaey e enoi/ieea ainieaiaiaiey.

Eiee/anoai oaiea, auaeaeyaiiai i?e iieiii nai?aiee aauanoaa e ai?th/aai
aauanoaa, iacuaatho oaieioie nai?aiey.

Iiae oaieii?iaiaeeiinoueth iiieiatho ia?aiin oaieiaie yia?aee i?e
iaiin?aaenoaaiiii nii?eeiniiaaiiii aauanoa, iaoa?eaeia e eiino?oeoeee.
Eiiaaeoeey – yoi ia?aiin oaieiaie yia?aee a ?acoeueoaoa ia?aiauaiey eee
ia?aiaoeaaiey /anoeoe aeeaeeinoe eee aaca. Eiiaaeoeaiua iioiee ia
e?oiiuo iiaea?ao aeinoeaatho aieueoeo nei?inoae, /oi i?eaiaeeo e
ia?aa?ino ia cia/eoaeueiua ?annoiyiey ai?yueo aieiaiae e ene?. Oaieiaia
eceo/aiea i?aaenoaaeyao niaie ia?aiin oaieiaie yia?aee a aeaea
yeaeo?iiaaieoiuo aiei.

Nouanoaaiiia cia/aiea aeey ioeaiee iiaea?iie iianiinoe oiai eee eiiai
aauanoaa, iaoa?eaea eiaao oaiia?aoo?a aai ainieaiaiaiey, niainieaiaiaiey
e aniuoee.

Ainieaiaiaiea – yoi aicai?aiea, nii?iaiaeaeathuaany iiyaeaieai ieaiaie.

Naiiaicai?aiea – yoi iiyaeaiea ?aceiai oaaee/aiey nei?inoe
yecioa?ie/aneeo ?aaeoeee, i?eaiaeyuaa e aicieeiiaaieth ai?aiey aauanoaa
a ionoonoaea enoi/ieea caaeeaaiey. Oaiia?aoo?ie naiiaicai?aiey iacuaatho
naioth ieceoth oaiia?aoo?o aauanoaa, i?e eioi?ie aicieeaao aai
naiiiaa?aaaiea, oaiia?aoo?ie naiiainieaiaiaiey – naioth ieceoth
oaiia?aoo?o aauanoaa, i?e eioi?ie i?ienoiaeeo ?aceia oaaee/aiea nei?inoe
yecioa?ie/aneeo ?aaeoeee, caeai/eaathueony aicieeiiaaieai ieaiaiiiai
ai?aiey.

Ii nei?inoe, n eioi?ie i?ioaeaao ai?aiea, ?acee/atho aniuoeo,
ainieaiaiaiey e ac?ua.

Oaiia?aoo?ie aniuoee ia?ia eaaeiainieaiaiythueony e ai?th/eo aeeaeeinoae
iacuaatho naioth ieceoth oaiia?aoo?o ai?th/aai aauanoaa, i?e eioi?ie
iaae iiaa?oiinoueth aai ia?acothony aacu e ia?u, niiniaiua aniuoeaaoue a
aicaeooa io enoi/ieea io enoi/ieea caaeeaaiey, ii nei?inoue eo
ia?aciaaiey aua iaaeinoaoi/ia aeey iineaaeothuaai ai?aiey. Ac?uaii
iacuaatho iaiiaaiiia ?aceiaeaiea eee nai?aiea aauanoaa, i?e eioi?ii
auaeaeyaony aieueoia eiee/anoai aacia e ia?a, nicaeathueo ia?iiiia
aeaaeaiea ia ie?oaeathuoth n?aaeo.

Ai?aiea nianae ai?th/eo aacia e ia?ia n aicaeooii niiniaii
?ani?ino?aiyoueny ia i?e ethauo niioiioaieyo eiiiiiaioia, a eeoue a
ii?aaeaeaiiuo i?aaeaeao, iacuaaaiuo eiioeaio?aoeeiiiuie i?aaeaeaie
ainieaiaiaiey (ac?uaa). Ieieiaeueioth e iaeneiaeueioth eiioeaio?aoeee
ai?th/eo aacia e ia?ia a aicaeooa, i?e eioi?uo niane niiniaiu
ainieaiaiyoueny, iacuaatho ieaeiei eiioeaio?aoeeiiiuie i?aaeaeaie
ainieaiaiaiey.

Ana no?ieoaeueiua iaoa?eaeu ii eo niiniaiinoe aicai?aoueny
(ainieaiaiyoueny) iiae aeaenoaeai enoi/ieea caaeeaaiey iiae?acaeaeythony
ia o?e a?oiiu: iaai?th/ea, o?oaeiiai?th/ea e ai?th/ea.

Iaai?th/ea iaoa?eaeu iiae aeaenoaeai iaiy eee aunieie oaiia?aoo?u ia
oeatho e ia iaoaeeaathony. E iei ioiinyony ana anoanoaaiiua e
eneonnoaaiiua iai?aaie/aneea iaoa?eaeu (iaica, ooo, i?aii?, aeeiyiue e
neeeeaoiue ee?ie/, aeaeaciaaoii e ae?.), i?eiaiyaiua a no?ieoaeuenoaa
iaoaeeu, a oaeaea aeiniaua e aeiniaieieienoua ieeou i?e niaea?aeaiee
i?aaie/aneie /anoe aei 8% iannu, ieia?aeiaua ieeou i?e ia neioaoe/aneii,
e?aoiaeueiii eee aeooiiii naycothuai i?e niaea?aeaiee aai aei 6%.

O?oaeiiai?th/ea iaoa?eaeu niiniaiu ai?aoue iiae aeaenoaeai enoi/ieea
caaeeaaiey, ii ia niiniaiu e naiinoiyoaeueiiio ai?aieth iinea aai
oaeaeaiey.

O?oaeiiai?th/eie yaeythony iaoa?eaeu, ninoiyuea ec iaai?th/eo e ai?th/eo
ninoaaeythueo. Yoi anoaeueoiaue aaoii, aeiniaua aaoiiiua iaoa?eaeu,
niaea?aeauea i?aaie/aneee iaiieieoaeue aieaa 8% iannu, ieia?aeiaaoiua
ieeou ia aeooiiii naycothuai i?e niaea?aeaiee aai io 7 aei 15%,
aeeiinieiiaiiua iaoa?eaeu ni n?aaeiae ieioiinoueth iaiaa 900ea/i2,
aieeie, auii/aiiue a aeeiyiii ?anoai?a, ae?aaaneia, iiaeaa?aiooay
aeoaieie i?iieoea iaiacaueoiuie ninoaaaie, oeaiaioiue oea?ieeo,
iaeioi?ua iieeia?iua iaoa?eaeu.

Ai?th/ea iaoa?eaeu iiae aicaeaenoaeai iaiy eee aunieie oaiia?aoo?u
ainieaiaiythony e i?iaeieaeatho ai?aoue eee oeaoue iinea oaeaeaiey
enoi/ieea iaiy. E yoei iaoa?eaeai ioiinyo ae?aaaneio, oieue, ?oaa?ieae,
oi?oiieeou, aieeie, a oaeaea iaoa?eaeu ia iniiaa ieanoe/aneeo iann
(ae?aaaniino?oaea/iua e ae?aaaniiaieieienoua ieeou e o.i.).

Oaia 4.2. I?ioeeaeoeea iiaea?ia, iniiaiua i?e/eiu.

Eae iieacuaaao i?aeoeea, iaeaieueoaa eiee/anoai iiaea?ia aicieeaao a
?acoeueoaoa ia?ooaiey i?aaee iiaea?iie aaciianiinoe:

· neo/ae iainoi?iaeiinoe ia?auaiey n ioe?uouie enoi/ieeaie iaiy, a oii
/enea iaa?aaeiinoue, aeiioneaaiay i?e eo?aiee eee iieueciaaiee
yeaeo?iauoiauie i?eai?aie;

· ia?ooaiea i?aaee iiaea?iie aaciianiinoe i?e i?iecaiaenoaa
yeaeo?iaacinaa?i/iuo ?aaio; i?e yenieoaoaoeee ia/ae, oaieiaaia?e?othueo
aa?aaaoia e ono?ienoa;

· iaeni?aaiia ninoiyiea yeaeo?ii?iaiaeee e yeaeo?ii?eai?ia;

· iaeni?aaiia o?aiaiea ?acee/iuo aauanoa e iaoa?eaeia e o.i.

A ioaeaeueiuo neo/ayo i?e/eiie iiaea?ia yaeythony aeaenoaey nee
i?e?iaeu: a?iciaua ?ac?yaeu, nieia/iua eo/e.

E?iia iiaea?ia, aicieeoeo a ?acoeueoaoa ia?ooaiee i?aaee aaciianiinoe,
iaaethaeathony neo/ae aicieeiiaaiey iiaea?ia a ?acoeueoaoa iiaeaeiaia.
I?e i?anooiii iaa?aaeiii ioiioaiee e niaethaeaieth i?aaee iiaea?iie
aaciianiinoe.

Aicieeiiaaiea iiaea?a io i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai iai?oaeiaaiey aiciiaeii i?e
ia?aaiyo a ?aaioa e iaeni?aaiinoyo (ia?aeinao, caeeeieaaiee, nooii
o?aiee, iaa?aaaiee, ooa/ee i?iaeoeoa e o.i.);

· eniieueciaaiee a oaoiieiae/aneii i?ioeanna eee i?e yenieoaoaoeee
iai?oaeiaaiey iaiaiianiuo aauanoa e iaoa?eaeia, niiniaiuo ia?aciaaoue
iaiaiianiua eiioeaio?aoeee eee neeiiiuo e naiiaicai?aieth,
naiiainieaiaiaieth, ia?aciaaieth noaoe/aneiai yeaeo?e/anoai;

· aiciiaeiinoe ia?aciaaiey e neiieaiey a i?ioeanna i?iecaiaenoaa
iiaea?iiianiuo iooiaeia, niiniaiuo naiiaicai?aoueny eee
naiiainieaiaiyoueny.

· I?e ia?aa?ocea a yeaeo?inaoyo.

Ia?ii?eyoey ii i?aaeoi?aaeaeaieth iiaea?ia.

Iaeiie ec aaaeiuo ia? i?ioeaiiiaea?iie caueou i?e i?iaeoe?iaaiee e
cano?ieea ianaeaiiuo ioieoia e i?iiuoeaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee yaeyaony
no?iaia niaethaeaiea i?ioeaiiiaea?iuo ?ac?uaia. Iie i?aaeiacia/aiu aeey
i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiey ?ani?ino?aiaiey iaiy ia ninaaeiea caeaiey e
nii?oaeaiey, a oaeaea iaania/aiey oniaoiiai iaiaa?e?iaaiey iiaea?iuo
iiae?acaeaeaiee, i?eauaoeo aeey oooaiey iiaea?a. I?ioeaiiiaea?iua
?ac?uau iaaeaeo ioaeaeueiuie caeaieyie caaenyo io noaiaie eo
iaianoieeinoe.

A neo/ayo, eiaaea i?e ?aeiino?oeoeee caeaiee eee nii?oaeaiee iaaiciiaeii
niaethnoe ?ac?uau, ?ac?aaaouaatho ia?ii?eyoey, eiiiaine?othuea eo
iaaeinoaoi/ioth aaee/eio. E oaeei ia?ii?eyoeyi ioiinyo nii?oaeaiey
i?ioeaiiiaea?iuo i?aa?aae, nieaeaiea iiaea?iie iianiinoe
i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo i?ioeannia, i?eiaiaiea iaai?th/eo iaoa?eaeia,
iaaaeiaaiea eee caaeoaeaiea caeaiee e nii?oaeaiee, ono?ienoai onoaiiaie
iiaea?ioooaiey e ae?.

I?ioeaiiiaea?iua i?aa?aaeu (i?ioeaiiiaea?iua noaiu, ia?ae?uoey,
ia?aai?iaeee, ye?aiu, aiaeyiua caaanu e o.i.) neoaeao aeey ?acaeaeaiey
iauaia caeaiey ia i?ioeaiiiaea?iua ionaee. I?ioeaiiiaea?iua ia?aai?iaeee
i?aaenoaaeytho niaie ?aciiaeaeiinoue i?ioeaiiiaea?iuo noai. Eo oe?iei
i?eiaiytho eae a i?iiuoeaiiinoe, oae e a a?aaeaeaineii no?ieoaeuenoaa.
Iiieii ?acaeaeaiey ?acee/iuo ii iiaea?iie iianiinoe oaoiieiae/aneeo
i?ioeannia, i?ioeaiiiaea?iua ia?aai?iaeee auiieiytho ooieoeeth
i?aa?aaeu, eneeth/athuae ?ani?ino?aiaiea i?iaeoeoia ai?aiey i?e iiaea?a
e iineaaenoaee ac?uaa ia niaaeiua iiiauaiey.

Ia aeaenoaothueo e i?iaeoe?othueo i?aaei?eyoeyo i?e iaiaoiaeeiinoe
i?eiaiytho ciie?iaaiea. I?ioeaiiiaea?iua ciiu ono?aeaatho n oeaeueth
ia?aie/aiey ?ani?ino?aiaiey iiaea?a ii eiino?oeoeaiui yeaiaioai e
oaoiieiae/aneiio iai?oaeiaaieth. Iaeaieaa ?ani?ino?aiaiu ciiu a aeaea
oeaeuo i?ieaoia caeaiey, ?acaeaeyaiuo iaai?th/eie noaiaie e iie?uoeyie.

I?e i?iaeoe?iaaiee caeaiee e nii?oaeaiee aeieaeiu auoue i?aaeoniio?aiu
yaaeoaoeeiiiua auoiaeu aeey auno?ie e aaciianiie yaaeoaoeee ethaeae e
iaoa?eaeueiuo oeaiiinoae a neo/aa aicieeiiaaiey iiaea?ia.

Eeoou, yneaeaoi?u e ae?oaea iaoaie/aneea n?aaenoaa ia?aaeaeaeaiey
ethaeae a ?an/ao yaaeoaoeee ia i?eieiathony.

Aeaa?e ia iooyo yaaeoaoeee aeieaeiu ioe?uaaoueny ii iai?aaeaieth auoiaea
ec caeaiey.

I?ioiaeu, auoiaeu, ei?eaei?ia, oaiao?u e eanoieoeu ia ?ac?aoaaony
caa?iiiaeaeaoue ?acee/iuie i?aaeiaoaie e iai?oaeiaaieai.

Eeanneoeeaoeey caeaiee e nii?oaeaiee ii noaiaie iaianoieeinoe.

I?e aicaeaenoaee iaiy no?ieoaeueiua eiino?oeoeee aeaoi?ie?othony.
Noaiaiue aeaoi?iaoeee a cia/eoaeueiie ia?a caaeneo io oaiia?aoo?u e
i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoe aicaeaenoaey iaiy. I?e aeeeoaeueiii aicaeaenoaee e
aunieie oaiia?aoo?a eiino?oeoeey iiaeao iioa?youe iaianoieeinoue.
I?aaeae iaianoieeinoe ii?aaeaeyaony ia?eiaeii a?aiaie a /anao io ia/aea
eniuoaiey eiino?oeoeee ia iaianoieeinoue aei aicieeiiaaiey iaeiiai ec
neaaeothueo i?eciaeia:

· ia?aciaaiea a eiino?oeoeee neaiciuo o?auei;

· iiauoaiea oaiia?aoo?u ia ia iaia?aaaaiie iiaa?oiinoe eiino?oeoeee a
n?aaeiai aieaa /ai ia 140°N eee a ethaie oi/ea yoie iiaa?oiinoe aieaa
/ai ia 180°N ii n?aaiaieth n oaiia?aoo?ie eiino?oeoeee aei eniuoaiey eee
aeinoeaeaiey oaiia?aoo?u 220°N e aieaa iacaaeneii io oaiia?aoo?u
eiino?oeoeee aei eniuoaiey.

Noaiaiue iaianoieeinoe caeaiee e nii?oaeaiee oa?aeoa?ecoaony a?oiiie
aicai?aaiinoe e i?aaeaeii iaianoieeinoe ioaeaeueiuo eo /anoae. Ii
iaianoieeinoe ana caeaiey e nii?oaeaiey a niioaaonoaee ni NieI
2.01.02-85 iiae?acaeaeytho ia ainaiue noaiaiae: I, II, III, Oa, Oa, IV,
IV a, V.

Eeanneoeeaoeey iiiauaiee e caeaiee ii ac?uaiiiaea?iie e iiaea?iie
iianiinoe.

I?aaeeueiue auai? eaoaai?ee i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo iiiauaiee ii
ac?uaiiiaea?iie e iiaea?iie iianiinoe iicaieyao onoaiiaeoue iioeiaeueiia
niioiioaiea iaaeaeo aaciianiinoueth i?iecaiaenoaa e ?acia?ai
eaieoaeueiuo cao?ao ia aai i?iaeoe?iaaiea e yenieoaoaoeeth.

A caaeneiinoe io eaoaai?ee onoaiaaeeaaaony ii?iaoeaiua o?aaiaaiey ii
iaania/aieth ac?uaiiiaea?iie e iiaea?iie aaciianiinoe iiiauaiee e
caeaiee i?iecaiaenoaa a ioiioaiee ieaie?iaee e cano?ieee, yoaaeiinoe,
ieiuaaeae, ?aciauaiey iiiauaiee, eiino?oeoeaiuo ?aoaiee, eiaeaia?iiai
iai?oaeiaaiey e o.i.

Eaoaai?ey iiiauaiey e caeaiee onoaiaaeeaaaony a oaoiieiae/aneie /anoe
i?iaeoa ia aiiaue no?iyueeny eee ?aeiino?oe?oaiue iauaeo a niioaaonoaee
n aeaaie NieI 2.09.02-85 “I?iecaiaenoaaiiua caeaiey”, ii?iaie
oaoiieiae/aneiai i?iaeoe?iaaiey e aaaeiinoaaiiuie ii?iaie.

Ii ac?uaiiiaea?iie e iiaea?iie iianiinoe iiiauaiey e caeaiey
iiae?acaeaeythony ia iyoue eaoaai?ee (A, A, A, A, Ae) a caaeneiinoe io
eiee/anoaa e naienoa iaoiaeyueony a ieo aauanoa e iaoa?eaeia, a oaeaea
iniaaiiinoae ?aciauaaiuo a ieo oaoiieiae/aneeo i?ioeannia.

Eaoaai?eth caeaiey onoaiaaeeaatho a aeaa yoaia: nia/aea ii?aaeaeytho
eaoaai?eth eaaeaeiai iiiauaiey a ioaeaeueiinoe, a caoai – anaai caeaiey
a oeaeii; e eaoaai?ee Ae anee iii ia ioiineony e eaoaai?eyi A, A, A, eee
A.

I?e ii?aaeaeaiee eaoaai?ee iiiauaiee i?eieiaaony ianeieueei e?eoa?eaa
iianiinoe. E iei ioiinyony naienoaa aauanoa e iaoa?eaeia, ia?acothueony
a oaoiieiae/aneeo i?ioeannao, eo eiee/anoai e ecauoi/iia aeaaeaiea
ac?uaa a iiiauaiee, eioi?ia iiaeao ?acaeoueny i?e ainieaiaiaiee
ia?acothueony ac?uaiiianiuo ia?iaaciiueaaicaeooiuo nianae.

Iiaea?iiianiua naienoaa aauanoa e iaoa?eaeia, iaoiaeyueony a iiiauaieyo,
ii?aaeaeytho ia iniiaaiee ?acoeueoaoia eniuoaiee eee ?an/aoia ii
noaiaea?oiui iaoiaeeeai n o/aoii ia?aiao?ia eo ninoiyiey (aeaaeaiey,
oaiia?aoo?u e o.ae.). ?ac?aoaaony eniieueciaaoue ni?aai/iua aeaiiua,
iioaeeeiaaiiua aieiaiuie iao/ii-enneaaeiaaoaeueneeie i?aaiecaoeeyie a
iaeanoe iiaea?iie aaciianiinoe eee auaeaiiua Ainnoaiaea?oii.

I?e iaee/ee a iiiauaiee nianae aauanoa e iaoa?eaeia ioeaieo aeiioneaaony
aanoe ii iaeaieaa iianiiio eiiiiiaioo. Iieacaoaee iiaea?iac?uaiiianiinoe
aauanoa e iaoa?eaeia ii?aaeaeytho a niioaaonoaee n AINO 121.044-89
“NNAO. Iiaea?iac?uaiiianiinoue aauanoa e iaoa?eaeia. Iiiaieeaoo?a
iieacaoaeae e iaoiaeu eo ii?aaeaeaiey”. Caeaiey e iiiauaiey neeaaeia a
caaeneiinoe io eiee/anoaa e naienoa o?aieiuo aauanoa, iaoa?eaeia,
i?iaeoeoeee nu?uey e eo oiaeiaee iiae?acaeaeythony ia eaoaai?ee A, A, A,
Ae ii ac?uaiiiaea?iie e iiaea?iie iianiinoe n o/aoii eo
ooieoeeiiaeueiiai iacia/aiey.

Oaia 4.3 N?aaenoaa oooaiey iiaea?ia, iiaea?iay neaiaeecaoeey.

Niiniau e n?aaenoaa oooaiey iiaea?ia.

I?ae?aoeoue ai?aiea – yoi, cia/eo, inoaiiaeoue yecioa?ie/aneoth
?aaeoeeth, i?ioiaeyuoth a oiieii naaoyuainy neia ciiu ai?aiey,
iacuaaaiii ciiie ?aaeoeee.

Aicaeaenoaiaaoue ia nei?inoue ?aaeoeee iiaeii oece/aneei e oeie/aneei
niiniaaie, a oaeaea eiiieaeniui i?eiaiaieai yoeo niiniaia.

E oece/aneei niiniaai oi?iiaeaiey ?aaeoeee ai?aiey ioiinyony
ioeaaeaeaiea ai?yueo aauanoa (iaoa?eaeia) e iauaia ciiu ai?aiey,
?acaaaeaiea;

?aaae?othueo aauanoa iaai?th/eie, a oaeaea eciee?iaaiea ?aaae?othueo
aauanoa io ciiu ai?aiey (?aaeoeee).

Oeie/aneee niinia oi?iiaeaiey ?aaeoeee ai?aiey iniiaai ia oiaiueoaiee
eiioeaio?aoeee aeoeaiuo oeaio?ia a ciia ?aaeoeee. Iiae n?aaenoaaie
oooaiey iiieiathony iaiaoooauea ninoaau, iiaea?iua aaoiiiaeee, iiaea?iua
iiacaea, iiaea?ii-oaoie/aneia aii?oaeaiea, a oaeaea ae?oaay oaoieea,
eioi?ay iiaeao auoue eniieueciaaiiay aeey oooaiey iiaea?ia.

Ii iacia/aieth n?aaenoaa oooaiey ?acaeaeythony ia iaiaoooauea aauanoaa,
i?ae?auathuea ai?aiea, n?aaenoaa aeinoaaee iaiaoooaueo aauanoa, eo
iieo/aiey, a oaeaea auiieiaiey ae?oaeo ?aaio ia iiaea?a.

Ec ioeaaeaeathueo iaiaoooaueo aauanoa iaeaieaa ?ani?ino?aiaiu aiaea e
oaeaeeneue aac.

E eciee?othuei e ?acaaaeythuei iaiaoooauei aauanoaai ioiinyo oeie/aneoth
e aicaeooii-iaoaie/aneoth iaio, acio, ii?ioee iauaai e niaoeeaeueiiai
iacia/aiey. A niioaaonoaee n AINO 27331-87 “Iiaea?iay oaoieea.
Eeanneoeeaoeey iiaea?ia” e iaoiaeeeie ioeaiee iaiaoooauae niiniaiinoe
iaiaoooeoaeae iiaea?u a caaeneiinoe io aeaea ai?th/eo iaoa?eaeia e
aauanoa aeaeyony ia iyoue eeannia: A, A, N, Ae e A.

Iiaea?iay oaoieea.

Auioneaaioth a iaoae no?aia iiaea?ioth oaoieeo iiaeii iiae?acaeaeeoue
ia neaaeothuea iniiaiua a?oiiu: aaoiiiaeee, iiaea?iua iiacaea, iioiiiiiu
iaiaoooeoaee, iai?oaeiaaiea aeey noaoeeiia?iuo onoaiiaie aaoiiaoe/aneiai
iiaea?ioooaiey, iiaea?i-oaoie/aneia aii?oaeaiea e ?aciia iiaea?iia
iai?oaeiaaiea.

I?ioeaiiiaea?iia aiaeiniaaaeaiea.

I?ioeaiiiaea?iia aiaeiniaaaeaiea – niaieoiiinoue eiaeaia?ii-oaoie/aneeo
n?aaenoa e nii?oaeaiee, iaania/eaathueo iiaea/o aiaeu aeey oooaiey
iiaea?a.

Oei aiaeii?iaiaea caaeneo io aeaea ianeoaeeaaaiuo iauaeoia;

aiaeii?iaiaeu iiae?acaeaeyaony ia ai?iaeneea, iinaeeiaua e i?iiuoeaiiua.

Ii iacia/aieth ?acee/atho aiaeii?iaiaeu oicyenoaaiii-ieoueaaua,
i?iecaiaenoaaiiua, i?ioeaiiiaea?iua, iauaaeeiaiiua.

Noaiu iiaea/e aiaeu auaatho ec ioe?uouo e iiaecaiiuo aiaeienoi/ieeia.

Iai?oaeiaaiea aeey noaoeeiia?iuo onoaiiaie aaoiiaoe/aneiai
iiaea?ioooaiey.

Iie i?aaeiacia/aiu aeey iieiie eeeaeaeaoeee iiaea?a a ia/aeueiie
noaaeee, aeey eieaeecaoeee aai i?e iiiiue iaiaoooaueo aauanoa aei
i?eauoey iiaea?iiai iiae?acaeaeaiey. Naiuie ?ani?ino?aiaiiuie yaeythony
aiaeyiua e aaciaua onoaiiaee aaoiiaoe/aneiai iiaea?ioooaiey. E?iia ieo,
i?eiaiytho aiaeioeie/aneea, iaiiua e ii?ioeiaua onoaiiaee.

Aiaeyiua onoaiiaee auaatho nieieea?iua e ae?ai/a?iua.

Ni?eieea?iay onoaiiaea i?aaeiacia/aia aeey oooaiey e eieaeecaoeee
iiaea?a.

Ae?ai/a?iua onoaiiaee eniieuecotho aeey oooaiey iiaea?ia a iiiauaieyo, a
eioi?uo o?aaothony iaeiia?aiaiiia i?ioaiea ?an/aoiie ieiuaaee
ioaeaeueiuo /anoae caeaiey, nicaeaiey aiaeyiuo caaan a i?iaiao aeaa?ae e
ieii, i?ioaiea ioaeaeueiuo yeaiaioia oaoiieiae/aneiai iai?oaeiaaiey e
o.i. Iie i?aaeiacia/aiu a iniiaiii aeey ai?ueau n iiaea?aie a iiiauaieyo
n aunieie eaoaai?ee iiaea?iie iianiinoe, aaea aiciiaeii auno?ia
?ani?ino?aiaiea iaiy.

Ii niiniao aeeth/aiey ae?ai/a?iua onoaiiaee iiae?acaeaeytho ia
aaoiiaoe/aneea, iieoaaoiiaoe/aneea e n ?o/iui ioneii.

Iiaea?iay neaiaeecaoeey.

Nia?aiaiiua onoaiiaee iiaea?iie aaoiiaoeee ninoiyo ec iiaea?iuo
ecaauaoaeae (iiaoaeeoaeae), ?aciauaaiuo a iiaea?iiianiuo ianoao
caueuaaiiai iiiauaiey, i?eaiii-eiio?ieueiuo i?eai?ia (ioeueoia,
eiioeaio?aoia e o.i.), iaania/eaathueo aeenoaioeeiiiue eiio?ieue ca
ninoiyieai ecaauaoaeae e neaiaeecaoeeth ia eo n?aaaouaaiee, e
eniieieoaeueiuo yeaiaioia, caioneathueo aaoiiaoe/aneea onoaiiaee
iiaea?ioooaiey.

A onoaiiaeao iiaea?iie neaiaeecaoeee eniieuecotho ecaauaaaee,
?aaae?othuea ia oaiia?aoo?o, naaoiaia eceo/aiea ioe?uoiai ieaiaie, aeui
e ae?oaea oaeoi?u ai?aiey (oaieiaua iiaea?iua e aeuiiaua ecaauaoaee).

Oaia 4.4 I?aaiecaoeey iiaea?iie io?aiu.

Iniiaiua ii?iaoeaiua i?aaiaua aeieoiaiou, ?aaeaiaioe?othuea ?aaioo ii
iaania/aieth iiaea?iie aaciianiinoe iauaeoia Caeii ?anioaeeee Aaea?onue
“I iiaea?iie aaciianiinoe” aaaaeai Iinoaiiaeaieai Aa?oiaiiai Niaaoa
?anioaeeee Aaea?onue io 15 ethiy 1993 aiaea ? 2404-OI. Ii ii?aaeaeyao
i?aaiaoth iniiao e i?eioeeiu i?aaiecaoeee iiaea?iie aaciianiinoe e
ainoaea?noaaiiiai iiaea?iiai iaaeci?a, aeaenoaothueo a oeaeyo caueou io
iiaea?ia aeecie e caei?iauey ethaeae, iaoeeiiaeueiiai aeinoiyiey, anao
aeaeia nianoaaiiinoe e yeiiiieee ?anioaeeee Aaea?onue.

Nenoaia iiaea?iie aaciianiinoe a ?anioaeeea Aaea?onue ninoieo ec
eiiieaena nioeeaeueiuo, i?aaiecaoeeiiiuo, iao/ii-oaoie/aneeo e i?aaiauo
ia?, a oaeaea nee e n?aaenoa iiaea?iie neoaeau, iai?aaeaiiuo ia
i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiea e eeeaeaeaoeeth iiaea?ia.

Aeayoaeueiinoue ii iaania/aieth iiaea?iie aaciianiinoe inouanoaeyaony a
niioaaonoaee n ianoiyuei Caeiiii e ae?oaeie aeoaie caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa
?anioaeeee Aaea?onue, a oaeaea ia iniiaaiee o?aaiaaiee noaiaea?oia, ii?i
e i?aaee iiaea?iie aaciianiinoe, aeaenoaothueo ia oa??eoi?ee ?anioaeeee.

Ainoaea?noaaiiia oi?aaeaiea a iaeanoe iaania/aiey iiaea?iie aaciianiinoe
inouanoaeyaony Niaaoii Ieieno?ia ?anioaeeee Aaea?onue, Ieienoa?noaii ii
/?acau/aeiui neooaoeeyi ?anioaeeee Aaea?onue, ianoiuie i?aaiaie Aeanoe.

Ainoaea?noaaiiue iaaeci? ca iaania/aieai iiaea?iie aaciianiinoe
ieienoa?noaaie, ae?oaeie i?aaiaie ainoaea?noaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey,
i?aaei?eyoeyie, o/?aaeaeaieyie e a?aaeaeaiaie inouanoaeytho i?aaiu
ainoaea?noaaiiiai iiaea?iiai iaaeci?a I*N.

Iaaeci? ca iaania/aieai iiaea?iie aaciianiinoe a eanao, ia iauaeoao
Ieienoa?noaao iai?iiu ?anioaeeee, iiaecaiiuo nii?oaeaieyo, o?ainii?oiuo
n?aaenoaao, iaoiaeyueony a iooe neaaeiaaiey, a oaeaea i?e o?aiaiee e
eniieueciaaiee ac?ua/aouo aauanoa inouanoaeytho niioaaonoaothuea
ieienoa?noaa e aaaeiinoaa, aeaaeaeueoeu iauaeoia.

Aaaeiinoaaiiue eiio?ieue ca ninoiyieai iiaea?iie aaciianiinoe ia
iauaeoao inouanoaeytho ieienoa?noaa, ae?oaea i?aaiu ainoaea?noaaiiiai
oi?aaeaiey.

Iaycaiiinoe ?oeiaiaeeoaeae i?aaei?eyoee e eiuo aeieaeiinoiuo eeoe ii
iaania/aieth iiaea?iie aaciianiinoe iauaeoa e ioaeaeueiuo o/anoeia
i?iecaiaenoa.

Iaycaiiinoe ?oeiaiaeeoaeae i?aaei?eyoee, o/?aaeaeaiee e i?aaiecaoeee e
aeieaeiinoiuo eeoe ii iaania/aieth iiaea?iie aaciianiinoe eceiaeaiu a
Caeiia ?anioaeeee Aaea?onue “I iiaea?iie aaciianiinoe”.

A niioaaonoaee ni noaoueae 17 yoiai Caeiia ?oeiaiaeeoaee e ae?oaea
aeieaeiinoiua eeoea i?aaei?eyoee, o/?aaeaeaiee e i?aaiecaoeee iacaaeneii
io oi?i nianoaaiiinoe:

1) iaania/eaatho iiaea?ioth aaciianiinoue e i?ioeaiiiaea?iue ?aaeei ia
niioaaonoaothueo i?aaei?eyoeyo, a o/?aaeaeaieyo e i?aaiecaoeeyo;

2) i?aaeoniao?eaatho i?aaiecaoeeiiiua e eiaeaia?ii-oaoie/aneea
ia?ii?eyoey ii iiaea?iie aaciianiinoe a aeaiao yeiiiie/aneiai e
nioeeaeueiiai ?acaeoey i?aaei?eyoee, o/?aaeaeaiee e i?aaiecaoeee,
nicaeatho i?e iaiaoiaeeiinoe i?aaiecaoeeiiii-ooaoioth no?oeoo?o,
?ac?aaaouaatho iaycaiiinoe e nenoaio eiio?iey, iaania/eaathuea
iiaea?ioth aaciianiinoue ai anao oaoiieiae/aneeo caaiueyo e ia yoaiao
i?iecaiaenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe;

3) iaania/eaatho naiaa?aiaiiia auiieiaiea i?ioeaiiiaea?iuo ia?ii?eyoee
ii i?aaeienaieyi, caeeth/aieyi e i?aaeoi?aaeaeaieyi i?aaiia
ainoaea?noaaiiiai iiaea?iiai iaaeci?a;

4) aiaae?ytho iao/ii-oaoie/aneea aeinoeaeaiey a i?ioeaiiiaea?ioth caueoo
iauaeoia, i?iaiaeyo ?aaioo ii ecia?aoaoaeuenoao e ?aoeeiiaeecaoeee,
iai?aaeaiioth ia iaania/aiea aaciianiinoe ethaeae e nieaeaiea iiaea?iie
iianiinoe oaoiieiae/aneeo i?ioeannia i?iecaiaenoa;

5) iaania/eaatho auiieiaiea e niaethaeaiea i?ioeaiiiaea?iuo o?aaiaaiee
ii?i, noaiaea?oia, i?aaee iiaea?iie aaciianiinoe e oaoie/aneeo oneiaee
i?e i?iaeoe?iaaiee, no?ieoaeuenoaa, ?aeiino?oeoeee, oaoie/aneii
ia?aaii?oaeaiee e ?aiiioa iiaeaaaeiinoaaiiuo ei iauaeoia, a oaeaea i?e
ecaioiaeaiee, o?ainii?oe?iaea e eniieueciaaiee auioneaaiuo aauanoa,
iaoa?eaeia, i?iaeoeoeee, iaoei, i?eai?ia e iai?oaeiaaiey;

6) nicaeatho aiaooaoiua iiaea?iua oi?ie?iaaiey e i?aaiecotho eo ?aaioo;

7) niaea?aeao a eni?aaiii ninoiyiee iiaea?ioth oaoieeo, iai?oaeiaaiea e
eiaaioa?ue, ia aeiioneatho eo eniieueciaaiey ia ii i?yiiio iacia/aieth;

8) i?aaiecotho iao/aiea ?aaioieeia i?aaeeai iiaea?iie aaciianiinoe e
iaania/eaatho eo o/anoea a i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiee e oooaiee iiaea?ia, ia
aeiioneatho e ?aaioa eeoe, ia i?ioaaeoeo i?ioeaiiiaea?iue eino?oeoaae;

9) iaania/eaatho ?ac?aaioeo ieaia aeaenoaee ?aaioieeia ia neo/ae
aicieeiiaaiey iiaea?a e i?iaiaeyo i?aeoe/aneea o?aie?iaee ii aai
io?aaioea;

10) i?aaenoaaeytho ii o?aaiaaieth i?aaiia ainoaea?noaaiiiai iiaea?iiai
iaaeci?a aeieoiaiou i iiaea?ao e eo iineaaenoaeyo, naaaeaiey,
oa?aeoa?ecothuea ninoiyiea iiaea?iie aaciianiinoe iauaeoia e auioneaaiie
i?iaeoeoeee;

11) i?eieiatho ia?u e ia?ooeoaeyi ii?i e i?aaee iiaea?iie aaciianiinoe,
acuneeaatho a onoaiiaeaiiii caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii ii?yaeea iaoa?eaeueiue
oua?a n eiie?aoiuo aeiiaieeia iiaea?a;

12) i?aaeinoaaeytho a onoaiiaeaiiii ii?yaeea a iaiaoiaeeiuo neo/ayo
iiae?acaeaeaieyi iiaea?iie neoaeau oaoieeo, ai?th/a-niaci/iua iaoa?eaeu,
i?iaeoeou ieoaiey e ianoa ioaeuoa aeey ee/iiai ninoaaa i?e oooaiee
iiaea?ia) ia niioaaonoaothueo i?aaei?eyoeyo, a o/?aaeaeaieyo e
i?aaiecaoeeyo.

E?iia Caeiia ?anioaeeee Aaea?onue “I iiaea?iie aaciianiinoe” iaycaiiinoe
?oeiaiaeeoaeae e aeieaeiinoiuo eeoe i?aaei?eyoee, o/?aaeaeaiee e
i?aaiecaoeee ii iaania/aieth iiaea?iie aaciianiinoe eceiaeaiu a I?aaeeao
iiaea?iie aaciianiinoe.

Eiaeaia?ii-oaoie/aneea ?aaioieee, ?aai/ea e neoaeauea ianoo
ia?niiaeueioth ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca auiieiaiea i?aaee iiaea?iie
aaciianiinoe a /anoe, eanathueeny eo i?ioanneiiaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe,
/oi aeieaeii auoue io?aaeaii a eo aeieaeiinoiuo iaycaiiinoyo.

Ii?yaeie i?aaiecaoeee e ?aaiou aeia?iaieueiuo iiaea?iuo ae?oaeei.

A niioaaonoaee n /anoueth 6 noaouee 17 Caeiia ?anioaeeee Aaea?onue “I
iiaea?iie aaciianiinoe” e Iinoaiiaeaieai Eaaeiaoa Ieieno?ia ?anioaeeee
Aaea?onue io 13 ieoya?y 1995 aiaea ? 571 ia i?aaei?eyoeyo, a
o/?aaeaeaieyo e i?aaiecaoeeyo, iacaaeneii io oi?i nianoaaiiinoe, aeey
i?iaaaeaiey ia?ii?eyoee ii i?aaeoi?aaeaeaieth iiaea?ia e eo oooaieth
nicaeathony aiaooaoiua iiaea?iua oi?ie?iaaiey, a /anoiinoe i?aaiecothony
aeia?iaieueiua iiaea?iua ae?oaeeiu e aiaaua ?an/aou ec /enea ?aai/eo,
neoaeaueo, eiaeaia?ii-oaoie/aneeo ?aaioieeia i?aaei?eyoee.

Ii?yaeie i?aaiecaoeee:

Iiaea?iua ae?oaeeiu nicaeathony ia iauaeoao iacaaeneii io iaee/ey
ae?oaeo aeaeia iiaea?iie neoaeau e iiaoo auoue iauaiauaeoiauie e
oeaoiauie.

I?e /enea ?aaioathueo ia i?aaei?eyoee iaiaa 15 /aeiaae iiaea?iay
ae?oaeeia ia nicaeaaony, a iaycaiiinoe ia neo/ae iiaea?a
?ani?aaeaeythony iaaeaeo ?aaioieeaie.

*eneaiiue ninoaa iiaea?iie ae?oaeeiu ii?aaeaeyaony ec ?an/aoa 5 /aeiaae
ia eaaeaeua 100 ?aaioathueo, ii a oeaeii ia aieaa /eneaiiinoe,
iicaieythuae a iieiii iauaia e n oi?ioei ea/anoaii iaania/eoue
auiieiaiea aiceiaeaiiuo ia iaa caaea/. Ia i?aaei?eyoeyo, n
/eneaiiinoueth ?aaioathueo aei 100 (noa) /aeiaae eiee/anoai /eaiia
iiaea?iie ae?oaeeiu aeieaeii auoue ia iaiaa 10 (aeanyoe) /aeiaae.

I?aaiecaoeey nicaeaiey iiaea?iuo ae?oaeei e ?oeiaiaenoai eo
aeayoaeueiinoueth aiceaaaaony ia ?oeiaiaeeoaeae e iiaea?ii-oaoie/aneea
eiiennee i?aaei?eyoee.

Iiaea?iua ae?oaeeiu i?aaiecothony ia aeia?iaieueiuo ia/aeao ec /enea
?aai/eo, neoaeaueo eiaeaia?ii-oaoie/aneeo ?aaioieeia i?aaei?eyoee a
aic?anoa ia iieiaea 18 eao.

?aaioieee, aeaeathuea anooieoue a iiaea?ioth ae?oaeeio, iiaeatho ia eiy
aa eiiaiaee?a ienueiaiiia cayaeaiea.

I?ioeaiiiaea?iue ?aaeei.

I?ioeaiiiaea?iue ?aaeei – eiiieaen i?ioeaiiiaea?iuo ia?ii?eyoee i?e
auiieiaiee ?aaio e yenieoaoaoeee iauaeoa, o.a. niaieoiiinoue
ii?aaeaeaiiuo ia? e o?aaiaaiee iiaea?iie aaciianiinoe, ca?aiaa
onoaiiaeaiiuo aeey iauaeoa eee ioaeaeueiiai iiiauaiey e iiaeeaaeaueo
iaycaoaeueiiio auiieiaieth anaie ?aaioathueie oai eeoeaie.

I?ioeaiiiaea?iue ?aaeei onoaiaaeeaaaony i?aaeeaie iiaea?iie
aaciianiinoe, eino?oeoeeyie, i?eeacaie eee ?anii?yaeaieyie ?oeiaiaeeoaey
iauaeoa (neeaaea, oeaoa, eaai?aoi?ee, ioaeaea, ianoa?neie). Iniiaiay
oeaeue aai – iaaeiiouaiea iiaea?ia io eo?aiey, iaa?aaeiiai ia?auaiey n
iaiai, iainoi?iaeiiai aaaeaiey iaiaauo ?aaio, ia aueeth/aiiuo
iaa?aaaoaeueiuo i?eai?ia e ae?oaeo aiaeiae/iuo i?e/ei. E?iia oiai,
i?ioeaiiiaea?iue ?aaeei ioaaouaaao e oaeea i?ioeeaeoe/aneea ia?u, eae
niaea?aeaiea oa??eoi?ee e iiiauaiee, i?ioeaiiiaea?iuo i?iacaeia,
?ac?uaia iaaeaeo caeaieyie ia oa??eoi?ee i?aaei?eyoey, iooae yaaeoaoeee
a caeaieyo e nii?oaeaieyo, ouaoaeueiay oai?ea iiiauaiee e ?aai/eo iano,
onoaiiaeaiea e niaethaeaiea ii?i o?aiaiey a oeaoao, neeaaeao e ae?oaeo
iiiauaieyo iaoa?eaeia, nu?uey e aioiaie i?iaeoeoeee, a oaeaea iniio? e
cae?uoea iiiauaiee iinea ieii/aiey ?aaiou.

Iauea o?aaiaaiey e iiaea?iie aaciianiinoe iauaeoa.

Iiaea?iay aaciianiinoue iauaeoa ?aaeaiaioe?oaony AINO 12.1.004-91

“NNAO. Iiaea?iay aaciianiinoue. Iauea o?aaiaaiey”, no?ieoaeueiuie
ii?iaie e i?aaeeaie, iaaeio?aneaauie e io?aneaauie noaiaea?oaie e
i?aaeeaie iiaea?iie aaciianiinoe.

Iniiaiua o?aaiaaiey iiaea?iie aaciianiinoe iauaeoa, a oii /enea e
niaea?aeaieth oa??eoi?ee, caeaiee e nii?oaeaiee, yeaeo?ionoaiiaie, e
nenoaiai ioiieaiey, aaioeeyoeee e oaoiieiae/aneiio iai?oaeiaaieth,
i?ioeaiiiaea?iiio aiaeiniaaaeaieth, iiaea?iie oaoieea e n?aaenoaai
nayce, eceiaeaiu a Oeiiauo i?aaeeao iiaea?iie aaciianiinoe aeey
i?iiuoeaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee e a I?aaeeao iiaea?iie aaciianiinoe ia
aeaeaciiaei?iaeiii o?ainii?oa.

A neeaaeneeo iiiauaieyo e ia oa??eoi?ee aeieaeiu auaaoeaaoueny
cai?auathuea e oeacaoaeueiua ciaee: ianoa iaoiaeaeaiey iiaea?iuo iinoia,
iiaea?iuo e?aiia, aeae?aioia, iaiaoooeoaeae, ioieoia ecaauaiey i
iiaea?a, ianoa eo?aiey e o.ae.

A iaania/aiee iiaea?iie aaciianiinoe iniaia ianoi caieiaao
i?ioeaiiiaea?iay iiaeaioiaea eiaeaia?ii-oaoie/aneeo ?aaioieeia,
neoaeaueo e ?aai/eo, eioi?ay aeeth/aao ia?ae/iue e aoi?e/iue
i?ioeaiiiaea?iua eino?oeoaaee, a oaeaea caiyoey ii i?ia?aiia
iiaea?ii-oaoie/aneiai ieieioia.

?oeiaiaeeoaeue i?aaei?eyoey iaycai onoaiiaeoue:

· ii?yaeie e n?iee i?ioeaiiiaea?iiai eino?oeoaaea e caiyoee ii i?ia?aiia
iiaea?ii-oaoie/aneiai ieieioia;

· ii?yaeie iai?aaeaiey aiiaue i?eieiaaiuo ia ?aaioo aeey i?ioiaeaeaiey
i?ioeaiiiaea?iiai eino?oeoaaea;

· ia?a/aiue iiae?acaeaeaiee eee i?ioannee, ?aaioieee eioi?uo aeieaeiu
i?ioiaeeoueiao/aiea ii i?ia?aiia iiaea?ii-oaoie/aneiai ieieioia;

· ia?a/aiue aeieaeiinoiuo eeoe, ia eioi?uo aiceaaaaony i?iaaaeaiea
i?ioeaiiiaea?iiai eino?oeoaaea e caiyoee ii i?ia?aiia
iiaea?ii-oaoie/aneiai ieieioia.

Ia?a/aiue ae?oaeo aii?inia ii iaania/aieth iiaea?iie aaciianiinoe,
eioi?ua iaycai ?aoaoue ?oeiaiaeeoaeue i?aaei?eyoey, eceiaeai a I?aaeeao
iiaea?iie aaciianiinoe ia aeaeaciiaei?iaeiii o?ainii?oa.

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