?E—5—92
Oaoei I.A.
Enoi/ieee eceo/aiey a eioaa?aeueii-iioe/aneeo noaiao.Oa?aeoa?enoeee
Naaoiaeeiaeu,eo naienoaa e oaoiieiaey ecaioiaeaiey.
Eiino?oeoeee iieoi?iaiaeieeiauo eaca?iuo aeeiaeia e naaoiaeeiaeia
(NAe) , i?eiaiyaiuo a AINI,
aanueia ?aciiia?aciu.Eiino?oeoeee NAe auae?atho n oaeei ?an/aoii,/oiau
oiaiueoeoue nianoaaiiia
naiiiiaeiuaiea eceo/aiey,iaania/eoue ?aaeei ?aaiou i?e aunieie ieioiinoe
oiea eiaeaeoeee e oaaee/eoue yooaeoeaiinoue aaiaea eceo/aiey a
aieieii.Aeey iiauoaiey yooaeoeaiinoe aaiaea eniieuecotho iee?ieeicu eae
oi?ie?oaiua iaiin?aaenoaaiii ia iiaa?oiinoe i?eai?a,oae e aiaoiea.
A ianoiyuaa a?aiy iieo/eee ?ani?ino?aiaiea aeaa iniiaiua iiaeeoeeaoeee
NAe:iiaa?oiinoiua e oi?oeaaua.A iiaa?oiinoiuo NAe eceo/aiea auaiaeeony a
iai?aaeaiee,ia?iaiaeeeoey?iii ieineinoe aeoeaiiai neiy,a a oi?oeaauo ec
aeoeaiiai neiy- a ia?aeeaeueiie aio ieineinoe.Noaiaoe/aneia
ecia?aaeaiea eiino?oeoeee NAe iaieo oeiia i?eaaaeaii ia ?enoiea.Aeey
oeo/oaiey ioaiaea oaiea io aeoeaiiai neiy i?e aunieie ieioiinoe
oieaiaea/ee i?eiaiytho oaieiioaiaeu.
Auaiae eceo/aiey a NAe iiaa?oiinoiiai oeia ia a?naieaea aaeeey
inouanoaeytho /a?ac e?oaeia io-
aa?noea,auo?aaeaiiia a iaeiaeea.A yoi ioaa?noea anoaaeytho iioe/aneia
aieieii e cae?aieytho aai n iiiiuueth yiieneaeiie niieu.Oaeoth
eiino?oeoeeth naaoiaeeiaea iacuaatho aeeiaeii Aa??ana.Ecaanoiu oaeaea
eiino?oeoeee iiaa?oiinoiuo NAe n auaiaeii eceo/aiey iaiin?aaenoaaiii
/a?ac iiaeeiaeeo.Oaeea eiino?oeoeee i?eiaiythony a NAe ia
/aou?aoeiiiiiaioiii niaaeeiaiee GaInAsP.A yoii neo/aa iiaeeiaeea ec InP
yaeyaony i?ic?a/iui ieiii.
A oi?oeaauo NAe n aeaieiie aaoa?ino?oeoo?ie auaiae eceo/aiey
aeoeaiiai neiy inouanoaeytho n oi?oea,eae e a eaca?iuo
aeeiaeao.Aeaaiaea?y iieiiio aioo?aiiaio io?aaeaieth iioe/aneia eceo/aiea
?ani?ino?aiyaony aaeieue ia?aoiaea.N iiiiuueth iieineiaie eiino?oeoeee
ieaeiaai iie/aneiai eiioaeoa,a oaeaea uaee ia caaeiae /anoe aeoeaiiai
neiy aeoeaiay iaeanoue ia?aie/aia,/oi iicaieyao ecaaaeaoue eaca?iie
aaia?aoeee.Oae eae aaia?e?oaiia eceo/aiea i?e auaiaea ia?oaeo i?ioiaeeo
/a?ac aeoeaiue neie,oi eiaao ianoi naiiiiaeiuaiea eceo/aiey a yoii
neia.Aeey oiaiueoaiey naiiiiaeiuaiey aeoeaiue neie auiieiytho i/aiue
oiieei (0,03…0,1 iei).A ?acoeueoaoa eceo/aiea ?ani?ino?aiyaony aeaaiui
ia?acii a ia?aie/eaathuai neia,eioi?ue aeaaiaea?y aieueoie oe?eia
cai?auaiiie ciiu eiaao iaaieueoea iioa?e ia iiaeiuaiea.
Eceo/aiea NAe aicieeaao a ?acoeueoaoa niiioaiiie eceo/aoaeueiie
?aeiiaeiaoeee iineoaeae ca?yaea e iiyoiio yaeyaony iaeiaa?aioiui,a
neaaeiaaoaeueii ioiineoaeueii oe?ieiiieiniui e neaaiiai?aaeaiiui.
Iniai neaaeoao auaeaeeoue noia?ethieianoeaioiua NAe.A yoeo aeeiaeao
iiieii niiioaiiie ?aeiiaeiaoeee n eceo/aieai eniieuecoaony i?ioeann
eiaeooee?iaaiiie ?aeiiaeiaoeee n eceo/aieai;
auoiaeiia eceo/aiea yaeyaony oneeaiiui a aeoeaiie
n?aaea.Noia?ethieianoeaioiua NAe i?aaenoaaeytho niaie oi?oeaaua
NAe,?aaioathuea i?e oaeeo aunieeo ieioiinoyo oiea eiaeaeoeee,/oi a
iaoa?eaea aeoeaiiai neiy ia/eiaao iaaethaeaoueny eiaa?niay ianaeaiiinoue
yia?aaoe/aneeo o?iaiae.
.
I?eioeeieaeueiui ioee/eai eaca?iiai aeeiaea io NAe yaeyaony iaee/ea a
ia?aii ano?iaiiiai iioe/aneiai ?aciiaoi?a,/oi iicaieyao i?e oneiaee
i?aauoaiey oieii eiaeaeoeee iaeioi?iai ii?iaiaiai cia/aiey iieo/eoue
?aaeei eiaeooee?iaaiiiai eceo/aiey,eioi?ia oa?aeoa?ecoaony aunieie
noaiaiueth eiaa?aioiinoe.Iaeaieaa /anoi a ea/anoaa iioe/aneiai
?aciiaoi?a eniieuecotho:ieineee ?aciiaoi? Oaa?e-Ia?i e aai
iiaeeoeeaoeee,aeeth/ay ninoaaiua e aiaoiea ?aciiaoi?u,?aciiaoi?u n
?ani?aaeaeaiiie ia?aoiie naycueth (?IN-?aciiaoi?) e n ?ani?aaeaeaiiui
a?yaaianeei io?aaeaoaeai (?AI-?aciiaoi?).Ieineee ?aciiaoi? ia?acoaony
iau/ii ia?aeeaeueii neieioui oi?oeai iieoi?iaiaeieea ,a ?IN- e
?AI-?aciiaoi?u –iooai ia?eiaee/aneie i?ino?ainoaaiiie iiaeoeyoeee
ia?aiao?ia no?oeoo?u,aeeythueo ia oneiaey ?ani?ino?aiaiey eceo/aiey.I?e
niaiauaiee ia?eiaee/aneie no?oeoo?u n aeoeaiie iaeanoueth iieo/atho
?IN-aeeiae,a i?e ?aciauaiee ia?eiaee/aneie no?oeoo?u ca i?aaeaeaie
aeoeaiie iaeanoe — ?AI-eaca?iue aeeiae.
ii?yaeea 0,5…1 ii/(N.E?iia oiai ?IN- e ia ioeac.E?iia oiai,aeey
?AI-no?oeoo?u iicaieytho ?aaeeciaaoue eioaa?aeueii-iioe/aneea
noaiu.Iniiaiui eo iaaeinoaoeii yaeyaony neiaeiay oaoiieiaey
ecaioiaeaiey.
Iieoi?iaiaeieeiaua eceo/aoaee a iauai neo/aa ii?aaeaeythony
eiiieaenii ia?aiao?ia e oa?aeoa?enoee ,aeeth/ay aaaa?eoiua e
i?eniaaeeieoaeueiua ?acia?u.Iaeiaei n oi/ee c?aiey eo i?eiaiaiey a
ea/anoaa eiiiiiaioia AINI aaaeiia cia/aiea eiaao ia?aie/aiiue iaai?
ia?aiao?ia e oa?aeoa?enoee,eioi?ua /aua anaai e i?eaiaeyony a ianii?oiuo
aeaiiuo eiie?aoiuo i?eai?ia.
Iaeaieaa aaaeiuie aeey i?eiaiaiey a AINI ia?aiao?aie
yaeythony:n?aaeiyy iiuiinoue eceo/aiey,oe?eia eceo/aaiiai niaeo?a,a?aiy
ia?anoaiey e niaaea eiioeuena eceo/aiey i?e eiioeueniii aicaoaeaeaiee
oiea iaea/ee,iaaeaiea iai?yaeaiey ia aeeiaea e ia?aaioea eaca?iuo
aeeiaeia e oi?oeaauo naaoiaeeiaeia ,iaeaaeathueo oceie aeeaa?aiiie
iai?aaeaiiinoe,nouanoaaiiia cia/aiea eiatho oaeu ?anoiaeeiinoe ii
o?iaith iieiaeiiie iiuiinoe.Yoe oaeu iau/ii ii?aaeaeytho ii iai?aaeaieth
eceo/aiey a ia?aeeaeueiie e ia?iaiaeeeoey?iie ia?aoiaeo ieineinoyo e
iaicia/atho niioaaonoaaiii e .Iaa oaea oa?aeoa?ecotho iiea
eceo/aiey a aeaeueiae ciia e iau/ii =10…30(
e =30…60(.
N?aaeiyy iiuiinoue eceo/aiey i?e ?aaioa i?e ?aaioa eceo/aoaey a
iai?a?uaiii ?aaeeia ii?aaeaeyao iieioth iiuiinoue,eceo/aaioth
iiaa?oiinoueth aeoeaiie iaeanoe i?eai?a a iai?aaeaiee auaiaea eceo/aiey.
– eae eioa?aae aeeei aiei, a eioi?ii niaeo?aeueiay ieioiinoue
iiuiinoe ninoaaeyao iieiaeio iaeneiaeueiie. Iaeaathuay niaeo?aeueiiai
?ani?aaeaeaiey eceo/aiey naaoiaeeiaea eiaao i?eia?ii oi?io aaonnianeie
e?eaie n
= 20…..50 ii. Aeey eaca?iuo aeeiaeia n ?aciiaoi?ii Oaa?e – Ia?i
oe?eia niaeo?a cia/eoaeueii oaea ( ii?yaeea 1…..4 ii ) e aua
iaiueoa aeey ?IN – e ?AI – eaca?iuo aeeiaeia, o eioi?uo a caaeneiinoe io
eiino?oeoeee iia iiaeao ninoaaeyoue 0,1…. 0,3 ii. Ieieiaeueiay oe?eia
niaeo?a aeinoeaaaony a eaca?iuo aeeiaeao n aiaoieie ?aciiaoi?aie, o
eioi?uo iia a caaeneiinoe io oeia ?aciiaoi?a eaaeeo a i?aaeaeao 1…1500
eAoe.
(ii?yaeea 0,2 ii) i?e nio?aiaieee aunieie noaiaie iiaeaaeaiey iiai/iuo
iiae.Iiyoiio yoe eaca?iua aeeiaeu /anoi iacuaatho aeeiaie/anee
iaeiiiiaeiauie.
).Aeey ioeaiee e iau/ii eniieuecotho o?iaie 0,1 e 0,9 io
onoaiiaeaoaainy cia/aiey iiuiinoe.*anoi auno?iaeaenoaea ii?aaeaeyaony
iaeneiaeueiie /anoioie iiaeoeyoeee.Aeey naaoiaeeiaeia yoa /anoioa iiaeao
aeinoeaaoue 200 Iaoe , a o eaca?iuo aeeiaeia – cia/eoaeueii aieueoa
(ianeieueei Aaoe).Ia?aie/aiea /anoiou iiaeoeyoeee naaoiaeeiaeia naycaii
ni a?aiaiaii aeecie iainiiaiuo iineoaeae, a eaca?iuo aeeiaeia – n
ei??aeyoeeae iaaeaeo eiioeaio?aoeeae eiaeaeoe?oaiuo iineoaeae e iioieii
oioiiia ,aicieeathueo aneaaenoaea eo ?aeiiaeiaoeee.
ae=dP/dIi,eioi?ay caaeneo io eiino?oeoeee i?eai?a e aai
oaiia?aoo?u.Oeie/iua cia/aiey aeeooa?aioeeaeueiie eaaioiaie
yooaeoeaiinoe eaca?iuo aeeiaeia ninoaaeytho 0,1…0,2 iAo/iA,a ii?iaiaue
oie eaaeeo a i?aaeaeao 10…100 iA.
Aeey eaca?iuo aeeiaeia oa?aeoa?ia oaiia?aoo?iay caaeneiinoue
ii?iaiaiai oiea e aeeooa?aioeeaeueiie eaaioiaie yooaeoeaiinoe.N ?inoii
oaiia?aoo?u ii?iaiaue oie oaaee/eaaaony,
a aeeooa?aioeeaeueiay eaaioiaay yooaeoeaiinoue oiaiueoaaony.Eciaiaiea
oaiia?aoo?u i?eaiaeeo oaeaea e eciaiaieth aeeeiu aieiu
eceo/aiey.Iaeaieueoae oaiia?aoo?iie ianoaaeeueiinoueth iaeaaeatho
eaca?iua aeeiaeu n ?aciiaoi?ii Oaa?e-Ia?i.Eaca?iua aeeiaeu n ?IN- e
?AI-?aciiaoi?aie aieaa oa?iinoaaeeueiu.Aeey oiaiueoaiey oaiia?aoo?iuo
aeeyiee i?eiaiytho niaoeeaeueiua ia?u, iai?eia? eniieuecotho
oaieiioaiaeu n yeaiaioii Iaeouea.Ia?aiao?u e oa?aeoa?enoeee
naaoiaeeiaeia eiatho aeinoaoi/ii aunieoth oaiia?aoo?ioth
noaaeeueiinoue,/oi aeaeaao eo aieaa i?inouie a yenieoaoaoeee.
Iaaeaaeiinoue iieoi?iaiaeieeiauo eceo/aoaeae ii?aaeaeyaony ia?aaioeie
ia ioeac eee eioaineaiinoueth ioeacia.Eaca?iua aeeiaeu, nicaeaiiua a
ia/aea 80-o aiaeia,iaeaaeaee nouanoaaiii iaiueoae iaaeaaeiinoueth ii
n?aaiaieth ni naaoiaeeiaeaie.Iaeiaei a iineaaeiaa a?aiy aeaaiaea?y
niaa?oainoaiaaieth eiino?oeoeee e oaoiieiaee ecaioiaeaiey aa oaeaeinue
cia/eoaeueii iiauneoue e aeiaanoe aei i?eaieaiie aaee/eiu.
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