Enoi?ey ?acaeoey noaiaea?oecaoeee
Au? a ae?aaiai Aaeioa i?e no?ieoaeuenoaa iieueciaaeenue ee?ie/aie
iinoiyiiiai, «noaiaea?oiiai» ?acia?a; i?e yoii niaoeeaeueiua /eiiaieee
caieiaeenue eiio?ieai ?acia?ia ee?ie/ae. Caia/aoaeueiua iaiyoieee
a?a/aneie a?oeoaeoo?u – ciaiaieoua o?aiu, eo eieiiiu, ii?oeee nia?aiu ec
n?aaieoaeueii iaaieueoiai /enea «noaiaea?oiuo» aeaoaeae. Ae?aaiea
?eieyia i?eiaiyee i?eioeeiu noaiaea?oecaoeee i?e no?ieoaeuenoaa
aiaeii?iaiaeia – o?oau yoeo aiaeii?iaiaeia auee iinoiyiiiai ?acia?a.
A n?aaeiea aaea n ?acaeoeai ?aianae iaoiaeu noaiaea?oecaoeee noaee
i?eiaiyoueny ana /aua e /aua. Oae, auee onoaiiaeaiu aaeeiua ?acia?u
oe?eiu oeaiae, aaeeiia eiee/anoai ieoae a aa iniiaa, aeaaea aaeeiua
o?aaiaaiey e nu?ueth, eniieuecoaiiio a oeaoeeii i?iecaiaenoaa.
A 1785 aiaeo o?aioeocneee eiaeaia? Eaaeai ecaioiaee ia?oeth ?oaeaeiuo
caieia – 50 oooe, eaaeaeue ec eioi?uo iaeaaeae aaaeiui ea/anoaii –
acaeiicaiaiyaiinoueth, e aai iiaeii auei eniieueciaaoue a ethaii ec
?oaeae aac i?aaeaa?eoaeueiie iiaeaiiee.
Ai aoi?ie iieiaeia XIX aaea ?aaiou ii noaiaea?oecaoeee i?iaiaeeeenue
ii/oe ia anao i?iiuoeaiiuo i?aaei?eyoeyo. Aeaaiaea?y aioo?ecaaiaeneie
noaiaea?oecaoeee ecaioiaeyaiuo ecaeaeee noaea aiciiaeiie
?aoeeiiaeecaoeey i?ioeannia i?iecaiaenoaa; iniiaiay oeaeue, eioi?oth i?e
yoii i?aneaaeiaaee i?aaei?eieiaoaee, – iieo/aiea aieaa aunieeo i?eaueae.
Noaiaea?oecaoeey ?acaeaaeanue, i?aaeaea anaai, aioo?e ioaeaeueiuo oe?i,
ioaeaeueiuo i?aaei?eyoee. Iaeiaei a aeaeueiaeoai, ii ia?a ?acaeoey
iauanoaaiiiai ?acaeaeaiey o?oaea, ana aieueoaa cia/aiea ia/eiaea
i?eia?aoaoue noaiaea?oecaoeey iaoeeiiaeueiay e eaaea iaaeaeoia?iaeiay. A
1891 aiaeo a Aiaeee, a caoai e a ae?oaeo no?aiao auea aaaaeaia
noaiaea?oiay ?acueaa Aeoai?oa (n aetheiiauie ?acia?aie), aiineaaenoaee
caiaiaiiay a aieueoeinoaa no?ai ?acueaie iao?e/aneie. A 1846 aiaeo a
Aa?iaiee auee oieoeoee?iaaiu oe?eia aeaeaciiaei?iaeiie eieae e noeaiiua
ono?ienoaa aeey aaaiiia; a 1869 aiaeo oai aea aue aia?aua ecaeai
ni?aai/iee, niaea?aeauee ?acia?u noaiaea?oiuo i?ioeeae eaoaiiai aeaeaca.
A 1870 aiaeo a ?yaea no?ai Aa?iiu auee onoaiiaeaiu noaiaea?oiua ?acia?u
ee?ie/ae. Yoe ia?aua ?acoeueoaou iaoeeiiaeueiie e iaaeaeoia?iaeiie
noaiaea?oecaoeee eiaee ia?iiiia i?aeoe/aneia cia/aiea aeey ?acaeoey
i?iecaiaeeoaeueiuo nee. Iaeiaei yoi auee eeoue ia?aua oaae. A iaeiie
oieueei Aa?iaiee ec-ca iaee/ey ia a? oa??eoi?ee aieueoiai /enea
iaeaiueeeo ainoaea?noa eiaeinue, eae ioia/ae Yiaaeuen, noieueei oeiia
ia? e aania, neieueei aeiae a aiaeo.
Aaeeieoeu ecia?aiey onoaiaaeeaaeenue neo/aeii: iai?eia?, «eieioue»
niioaaonoaiaae aeeeia neeiao?a Aai?eoa I; oe?iei ?ani?ino?aiaiiay ai
iiiaeo no?aiao aaeeieoea aeeeiu «ooo» niioaaonoaiaaea aeeeia nooiie
Ea?ea Aaeeeiai. Iienee aieaa iainiiaaiiuo aaeeieoe ecia?aiey ia/aeenue
aeaaii. Oae, oaea a 1790 aiaeo ai O?aioeee auea nicaeaia aaeeieoea
aeeeiu «iao?», ?aaiay aeanyoeieeeeiiiie /anoe /aoaa?oe aeeeiu caiiiai
ia?eaeeaia. Iaeiaei i?ioei 85 eao, i?aaeaea /ai ia?aua 17 ainoaea?noa,
i?eiyaoea o/anoea a Iaaeaeoia?iaeiie iao?e/aneie eiiaaioeee a 1875 aiaeo
a Ia?eaea, niaeaneeenue i?eiyoue a ea/anoaa aaeeieoeu ecia?aiey aeeeiu
iao?. Iao?e/aneay eiiaaioeey e nicaeaiea Iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai ath?i ia? e
aania yaeeenue aaaeiuie aaoaie ia iooe iao/ii-oaoie/aneiai i?ia?anna.
Ia enoiaea XIX aaea e a ia/aea XX aaea auee aeinoeaioou aieueoea oniaoe
a ?acaeoee oaoieee, i?iiuoeaiiinoe e eiioeaio?aoeee i?iecaiaenoaa. A
nayce n yoei a iaeaieaa ?acaeouo no?aiao iiyaeeinue no?aieaiea e
i?aaieciaaiiie iaoeeiiaeueiie noaiaea?oecaoeee, a aieueoeinoaa neo/aaa
caaa?oeaoaany nicaeaieai iaoeeiiaeueiuo i?aaiecaoeee ii
noaiaea?oecaoeee. Oae, a 1901 aiaeo a Aiaeee aue nicaeai Eiieoao
noaiaea?oia, aeaaiie caaea/ae eioi?iai auei niaeaenoaea oneeaieth
yeiiiie/aneiai iiaouanoaa A?eoaineie eiia?ee iooai ?ac?aaioee e
aiaae?aiey noaiaea?oia ia nu?uea, i?iiuoeaiiua ecaeaeey, aiaiioth
oaoieeo.
Oneeaiiay ieeeoa?ecaoeey iiiaeo no?ai a ia/aea XX noieaoey o?aaiaaea
i?iecaiaenoaa aieueoiai eiee/anoaa aii?oaeaiee i?e iaycaoaeueiii
niaethaeaiee i?eioeeia acaeiicaiaiyaiinoe; yoo caaea/o iiaeii auei
?aoeoue oieueei n iiiiuueth noaiaea?oecaoeee. Iiyoiio ia oaeeaeoaeueii,
/oi ai a?aiy ia?aie ie?iaie aieiu e n?aco iinea iaa auei iniiaaii
ianeieueei iaoeeiiaeueiuo i?aaiecaoeee ii noaiaea?oecaoeee, iai?eia? a
Aieeaiaeee (1916 a.), a Aa?iaiee (1917 a.), ai O?aioeee, Oaaeoea?ee e
NOA (1918 a.).
Iinea ia?aie ie?iaie aieiu noaiaea?oecaoeey noaea ana aieueoa
aini?eieiaoueny eae iauaeoeaiay yeiiiie/aneay iaiaoiaeeiinoue. A yoi
a?aiy i?aaiecaoeee ii noaiaea?oecaoeee auee nicaeaiu a Aaeueaee e
Eaiaaea (1919 a.), Aano?ee (1920 a.), Eoaeee, ssiiiee e Aaia?ee (1921
a.), Aano?aeee, Oaaoeee, *aoineiaaeee (1922 a.), Ii?aaaee (1923 a.),
Oeieyiaeee e Iieueoa (1924 a.), Aeaiee (1926 a.) e a ?oiuiee (1928 a.).
N ?acaeoeai iiiiiieenoe/aneiai eaieoaeecia noaiaea?oecaoeey ia/aea
?acaeaaoueny oaeaea e a iaaeaeoia?iaeiii ianooaaa. Iinoiyiiia ?anoe?aiea
iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai oiaa?iiaiaia e iaiaoiaeeiinoue aieaa
oaniiai-nio?oaeie/anoaa a iaeanoe iaoee e oaoieee i?eaaee e iniiaaieth
Iaaeaeoia?iaeiie annioeeaoeee ii noaiaea?oecaoeee (ENA). A 1939 aiaeo
?aaioa ENA auea i?a?aaia aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiie.
A 1943 aiaeo a ?aieao I?aaiecaoeee Iauaaeeiaiiuo Iaoeee aue nicaeai
Eii?aeeiaoeeiiiue eiieoao ii aii?inai noaiaea?oecaoeee n ath?i a
Eiiaeiia e Iueth-Ei?ea.
A 1946 aiaeo a Eiiaeiia auea iniiaaia Iaaeaeoia?iaeiay i?aaiecaoeey ii
noaiaea?oecaoeee (ENI), a ninoaa eioi?ie aioee 33 no?aiu. A ianoiyuaa
a?aiy ENI yaeyaony iaeiie ec naiuo e?oiiuo iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo oaoie/aneeo
i?aaiecaoeee (a? /eaiu – 91 no?aia).
Iiieii ENI ?aaiou ii noaiaea?oecaoeee oe?iei aaaeoony e ai iiiaeo
ae?oaeo iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo e ?aaeiiaeueiuo i?aaiecaoeeyo ii
noaiaea?oecaoeee. Iai?eia?, a ?aieao Aa?iiaeneiai iauaaeeiaiey oaey e
noaee auea nicaeaia a 1953 aiaeo Eii?aeeiaoeeiiiay eiienney ii noaee,
eioi?ay oiieiiii/aia ?ac?aaaouaaoue oae iacuaaaiua aa?iiaeneea
noaiaea?ou aeey oanoe no?ai (O?A, O?aioeee. Aaeueaee, Aieeaiaeee,
Eoaeee, Ethenaiao?aa), yaeythueony /eaiaie yoiai iauaaeeiaiey. Ia
niaauaiee a Ia?eaea a ia?oa 1961 a. ec i?aaenoaaeoaeae iaoeeiiaeueiuo
i?aaiecaoeee ii noaiaea?oecaoeee no?ai, i?eiaaeeaaeaueo e Aa?iiaeneiio
yeiiiie/aneiio niiauanoao, Aa?iiaeneiio iauanoao naiaiaeiie oi?aiaee, a
oaeaea e Eiiennee ii iauaio ?uieo, aue nicaeai Eiieoao aa?iiaeneie
eii?aeeiaoeee noaiaea?oia. A caaea/o Eiieoaoa aoiaeeo ?ac?aaioea iaueo
noaiaea?oia aeey no?ai, aoiaeyueo a Aa?iiaeneia yeiiiie/aneia niiauanoai
e a Aa?iiaeneia iauanoai naiaiaeiie oi?aiaee. A ninoaaa yoiai Eiieoaoa
eiaaony iiiai ?aai/eo a?oii, aeaaiui ia?acii ii oaeei io?aneyi
i?iiuoeaiiinoe, eae iaoaeeo?aey, no?ieoaeuenoai,
oaenoeeueiay i?iiuoeaiiinoue, noaeino?iaiea, iaooyiay i?iiuoeaiiinoue e
ae?.
Ia?aua naaaeaiey i noaiaea?oecaoeee a ?innee ioiinyony e 1555 aiaeo; i?e
Eaaia A?iciii niaoeeaeueiui oeacii auee onoaiiaeaiu iinoiyiiua ?acia?u
iooa/iuo yaea? e aaaaeaiu eaeea?u aeey i?iaa?ee yoeo ?acia?ia. Ii aua
?aiaa ?onneea no?ieoaee i?eiaiyee ee?ie/e «noaiaea?oiie» oi?iu,
nicaeaaay ec ia?aie/aiiiai /enea ee?ie/iuo i?ioeeae iiiaeanoai ?acee/iuo
ni/aoaiee.
A 1761 a., ii/oe ca 25 eao aei ecaioiaeaiey Eaaeaiii acaeiicaiaiyaiuo
caieia ?oaeae, a eino?oeoeee, aeaiiie a?aoii Ooaaeiaui Ooeueneiio
i?oaeaeiiio caaiaeo, auei caienaii, /oi «…ia eaaeaeoth i?oaeaeioth
aauue ii?iciue ianoa?ai eiaoue ia?u eee eaeaea n caaiaeneei eeaeiii eee
ia/aoueth i?oaeaeiie eaioeaey?ee, ii eioi?ui eaaeaeue n i?iii?oeeae
eaaeaeoth aaoue i?iaa?eoue iia…».
A nia?aiee caeiiia ?inneeneie eiia?ee a?aiai Iao?a I aue iiiaoai ?yae
oeacia, naeaeaoaeuenoaothueo i oii, /oi oaea a XVII-XVIII aaeao
i?aaeienuaaeinue iiiaea ecaeaeey aiaiiie oaoieee aeaeaoue ii oi/iui
ia?acoeai, yaeaoeiny naiaai ?iaea i?ioioeiaie nia?aiaiiuo noaiaea?oia.
A ia/aea XIX aaea iaoiaeu noaiaea?oecaoeee auee oe?iei i?eiaiaiu i?e
i?aaiecaoeee ianniaiai i?iecaiaenoaa no?aeeiaiai i?oaeey ia Ooeueneeo
i?oaeaeiuo caaiaeao.
?acaeoea noaeino?iaiey, aeaeaciiaei?iaeiiai o?ainii?oa, ?acee/iuo
io?aneae iaoeiino?iaiey i?eaaei e iiyaeaieth ia?auo ?onneeo noaiaea?oia;
yoi auee noaiaea?ou i?aaei?eyoee, oe?i. A 1904 aiaeo auee onoaiiaeaiu
noaiaea?ou ia aaaiiu e ae?oaea ecaeaeey, i?eiaiyaiua a
aeaeaciiaei?iaeiii o?ainii?oa.
A oea?neie ?innee ia auei ainoaea?noaaiiie noaiaea?oecaoeee: a
i?iiuoeaiiinoe, aaea iiiai i?aaei?eyoee i?eiaaeeaaeaei
eiino?aioeao!, i?eiaiyeenue o?e nenoaiu ia? – noa?ay ?onneay, a?eoaineay
(aetheiiaay) e iao?e/aneay, /oi, eiia/ii, i?aiyonoaiaaei ?acaeoeth
noaiaea?oecaoeee.
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