Eiiioieeaoeee i?aaei?eyoey
1.Yeiiiie/aneia oi?aaeaiea ia i?aaei?eyoee
No?oeoo?a yeiiiie/aneie neoaeau
No?oeoo?a yeiiiie/aneie neoaeau ?anniao?eaaaony ia i?eia?a n?aaeiaai
i?aaei?eyoey (ni. noaio 1). Iia iineo i?eioeeieaeueiue oa?aeoa?, o.a. a
eaaeaeii eiie?aoiii neo/aa iaeiaiiaaiea ath?i, eaai?aoi?ee, ninoaa
ioaeaeia yeiiiie/aneie neoaeau iiaoo ia niaiaaeaoue n aeaiiie noaiie.
Iaeiaei a no?oeoo?a yeiiiie/aneie neoaeau aieueoeinoaa i?aaei?eyoee
iiaoo auoue niiinoaaeiua n aeaiiie noaiie iiae?acaeaeaiey, eioi?ua
auiieiytho ?aaiou, eaeaioe/iua ?aaioai iiae?acaeaeaiee i?aaenoaaeaiiui
ia noaia.
E yeiiiie/aneie neoaeaa i?aaei?eyoey ioiinyony oaeaea e iauanoaaiiua
i?aaiu yeiiiie/aneiai oi?aaeaiey :
iauanoaaiiia ath?i yeiiiie/aneiai aiaeeca(IAYA)
iauanoaaiiia ath?i ii?ie?iaaiey o?oaea
caaiaeneea eiiennee niio?a ?aca?aia i?iecaiaenoaa
Yoe iiae?acaeaeaiey ea?atho aieueooth ?ieue a iiauoaiee yooaeoeaiinoe
?aaiou i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai eieeaeoeaa . Eo aeayoaeueiinoue niinianoaoao
i?eiyoeth aieaa iainiiaaiiuo ieaiiauo caaeaiee e iaycaoaeuenoa,
oeo/oaieth ii?ie?iaaiey e iieaou o?oaea, aiaae?aieth IIO e o.ae.
1.2 I?eioeeiu ?acaeaeaiey neoaea
?acaeaeaiea neoaea i?ienoiaeeo ii i?eioeeio auiieiyaiuo ooieoeee
yeiiiie/aneiai oi?aaeaiey ia i?aaei?eyoee.
Iai?eia?, ooieoeey oi?aaeaiey o?oaeiauie ?ano?naie cae?aieyaony ca
ioaeaeii o?oaea e ca?aaioiie ieaou , e ca eaai?aoi?eae IIO. Aooaaeoa?ey
e oeiainiaua iiae?acaeaeaiey ianoo iieioth ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca
?aaeecaoeeth ooieoeee aooaaeoa?neiai o/aoa e oeiainiaie aeayoaeueiinoe.
Ooieoeee yeiiiie/aneiai aiaeeca inouanoaeythony anaie iiae?acaeaeaieyie
yeiiiie/aneie neoaeau e o.ae.
Iniiaiua acaeiinayce yeiiiie/aneeo neoaea
Acaeiinayce yeiiiie/aneeo neoaea inouanoaeythony eae ii ai?eciioaee ,
oae e ii aa?oeeaee. Iie iiaoo auoue iaeiinoi?iiieie e aeaonoi?iiieie.
Iai?eia?, eioi?iaoeeiiiay naycue iaaeaeo A?I yeiiiienoa aiaeeoeea e ANO
aeieaeia auoue aeaonoi?iiiyy ii aa?oeeaee eee a naith i/a?aaeue iiaeao
eiaoue ooieoeeiiaeueioth naycue n A?I-ie nioeeieiaa-yeiiiienoa,
aooaaeoa?a, yeiiiienoa oeaoa – ai?eciioaeueiue o?iaaiue.
?anniio?ei ae?oaie neo/ae. Eioi?iaoeey iiaeaioiaeaiiay ia A?I aooaaeoa?a
, iiaeao eniieueciaaoueny aac iiaoi?iie oeenaoeee aeaiiuo a A?I
yeiiiienoa-aiaeeoeea. Aeey iaaieueoeo i?aaei?eyoee oaeoth nenoaio
acaeiinaycaiiuo A?I iiaeii ?anniao?eaaoue eae aa?eaio ANO n
?ani?aaeaeaiiie ia?aaioeie eioi?iaoeee.
2.Aaoiiaoecaoeey
2.1 Ia?aue o?iaaiue aaoiiaoecaoeee – A?I.
Nia?aiaiiua ianooaau e oaiiu aiaae?aiey n?aaenoa aaoiiaoecaoeee
oi?aaeaiey a ia?iaeiii oicyenoaa n iniaie ino?ioie noaaeo caaea/o
i?iaaaeaiey eiiieaeniuo enneaaeiaaiee, naycaiiuo ni ananoi?iiiei
eco/aieai e iaiauaieai aicieeathueo i?e yoii i?iaeai eae
i?aeoe/aneiai, oae e oai?aoe/aneiai oa?aeoa?a.
A iineaaeiea aiaeu aicieeaao eiioeaioeey ?ani?aaeaeaiiuo nenoai
oi?aaeaiey ia?iaeiui oicyenoaii, aaea i?aaeoniao?eaaaony eieaeueiay
ia?aaioea eioi?iaoeee. Aeey ?aaeecaoeee eaeae ?ani?aaeaeaiiiai
oi?aaeaiey iaiaoiaeeii nicaeaiea aeey eaaeaeiai o?iaiy oi?aaeaiey
e eaaeaeie i?aaeiaoiie iaeanoe aaoiiaoece?iaaiiuo ?aai/eo iano
(A?I) ia aaca i?ioanneiiaeueiuo ia?niiaeueiuo YAI.
Aiaeece?oy nouiinoue A?I, niaoeeaeenou ii?aaeaeytho eo /aua anaai eae
i?ioanneiiaeueii-i?eaioe?iaaiiua iaeua au/eneeoaeueiua nenoaiu,
?aniieiaeaiiua iaiin?aaenoaaiii ia ?aai/eo ianoao niaoeeaeenoia e
i?aaeiacia/aiiua aeey aaoiiaoecaoeee eo ?aaio.
Aeey eaaeaeiai iauaeoa oi?aaeaiey ioaeii i?aaeoniio?aoue
aaoiiaoece?iaaiiua ?aai/ea ianoa, niioaaonoaothuea eo ooieoeeiiaeueiiio
iacia/aieth. Iaeiaei i?eioeeiu nicaeaiey A?I aeieaeiu auoue
iaueie: nenoaiiinoue, aeaeinoue, onoie/eainoue, yooaeoeaiinoue.
Niaeanii i?eioeeio nenoaiiinoe A?I neaaeoao ?anniao?eaaoue eae
nenoaiu, no?oeoo?a eioi?uo ii?aaeaeyaony ooieoeeiiaeueiui
iacia/aieai.
I?eioeei aeaeinoe icia/aao i?eniiniaeyaiinoue nenoaiu e aiciiaeiui
ia?ano?ieeai aeaaiaea?y iiaeoeueiinoe iino?iaiey anao iiaenenoai e
noaiaea?oecaoeee eo yeaiaioia.
I?eioeei onoie/eainoe caeeth/aaony a oii, /oi nenoaia A?I aeieaeia
auiieiyoue iniiaiua ooieoeee iacaaeneii io aicaeaenoaey ia iaa
aioo?aiieo e aiaoieo aiciiaeiuo oaeoi?ia. Yoi cia/eo, /oi iaiieaaeee a
ioaeaeueiuo aa /anoyo aeieaeiu auoue eaaei ono?aieiu, a
?aaioiniiniaiinoue nenoaiu – auno?i ainnoaiiaeia.
Yooaeoeaiinoue A?I neaaeoao ?anniao?eaaoue eae eioaa?aeueiue iieacaoaeue
o?iaiy ?aaeecaoeee i?eaaaeaiiuo auoa i?eioeeiia, ioianaiiiai e
cao?aoai ii nicaeaieth e yenieoaoaoeee nenoaiu.
Ooieoeeiie?iaaiea A?I iiaeao aeaoue /eneaiiue yooaeo oieueei i?e
oneiaee i?aaeeueiiai ?ani?aaeaeaiey ooieoeee e iaa?ocee iaaeaeo
/aeiaaeii e iaoeiiuie n?aaenoaaie ia?aaioee eioi?iaoeee, yae?ii eioi?uo
yaeyaony YAI. Eeoue oiaaea A?I noaiao n?aaenoaii iiauoaiey ia
oieueei i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe o?oaea e yooaeoeaiinoe oi?aaeaiey, ii e
nioeeaeueiie eiioi?oiinoe niaoeeaeenoia.
Iaiiiiei, /oi iaeaieaa yooaeoeaiie i?aaiecaoeeiiiie oi?iie
eniieueciaaiey IYAI yaeyaony nicaeaiea ia eo aaca A?I eiie?aoiuo
niaoeeaeenoia (yeiiiienoia, noaoenoeeia, aooaaeoa?ia,
?oeiaiaeeoaeae), iineieueeo oaeay oi?ia ono?aiyao
ineoieiae/aneee aa?uea? a ioiioaieyo iaaeaeo /aeiaaeii e iaoeiie.
Iaeiieaiiue iiuo iiaeneacuaaao, /oi A?I aeieaeai ioaa/aoue
neaaeothuei o?aaiaaieyi:
naiaa?aiaiiia oaeiaeaoai?aiea eioi?iaoeeiiiie e au/eneeoaeueiie
iio?aaiinoe niaoeeaeenoa.
ieieiaeueiia a?aiy ioaaoa a cai?inu iieueciaaoaey.
aaeaioaoeey e o?iaith iiaeaioiaee iieueciaaoaey e aai
i?ioanneiiaeueiui cai?inai.
i?inoioa inaiaiey i?eaiia ?aaiou ia A?I e eaaeinoue iauaiey,
iaaeaaeiinoue e i?inoioa ianeoaeeaaiey.
oa?ieiinoue ii ioiioaieth e iieueciaaoaeth.
aiciiaeiinoue auno?iai iao/aiey iieueciaaoaey.
aiciiaeiinoue ?aaiou a ninoaaa au/eneeoaeueiie naoe.
Iaiauaiiay noaia A?I i?aaenoaaeaia ia ?en. 2.
?en 2. Noaia aaoiiaoece?iaaiiiai ?aai/aai ianoa.
Anee ?aaioieeo aeey auiieiaiey naieo ooieoeee ia o?aaoaony auoiae a
naoue eee nayce n ae?oaeie A?I, oi oaeia A?I n/eoaaony cae?uoui.
Eia/a A?I n/eoaaony ioe?uoui.
2.2 Aoi?ie o?iaaiue aaoiiaoecaoeee -EAN.
2.3 O?aoee o?iaaiue -AAN.
AAN- yoi naoue, ioaaouaathuay oa??eoi?eth no?aiu eee ianeieueeeo no?ai n
?annoiyieai iaaeaeo caaiueyie naoe io nioai aei ouny/ eeeiiao?ia. Ia
aeaiiue iiiaio naiie iiioey?iie AAN yaeyaony Internet.
Internet – aeiaaeueiay eiiiuethoa?iay naoue, ioaaouaathuay aanue ie?.
Naaiaeiy Internet eiaao ieiei 15 ieeeeiiia aaiiaioia a aieaa /ai 150
no?aiao ie?a. Aaeaiany/ii ?acia? naoe oaaee/eaaaony ia 7-10%. Internet
ia?acoao eae au yae?i, iaania/eaathuaa naycue ?acee/iuo eioi?iaoeeiiiuo
naoae, i?eiaaeeaaeaueo ?acee/iui o/?aaeaeaieyi ai anai ie?a, iaeia n
ae?oaie.
Anee ?aiaa naoue eniieueciaaeanue eneeth/eoaeueii a ea/anoaa n?aaeu
ia?aaea/e oaeeia e niiauaiee yeaeo?iiiie ii/ou, oi naaiaeiy ?aoathony
aieaa neiaeiua caaea/e ?ani?aaeaeaiiai aeinooia e ?ano?nai. Ieiei aeaoo
eao iacaae auee nicaeaiu iaiei/ee, iiaeaea?aeeaathuea ooieoeee naoaaiai
iienea e aeinooia e ?ani?aaeaeaiiui eioi?iaoeeiiiui ?ano?nai,
yeaeo?iiiui a?oeaai.
Internet, neoaeeaoay eiaaea-oi eneeth/eoaeueii enneaaeiaaoaeueneei e
o/aaiui a?oiiai, /uee eioa?anu i?inoe?aeenue aieioue aei aeinooia e
noia?eiiiuethoa?ai, noaiiaeony ana aieaa iiioey?iie a aeaeiaii ie?a.
Eiiiaiee niaeaciytho auno?ioa, aeaoaaay aeiaaeueiay naycue, oaeianoai
aeey i?iaaaeaiey niaianoiuo ?aaio, aeinooiiua i?ia?aiiu, oieeaeueiay
aaca aeaiiuo naoe Internet. Iie ?anniao?eaatho aeiaaeueioth naoue eae
aeiiieiaiea e naiei nianoaaiiui eieaeueiie naoyi.
I?e ieceie noieiinoe oneoa (/anoi yoi oieueei oeene?iaaiiay
aaeaiany/iay ieaoa ca eniieuecoaiua eeiee eee oaeaoii) iieueciaaoaee
iiaoo iieo/eoue aeinooi e eiiia?/aneei e iaeiiia?/aneei eioi?iaoeeiiiui
neoaeaai NOA, Eaiaaeu, Aano?aeee e iiiaeo aa?iiaeneeo no?ai. A a?oeaao
naiaiaeiiai aeinooia naoe Internet iiaeii iaeoe eioi?iaoeeth i?aeoe/anee
ii anai noa?ai /aeiaa/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe, ia/eiay n iiauo iao/iuo
ioe?uoee aei i?iaiica iiaiaeu ia caao?a.
E?iia oiai Internet i?aaeinoaaeyao oieeaeueiua aiciiaeiinoe aeaoaaie,
iaaeaaeiie e eiioeaeaioeeaeueiie aeiaaeueiie nayce ii anaio ie?o. Yoi
ieacuaaaony i/aiue oaeiaiui aeey oe?i eiathueo naie oeeeaeu ii anaio
ie?o, o?ainiaoeeiiaeueiuo ei?ii?aoeee e no?oeoo? oi?aaeaiey. Iau/ii,
eniieueciaaiea eio?ano?oeoo?u Internet aeey iaaeaeoia?iaeiie nayce
iaoiaeeony cia/eoaeueii aeaoaaea i?yiie eiiiuethoa?iie nayce /a?ac
niooieeiaue eaiae eee /a?ac oaeaoii.
Yeaeo?iiiay ii/oa – naiay ?ani?ino?aiaiiay oneoaa naoe Internet. A
ianoiyuaa a?aiy naie aae?an ii yeaeo?iiiie ii/oa eiatho i?eaeeceoaeueii
20 ieeeeiiia /aeiaae. Iinueea ienueia ii yeaeo?iiiie ii/oa iaoiaeeony
cia/eoaeueii aeaoaaea iinueee iau/iiai ienueia E?iia oiai niiauaiea,
iineaiiia ii yeaeo?iiiie ii/oa aeieaeao aei aae?anaoa ca ianeieueei
/ania, a oi a?aiy eae iau/iia ienueii iiaeao aeiae?aoueny aei aae?anaoa
ianeieueei aeiae, a oi e iaaeaeue.
A ianoiyuaa a?aiy Internet eniuouaaao ia?eiae iiaeuaia, ai iiiaii
aeaaiaea?y aeoeaiie iiaeaea?aeea ni noi?iiu i?aaeoaeuenoa aa?iiaeneeo
no?ai e NOA. Aaeaaiaeii a NOA auaeaeyaony ieiei 1-2 ieeeeiiia aeieea?ia
ia nicaeaiea iiaie naoaaie eio?ano?oeoo?u. Enneaaeiaaiey a iaeanoe
naoaauo eiiioieeaoeee oeiaine?othony oaeaea i?aaeoaeuenoaaie
Aaeeeia?eoaiee, Oaaoeee, Oeieyiaeee, Aa?iaiee.
Iaeiaei, ainoaea?noaaiiia oeiaine?iaaiea – eeoue iaaieueoay /anoue
iinooiathueo n?aaenoa, o.e. ana aieaa caiaoiie noaiiaeony
“eiiia?oeecaoeey” naoe (iaeeaeaaony, /oi 80-90% n?aaenoa aoaeao
iinooiaoue ec /anoiiai naeoi?a).
Yeaiaiou io?aiu o?oaea e caueou eioi?iaoeee
Iieueciaaoaee ?aoeaoee iiaeeeth/eoue naie eiiiuethoa? e naoe aeieaeiu
ia?aoeoue iniaia aieiaiea ia caueoo eioi?iaoeee. No?iaea o?aaiaaiey e
caueoa eioi?iaoeee naycaiu n oai, /oi iiaeeeth/aiiue e naoe eiiiuethoa?
noaiiaeony aeinooiiui ec ethaie oi/ee naoe, e iiyoiio ian?aaieii aieaa
iiaeaa?aeai ii?aaeaieth ae?onaie e ianaieoeeiie?iaaiiiio aeinooio.
Oae ianiaethaeaiea ?aaeeia caueou io ianaieoeeiie?iaaiiiai aeinooia
iiaeao i?eaanoe e ooa/ea eioi?iaoeee, a ianiaethaeaiea ?aaeeia caueou
io ae?onia iiaeao i?eaanoe e auoiaeo ec no?iy aaaeiuo nenoai e
oie/oiaeaieth ?acoeueoaoia iiiaiaeiaaiie ?aaiou.
Eiiiuethoa?u ?aaioathuea a iiiaicaaea/iuo iia?aoeeiiiuo nenoaiao (oeia
Unix, VMS) iaei iiaeaa?aeaiu ca?aaeaieth ae?onaie, ii eo neaaeoao iniai
ouaoaeueii caueuaoue io ianaieoeeiie?iaaiiiai aeinooia. A nayce n yoei
iieueciaaoaee iiiaicaaea/iuo iia?aoeeiiiuo nenoai aeieaeiu auiieiyoue
neaaeothuea o?aaiaaiey.
Eaaeaeue iieueciaaoaeue aeieaeai eiaoue naia eiaeeaeaeoaeueiia eiy
aoiaea a Unix-na?aa? e ia?ieue.
Onoaiiaeaiiue aeey iaai ia?ieue iieueciaaoaeue ia aeieaeai niiauaoue
ae?oaei eeoeai.
Niaio ia?iey iieueciaaoaeue aeieaeai i?iecaiaeeoue ia ?aaea iaeiiai ?aca
a eaa?oae, a oaeaea ai anao neo/ayo ooa/ee eioi?iaoeee i ia?iea.
Aaeieieno?aoi?ai e iieueciaaoaeyi oaee-na?aa?ia EAN NetWare iaiaoiaeeii
oaeaea neaaeiaaoue i?eaaaeaiiui auoa o?aaiaaieyi a ?aieao naiae EAN. Yoi
naycaii n oai, /oi anee a oaee-na?aa?a, iiaeeeth/aiiii e naoe,
caa?oaeaia ooeeeoa Iptuunel, oi oaee-na?aa? oaeaea noaiiaeony aeinooiiui
ec ethaie oi/ee naoe.
IYAI ?aaioathuea a iaeiicaaea/iuo iia?aoeeiiiuo nenoaiao (oeia MS-DOS),
aeinoaoi/ii caueuaiu io ianaieoeeiie?iaaiiiai aeinooia (a neeo eo
iaeiicaaea/iinoe), ii eo neaaeoao iniaaiii ouaoaeueii caueuaoue io
ii?aaeaiey ae?onaie.
Aeey caueou io ae?onia ?aeiiaiaeoaony i?eiaiyoue i?ia?aiiiua n?aaenoaa
caueou (oeia aidstest), a oaeaea aiia?aoii-i?ia?aiiiua (oeia Sheriff).
4.Oaoie/aneea n?aaenoaa AO aeey iniauaiey ?aai/eo iano.
Oaia?ue ?anniio?ei aieaa iiae?iaii ninoiyiea e ia?niaeoeau ?acaeoey A?I
ia aaca ia?niiaeueiuo YAI
?acaeoea yeaeo?iieee i?eaaei e iiyaeaieth iiaiai eeanna
au/eneeoaeueiuo iaoei – ia?niiaeueiuo YAI (IYAI). Aeaaiia
aeinoieinoai IYAI – n?aaieoaeueii ieceay noieiinoue e a oi aea a?aiy
aunieay i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue. Oae, iai?eia?, anee
i?iaiaeece?iaaoue oa?aeoa?enoeee aieueoeo YAI ia/aea 60-o aiaeia,
ieie-YAI ia/aea 70-o aiaeia e IYAI 80-o aa., oi ieaaeaony, /oi
i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue i?eia?ii iaeeiaeiaa. Ieceay noieiinoue,
iaaeaaeiinoue, i?inoioa ianeoaeeaaiey e yenieoaoaoeee ?anoe?yao noa?o
i?eiaiaiey IYAI i?aaeaea anaai ca n/ao oao iaeanoae /aeiaa/aneie
aeayoaeueiinoe, a eioi?uo ?aiueoa au/eneeoaeueiay oaoieea ia
eniieueciaaeanue ec-ca aunieie noieiinoe, neiaeiinoe ianeoaeeaaiey e
acaeiiaeaenoaey. E oaeei iaeanoyi ioiineony e oae iacuaaaiay
o/?aaeaeai/aneay aeayoaeueiinoue, aaea i?eiaiaiea IYAI iicaieeei
?aaeueii iiauneoue i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue o?oaea niaoeeaeenoia,
naycaiiuo n ia?aaioeie eioi?iaoeee. Yoio aniaeo iniaaiii aeooaeai a
nayce n oai, /oi i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue oi?aaeai/aneiai o?oaea aei neo
ii? ?inea e?aeia ieceeie oaiiaie. Oae ca iineaaeiea 30 eao iia
iiauneeanue a 2-3 ?aca, a oi aea a?aiy a i?iiuoeaiiinoe – a 14-15
?ac. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy aeey eioaineoeeaoeee oinoaaiiiai e
oi?aaeai/aneiai o?oaea niaoeeaeenoia ?acee/iuo i?ioannee
?ac?aaaouaathony e iieo/atho oe?ieia ?ani?ino?aiaiea A?I eioi?ua
ooieoeeiie?otho ia aaca IYAI.
Eiioeao?aoeey oaoie/aneeo n?aaenoa AO i?ioanneiiaeueiuo IYAI ia ?aai/eo
ianoao .
?en 1. Iaiauaiiay noaia IYAI:
1-iee?ii?ioeanni?, 2-iniiaiay iaiyoue, 3-ACO, 4-aeenieae, 5-eeaaeaoo?a,
6-ia/aoathuaa ono?ienoai, 7-nenoaiiay iaaeno?aeue.
?anniio?ei iniiaiua ninoaaeythuea yeaiaiou A?I ?aaioieeia yeiiiie/aneeo
neoaea, oi?aaeai/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe e ae?., ia?niaeoeau eo
?acaeoey e eniieueciaaiey. Ia ?en. 1 i?aaenoaaeaia iauay noaia
IYAI, ninoaaeythuae oaoie/aneoth iniiao A?I.
Iniiaiui ono?ienoaii IYAI yaeyaony iee?ii?ioeanni?, eioi?ue
iaania/eaaao auiieiaiea ?acee/iuo iia?aoeee, niaea?aeaueony a
i?ia?aiia. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy iaeaieueoaa ?ani?ino?aiaiea iieo/eee
32-?ac?yaeiua iee?ii?ioeanni?u(oeia Intel 486), ii oaea i/aaeaeii, /oi
nei?i ia niaio ei i?eaeoo 64-?ac?yaeiua iee?ii?ioeanni?u
(aeiaieueii noa?ue oaea i?ioeanni? Pentium eiaao 64-?ac?yaeioth oeio
aeaiiuo).?ac?yaeiinoue icia/aao aeeeio ?aai/aai neiaa a aeaie/iii
eiaea. Iee?ii?ioeanni?u oaeaea ?acee/athony ii oaeoiaie /anoioa, n
eioi?ie iie ?aaioatho. *ai aieueoa oaeoiaay /anoioa e ?ac?yaeiinoue, oai
auoa i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue i?ioeanni?a. Auiieiaiea ianeieueeeo aeanyoeia
ieeeeiiia iia?aoeee a naeoiaeo yaeyaony iau/iui aeaeii aeey IYAI.
Oaeoiaua /anoiou nia?aiaiiuo IYAI eieaaethony io 100-230 Iaoe.
Iaeaieaa i?iecaiaeeoaeueiui n/eoaaony aia?aua i?aaenoaaeaiiue a 1995
aiaeo i?ioeanni? Pentium Pro oe?iu Intel .Yoio aea i?ioeanni? yaeyaony e
naiui aei?iaei ia naaiaeiyoiee aeaiue(ieiei $700 a Iinea ).Anee
auae?aoue ii ioiioaieth oeaia/i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue , oi iaeaieaa
auaiaeiui yaeyaony iieoiea IYAI n iee?ii?ioeanni?ii oe?iu Cyrix (oeia
?120+, ?160+).
Aaaeiui eiiiiiaioii PC yaeyaony nenoaiiay eee iaoa?eineay ieaoa, o.a.
ia/aoiay ieaoa ia eioi?ie ?aciauaiu iee?inoaiu i?ioeanni?a,
nii?ioeanni?a, aniiiiaaoaeueiua iee?inoaiu, iee?inoaiu iia?aoeaiie
iaiyoe , ICO. Aaaeiie oa?aeoa?enoeeie iaoa?eineie ieaou yaeyaony oei
nenoaiiie oeiu (eniieuecoaony aeey niaaeeiaiey iaaeaeo niaie eiiiiiaioia
eiiiuethoa?a).Nouanoaotho neaaeothuea oeiu oei:
XT-Bus – oeia apoeoaeoopu XT – iapaay a naiaenoaa IBM PC. Ioiineoaeueii
ipinoa, iiaeaeapaeeaaao iaiai 8-pacpyaeiuie aeaiiuie
aioope20-pacpyaeiiai (1 Ia) aaepaniiai ipinopainoaa (iaicia/aaony eae
“pacpyaeiinoue 8/20”), paaioaao ia /anoioa 4.77 IAoe.
Eiinopoeoeaiiioipieaia a 62-eiioaeoieo pacuaiao.
ISA (Industry Standard Architecture – apoeoaeoopa
ipiiuoeaiiiainoaiaeapoa) – iniiaiay oeia ia eiiiuethoapao oeia PC AT
(aepoaia iacaaiea – AT-Bus). ssaeyaony panoepaieai XT-Bus,
pacpyaeiinoue -16/24 (16 Ia), oaeoiaay /anoioa – 8 IAoe, ipaaeaeueiay
ipiioneiay niiniaiinoue – 5.55 Ia/n. Eiinopoeoeaii 62-eiioaeoiue pacuai
XT-Bus n ipeeaaathuei e iaio 36-eiioaeoiuipacuaiii panoepaiey.
EISA (Enhanced ISA – panoepaiiay ISA) – ooieoeeiiaeueiia e
eiinopoeoeaiia panoepaiea ISA. Aiaoia pacuaiu eiatho oaeie aea aeae,
eae e ISA, e a ieo iiaoo anoaaeyoueny ieaou ISA, ii a aeoaeia pacuaia
iaoiaeyony aeiiieieoaeueiua pyaeu eiioaeoia EISA, a ieaou EISA eiatho
aieaa aunieoth iiaeaaoth /anoue pacuaia n aeiiieieoaeueiuie pyaeaie
eiioaeoia. ?acpyaeiinoue – 32/32 (aaepaniia ipinopainoai – 4Aa),
paaioaao oaeaea ia /anoioa 8 IAoe. Ipaaeaeueiay ipiioneiay niiniaiinoue
– 32 Ia/n.
MCA (Micro Channel Architecture – ieepieaiaeueiay apoeoaeoopa) oeia
eiiiuethoapia PS/2 oepiu IBM. Ha niaianoeia ie n iaeiie aepoaie,
pacpyaeiinoue – 32/32, (aaciaay – 8/24, inoaeueiua – a ea/anoaa
panoepaiee). Ipaaeaeueiay ipiioneiay niiniaiinoue – 40Ia/n. Eiinopoeoea
– iaeii-opaonaeoeeiiiue pacuai (oaeie aea, eae o VLB). Iapaay,
iniiaiay, naeoeey – 8-pacpyaeiay (90 eiioaeoia),aoipay –
16-pacpyaeiia panoepaiea (22 eiioaeoa), opaouey – 32-pacpyaeiia
panoepaiea (52 eiioaeoa). A iniiaiie naeoeee ipaaeoniiopaiu eeiee aeey
iapaaea/e caoeiauo neaiaeia. Aeiiieieoaeueii pyaeii n iaeiei ec
pacuaiia iiaeao onoaiaaeeaaoueny pacuai aeaeaipanoepaiey (20eiioaeoia).
EISA e MCA ai iiiaii iapaeeaeueiu, iiyaeaiea EISA auei iaoneiaeaii
nianoaaiiinoueth IBM ia apoeoaeoopo MCA.
VLB (VESA Local Bus – eieaeueiay oeia noaiaeapoa VESA) – 32-pacpyaeiia
aeiiieiaiea e oeia ISA. Eiinopoeoeaii ipaaenoaaeyao niaie
aeiiieieoaeueiue pacuai (116-eiioaeoiue, eae o MCA) ipe pacuaia ISA.
?acpyaeiinoue – 32/32, oaeoiaay /anoioa – 25..50 IAoe, ipaaeaeueiay
neipinoue iaiaia – 130 Ia/n. Yeaeope/anee auiieiaia a aeaea panoepaiey
eieaeueiie oeiu ipioeannipa – aieueoeinoai aoiaeiuo e auoiaeiuo
neaiaeia ipioeannipa iapaaeathony iaiinpaaenoaaiii VLB-ieaoai aac
ipiiaaeooi/iie aooapecaoeee. Ec-ca yoiai aicpanoaao iaapocea ia
auoiaeiua eaneaaeu ipioeannipa, oooaeoaaony ea/anoai neaiaeia ia
eieaeueiie oeia e nieaeaaony iaaeaaeiinoue iaiaia ii iae. Iiyoiio VLB
eiaao aeanoeia iapaie/aiea ia eiee/anoai onoaiaaeeaaaiuo onopienoa: ipe
33 IAoe – ope, 40 IAoe – aeaa, e ipe 50 IAoe iaeii, ipe/ai
aeaeaoaeueii – eioaapepiaaiiia a nenoaiioth ieaoo.
PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect – niaaeeiaiea aiaoieo eiiiiiaio)
– pacaeoea VLB a noipiio EISA/MCA. Ha niaianoeia ie n eaeeie
aepoaeie, pacpyaeiinoue – 32/32 (panoepaiiue aapeaio 64/64),
oaeoiaay /anoioa – aei 33 IAoe (PCI 2.1 – aei 66 IAoe), ipiioneiay
niiniaiinoue – aei 132 Ia/n (264 Ia/n aeey 32/32 ia 66 IAoee 528 Ia/n
aeey 64/64 ia 66 IAoe), iiaeaeapaeea Bus Mastering e aaoieiioeaopaoeee.
Eiee/anoai pacuaiia oeiu ia iaeiii naaiaioa iapaie/aai /aoupueiy.
Naaiaioia iiaeao auoue ianeieueei, iie niaaeeiythony aepoa n aepoaii
iinpaaenoaii iinoia (bridge). Naaiaiou iiaoo iauaaeeiyoueny a pacee/iua
oiiieiaee (aeapaai, caacaea e o.i.). Naiay iiioeypiay oeia a ianoiyuaa
apaiy, eniieuecoaony oaeaea ia aepoaeo eiiiuethoapao. ?acuai iioiaea ia
MCA/VLB, ii /ooue aeeeiiaa (124 eiioaeoa). 64-pacpyaeiue pacuai eiaao
aeiiieieoaeueioth 64-eiioaeoioth naeoeeth n nianoaaiiui eeth/ii. Ana
pacuaiu e eapou c iei aeaeyony ia iiaeaeapaeeaathuea opiaie neaiaeia 5
A, 3.3 A e oieaapnaeueiua;iapaua aeaa oeia aeieaeiu niioaaonoaiaaoue
aepoa aepoao, oieaapnaeueiua eapou noaayony a ethaie pacuai.
Nouanoaoao oaeaea panoepaiea MediaBus, aaaaeaiiia oepiie ASUSTek
-aeiiieieoaeueiue pacuai niaeapaeeo neaiaeu oeiu ISA.
PCMCIA (Personal Computer Memory Card International Association-
annioeeaoeey ipiecaiaeeoaeae ieao iaiyoe aeey iapniiaeueiuo
eiiiuethoapia) – aiaoiyy oeia eiiiuethoapia eeanna NoteBook. Aepoaia
iacaaiea iiaeoey PCMCIA – PC Card. Ipaaeaeueii ipinoa, pacpyaeiinoue
16/26 (aaepaniia ipinopainoai – 64 Ia), iiaeaeapaeeaaao
aaoieiioeaopaoeeth, aiciiaeii iiaeeeth/aiea e ioeeth/aiea onopienoa a
ipioeanna paaiou eiiiuethoapa. Eiinopoeoea – ieieaothpiue 68-eiioaeoiue
pacuai. Eiioaeou ieoaiey naeaeaiu aieaa aeeeiiuie, /oi iicaieyao
anoaaeyoue e auieiaoue eapoo ipe aeeth/aiiii ieoaiee eiiiuethoapa.
I?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue IYAI caaeneo oaeaea e io eiee/anoaa iaiyoe,
n eioi?ie iia ?aaioaao. Iaiyoue auaaao iniiaiay e aiaoiyy.
Iniiaiay iaiyoue ninoieo ec aeaoo eiiiiiaioia: iinoiyiiiai
caiiieiathuaai ono?ienoaa (ROM eee ICO) e iia?aoeaiiai
caiiieiathuaai ono?ienoaa (RAM eee ICO). A ICO o?aieony
aeeiaie/aneay eioi?iaoeey i?ia?aiiu e ia?aaaouaaaiua aeaiiua. I?e
aueeth/aiee ieoaiey niaea?aeeiia ICO oa?yaony. ICO, eae i?aaeei,
ai?acaei iaiueoa ICO, eioi?iaoeey a iai o?aieony iinoiyiii e aa
eciaiaiea eeai aiiaua iaaiciiaeii, eeai aiciiaeii oieueei i?e iiiiue
niaoeeaeueiuo ono?ienoa (i?ia?aiiaoi?ia ICO). Aieinoue iaiyoe
8-?ac?yaeiuo YAI eae i?aaeei 64Ea – 640Ea, 16-?ac?yaeiuo – 1Ia,
32-?ac?yaeiuo – 4Ia e aieaa. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy iauai ICO aeey
ii?iaeueiie ?aaiou aeieaeai auoue eae ieieioi 16Ia, a eo/oa aua
aieueoa.Oaeaea ia iaoa?eineie ieaoa iaoiaeeony Cache (caian) –
aunopiaeaenoaothuay aooapiay iaiyoue iaaeaeo ipioeannipii e iniiaiie
iaiyoueth. Eyo neoaeeo aeey /anoe/iie eiiiainaoeee pacieoeu a neipinoe
ipioeannipa e iniiaiie iaiyoe – ooaea iiiaaeatho iaeaieaa /anoi
eniieuecoaiua aeaiiua. Eiaaea ipioeannip iapaue pac iapauaaony e
y/aeea iaiyoe, aa niaeapaeeiia iapaeeaeueii eiiepoaony a eyo, e a
neo/aa iiaoipiiai iapauaiey a neipii apaiaie iiaeao auoue n aipacaei
aieueoae neipinoueth auapaii ec eyoa. Ipe caiene a iaiyoue cia/aiea
iiiaaeaao a eyo, e eeai iaeiiapaiaiii eiiepoaony a iaiyoue (noaia Write
Through – ipyiay eee neaiciay caienue), eeai eiiepoaony /apac iaeioipia
apaiy (noaia Write Back -ioeiaeaiiay eee iapaoiay caienue). Ipe iapaoiie
caiene, iacuaaaiie oaeaea aooapeciaaiiie neaiciie caienueth, cia/aiea
eiiepoaony a iaiyoue a iapaii aea naiaiaeiii oaeoa, a ipe
ioeiaeaiiie (Delayed Write) – eiaaea aeey iiiauaiey a eyo iiaiai
cia/aiey ia ieacuaaaony naiaiaeiie iaeanoe; ipe yoii a iaiyoue
auoaniythony iaeiaiaa eniieuecoaiay iaeanoue eyoa. Aoipay noaia aieaa
yooaeoeaia, ii e aieaa neiaeia ca n/ao iaiaoiaeeiinoe iiaeaeapaeaiey
niioaaonoaey niaeapaeeiiai eyoa e iniiaiie iaiyoe.
Ipioeannipu 486 e auoa eiatho oaeaea aioopaiiee (Internal) eyo iauaiii
8-16 ea. Ii oaeaea iaicia/aaony eae Primary (iapae/iue) eee L1 (Level 1
– iapaue opiaaiue) a ioee/ea io aiaoiaai (External), iaicia/aaiiai
Secondary (aoipe/iue) eee L2. A aieueoeinoaa ipioeannipia aioopaiiee
eyo paaioaao ii noaia n ipyiie caienueth, a a Pentium e iiauo 486
(Intel P24D e iineaaeiea DX4-100, AMD DX4-120, 5×86) ii iiaeao
paaioaoue e n ioeiaeaiiie caienueth. Iineaaeiaa opaaoao niaoeeaeueiie
iiaeaeapaeee ni noipiiu nenoaiiie ieaou, /oiau ipe iaiaia ii DMA iiaeii
auei iiaeaeapaeeaaoue niaeaniaaiiinoue aeaiiuo a iaiyoe e aioopaiiai
eyoa.
Iaeaieaa i?iecaiaeeoaeueiue aeae eyoa Burst Pipelined Cache (eiiaaeapiue
eyo n aei/iui aeinooiii) – iniaua iiaeoee eyo-iaiyoe ni anopiaiiie
iiaeaeapaeeie aunopiai iaiaia aeieaie aeaiiuo. Aepoaia iacaaiea –
neiopiiiue eyo (ipe aei/iii iaiaia paaioaao ia /anoioa ieaou aac iaoc
iaaeaeo oeeeeaie), a ioee/ea io iau/iiai (aneiopiiiiai) eyoa.
Eniieueciaaiea neiopiiiiai eyoa niaianoii n iau/iie iaiyoueth oaeaea
ipeiapii ia 15% oneipyao iineaaeiaaoaeueiue iaiai.
A ?acueaia iaoa?eineie ieaoa oaeaea iaoiaeeony ioeueoeea?oa,
iaania/eaathuay ?aaioo IAIAe, IAEIAe, NII e LPT ii?oai. A nia?aiaiiuo
iaoa?eineeo ieaoao iia iau/ii eioaa?e?iaaiiay. Oaeaea iiaoo auoue
eioaa?e?iaaiu aeaeaiea?oa, caoeiaay ea?oa e i?i/aa.
Aiaoiea caiiieiathuea ono?ienoaa (ACO) oaeaea
auaatho ?aciuo oeiia. Aeeneiaua iaeiieoaee a ianoiyuaa a?aiy iaeaieaa
oe?iei ?ani?ino?aiaiu. Eo iiaeii ?acaeaeeoue ia ianeieueei a?oii:
a) Iaeiieoaee ia aeaeeo aeeneao (oeiiie
aeeneao). Ianiio?y ia n?aaieoaeueii ieceoth aieinoue aeeneao (io 1 aei
3Ia) a ianoiyuaa a?aiy i/aiue oe?iei ?ani?ino?aiaiu aeaaiui ia?acii
ec-ca ieceie noieiinoe.
a) Iaeiieoaee ia aeanoeeo aeeneao
(aei/anoa?u).?ani?ino?aiaiu oaeaea oe?iei, eae e iaeiieoaee ia
aeaeeo aeeneao, ii eiatho ai?acaei aieueooth nei?inoue ia?aaea/e
aeaiiuo, aieueooth aieinoue e iaaeaaeiinoue o?aiaiey eioi?iaoeee.
Noieiinoue aei/anoa?ia iinoiyiii iaaeaao, a nei?inoue, iaaeaaeiinoue e
aieinoue (aeanoeei aeeneii iauaiii 1-2Aa nae/an oaea ieeiai ia
oaeeaeoue) aic?anoatho. Ana yoi aeaeaao eo iacaiaieiui ao?eaooii
ethaie nia?aiaiiie IYAI.
a) Ana aieueoaa ?ani?ino?aiaiea a ianoiyuaa
a?aiy iieo/atho iaeiieoaee ia eaca?iuo aeeneao (CD-ROM). Ianiio?y ia
?yae iaaeinoaoeia CD-ROM (iaaieueoay nei?inoue ia?aaea/e aeaiiuo
(iinoiyiii oaaee/eaathuayny e aeinoeaioaoay 1800 Ea/nae ) e
iaaiciiaeiinoue ia?acaiene) iie caieiatho ana aieaa nouanoaaiioth ?ieue
eae n?aaenoai o?aiaiey eioi?iaoeee aeaaiaea?y oiio /oi iiaoo o?aieoue
aieueoie iauai eioi?iaoeee (ii?yaeea 666Ia), iaania/eaatho auni/aeooth
iaaeaaeiinoue e i?e yoii eo naaanoieiinoue iaiiiaei auoa noieiinoe
aeaeeo aeeneia.
Ia?eoa?ey: aeaeu ia?eoa?eeiuo ono?ienoa, iniiaiua
oa?aeoa?enoeee, aeaeu eniieiaiey .
Iiaeaiu e oaen-iiaeaiu.
Iiaeai – ono?ienoai, iicaieythuaa eiiiuethoa?o auoiaeeoue ia naycue n
ae?oaei eiiiuethoa?ii iin?aaenoaii oaeaoiiiuo eeiee.
Oaen-iiaeai – iiaeai, iicaieythuee oaeaea i?eieiaoue e iinueaoue
oaeneieeueiua niiauaiey.
A iineaaeiaa a?aiy iiaeaiu noaiiayony iaiouaieaiie /anoueth
eiiiuethoa?a. Onoaiiaea iiaeai ia naie eiiiuethoa?, au oaeoe/anee
ioe?uaaaoa aeey naay iiaue ie?. Aao eiiiuethoa? i?aa?auaaony ec
iainiaeaiiiai eiiiuethoa?a a caaii aeiaaeueiie naoe.
Iiaeai iicaieeo aai, ia auoiaey ec aeiia, iieo/eoue aeinooi e aacai
aeaiiuo, eioi?ua iiaoo auoue oaeaeaiu io aan ia iiiaea ouny/e
eeeiiao?ia, ?acianoeoue niiauaiea ia BBS (yeaeo?iiiie aeinea iaueyaeaiee
), aeinooiiie ae?oaei iieueciaaoaeyi, neiie?iaaoue n oie aea BBS
eioa?anothuea aan oaeeu, eioaa?e?iaaoue aeiiaoiee eiiiuethoa? a naoue
aaoaai ioena, i?e yoii (ia n/eoay ieceie nei?inoe iaiaia aeaiiuie)
nicaeaaony iieiia iuouaiea ?aaiou a naoe ioena. E?iia oiai,
ainiieueciaaaoenue aeiaaeueiuie naoyie (RelCom, FidoNet) iiaeii
i?eieiaoue e iinueaoue yeaeo?iiiua ienueia ia oieueei aioo?e ai?iaea, ii
oaeoe/anee a ethaie eiiaoe caiiiai oa?a. Aeiaaeueiua naoe aeatho
aiciiaeiinoue ia oieueei iaiaieaaoueny ii/oie, ii e o/anoaiaaoue ai
anaaiciiaeiuo eiioa?aioeeyo, iieo/aoue iiainoe i?aeoe/anee ii ethaie
eioa?anothuae aan oaiaoeea.
Nouanoaoao o?e iniiaiuo niiniaa niaaeeiaiey eiiiuethoa?ia aeey iaiaia
eioi?iaoeeae:
– iaiin?aaenoaaiiay naycue, /a?ac aneio?iiiue ii?o;
– naycue n eniieueciaaieai iiaeaia;
– naycue /a?ac eieaeueiua naoe.
Iineaaeiaaoaeueiue aneio?iiiue aaeaioa?
I?aeoe/anee eaaeaeue eiiiuethoa? iai?oaeiaai oioy au iaeiei
iineaaeiaaoaeueiui aneio?iiiui aaeaioa?ii. Iau/ii ii i?aaenoaaeyao niaie
ioaeaeueioth ieaoo eee aea ?aniieiaeai i?yii ia iaoa?eineie ieaoa
eiiiuethoa?a. Aai iieiia iacaaiea – RS-232-C. Eaaeaeue aneio?iiiue
aaeaioa? iau/ii niaea?aeeo ianeieueei ii?oia, /a?ac eioi?ua e
eiiiuethoa?o iiaeii iiaeeeth/aoue aiaoiea ono?ienoaa. Eaaeaeiio oaeiio
ii?oo niioaaonoaoao ianeieueei ?aaeno?ia, /a?ac eioi?ua i?ia?aiia
iieo/aao e iaio aeinooi, e ii?aaeaeaiiay eeiey IRQ (eeiey cai?ina
i?a?uaaiey) aeey neaiaeecaoeee eiiiuethoa?o ia eciaiaiee ninoiyiey
ii?oa. Eaaeaeiio ii?oo i?enaaeaaaony eiae/aneia eiy (COM1,COM2,e o.ae.).
A ianoiyuaa a?aiy ii?o iineaaeiaaoaeueiie ia?aaea/e aeaiiuo
eniieuecoaony i/aiue oe?iei. Aio aeaeaei ia iieiue nienie i?eiaiaiee:
– iiaeeeth/aiea iuoe;
– iiaeeeth/aiea a?aoiiino?ieoaeae, neaia?ia, i?eioa?ia, aeeaeoaeca?ia;
– naycue aeaoo eiiiuethoa?ia /a?ac ii?ou iineaaeiaaoaeueiie ia?aaea/e
aeaiiuo n eniieueciaaieai niaoeeaeueiiai eaaaey e oaeeo i?ia?aii, eae
FastWire II eee Norton Commander;
– iiaeeeth/aiea iiaeaiia aeey ia?aaea/e aeaiiuo ii oaeaoiiiui eeieyi;
– iiaeeeth/aiea e naoe ia?niiaeueiuo eiiiuethoa?ia;
Iineaaeiaaoaeueiay ia?aaea/a aeaiiuo icia/aao, /oi aeaiiua ia?aaeathony
ii aaeeinoaaiiie eeiee. I?e yoii aeou aaeoa aeaiiuo ia?aaeathony ii
i/a?aaee n eniieueciaaieai iaeiiai i?iaiaea. Aeey neio?iiecaoeee a?oiia
aeoia aeaiiuo iau/ii i?aaeoanoaoao niaoeeaeueiue noa?oiaue aeo, iinea
a?oiiu aeoia neaaeotho aeo i?iaa?ee ia /aoiinoue e iaeei eee aeaa
noiiiauo aeoa. Eiiaaea aeo i?iaa?ee ia /aoiinoue iiaeao ionoonoaiaaoue.
Eniieueciaaiea aeoa /aoiinoe, noa?oiauo e noiiiauo aeoia ii?aaeaeytho
oi?iao ia?aaea/e aeaiiuo. I/aaeaeii, /oi ia?aaeao/ee e i?eaiiee aeieaeiu
eniieueciaaoue iaeei e oio aea oi?iao aeaiiuo, eia/a iaiai ia aiciiaeai.
Ae?oaay aaaeiay oa?aeoa?enoeea – nei?inoue ia?aaea/e aeaiiuo.
Iia oaeaea aeieaeia auoue iaeeiaeiaie aeey ia?aaeao/eea e i?eaiieea.
Nei?inoue ia?aaea/e aeaiiuo iau/ii ecia?yaony a aiaeao ( ii oaieeee
o?aioeocneiai ecia?aoaoaey oaeaa?aoiiai aiia?aoa Emile Baudot –
Y.Aiaei). Aiaeu ii?aaeaeytho eiee/anoai ia?aaeaaaaiuo aeoia a naeoiaeo.
I?e yoii o/eouaathony e noa?o/noiiiua aeou, a oaeaea aeo /aoiinoe.
Ii naiaio aiaoiaio aeaeo e ianoo onoaiiaee iiaeaiu iiae?acaeaeythony ia
aioo?aiiea e aiaoiea. Aioo?aiiea iiaeaiu i?aaenoaaeytho niaie
yeaeo?iiioth ieaoo, onoaiaaeeaaaioth iaiin?aaenoaaiii a eiiiuethoa?, a
aiaoiea – aaoiiiiiia ono?ienoai, iiaeniaaeeiyaiia e iaeiiio ec ii?oia.
Aiaoiee iiaeai noieo, eae i?aaeei, iaiiiai aei?iaea aioo?aiiaai oiai aea
oeia ec-ca aiaoiae i?eaeaeaoaeueiinoe ( eiaeeeaoi?u, ?aaoeyoi?
a?iieinoe) e aieaa eaaeie onoaiiaee.
Iniiaiie ia?aiao? a ?aaioa iiaeaia – nei?inoue ia?aaea/e aeaiiuo. Iia
ecia?yaony a bps (aeo a naeoiaeo) e onoaiaaeeaaaony oe?iie-
i?iecaiaeeoaeai a 2400, 9600, 14400, 16800, 19200 eee 28800 bps. Eiiaaea
anoa/athony onoa?aaoea iiaeaee iiaeaiia (300 e 1200 bps), ii iie oaea
i?aeoe/anee auoee ec oiio?aaeaiey. Naaiaeiy aeinoaoi/ii oi?ioei iiaeaiii
n/eoaaony iiaeai ni nei?inoueth 14400 bps (ieiei 1 Mb a 10 ieioo), e aai
iiaeii i?eia?anoe i?eia?ii ca $120 (iiaeii e ca $80 ).
Oaeaea aaaeiuie iieacaoaeyie a nia?aiaiiuo iiaeaiao yaeyaony iaee/ea
?aaeeia ei??aeoeee ioeaie e ?aaeeia naeaoey aeaiiuo. Ia?aue ?aaeei
iaania/eaaao aeiiieieoaeueiua neaiaeu, iin?aaenoaii eioi?uo iiaeaiu
inouanoaeytho i?iaa?eo aeaiiuo ia aeaoo eiioeao eeiee e ioa?anuaatho
iaia?ee?iaaiioth eioi?iaoeeth, a aoi?ie naeeiaao eioi?iaoeeth aeey aieaa
auno?ie e /aoeie aa ia?aaea/e, a caoai ainnoaiaaeeaaao aa ia iieo/athuai
iiaeaia. Iaa yoe ?aaeeia caiaoii oaaee/eaatho nei?inoue e /enoioo
ia?aaea/e eioi?iaoeee, iniaaiii a ?inneeneeo oaeaoiiiuo eeieyo.
Iaeia ec ia?aaeiauo oe?i- i?iecaiaeeoaeae iiaeaiia “Hayes Microcomputer
Products” i?eiyea iniiaiua noaiaea?ou aeey eiiaiae iiaeaiia, aeeth/ay
iaai? AT- eiiaiae, n iiiiuueth eioi?uo iieueciaaoaeue iiaeao
iaiin?aaenoaaiii oi?aaeyoue ?aaioie iiaeaia. Naaiaeiy Hayes-noaiaea?oaie
iieuecoaony iiaeaaeythuaa aieueoeinoai oe?i ai anai ie?a e eo/oea
iiaeaiu yaeythony Hayes- niaianoeiuie.
Oaeaea nouanoaotho ie?iaua noaiaea?ou nei?inoe iiaeaia, naeaoey aeaiiuo
e ei??aeoeee ioeaie. Yoe noaiaea?ou onoaiaaeeaathony eiieoaoii ITU-T
(noaiaea?o CCITT) e oe?iie Microcom (noaiaea?o MNP). Naiua eo/oea
iiaeaiu niioaaonoaotho iaiei yoei noaiaea?oai.
Naiua ?ani?ino?aiaiiua noaiaea?ou CCITT naaiaeiy:
noaiaea?o nei?inoe 9600 bps – V.32 e nei?inoe 14400 bps – V.32bis;
noaiaea?o ei??aeoeee ioeaie – V.42;
noaiaea?o naeaoey aeaiiuo n eiyooeoeeaioii 4:1 – V.42bis.
Iniiaiua noaiaea?ou ia?anueee oaeneieeueiuo niiauaiee – Class 1 e Groop
IV, iiaeaea?aeeaathuea nei?inoue aei 19200 bps e naeaoea aeaiiuo.
Nae/an ia ie?iaii ?uiea iiaeaiia oaeoe/anee i?aayo 2 oe?iu : ZyXEL e
US Robotics. Iie i?iecaiaeyo naiua nei?inoiua e naiua ea/anoaaiiua
iiaeaiu e oaen- iiaeaiu. I/aiue aei?iaea noia?nia?aiaiiua iiaeaiu ZyXEL
eiatho aiciiaeiinoue aini?iecaaaeaiey aieina, caienaiiiai a oeeo?iaii
?aaeeia e naeaoey ?a/aauo neaiaeia, /oi iicaieyao eniieueciaaoue eo a
ea/anoaa aaoiioaao/eeia. Oaeaea iaeioi?ua iiaeaee ZyXEL U-1496 e US
Robotics Courier niaaaeaiu ia?aeeth/aoaeai ?a/ue/aeaiiua, ano?iaiiui
oanoe?iaaieai e ae?oaeie iieaciuie ooieoeeyie. Iniiaiia ea/anoai
iiaeaiia ZyXEL – aiaaoaeoee auai? aiciiaeiinoae, oioy yoi cia/eoaeueii
oaaee/eaaao eo noieiinoue (aei $1250) e oi?ioay ?aaioa ia ieioeo
?ineeneeo eeieyo, a iiaeaiia US Robotics (Courier e Sportster) –
iaaeaaeiinoue i?e ioiineoaeueii ieceie oeaia ia ieo (aei $200).
N?aaee iiaeiie iineaaeieo eao a ie?a iiaeaiia iiaeii oaeaea auaeaeeoue
niaoeeaeueiua iiaeaiu aeey Notebook’ia, iinoaaeyaiua ia ieaoao oeia
PCMCIA. Yoe ieaou i/aiue oaeiaiu naiae eiiiaeoiinoueth, iie iicaieytho
eiiiuethoa?o ia ioaeaaaoue naiaiaeiue COM-ii?o iiae aiaoiee iiaeai, ii
ana aea iie iiiai aei?iaea, /ai iau/iue iiaeai.
Iineaaeiea aiaeu ni?in ia iiaeaiu e oaen-iiaeaiu noae aeinoaoi/ii
aunie, o.e. iie iaiaoiaeeiu i?aeoe/anee eaaeaeiio ?aaioathuaio ia
eiiiuethoa?a /aeiaaeo. Iiaeaiu iicaieytho aeinoaoi/ii auno?i
ia?aaeaaaoue n iaeiiai eiiiuethoa?a ia ae?oaie iaeaou aeieoiaioia e
naycuaaoueny ii yeaeo?iiiie ii/oa, a oaeaea iaania/eaatho aeinooi a
aeiaaeueiua ie?iaua naoe (Internet e ae?.) aeey onoaiiaeaiey eiioaeoia n
ca?oaaaeiuie ia?oia?aie.
I?eia/aiea:
CCITT – Comite Consultatif International de Telegraphique et
Telephonique
MNP – Microcom Networking Protocol
No?eiia?u.
Eaioi/iua iaeiieoaee (no?eiia?u) neoaeao aeey o?aiaiey eioi?iaoeee ia
iaaieoiie eaioa. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy iiaoo o?aieoue aei ianeieueeeo
aeaaaaeo (1Aa = 1024 Ia) eioi?iaoeee. Ianiio?y ia oi, /oi yoe
ono?ienoaa iiyaeeenue aeiaieueii aeaaii iie aei neo ii? oe?iei
?ani?ino?aiaiu, aeaaiui ia?acii ec-ca aieueoiai iauaia aiauaaiuo
aeaiiuo, e eniieuecothony a iniiaiii aeey ?aca?aiiai eiie?iaaiey e
aeeeoaeueiiai o?aiaiey eioi?iaoeee. A iaoae no?aia iniaoth iiioey?iinoue
caaiaaae ARVID – ec-ca aeaoaaeciu yenieoaoaoeee ( ?aaioaao ia
aeaeaiiaaieoioiia), aieueoie aieinoe (2.4 Aa ia aeaeaieannaoa),
n?aaieoaeueii aunieie nei?inoueth eiie?iaaiey.
Nouanoaoao oaeaea oeaeue ?yae ae?oaeo ACO ii ?aciui i?e/eiai ia
iieo/eaoeo a ianoiyuaa a?aiy oe?ieiai ?ani?ino?aiaiey
(iaaieoiiioe/aneea aeenee, aeenee Aa?ioeee, WORM-aeenee e ae?.).
Iaeioi?ua aeaeu iaeiieoaeae (ia?oieaiou, ia?oiea?ou, iaaieoiua
aa?aaaiu e i?.) neeueii onoa?aee e a nia?aiaiiuo IYAI aiiaua ia
eniieuecothony.
Ia?aua iioe/aneea eaca?iua aeenee iiyaeeenue a 1972 aiaeo e
i?iaeaiiino?e?iaaee aieueoea aiciiaeiinoe ii o?aiaieth eioi?iaoeee.
Iaueaiu o?aieiie ia ieo eioi?iaoeee iicaieyee eniieueciaaoue eo aeey
o?aiaiey ia?iiiuo ianneaia aeaiiuo ( oaeeo eae aacu aeaiiuo,
yioeeeeiiaaeee, eieeaeoeee aeaeai e aoaeeiaeaiiuo ). Eaaeay caiaia yoeo
aeeneia iicaieyea, “iineoue n niaie” ana iaoa?eaeu o?aaoaiua aeey
?aaiou, a ethaii iaueaia. Iioe/aneea aeenee eiaee i/aiue aunieoth
iaaeaaeiinoue e aeieaiaa/iinoue, /oi iicaieyei eniieueciaaoue eo aeey
a?oeaiiai o?aiaiey eioi?iaoeee.
Ii o?oaeiaieay i?ioeaaeo?a caiene e iaaiciiaeiinoue ia?acaiene neeueii
ia?aie/eaaea i?eiaiaiea iioe/aneeo aeeneia, eae ono?ienoaa aeey
eaaeaeiai eiiiuethoa?a. Iineaaeiaa a?aiy iiyaeeinue iiiaeanoai aa?eaioia
ia?acaienuaaaiuo iioe/aneeo aeeneia. Oe?iu i?iecaiaeeoaee i?aaeeaaatho
?acee/iua oaoie/aneea ?aoaiey aeaiiie i?iaeaiu. Iai?eia? i?aaeeaaaeenue
ono?ienoaa, niiniaiua caienuaaoue eioi?iaoeeth ia iioe/aneee aeene i?yii
ia ?aai/ai ianoa iieueciaaoaey, ii ia?acaienue oaeie eioi?iaoeee
inoaaaeanue iiae aii?inii. Iaeaieaa aeecianiiniaiuie iioe/aneeie
aeeneaie, iaeaaeathuea naienoaaie ia?acaiene, ia naaiaeiyoiee aeaiue
yaeythony iaaieoiiioe/aneea (II) aeenee. Aia?aua II aeenee iiyaeeenue a
1988 aiaeo e niaaeeieee a naaa eiiiaeoiinoue aeaeeo aeeneia e iaeiieoaey
Bernoulli Box, nei?inoue n?aaeiaai aeanoeiai aeenea, iaaeaaeiinoue
noaiaea?oiiai Eiiiaeo Aeenea e aieinoue n?aaieioth n DAT eaioaie. Ii
oe?ieiio ?ani?ino?aiaieth II aeeneia iaoaao n?aaieoaeueii aei?iaay
noieiinoue e eiieo?aioeey nia?aiaiiuo aeanoeeo aeeneia. Ii n?aaiaieth n
nia?aiaiiuie aeanoeeie aeeneaie, iie eiatho aieaa iaaeeaiiu e onooiatho
ei ii iaeneiaeueiui iauaiai o?aieiie eioi?iaoeee. Yoi aeaeaao
iaaiciiaeiui i?eiaiaiea II aeeneia aianoi o?aaeeoeeiiiuo aei/anoa?ia.
I?e yoii II aeenee eiatho aieueoea ia?niaeoeau eae aoi?e/iua iaeiieoaee,
i?eiaiyaiua aeey ?aca?aiiai o?aiaiey eioi?iaoeee.
Aeaeaiea?ou (ea?ou iiieoi?a).
A ianoiyuaa a?aiy oaeoe/aneei noaiaea?oii aeaeaiea?o yaeyaony noaiaea?o
SVGA(iicaieythuee iaania/eaaoue ?ac?aoaiea ii?yaeea
800*600,1024*768,1284*1024 ieenaeue(oi/ae) i?e 32Ea,64Ea,16Ia oeaaoia a
caaeneiinoe io aaee/eiu aeaeaiiaiyoe ).
A iineaaeiaa a?aiy aieueoia ?ani?ino?aiaiea iieo/eee aeaeaiea?ou n
aiia?aoiie iiaeaea?aeeie aeaeiii?annee aeaiiuo a oi?iaoao MPEG, MPEG2,
aeaeaiea?ou eiathuea a?aoe/aneea aenaea?aoi?u (onei?eoaee) aeey
ia?aaioee aieueoeo iauaiia a?aoe/aneie eioi?iaoeee.
Aeenieae (iiieoi?) – iniiaiia ono?ienoai aeey ioia?aaeaiey
eioi?iaoeee. Oa?aeoa?ecothony ?acia?ii ye?aia (14”, 15”, 17”,21”),
iaeneiaeueiui ?ac?aoaieai(1024*768,1284*1024) e i?. *ai aieueoa
?acia? ye?aia e /ai aieueoa ?ac?aoaiea, oai, niioaaonoaaiii aieueoa
eioi?iaoeee iiaeii ia iai ?acianoeoue.
Oa?aeoa?enoeeaie iiieoi?a oaeaea yaeythony:
eioa?aae iaaeaeo oi/eaie -yoi ?annoiyiea iaaeaeo oeaio?aie aeaoo
ninaaeieo oi/ae ia ye?aia , ecia?yaiia a aeanyouo aeieyo ieeeeiao?a. *ai
iaiueoa yoa aaee/eia oai, oai auoa ?ac?aoathuay niiniaiinoue iiieoi?a.
Iau/iua cia/aiey : 0.28, 0.25.
/a?aaeiaaiea- i?iione i?e neaie?iaiee yeaeo?iiiie iooeie eaaeaeie
aoi?ie no?iee. Iaania/eaaao iaia?oeathuaa ecia?aaeaiea.
nei?inoue ?acaa?oee – yoi nei?inoue n eioi?ie eo/ yeaeo?iiiie iooee
i?ioiaeeo ii aioo?aiiae iiaa?oiinoe ye?aia. Ecia?yaony a eAoe.
Eeaaeaoo?a – iniiaiia ono?ienoai aeey aaiaea eioi?iaoeee.
Nouanoaotho oaeaea ono?ienoaa, iaeaa/athuea
?aaioo iia?aoi?a, oaeea, eae iuoue, naaoiaia ia?i e i?. Oaeaea
aeey aaiaea eioi?iaoeee oe?iei eniieuecothony neaia?u. Aieueoia
aoaeouaa ca ono?ienoaaie ?aniiciaaaiey e neioaca ?a/e, ?aniiciaaaiey
ecia?aaeaiey.
Aeie aania?aaieiiai ieoaiey (UPS) – ii nooe aeeoioeyoi?iay aaoa?ay,
eioi?ay aa?ao ia naay iaania/aiea nenoaiu yeaeo?iyia?aeae i?e aaa?eeiie
neooaoeee a naoe eee i?e nieaeaiee iai?yaeaiey. Ono?ienoaa aeiaieueii
aei?iaea. Nouanoaotho oaeaea “oiiua”(smart UPS) enoi/ieee ieoaiey ,
eioi?ua ia oieueei iiaeaea?aeeaatho iai?yaeaiea , ii e iiaoo naie
caaa?oeoue ?aaioo nenoaiu.
I?eioa?u -iinea iiieoi?ia naiua ?ani?ino?aiaiiua ia?eoa?eeiua
ono?ienoaa.
Nouanoaoao o?e iniiaiuo ?aciiaeaeiinoe i?eioa?ia: iao?e/iua, no?oeiua,
eaca?iua. Iniiaiie oa?aeoa?enoeeie i?eioa?a yaeyaony eiee/anoai oi/ae ia
aethei (dpi).I?eaieeiui n/eoaaony o?iaaiue a 600 dpi. I?ioanneiiaeueiua
eaca?iua i?eioa?u iaania/eaatho aei 1200 dpi. Aaaeiuie oa?aeoa?enoeeaie
i?eioa?ia oaeaea yaeythony: nei?inoue ia/aoe, oi?iao eenoia, ?acia? RAM
i?eioa?a, iaoaieci iiaea/e aoiaae, niaianoeiinoue. A ianoiyuee ia?eiae
eeaee?othuaa iieiaeaiea n?aaee i?eioa?ia caieiatho eaca?iua e no?oeiua.
A i?eeiaeaieyo ioeueoeiaaeea ana aieaa iiioey?iuie noaiiayony caoeiaua
ieaou.
Ioeueoeiaaeea ia aaca ?N iicaieyao aeeth/aoue a i?aaenoaaeaiey eee a
aeaaea a aeieoiaiou oaenoiaiai i?ioeanni?a caoe, aeaeaeouea ecia?aaeaiey
e iiiaeanoai a?aoe/aneeo ?enoieia. Caoeiaie aaeaioa? anoaaeyaony a
?acuai oeiu ?N e iiaeeeth/aaony e noa?aiaeeiaieeai eee e
noa?aioneenoaeth n aeeiaieeii. Noaiaea?oii n?aaee caoeiauo ieao iiea
yaeyaony Sound Blaster 16 oe?iu Creative Labs.
6.I?ia?aiiiua n?aaenoaa AO.
Iauaa i?ia?aiiiia iaania/aiea (II) iaania/eaaao ooieoeeiie?iaaiea
au/eneeoaeueiie oaoieee, ?ac?aaioeo e iiaeeeth/aiea iiauo i?ia?aii.
Nthaea aoiaeyo iia?aoeeiiiua nenoaiu, nenoaiu i?ia?aiie?iaaiey e
ianeoaeeaathuea i?ia?aiiu.
I?ioanneiiaeueiay i?eaioaoeey A?I ii?aaeaeyaony ooieoeeiiaeueiie
/anoueth II (OII). Eiaiii caeanue caeeaaeuaaaony i?eaioaoeey ia
eiie?aoiiai niaoeeaeenoa, iaania/eaaaony ?aoaiea caaea/ ii?aaeaeaiiuo
i?aaeiaoiuo iaeanoae.
I?e ?ac?aaioea OII i/aiue aieueoia aieiaiea oaeaeyaony aii?inai
i?aaiecaoeee acaeiiaeaenoaey “/aeiaae-iaoeia”. Iieueciaaoaeth
eioa?anii e oaeaeaoaeueii ?aaioaoue ia YAI oieueei a oii neo/aa, eiaaea
ii /oanoaoao, /oi ii caieiaaony iieaciui, na?ueaciui aeaeii. A
i?ioeaiii neo/aa aai aeaeoo iai?eyoiua iuouaiey. Iai?ioanneiiae
iiaeao ii/oanoaiaaoue naay iaieaeaiiui e aeaaea a /ai-oi ouaieaiiui
oieueei iioiio, /oi ii ia ciaao iaeeo “ienoe/aneeo” eiiaiae, iaai?a
neiaieia, aneaaenoaea /aai o iaai iiaeao aicieeiooue aeoaieay
aeinaaea ia ana i?ia?aiiiia iaania/aiea eee neoaeeoaeae eoeueoa YAI.
Aiaeec aeeaeiaiauo nenoai n oi/ee c?aiey i?aaiecaoeee yoiai aeeaeiaa
iieacae, /oi eo iiaeii ?acaeaeeoue (ii i?eioeeio acaeiiaeaenoaey
iieueciaaoaey e iaoeiu) ia:
nenoaiu n eiiaiaeiui ycueii
“/aeiaae a ie?a iauaeoia”
aeeaeia a oi?ia “iaith”
I?eiaiaiea eiiaiaeiiai ycuea a i?eeeaaeiuo nenoaiao yoi ia?aiin eaeae
iino?iaiey eioa?i?aoaoi?ia eiiaiae aeey ieie- e iee?i YAI. Iniiaiia
aai i?aeiouanoai – i?inoioa iino?iaiey e ?aaeecaoeee, a iaaeinoaoie –
i?iaeieaeaiea eo aeinoieinoa: iaiaoiaeeiinoue caiiieiaiey eiiaiae e
eo ia?aiao?ia, iiaoi?aiea ioeai/iiai aaiaea, ?aca?aie/aiea
aeinooiiinoe eiiaiae ia ?acee/iuo o?iaiyo e i?. Oaeei ia?acii a
nenoaiao n eiiaiaeiui ycueii iieueciaaoaeue aeieaeai eco/aoue ycue
acaeiiaeaenoaey. Aiaoia i?ioeaiiieiaeiue iiaeoiae “/aeiaae a ie?a
iauaeoia” – ionoonoaotho eiiaiaeu e /aeiaae a i?ioeanna ?aaiou
“aeaeaeaony” ii naiaio iauaeoo n iiiiuueth eeaaeo oi?aaeaiey
eo?ni?ii, niaoeeaeueiuo oeacuaathueo ono?ienoa (iuoue, ia?i),
ooieoeeiiaeueiuo eiiaeiaoeee eeaaeo. Aeeaeia a oi?ia iaith “iaith”
i?aaenoaaeyao iieueciaaoaeth iiiaeanoaa aeueoa?iaoeaiuo aeaenoaee, ec
eioi?uo ii auae?aao ioaeiua. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy iaeaieaa oe?ieia
?ani?ino?aiaiea iieo/ee iieueciaaoaeueneee eioa?oaen, ni/aoathuee a naaa
naienoaa aeaoo iineaaeieo. A iai ana ?aai/aa i?ino?ainoai ye?aia
aeaeeony ia o?e /anoe (iauaeoa). Ia?aay (iau/ii ?aniieaaathuayny aaa?oo)
iacuaaaony no?ieie eee iieinie iaith. N aa iiiiuueth iieueciaaoaeue
iiaeao caaeaenoaiaaoue ?acee/iua iaith, ninoaaeythuea “neaeao”
i?ia?aiiu, n eo iiiiuueth i?iecaiaeeony aeinooi e ae?oaei iauaeoai (a
o./. oi?aaeythuei). Aoi?ay /anoue (iau/ii ?aniieaaaaony aieco eee a
iaaieueoeo i?ia?aiiao iiaeao aiiaua ionoonoaiaaoue) iacuaaaony
no?ieie ninoiyiey. N aa iiiiuueth iiaoo auno?i aucuaaoueny
iaeaieaa /anoi eniieuecoaiua iauaeou eee aea ioia?aaeaoueny
eaeay-eeai oaeouay eioi?iaoeey. O?aouey /anoue iacuaaaony ?aai/ae
iiaa?oiinoueth (iiaa?oiinoueth noiea) – naiay aieueoay. Ia iae
ioia?aaeathony ana oa iauaeou, eioi?ua aucuaathony ec iaith
eee no?iee ninoiyiey. Oaeay oi?ia i?aaiecaoeee aeeaeiaa /aeiaaea e
iaoeiu iaeaieaa oaeiaia (ii e?aeiae ia?a ia naaiaeiyoiee aeaiue
ie/aai eo/oaai ia i?eaeoiaii) e ana nia?aiaiiua i?ia?aiiu a oie eee eiie
ia?a eniieuecotho aa. A ethaii neo/aa iia aeieaeia niioaaonoaiaaoue
noaiaea?oo NUA (Common User Access) oe?iu IBM.
?anniio?ei oaia?ue aeaa iiaeoiaea e ?ac?aaioea A?I. Ia?aue iiaeoiae –
ooieoeeiiaeueiue i?aaenoaaeyao niaie aaoiiaoecaoeeth iaeaieaa
oeie/iuo ooieoeee.
Iiniio?ei, eae aaeaioe?oaony ooieoeeiiaeueiia II (OII) e eiie?aoiui
oneiaeyi i?eiaiaiey. Ioiaoei i?ia?aiiiua n?aaenoaa, eioi?ua yaeythony
aaciauie i?e A?I aeey ?acee/iuo i?ioannee, naycaiiuo n ia?aaioeie
aeaeiaie eioi?iaoeee e i?eiyoeai oi?aaeai/aneeo ?aoaiee.
Ia?auie iiyaeeenue i?ia?aiiiua n?aaenoaa aeey aaoiiaoecaoeee o?oaea
oaoie/aneiai ia?niiaea, /oi iaoneiaeaii, aa?iyoii, aieueoie
oi?iaeecaoeeae auiieiyaiuo eie ooieoeee. Iaeaieaa oeie/iui
i?eia?ii yaeythony oaenoiaua ?aaeaeoi?u (i?ioeanni?u). Iie iicaieytho
auno?i aaiaeeoue eioi?iaoeeth, ?aaeaeoe?iaaoue aa, naie inouanoaeytho
iiene ioeaie, iiiiaatho iiaeaioiaeoue oaeno e ?ania/aoea.
I?eiaiaiea oaenoiauo ?aaeaeoi?ia iicaieyo cia/eoaeueii iiauneoue
i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue o?oaea iaoeienoie.
Niaoeeaeenoai /anoi i?eoiaeeony ?aaioaoue n aieueoeie iauaiaie
aeaiiuo, n oai /oiau iaeoe o?aaoaiua naaaeaiey aeey iiaeaioiaee
?acee/iuo aeieoiaioia. Aeey iaeaa/aiey oaeiai ?iaea ?aaio auee
nicaeaiu nenoaiu oi?aaeaiey aacaie aeaiiuo (NOAAe: DBASE, RBASE,
ORACLE e ae?.). NOAAe iicaieytho o?aieoue aieueoea iauaiu eioi?iaoeee,
e, /oi naiia aeaaiia, auno?i iaoiaeeoue ioaeiua aeaiiua. Oae,
iai?eia? i?e ?aaioa n ea?oioaeie iinoiyiii ioaeii ia?a?uaaoue aieueoea
a?oeau aeaiiuo aeey iienea ioaeiie eioi?iaoeee, iniaaiii anee
ea?oi/ee ioni?oe?iaaiu ia ii ioaeiiio i?eciaeo. NOAAe ni?aaeony n yoie
caaea/ae ca n/eoaiiua naeoiaeu.
Aieueoia /enei niaoeeaeenoia naycaii oaeaea n ia?aaioeie ?acee/iuo
oaaeeoe, oae eae a aieueoeinoaa neo/aaa yeiiiie/aneay eioi?iaoeey
i?aaenoaaeyaony a aeaea oaaee/iuo aeieoiaioia. EYO (e?oiiioi?iaoiua
yeaeo?iiiua oaaeeoeu) iiiiaatho nicaeaaaoue iiaeiaiua aeieoiaiou.
Iie i/aiue oaeiaiu, oae eae naie ia?an/eouaatho ana eoiaiaua e
i?iiaaeooi/iua aeaiiua i?e eciaiaiee enoiaeiuo. Iiyoiio iie oe?iei
eniieuecothony, iai?eia? i?e i?iaiice?iaaiee iauaiia nauoa e aeioiaeia.
Aeinoaoi/ii aieueoie iiioey?iinoueth a o/?aaeaeaieyo iieuecothony
i?ia?aiiiua n?aaenoaa A?I aeey eiio?iey e eii?aeeiaoeee
aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaiecaoeee, aaea any oi?aaeai/aneay aeayoaeueiinoue
iienuaaaony eae niaieoiiinoue i?ioeannia, eaaeaeue ec eioi?uo eiaao
aeaou ia/aea, eiioea e ioaaonoaaiiuo eniieieoaeae. I?e yoii
aeayoaeueiinoue eaaeaeiai ?aaioieea oaycuaaaony n inoaeueiuie. oaeei
ia?acii nicaeaaony ieai-a?aoee ?aaio. Iaeao iiaeao aaoiiaoe/anee
i?e ianooieaiee n?iea oi?ie?iaaoue caaeaiey eniieieoaeyi,
iaiiieiaoue i n?iea caaa?oaiey ?aaiou e iaeaieeaaoue aeaiiua
ia eniieieoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe nio?oaeieeia.
Aaaeioth ?ieue a o/?aaeaeai/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe ea?aao
iia?aoeaiue iaiai aeaiiuie, eioi?ue caieiaao aei 95% a?aiaie
?oeiaiaeeoaey e aei 53% a?aiaie niaoeeaeenoia. A nayce n yoei
iieo/eee ?ani?ino?aiaiea e i?ia?aiiiua n?aaenoaa oeia “yeaeo?iiiay
ii/oa”.Eo eniieueciaaiea iicaieyao inouanoaeyoue ?annueeo aeieoiaioia
aioo?e o/?aaeaeaiey, ioi?aaeyoue, iieo/aoue e ia?aaaouaaoue niiauaiey
n ?acee/iuo ?aai/eo iano e aeaaea i?iaiaeeoue niaauaiey
niaoeeaeenoia, iaoiaeyueony ia cia/eoaeueiii ?annoiyiee ae?oa io
ae?oaa. I?iaeaia iaiaia aeaiiuie oanii naycaia n i?aaiecaoeeae
?aaiou APM a ninoaaa au/eneeoaeueiie naoe.
A ianoiyuaa a?aiy iaaethaeaaony oaiaeaioeey e nicaeaieth oae
iacuaaaiuo eioaa?e?iaaiiuo iaeaoia, eioi?ua aiauatho a naay
aiciiaeiinoe e oaenoiauo ?aaeaeoi?ia, e oaaeeoe, e a?aoe/aneeo
?aaeaeoi?ia. Iaee/ea aieueoiai /enea ?acee/iuo i?ia?aii aeey
auiieiaiey a nouiinoe iaeeiaeiauo iia?aoeee – nicaeaiey e
ia?aaioee aeaiiuo iaoneiaeaii iaee/eai o?ao ?acee/iuo iniiaiuo aeaeia
eioi?iaoeee: /eneiaie, oaenoiaie e a?aoe/aneie. Aeey o?aiaiey
eioi?iaoeee /aua anaai eniieuecothony NOAAe, eioi?ua iicaieytho
niaaeeiyoue ana yoe oeiu aeaiiuo a aaeeiia oeaeia. Nae/an eaeao ao?iia
?acaeoea aeaoo ae?oaeo aeaeia eioi?iaoeee: caoeiaie e aeaeaieioi?iaoeee.
Aeey ieo oaea nicaeaiu naie ?aaeaeoi?u e ia eneeth/aii /oi a
nei?ii a?aiaie yoe aeaeu eioi?iaoeee noaioo iaiouaieaiie /anoueth
aieueoeinoaa aac aeaiiuo.
Oioy nia?aiaiiia OII ioaa/aao ii/oe anai o?aaiaaieyi, iaeaaaaiuo ia
iaai ?aaioieeaie ?acee/iuo i?ioannee, /aai-oi ana ?aaii anaaaea ia
oaaoaao. Iiyoiio aieueoei iethnii oaeiai II yaeyaony aiciiaeiinoue
aai aei?aaioee e eciaiaiey. *oi aea eanaaony ?ac?aaioee iiauo
i?ia?aiiiuo n?aaenoa a A?I, oi iia aaaeaony ii aeaoi iai?aaeaieyi:
nicaeaiea iiaiai II aeey iiauo i?ioannee e niaoeeaeecaoeey II aeey
nouanoaothueo i?ioannee. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy iaaethaeaaony oaiaeaioeey
ia?aoiaea e nicaeaieth A?I i?ioanneiiaeueiiai iacia/aiey. Iii
au?aaeaaony a neaaeothuai:
o/ao ?aoaaiuo caaea/
acaeiiaeaenoaea n ae?oaeie nio?oaeieeaie
o/ao i?ioanneiiaeueiuo i?eau/ae e neeiiiinoae
?ac?aaioea ia oieueei OII, ii e niaoeeaeueiuo oaoie/aneeo n?aaenoa
(iuoue, naoue, aaoiiaoe/aneee iaai? oaeaoiiiuo iiia?ia e i?.)
Iniauaiea niaoeeaeenoia oaeeie A?I iicaieyao iiauneoue
i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue o?oaea o/?aaeaeai/aneeo ?aaioieeia, nie?aoeoue eo
/eneaiiinoue e i?e yoii iiaaneoue nei?inoue ia?aaioee
yeiiiie/aneie eioi?iaoeee e aa aeinoiaa?iinoue, /oi iaiaoiaeeii aeey
yooaeoeaiiai ieaie?iaaiey e oi?aaeaiey.
?anniio?ei oaia?ue ii?aaeaeaiea ninoaaa n?aaenoa au/eneeoaeueiie
oaoieee eiiieaenia A?I (ia i?eia?a nenoaiu iia?aoeaiiai oi?aaeaiey
i?iecaiaenoaii).
Iaoiaeu i?aaiecaoeee i?ia?aiiii-oaoie/aneeo n?aaenoa a eiiieaenao
A?I aeieaeiu ii?aaeaeyony a iauai eiioaenoa ?anniao?eaaaiuo
i?ioeannia iia?aoeaiiai oi?aaeaiey i?iecaiaenoaii (IOI) i?iiuoeaiiuo
i?aaei?eyoee, oeaeaaay ooieoeey eioi?uo – ieieiece?iaaoue cao?aou
anao aeaeia ?ano?nia ia ecaioiaeaiea onoaiiaeaiiie iiiaieeaoo?u
i?aaeiaoia o?oaea.
Neioac iaoiaeia e iiaeaeae i?aaiecaoeee i?ia?aiiii – oaoie/aneeo
n?aaenoa i?e i?aaenoaaeaiee AN IOI eae eiiieaenia A?I
oic?an/aoiuo i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo eieeaeoeaia aeieaeiu i?ieoe aeaa
noaaeee: noaaeeth ii?aaeaeaiey ?aoeeiiaeueiiai ninoaaa n?aaenoa AO e
noaaeee ?aoaiey i?iaeaiu ?ani?aaeaeaiey ?ano?nia au/eneeoaeueiie
nenoaiu eiiieaenia A?I ii eiia/iui aa iio?aaeoaeyi.
Aeey ii?aaeaeaiey ?aoeeiiaeueiiai ninoaaa n?aaenoa AO e aaciaiai
i?ia?aiiiiai iaania/aiey ainiieuecoainy noi?ioee?iaaiiie
oeaeaaie ooieoeeae i?ioeanna ?acaeoey, ii?aaeaeyaiie eae
“ieieiece?iaaoue cao?aou ?ano?nia ia i?ioeann ?acaeoey NOI II”
F1t (R) ——————> min
(1)
t {t’r}
I?e ii?aaeaeaiee ?aoeeiiaeueiiai ninoaaa n?aaenoa AO e aaciaiai
i?ia?aiiiiai iaania/aiey cia/eii cao?aaeaathony o?e aeaea ?ano?nia:
r1, r2, r3 – o?oaeiaua, a?aiaiiua e iaoa?eaeueiua. I?e/ai
cao?aaeaathony eae ?ano?nu caeac/eea, oae e ?ano?nu ?ac?aaio/eea.
Ia?aiaiiua, ieacuaathuea aeeyiea ia oeaeaaoth ooieoeeth, iiiaiia?aciu
ii naiaio ninoaao, e iaiaeii?iaeiu ii aaeeieoeai ecia?aiey. Inoaaeyy
iinooeaoii iauoth noieiinoioth ioeaieo cao?ao ?ano?nia F1t (R),
?anniio?ei ia?a/aiue e niaea?aeaiea iniiaiuo iaeaieaa cia/eiuo /anoiuo
ioeaiie.
Ana ia?aiaiiua i?aaenoaaeytho niaie niaieoiiinoue eiiaeie?iaaiiuo
ni/aoaiee, aeinooiiuo caeac/eeo aeey i?eia?aoaiey n?aaenoa AO e
aaciaiai i?ia?aiiiiai iaania/aiey. ?ani?aaeaeei yoe ia?aiaiiua ii aeaoi
a?oiiai: eae oa?aeoa?enoeee yoeo eiiaeiaoeee, nouanoaaiiua aeey
iaaeo noi?ii ?acaeoey i?ioeanna IOI ?I (oi anoue e aeey ?ac?aaio/eea e
aeey caeac/eea), oae e nouanoaaiiua oieueei aeey ?ac?aaio/eea. E ia?aie
a?oiia oa?aeoa?enoee ioiinyony neaaeothuea:
Oaoie/aneay (aiia?aoiay) niaianoeiinoue iiauo n?aaenoa AO ii ioiioaieth
e nouanoaothuaio ia?eo AO o caeac/eea e e ia?eo AO, i?iaiice?oaiiio
aeey i?eia?aoaiey a aeaeueiaeoai. I?aeoeea iieacuaaao, /oi yoio
iieacaoaeue iaeei ec aaaeiaeoeo, i?eieiaaiue ai aieiaiea i?e auai?a AO.
Oaiaeaioeey i?eia?aoaiey n?aaenoa AO aiia?aoii niaianoeiuo n
eiathueieny naycaia ni iiiaeie iauaeoeaiuie e noauaeoeaiuie i?e/eiaie,
aaea ia iineaaeiaa ianoi caieiaao e ineoieiaey caeac/eea, aai
/oanoai oaa?aiiinoe a oniaoa i?eiaiaiey eiaiii yoiai eeanna aiia?aoiuo
n?aaenoa.
I?ia?aiiiay niaianoeiinoue, eioi?ay ii?aaeaeyaony niaianoeiinoueth
aiia?aoii-?aaeeciaaiiie nenoaiu eiiaiae, niaianoeiinoueth oi?iaoia
i?aaenoaaeaiey aeaiiuo, niaianoeiinoueth o?aineyoi?ia, NOAAe e o.ae.
Cia/eoaeueiia aeeyiea yoiai iieacaoaey ia ?anoiae ?ano?nia
iiaeao iauyniyony iaee/eai aieueoeo iauaiia ?aiaa iiaeaioiaeaiiuo
ii?iaoeaiuo, a?oeaiuo e noaoenoe/aneeo aeaiiuo, a oaeaea
niaoeeaeecaoeeae iiaeaioiaeaiiiai ia?niiaea ia i?aaei?eyoee, eiathuaai
iiuo ?aaiou n eiie?aoiuie aaciauie n?aaenoaaie i?ia?aiiiiai iaania/aiey.
Yenieoaoaoeeiiiay niaianoeiinoue aioo?e i?eia?aoaiiiai eiiieaena
n?aaenoa AO, eioi?ay iicaieyao a neo/aa auoiaea ec no?iy ioaeaeueiuo
iiaeoeae A?I eeai iia?aoeaii i?iecaiaeeoue caiaio auoaaeoaai ec no?iy
iiaeoey, eeai i?iaanoe ia?aiacia/aiea eniieuecoaiuo ono?ienoa
iaaeaeo eiie?aoiuie A?I a i?aaeaeao au/eneeoaeueiuo ?ano?nia anao
eiiieaenia ( aioo?e oeaoiaiai eiiieaena, aioo?e iaaeoeaoiaiai
eiiieaena, aioo?e nenoaiu anyeiai i?aaei?eyoey).
Iaaeaaeiinoue n?aaenoa AO ii oaoie/aneei oneiaeyi e aa niioaaonoaea
eiie?aoiui oneiaeyi ?aaiou: aea?aoeee, ieeneaieth, iuee,
caaaciaaiiinoe, nea/eai iai?yaeaiey e o.ae. o?aaoao aeiiieieoaeueiuo
n?aaenoa caueou.
Niaieoiiay nei?inoue ?aoaiey ooieoeeiiaeueiuo caaea/ ii aeaeai A?I
eiiieaena – nei?inoue ia?aaioee nouanoaothueo iauaiia aeaiiuo a
?acee/iuo ?aaeeiao ?aaiou. Iau/ii aeey ii?aaeaeaiey cia/aiee yoiai
iieacaoaey iaaeinoaoi/ii ciaoue oieueei iauaiu eioi?iaoeeiiiie
aacu eiie?aoiiai A?I e ianii?oiua oa?aeoa?enoeee e
i?aaeinoaaeyaiuo au/eneeoaeueiuo ?ano?nia.
Iiyoiio aeey i?eaeeceoaeueiie (ii?yaeeiaie) ioeaiee cia/aiee yoiai
iieacaoaey nouanoaaiiui yaeyaony eeai iiuo yenieoaoaoeee ia aeeceeo
ii eeanno iauaeoao AO, eeai ?acoeueoaou, iieo/aiiua ia eieoaoeeiiiuo
iiaeaeyo, aaea aacu aeaiiuo niioaaonoaotho ii iauaiai e no?iaieth
aeaiiuo ?aaeueiui. Aii?ieneie?iaaiea aeaiiuo, iieo/aiiuo ia
eiio?ieueiuo i?eia?ao, iiaeao i?eaanoe e iia?aoiinoe ?acoeueoaoia,
ioee/athueony ia ii?yaeie io iieo/aiiuo caoai ?aaeueiuo ioeaiie a oiaea
yenieoaoaoeee nenoaiu. Enoi/ieeii iia?aoiinoe /aua anaai yaeyaony
iaiaeiicia/iinoue aeai?eoiia ?aaiou, ooeeeo iia?aoeeiiiuo nenoai,
i?ioieieia nayce, ae?aeaa?ia e aaciauo ycueiauo n?aaenoa i?e
yenieoaoaoeee nenoai a iiiaiiieueciaaoaeueneii iiiaicaaea/iii
?aaeeia ia i?aaeaeueiuo ?ano?nao au/eneeoaeueiuo nenoai eee aeey eo
yeaiaioia iauaiao. A yoii neo/aa aiciiaeiinoe i?yiiai ?an/aoa n
eniieueciaaieai oa?aeoa?enoee auno?iaeaenoaey i?ioeanni?ia,
aioo?eiaoeiiuo eaiaeia nayce, eaiaeia nayce naoae, nei?inoe aeinooia e
aeaiiui ii aeaeai aiaoieo ono?ienoa eniieueciaaoueny iayooaeoeaii ia
iiaoo. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy ?ac?yaeiinoue iiiaeo i?ioeanni?ia e
?aaeeciaaiiuo i?eaioe?iaaiiuo ia ieo ycueiauo n?aaenoa ia iicaieyao
iaania/eaaoue ana iioaioeeaeueiia iiiaeanoai caaea/ NO III
iaiaoiaeeiie oi/iinoueth au/eneaiee. Iiyoiio i?e ii?aaeaeaiee cia/aiee
yoiai iieacaoaey iaiaoiaeeii aaanoe aeaoaeecaoeeth ii eeannai caaea/
eiie?aoiuo aeaeia A?I n i?eayceie e ?anniio?aiiie eiiaeiaoeee n?aaenoa
AO e aaciaiai i?ia?aiiiiai iaania/aiey.
Noieiinoue ?aaeecaoeee “ae?oaeanoaaiiiai eioa?oaena” aeeth/aao e
i?ia?aiiu iao/aiey e aiciiaeiinoue iieo/aiey ni?aaie a i?ioeanna
?aaiou ia A?I i niiniaao i?iaeieaeaiey eee ieii/aiey aeeaeiaa.
Aiciiaeiinoue eciaiaiey ninoaaa e niaea?aeaiey ?aaeecoaiuo ia eiie?aoiuo
A?I ooieoeee, a oii /enea ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiey iaaeaeo ia?niiaeii.
Iaania/aiea o?aaiaaiee caueou io ianaieoeeiie?iaaiiiai aeinooia aeey
aac ciaiee e aac aeaiiuo, a oaeaea iaania/aiey eo “i?ic?a/iinoe” a
neo/aa iaiaoiaeeiinoe.
Noieiinoue iaania/aiey i?ia?aiiii-aiia?aoiuo naycae ai aioo?eoeaoiauo
eiiieaenao A?I, iaaeaeo aioo?eoeaoiauie eiiieaenaie A?I e A?I IOI n
ae?oaeie iiae?acaeaeaieyie i?aaei?eyoey.
Iaania/aiea oeacaiiuo aeaeia naycae e?iia yoiai iiaeao auoue oaeaea
aeaoaeece?iaaii a niioaaonoaee n oa?ieiieiaeae, i?eiyoie aeey eieaeueiuo
au/eneeoaeueiuo naoae, a eiaiii: ia?aaea/a aeaiiuo, yioeyoeey
oa?ieiaeia, aeinooi e oaeaeaiiui ?ano?nai, aeeth/ay aeinooi e
aeaiiui e caione caaea/. Iniai iiaeao auoue auaeaeai iieacaoaeue
iiaeaea?aeee noaiaea?oiuo i?ioieieia iaiaia a naoyo YAI.
Aiciiaeiinoue ?anoe?aiey eiiieaenia AO ca n/ao ia?aueaaiey oaoie/aneeo
ono?ienoa (aeieaie iia?aoeaiie iaiyoe, aiaoieie caiiieiathueie
ono?ienoaaie, aeiiieieoaeueiuie i?ioeanni?aie, i?eioa?aie e o.ae).
Oaeiau iaeaieaa nouanoaaiiua iieacaoaee ec a?oiiu iaueo, aeeythuea ia
cao?aou o?oaeiauo e a?aiaiiuo ?ano?nia e ?ac?aaio/eea e
caeac/eea i?e eniieueciaaiee eiie?aoiie eiioeao?aoeee
i?ia?aiiii-oaoie/aneeo n?aaenoa eiiieaenia A?I e aeeythuea ia eo auai?.
A ea/anoaa ia?aie/aiee a yoie ooieoeee aoaeoo aunooiaoue cia/aiey
iieacaoaeae, ii?aaeaeyaiuo caeac/eeii e ?ac?aaio/eeii, a /anoe eo
aiciiaeiinoae ii eniieueciaaieth ?ano?nia e cia/aiey iieacaoaeae ii
eiie?aoiie eiiaeiaoeee n?aaenoa AO e aaciaiai i?ia?aiiiiai
iaania/aiey:
Aoi?ay a?oiia iieacaoaeae, nouanoaaiiia aeeythueo i?e auai?a n?aaenoa
AO e aaciaiai i?ia?aiiiiai iaania/aiey ia cao?aou a?aiaiiuo e
o?oaeiauo ?ano?nia oieueei ?ac?aaio/eea, ninoieo ec iaaieueoiai /enea
oa?aeoa?enoee. Aiaoia yoa a?oiia auaeyaeeo eae ii?aaeaeyaiay aeey
oaeiaeaoai?aiey iieacaoaeae ia?aie a?oiiu, eae eo naiaia?aciay
iiaeaea?aeea, oioy e eiaao naie iniaaiiinoe.
Nei?inoue nicaeaiey i?ia?aiiiiai i?iaeoeoa a ea/anoaa iaania/aiey
aac ciaiee e eiiieaenia A?I. Ioeaiea iieacaoaey iiaeao auoue iieo/aia
yenia?oiui iooai, ia iniiaa iiuoa ii ecaioiaeaieth aiaeiaia, n
o/aoii i?aaeiieaaaaiie oaoiieiaee i?iaeoe?iaaiey nenoai e o?iaiy
eaaeeoeeaoeee eieeaeoeaa eniieieoaeae.
Iaeeaeaaiua cao?aou ia nicaeaiea i?ia?aiiiiai i?iaeoeoa a ea/anoaa
iaania/aiey aac ciaiee eiiieaenia A?I. Noieiinoiay ioeaiea cao?ao
?ac?aaio/eea a /anoe ?anoiaea anao aeaeia ?ano?nia iiaeao ii?aaeaeyony,
eae e ii i?aaeuaeouaio iieacaoaeth, oae e yenia?oiui iooai.
Oaeianoai nii?iaiaeaeaiey nicaeaiiiai i?ia?aiiiiai i?iaeoeoa.
Iieacaoaeue a aeaiiii neo/aa noaoenoe/aneee, ii?aaeaeyaiue a?oiiie
oaeoi?ia, oaeeo, eae aiciiaeiinoue eciaiaiea ioaeaeueiuo yeaiaioia
A?I, ia cao?aaeaay iauaai iaoaiaoe/aneiai iaania/aiey eiiieaena
A?I, nei?inoue e cao?aou ia iiaeiaiiai ?iaea ?aaiou.
Iieiioa iaania/aiey noaiaea?oiuie n?aaenoaaie caueou aeaiiuo e
iaoa?eaeueiia iaania/aiea o?aaiaaiee eiia/iiai iio?aaeoaey e
?ac?aaio/eea.
A aieueoae /anoe ioeaiea iieacaoaeae yoie a?oiiu aace?oaony ia ioeaiea
ia?ae/iuo yeaiaioia aaciauo i?ia?aiiiuo n?aaenoa, iaania/eaathueo
?anniao?eaaaiua n?aaenoaa AO. A i?eiyoie oa?ieiieiaee yoi
oa?aeoa?enoeee iyoe ninoaaeythueo: oaenoiaua i?ioeanni?u,
e?oiiioi?iaoiua yeaeo?iiiua oaaeeoea, n?aaenoaa oi?aaeaiey aacaie
aeaiiuo, n?aaenoaa aeaeiaie a?aoeee e n?aaenoaa iiaeaea?aeee naoaaiai
iaiaia.
Cao?aou iaoa?eaeueiuo ?ano?nia caeac/eea r3c a /anoe i?eia?aoaiey
iieiinoueth niioaaonoaotho a eaaeaeii eiie?aoiii neo/aa oeaia
n?aaenoa AO e aaciaiai i?ia?aiiiiai iaania/aiey (di), a a /anoe
yenieoaoaoeee – io /anoe oa?aeoa?enoee ia?aie a?oiiu. Iiyoiio
i?aaenoaaeyaony oeaeaniia?aciui ?anoe?eoue ooieoeeth e aa
ia?aie/aiey, aaaaey caaeneiinoue e ia?aie/aiey ii iaoa?eaeueiui
?ano?nai caeac/eea.
I?ioeaaeo?a iienea iioeiaeueiuo ?aoaiee ooieoeee (4) e (7) iiaeii
ioi?ieoue aaeeiie i?ioeaaeo?ie neioace?iaaiiie ooieoeee. Aeey yoiai
anoue aeinoaoi/iua iniiaaiey. Aeiionoeiui oneiaeai yaeyaony iieiaeaiea i
oii, /oi cao?aou nenoaiiie i?aaiecaoeee ia ?ac?aaioeo e
nii?iaiaeaeaiea aaciaie aa?nee nenoaiu iaania/eaaoue ca n/ao a?oiiu
i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee caeac/eeia.
Aeeyiea ?anniio?aiiuo iieacaoaeae aeaoo a?oii ia ?aoaiea iinoaaeaiiie
caaea/e iaiaeeiaeiai, e yoi aiieia anoanoaaiii. Nouanoaoao iiiaeanoai
iaoi?iaeecoaiuo i?ioeannia, ieacuaathueo aeeyiea ia eo cia/aiea. Aeey
oiai, /oiau o/anoue a iiaeaee eo aeeyiea, aaaaeai aeiiieieoaeueioth
oa?aeoa?enoeeo: ioeaieo i?aaeii/oeoaeueiinoe iieacaoaey e
ii?aaeaeei iiiaeanoai aa aeiionoeiuo cia/aiee. Ionoue aeeaiacii
eciaiaiey cia/aiee ioeaiee ii?aaeaeai iaoo?aeueiui /eneii io 0 aei n1 +
n3 e noiia ioeaiie ii anai iieacaoaeyi ia?aie/aia /eneii n1 + n3.
I?e ioeaiea i?aaeii/oeoaeueiinoe iieacaoaey ?aaiie 0, ii a
i?ioeaaeo?a iioeiecaoeee ia o/anoaoao. Iaicia/ei iiiaeanoai aiciiaeiuo
ioeaiie eae
W = { w1, w2, … , wn4 } (10)
Oaia?ue neioace?iaaiiay caaea/a ii?aaeaeaiey ?aoeeiiaeueiiai ninoaaa
n?aaenoa AO e aaciaiai i?ia?aiiiiai iaania/aiey naiaeeony e
iau/iie caaea/a eeiaeiiai i?ia?aiie?iaaiey e eiaao aeae:
F6t (E,H,Ae) ————> min (11)
t {t’e}
——————
c ia?aie/aieyie (9), aaea Wj = {Wi, Wn4} ? W, j ? 1…n4.
Oi anoue auai? iioeiaeueiiai ?aoaiey aiciiaeai aeey ?acee/iuo
aa?eaioia o/aoa iieacaoaeae. A iieiii neo/aa o/eouaathony ana
iieacaoaee, a /anoiii neo/aa – /anoue oieueei iaeaieaa aaaeiuo.
I?aaenoaaeaiea naiaiaeu auai?a a aa?eaioiinoe ?aoaiee,
iauaeoeaii aiai?y, iicaieyao ii?aaeaeyoue auai? eiie?aoiie
eiiaeiaoeee n?aaenoa AO e aaciaiai i?ia?aiiiiai iaania/aiey a oneiaeyo
/anoe/iiai ionoonoaey ciaiee i ieo, e e?iia yoiai iicaieyao
nieaeaoue ?acia?iinoue caaea/e, eniieuecoaiie aeey ?aoaiey iiaeaee a
oeaeyo iiauoaiey yooaeoeaiinoe eniieueciaaiey n?aaenoa AO.
?anniio?ei oaia?ue yeiiiieei-i?aaiecaoeeiiiua ?aca?au i?-aa i?ia?aiiiuo
n?aaenoa A?I.
Nia?aiaiiua ianooaau ?aaio ii i?iecaiaenoao i?ia?aiiiuo n?aaenoa
(IN) au/eneeoaeueiie oaoieee, eae i?iaeoeoeee i?iecaiaenoaaiii
– oaoie/aneiai iacia/aiey, o?aaotho iacaiaaeeeoaeueiiai ?aoaiey
iaeiiai ec aaaeiuo aii?inia a aeaiiie iaeanoe: ?aceiai iiauoaiey
i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe o?oaea ia?niiaea, caiyoiai a ?ac?aaioea IN.
Yoi iaoneiaeaii oai, /oi ca iineaaeiea aeanyoeeaoey
i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue o?oaea ?aaioieeia, naycaiiuo n
i?ia?aiie?iaaieai aic?inea i?eia?ii a 2-3 ?aca, oiaaea eae
i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue AO iiauneeanue i?eaioe?iai/ii ia aeaa ii?yaeea. N
ae?oaie noi?iiu, a aeeaeaeoaa a?aiy iiaeii iaeeaeaoue nea/ea a ?inoa
ni?ina ia caeinoaoaiua IN, iniaaiii iaeaou i?eeeaaeiuo i?ia?aii
(III), naycaiiiai n oe?ieei aiaae?aieai a ia?iaeiii oicyenoaa
aaoiiaoece?iaaiiuo ?aai/eo iano, a oii /enea ia iniiaa ia?niiaeueiuo
YAI. Aiaeec i?aaeeaaaaiuo ?aoaiee ii ono?aiaieth neeaaeuaathuaeny
aeeni?iii?oeee iieacuaaao, /oi eo iiaeii iauaaeeieoue a aeaa
iai?aaeaiey:
yenoaineaiia, naycaiiia n ?anoe?aieai naoe i?aaiecaoeee ii ?ac?aaioea,
i?iecaiaenoao e iinoaaea IN;
eioaineaiia, ii cao?aaeaathuaa eeoue aii?inu ?inoa ?inoa
i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe o?oaea ?ac?aaio/eeia IN ca n/ao oao
enoi/ieeia, eioi?ua ii aiaeiaee n ae?oaeie io?aneyie iiaeii ioianoe
e oaoie/aneei oaeoi?ai: i?eiaiaiea nia?aiaiiie oaoiieiaee
i?ia?aiie?iaaiey e aaoiiaoece?iaaiiuo eino?oiaioaeueiuo n?aaenoa
?ac?aaioee i?ia?aii.
Ia caieiay aaaeiinoe ?aaio a ioia/aiiuo iai?aaeaieyo, iiaeii
caiaoeoue, /oi oi?ie?iaaiea io?anee ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa ii
i?iecaiaenoao IN noaaeo aii?in ia eniieueciaaiee
i?aaiecaoeeiiii-yeiiiie/aneeo oaeoi?ia iiauoaiey i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe
o?oaea ?aaioieeia io?anee. Ii aeaeeiiio, a nicaeaiee IN yoe oaeoi?u
iiaoo eiaoue cia/aiea aaeaa ee ia aieueoaa , /ai a ae?oaeo
io?aneyo. Yoi iaoneiaeaii eae oa?aeoa?ii i?iecaiaenoaa , oae e
niaoeeoe/aneie iio?aaeoaeueiie oi?iie i?ia?aiiiiai i?iaeoeoa, a
nicaeaiee eioi?iai ia?aie/aiey ii iaoa?eaeai e iniiaiui
i?iecaiaenoaaiiui oiiaeai eiatho ai?acaei iaiueoaa cia/aiea, iaaeaee
a ae?oaeo io?aneyo ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa, e iniiaiui eeieoe?othuei
oaeoi?ii yaeyaony, eae ioia/aii auoa, i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue o?oaea
?ac?aaio/eea.
Iaeiaei i?aaiecaoeeiiii-yeiiiie/aneea ?aca?au i?iecaiaenoaa IN a
nia?aiaiiie eeoa?aoo?a cao?iioou aanueia iaaeinoaoi/ii e yoe ?aaiou
a iniiaiii naycaiu n o/aoii cao?ao ia i?iecaiaenoai IN, ii ia n
aii?inii eo nieaeaiey, iiauoaiee i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe o?oaea
?ac?aaio/eeia IN e eo yaeioa?aniaaiiinoe a ea/anoaa ?acoeueoaoia.
Aianoa n oai oaea naaiaeiy iiaeii naeaeaoue iaeioi?ua auaiaeu ec
nouanoaothuaai ninoiyiey aeae e noi?ioee?iaaoue ia eo iniiaa ?yae
i?aaeeiaeaiee.
Ia?aui ia?auaao ia naay aieiaiea oi, /oi a ea/anoaa aeeaeaeoaai
io?aneaaiai aiaeiaa aeey nicaeaiey IN ecae?aaony iaoeiino?iaiea.
Iniiaaieai aeey yoiai i?eiyoi n/eoaoue oi, /oi IN ?anniao?eaaaony eae
niaoeeoeoee?iaaiiia ecaeaeea. Iianiinoue caeeth/aaony a aeaeaiee
naio i?aaiecaoeeth ?aaio ii nicaeaieth IN i?iaanoe ii ia?aco e
iiaeiaeth i?ioioeiia ec iaoeiino?iaiey. I?e/ai i?aaeii/oaiea
e?oiiina?eeiiio e na?eeiiio i?iecaiaenoao, oiaaea eae
i?aiaeaaeathuay na?eeiinoue oe?aaee?iaaiey IN a aeanyoeao,
?aaeei nioiyo eee ouny/ao yecaiiey?ia nei?aa iiaeneacuaaao
iaiaoiaeeiinoue iiaeieoe e iei eae e ecaeaeeyi iaeeina?eeiiai,
anee ia aaeeie/iiai i?iecaiaenoaa. Ii aeaaiui, ia /oi neaaeoao
ia?aoeoue aieiaiea a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue, yaeythony ?acee/ey a
oa?aeoa?a o?oaea ?aaioieeia iaoeiino?iaiey e ?ac?aaio/eeia IN,
eioi?ua nouanoaotho a ianoiyuee iiiaio e nei?aa anaai
nio?aiyony a aoaeouai. I?aiaeaaeathuaa a iaoeiino?iaiee
iiiia?aoeeiiiia ?acaeaeaiea o?oaea ii noaaeeyi oaoi?ioeanna n
i?aaiecaoeeae iiae?acaeaeaiee ii yoei noaaeeyi a nicaeaiee in ia
i?ioiaeeo i?iaa?eo oe?ieie i?aeoeeie, oae eae oinoaaiiue o?oae ii
i?ia?aiie?iaaieth ai?acaei neiaeiaa ?acaeoue ia iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoue
oi?iaeecoaiuo iia?aoeee, ii?ie?iaaiea eioi?uo aeinoaoi/ii
aeinoiaa?ii o/eouaaao e oa?aeoa?enoeeo ia?niiaea, e niaoeeoeeo
iauaeoa aiaae?aiey ii?i. Anee noaaeoue aii?in ia aiaeiaao, oi
ai?acaei aeeaea e ?ac?aaioea IN ii oa?aeoa?o o?oaea
iao/ii-enneaaeiaaoaeueneea ?aaiou e ?aaiou iiuoii-eiino?oeoi?neiai
oa?aeoa?a (IEIE?). N o/aoii neiaeiinoe auaeaeaiey, oi?iaeecaoeee e
ii?ie?iaaiey ioaaeueiuo iia?aoeee ii nicaeaieth IN iaeaieaa
oeaeaniia?aciie n oi/ee c?aiey onoaiiaeaiey oic?an/aoiuo ioiioaiee
e noeioee?iaaiey o?oaea ?ac?aaio/eeia IN neaaeoao i?eciaoue
i?aaiecaoeeth eo ?aaiou ia iniiaa caeac-ia?yaeia n ?an/aoaie ca
iieiinoueth naeaiioth i?ia?aiiioth i?iaeoeoeeth. Iniiaiie
i?aaiecaoeeiiiie aaeeieoeae a oaeii neo/aa iiaeao yaeyoueny a?eaaaea,
niaoeeaeece?iaaiiay ia auiieiaiee oeeeea ?aaio ii auioneo eeai
aioiaiai ecaeaeey a iauaia III n?aaeiaai ?acia?a, eeai
ioaeaeueiiai eiiiiiaioa neiaeiiai i?ia?aiiiiai eiiieaena. Noaey ii
eeoa?aoo?a, ca ?oaaaeii nouanoaoao aeinoaoi/ii aieueoie
iieiaeeoaeueiue iiuo a?eaaaeiie ?ac?aaioee IN, iaeiaei, e niaeaeaieth,
yeiiiie/aneea aniaeou aeayoaeueiinoe oaeeo a?eaaae ia ?anniao?eaathony.
O/eouaay iauaeoeaioth neaainoue iiiia?aoeeiiiie ii?iaoeaiie aacu
i?ia?aiie?iaaiey, neaaeoao i?eciaoue aanueia i?eaeaeaoaeueiie
aeei?aeioth oi?io iieaou o?oaea a?eaaae, oai aieaa, /oi a
ianoiyuaa a?aiy oaea neeaaeuaaaony aeinoaoi/ii aeinoiaa?iay
ii?iaoeaiay aaca ii oe?oiiaiiui ?aaioai nicaeaiey IN.
I?eiaiaiea aeei?aeiie nenoaiu aaconeiaii noeioee?oao nie?auaiea cao?ao e
n?ieia ?ac?aaioee IN a ai?acaei aieueoae noaiaie, iaaeaee
i?aiaeaaeathuay a ianoiyuaa a?aiy a yoie iaeanoe nenoaia aeieaeiinoiuo
ieeaaeia.Ioeaieo ?acoeueoaoia ?aaiou iaania/eaathueo
iiae?acaeaeaiee(AOe, IIOE, oeaio?aeeciaaiiiai aaiea i?ia?aiiiuo
iiaeoeae, eiio?iey e i?eaiee IN, nenoaiiiai ianeoaeeaaiey
i?ia?aiiiiai iaania/aiey. ioi?ieaiey, ?aciiiaeaiey e auionea IN e ae?.)
iiaeii a oaeii neo/aa aanoe ii iauaio i?aaeinoaaeyaiuo oneoa, a ia
i?ioeaioii io/eneaiee io noiiu caeac-ia?yaeia, /oi yaii ia noeioee?oao
iaania/eaathuea iiae?acaeaeaiey ia ?ino iauaiia e ea/anoaa oneoa.
Ieaie?iaaiea iauaiia e iiiaieeaoo?u oneoa aeieaeii aanoenue ia iniiaa
aioo?aiieo ieaiia-niaeaoaiee (aeiaiai?ia) iaaeaeo iiae?acaeaeaieyie
iniiaiiai e aniiiiaaoaeueiiai i?iecaiaenoaa IN. Oaeei aea ia?acii
aiciiaeii i?iaanoe ioeaieo ?acoeueoaoia eniieueciaaiey iaeiei
iiae?acaeaeaieai-?ac?aaio/eeii IN i?ia?aiiiie i?iaeoeoeee ae?oaiai
iiae?acaeaeaiey (ia?aaea/a i?ia?aiiiuo iiaeoeae). A iniiao
ioeaiee acaeiinayce iiae?acaeaeaiee neaaeoao, ii-aeaeeiiio,
iieiaeeoue ii?iaoeaiua cao?aou a?aiaie (ia iiiia?aoeeiiiua) ia
?ac?aaioeo i?ia?aii e oneoae. Io yoeo cao?ao aiciiaeai a
aeinoaoi/iie noaiaie aeinoiaa?iue ia?aoiae e noieiinoiui ioeaieai
/a?ac ca?aaioioth ieaoo e nenoaio eiyooeoeeaioia a iae,
o/eouaathuoth i?i/ea ?anoiaeu.
Aaaaeaiea oaeeo ioiioaiee ai anao i?aaiecaoeeiiiuo o?iaiyo ?ac?aaioee
IN, aeeth/ay e ieciaua, iicaieeo iiaeeeciaaoue i?ioeaicao?aoiue
iaoaieci a eo i?iecaiaenoaa, /oi /?acau/aeii aaaeii i?e nouanoaothuai
ii?yaeea oeaiiia?aciaaiey ia INAO, eiaaea oeaia oeaia (Oe)
?ann/eouaaaony ii oi?ioea, aeeceie e o?aaeeoeeiiiie:
Oe = N + Ii + Iae ,
aaea N – naaanoieiinoue ?ac?aaioee (?aciauo) e i?iecaiaenoaa
(oe?aaee?oaiuo) IN;
Ii – ii?iaoeaiay i?eaueue, onoaiaaeeaaaiay oeaio?aeeciaaiii, a
i?ioeaioao e N;
Iae – aeiiieieoaeueiay i?eaueue, onoaiaaeeaaaiay a caaeneiinoe
io aaee/eiu yeiiiie/aneiai yooaeoa i?e yenieoaoaoeee IN.
Oaeei ia?acii, iaeuecy ia caiaoeoue i?yiiai noeioee?iaaiey cao?ao a
oeaiiia?aciaaiee IN, eiaaea e ?ac?aaio/ee e i?iecaiaeeoaeue
caeioa?aniaaiu a ?inoa aaee/eiu N, /aai oai aieaa ia iniaaiii
neiaeii aeinoeaiooue i?e ionoonoaee iaueo ii?iaoeaia a ?ac?aaioea IN.
Aiaae?aiea aioo?ei?iecaiaenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee ia o?iaia a?eaaae
(ioaeaeia, oeaoia) iiaeao ea?aoue ?ieue a nieaeaiee aaee/eiu N. Oiaaea
i?aaeinoaaeyaiua ei n?aaenoaa ia ?ac?aaioeo i?ia?aii oeene?iaaiu, a
o?aaoaiua cao?aou ?ano?nia (iniaaiii o?oaeiauo e iaoeiiuo)
ii?aaeaeythony yoeie aaeeieoeaie n i?aaeinoaaeaieai ei aieueoae
/anoe iieo/aiiie yeiiiiee a noieiinoiii au?aaeaiee, /oi
aeecei e oneiaeyi aeei?aeii-i?aieaeueiie iieaou o?oaea. Iiiooii
caiaoei, /oi oieueei oiaaea noaiiaeony aiciiaeiui oi?ie?iaaiea
?aaeueiie ii?iaoeaiie aacu ia ?ac?aaioeo IN, oae eae ii?iaoeau aeieaeiu
oi?ie?iaaoueny iooai aiaeeca iiuoa o?oaea ia?niiaea,
caeioa?aniaaiiiai a eioaineaiie ?aaioa, /oi a ianoiyuaa a?aiy
nouanoaoao a i/aiue iaeie noaiaie.
?aoay aii?inu iiauoaiey i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe o?oaea ?ac?aaio/eeia
e nie?auaiea cao?ao ia nicaeaiea IN, iaeuecy ia oaeaeeoue aieiaiey
e iiauoaieth noaiaie caeioa?aniaaiiinoe ?ac?aaio/eea a oeo/oaiee
ea/anoaaiiuo oa?aeoa?enoee i?ia?aiiiiai i?iaeoeoa, naycaiiuo n
o/aoii eioa?ania aoaeoueo iieueciaaoaeae. N niaeaeaieai iaaei
ioiaoeoue, /oi aeaenoaothuay nenoaia noeioee?iaaiey o?oaea
?ac?aaio/eea IN nei?aa auioaeaeaao aai iaieoenue ieieioiii oao
aiciiaeiinoae, eioi?ua ii iaycai i?aaeinoaaeoue iieueciaaoaeth
aeey yenieoaoaoeee i?ia?aii a eiie?aoiuo oneiaeyo.
Iaeeo/oei ia?acii noeioee?iaaoue ea/anoai IN iiaeii /a?ac eo oeaio,
ii yoa aiciiaeiinoue eniieuecoaony iaaeinoaoi/ii. I?aaaea a ?an/aoa
oeaiu o/anoaoao ninoaaeythuay Iae, eioi?ay ii?aaeaeyaony aaee/eiie
yeiiiie/aneiai yooaeoa io i?eiaiaiey IN. Ii, ai-ia?auo, ?an/ao
yooaeoa a iiiaio oi?ie?iaaiey oeaiu i?e ia/aea iinoaaee eo ia ?uiie
aanueia iaaeinoiaa?ai, ai-aoi?uo, aeey oe?aaee?oaiuo IN aaee/eia
yeiiiie/aneiai yooaeoa iiaeao cia/eoaeueii ioee/aoueny aeey ?acee/iuo
iieueciaaoaeae ii iaeiiio e oiio aea IN, e, a-o?aoueeo, aaee/eia
yooaeoa iiaeao ai iiiaii ii?aaeaeyoueny a noa?a oi?aaeaiey iauaeoii
i?eiaiaiey IN, eiaaea ea/anoaaiiua oa?aeoa?enoeee i?ia?aiiiiai
i?iaeoeoa eiatho einaaiiia cia/aiea. Ana yoi cao?oaeiyao i?yiie o/ao
ea/anoaa o?oaea ?ac?aaio/eea IN n oi/ee c?aiey aai ?acoeueoaoia.
Aeey oeo/oaiey oaeiai o/aoa oeaeaniia?acii a oeaio IN aeeth/eoue
ninoaaeythuoth, naycaiioth n eo ea/anoaii iaiin?aaenoaaiii,
a ia oieueei einaaiii /a?ac Iae. Aeey yoiai aaee/eio Iae,
eioi?ay ii nooe naiae anoue eiyooeoeeaio, iiaeii i?aaenoaaeoue eae
Iae = Ii + Ey + Ei ,
aaea Ey – eiyooeoeeaio, naycaiiue n aaee/eiie yeiiiie/aneiai yooaeoa
io i?eiaiaiey IC;
Ei – eiyooeoeeaio, naycaiiue n ea/anoaii IN.
Aaee/eia Ei iiaeao ii?aaeaeyony enoiaey ec iio?aaeoaeueneeo naienoa IN
n oi/ee c?aiey iieueciaaoaey, naycaiiiai n eo inaiaieai e
yenieoaoaoeeae. A ea/anoaa iiaeoiaea e ii?aaeaeaieth aai aaee/eiu
iiaeii i?aaeeiaeeoue iaoiae, iniiaaiiue ia i?eiaiaiee iaai?a iao?ee
iieacaoaeae ioeaiee IN. Eaaeaeiio ec naienoa iiaeii iinoaaeoue a
niioaaonoaea iaai? iieacaoaeae, aeiioneathueo oi?ie?iaaiea aeey
eaaeaeiai ec ieo eioa?aaeueiie , ii?yaeeiaie eee iiieiaeueiie oeaeu
cia/aiee Aeaeueiaeoay ioeaiea a aaeeao n o/aoii aaniauo eiyooeoeeaioia
cia/eiinoe naienoa ?acee/iuo IN, niaoeeaeece?iaaiiuo ia
ianeoaeeaaiee ii?aaeaeaiiiai e?oaa iieueciaaoaeae, iicaieeo
nei??aeoe?iaaoue oeaio IN a caaeneiinoe io ea/anoaa eo ?ac?aaioee e
iiaeao neoaeeoue aeiiieieoaeueiui noeioeii aeey nicaeaiey i?ia?aiiiuo
i?iaeoeoia eo/oaai ea/anoa.
Caaeyaeuaay a aoaeouaa, neaaeoao ioiaoeoue, /oi aeaeueiaeoaa ?acaeoea
?uii/iuo ioiioaiee, a oaeaea iianaianoiia aaaaeaiea IYAI e A?I ia
eo iiiaa aeieaeii i?eaanoe e cia/eoaeueiiio ?acaeoeth ioa/anoaaiiiai
?uiea IN e niioaaonoaaiii oneeaieth eiieo?aioeee, eioi?ay e
nae/an oaea iuouaaony aanueia cia/eoaeueii. A eiieo?aioeey, eae
ecaanoii, yaeyaony aaaeiui oaeoi?ii oiaiueoaiey oeai ia IN,
nieaeaiey naaanoieiinoe eo nicaeaiey, a oaeaea oeo/oaiey eo ea/anoaa.
Eeoa?aoo?a:
1. “Aaoiiaoece?iaaiiia ?aai/aa ianoi a nenoaia oi?aaeaiey
i?aaei?eyoeai”, Nai?iee iao/iuo o?oaeia, Eaieia?aae, 1989a.
2. A.A.Oo?aeia. “Aaoiiaoece?iaaiiia ?aai/aa ianoi aeey noaoe/aneie
ia?aaioee aeaiiuo”, 1990a.
3. E.E.Eaioa?ue. “Aaoiiaoece?iaaiiua ?aai/ea ianoa oi?aaeai/aneiai
aiia?aoa”, 1990a.
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