Ieienoa?noai ia?iaeiiai ia?aciaaiey *oaaoneie ?anioaeeee.
*aaiena?neee i?ioanneiiaeueiue eeoeae.
Aeeieiiiay ?aaioa
o/auaainy a?oiiu ? 24
ii niaoeeaeueiinoe iiioaaeiee
?aaeeiaiia?aoo?u e i?eai?ia
Aeooaiueeiaa Aeaenaiae?a
TH?ueaae/a.
Oaia:
Yeaeo?iiiue “nieiaae”
Eiinoeueoaio Aeaenaiae?iaa E.E.
?aoeaicaio ii a?aoe/aneie /anoe
Aeia?yiei I.N.
*aaiena?u 1998a.
Niaea?aeaiea:
I Aaaaeaiea:
cia/aiea ?aaeeiyeaeo?iieee a ia?iaeiii oicyenoaa.
II I?aaiecaoeeiiiay /anoue:
i?aaiecaoeey ?aai/aai ianoa;
iiioaaeiue eino?oiaio;
iao/iay i?aaiecaoeey o?oaea;
ia?aaeiaua iaoiaeu o?oaea;
oaoieea aaciianiinoe i?e iiioaaea;
aacaeaoaeoiay naea/a i?iaeoeoeee a IOE.
III Oaoie/aneay /anoue:
iienaiea i?eioeeia aeaenoaey ono?ienoaa;
oaoiieiae/aneee i?ioeann.
IV A?aoe/aneay /anoue:
yeaeo?e/aneay i?eioeeieaeueiay noaia;
iiioaaeiay noaia;
niaoeeoeeaoeey.
Aaaaeaiea.
CIA*AIEA ?AAeEIYEAEO?IIEEE A IA?IAeIII OICssENOAA
Oa?iei “yeaeo?iieea” iiyaeeny a na?aaeeia iaoaai noieaoey e io?acee
eioaineaiinoue ?acaeoey ?aaeeiyeaeo?iieee, a? n?aaenoa e iaoiaeia, a oae
aea ?ac?aaioeo e i?eiaiaiea iiauo yeaeo?iiiuo i?eai?ia, ia aaca eioi?uo
no?ieony ?aaeeiaiia?aoo?a. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy e ?aaeeiyeaeo?iieea
ioiinyony ?aaeeioaoieea e yeaeo?iieea. N iae oae aea naycaiu aaoiiaoeea
e au/eneeoaeueiay oaoieea. Nia?aiaiiay ?aaeeiaiia?aoo?a iicaieyao
ia?aaeaaaoue caoe e ecia?aaeaiea, a ii?aaeaeyoue ?annoiyiea iaaeaeo
aeaoiy oi/eaie, eae ia caiea oae e a einiina. N iiiiuueth
?aaeeiaiia?aoo?u, o.a. ?aaeeioaoieee, inouanoaeytho caionee
eneonnoaaiiuo niooieeia, aaaeaony iao/iia enneaaeiaaiea. O?oaeii
iacaaoue iaeanoue ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa, aaea ia i?eiaiytho yeaeo?iieeo.
Aa i?eiaiytho a iaaeeoeeia, a i?iecaiaenoaa, a naeueneii oicyenoaa e a
auoo. Ianooieei a?aiy, eiaaea o?iaaiue i?iecaiaenoaa ?aaeeiyeaeo?iiiie
aiia?aoo?u noaiiaeony iaeiei ec oaeoi?ia, ii?aaeaeythuei o?iaaiue
oaoie/aneiai ?acaeoey. Aieueoia ?ani?ino?aiaiea iieo/eea a iineaaeiaa
a?aiy iee?iyeaeo?iieea. Iia caoaaouaaao naaiaeiy no?aoaae/anee aaaeiua
iiceoeee a aeecie e oaoieea. Iia ana aieueoa aeeyao ia iauanoaaiiua e
iaaeainoaea?noaaiiua ioiioaiey.
Nia?aiaiiay iee?iyeaeo?iieea ioe?uaaao ia?aae /aeiaa/anoaii aieueoea
ia?niaeoeau. Iiiaea i?iaeaiu ?aaeeioaoieee i?eaaee e ecia?aoaieth iiauo
e niaa?oainoaiaaieth nouanoaothueo yeaeo?ii?eai?ia. Yoe i?eai?u
i?eiaiythony a ?aaeeinayce, oaeaaeaeaiee, i?e caiene e aini?iecaaaeaiee
caoea, a ?aaeeieieaoeee, ?aaeeioi?aaeaiee e a ae?oaeo iaeanoyo
?aaeeiyeaeo?iieee. Yeaeo?ii?eai?u eniieuecotho a aaoiiaoeea, i?iaiaeiie
nayce, caoeiaii eeii, aoiiiie e ?aeaoiie oaoieea, a ano?iiiiee,
iaoai?ieiaee, aaioeceea, iaaeeoeeia, aeieiaee, oeceea, oeiee,
iaoaeeo?aee, iaoeiino?iaiee, ?acee/iuo iaeanoyo ecia?eoaeueiie oaoieea e
o.ae. I?eiaiaiea yeaeo?iiiuo i?eai?ia iicaieyao i?iaiaeeoue
?aciiia?aciua enneaaeiaaiey e i?eiaiaiea, a /anoiinoe oaeea, eioi?ua
naie ia eiatho ie/aai iauaai n yeaeo?iieeie. Yeaeo?iiiua i?eai?u e
ae?oaea ono?ienoaa noaee iiuiuie n?aaenoaaie aeey iao/iuo enneaaeiaaiee,
aaoiiaoecaoeee e eiio?iey i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo i?ioeannia. Iaoiaeu
yeaeo?iieee cia/eoaeueii oeo/oeee eco/aiea naienoa iiiai/eneaiiuo
aauanoa, nouanoaothueo a i?e?iaea, iicaieeei aeoaaea ociaoue no?iaiea
iaoa?ee.
I?aaiecaoeeii-iay /anoue.
2.1. I?aaiecaoeey ?aai/aai ianoa.
?aai/ei ianoii yeaeo?iiiioaaeieea yaeyaony iiioaaeiue noie, eee
aa?noae, iniauaiiue iaiaoiaeeiui iai?oaeiaaieai e i?eniiniaeaieyie.
I?aaeeueiay i?aaiecaoeey ?aai/aai ianoa nouanoaaiii aeeyao ia
i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue o?oaea e ea/anoai auioneaaiie i?iaeoeoeee. Ia
?aai/ai noiea ?aciauatho ana iaiaoiaeeiua aeey auiieiaiey oaeouae ?aaiou
eino?oiaiou, aeaoaee e iai?oaeiaaiea.
Eino?oiaiou ?aneeaaeuaatho a yueeao noiea ii a?oiiai i?eiaiaiey.
Iaeuecy o?aieoue a iaeiii yueea ecia?eoaeueiue, iiioaaeiue, nai?i/iue e
neana?iue eino?oiaio. I?e o?aiaiee «aiaaae» eino?oiaio ii?oeony
(iniaaiii ecia?eoaeueiue), e?iia oiai, ai a?aiy ?aaiou iiiai a?aiaie
ooiaeeo ia aai iienee. ?aciauaiea eino?oiaioa a yueea aeieaeii auoue
i?iaeoiaii. Ecia?eoaeueiue eino?oiaio iau/ii auaeaaony ec
eino?oiaioaeueiie eeaaeiaie a niaoeeaeueiuo oooey?ao eee oeeaaei/iuo
yueeao.
Iiaenoaaeo aeey iayeueieea ecaioiaeytho aianoa n ei?iaeie, ?acaeaeaiiie
ia aeaa /anoe, – aeey oethna e i?eiiy. Ia aeii ei?iaee eeaaeoo i?annoiai
eee ieioioth aoiaao, eioi?ua i?e caa?yciaiee oethna aua?anuaatho aianoa
n iei. Eiee/anoai oethna a ei?iaea ia aeieaeii i?aauoaoue 4-5 ni3, oae
eae aai iaaei /anoi iieiinoueth caiaiyoue. Caa?yciaiiue i?eiie niae?atho
aeey ia?aieaaee.
Noie iiioaaeieea aeieaeai auoue oi?ioi inaauai aeiaaiui naaoii. I?e
eneonnoaaiiii inaauaiee eaiio iiuiinoueth ia aieaa 40-60 Ao ?aniieaaatho
ia ?annoiyiee 0,5-0,75 i io ieineinoe noiea. Naao aeieaeai iaaeaoue
?aaiiia?ii; oaiae, cao?oaeiythueo ?aaioo, aeieaeii auoue eae aiciiaeii
iaiueoa, ii enoi/iee naaoa ia aeieaeai auoue /?acia?ii y?eei,
ieacuaathuei ineaieythuaa aeaenoaea ia aeaca.
Oaoiieiae/aneoth ea?oo iiiauatho a ?aieo e ?aniieaaatho ia
niaoeeaeueiii e?iiooaeia, /oiau iia anaaaea iaoiaeeeanue a iiea c?aiey
iiioaaeieea, a iauaeo iiioaaea ?aniieaaatho a ii?iaeueiie ciia
aeaeaeaiey aeaeaeaiee aai ?oe.
Aeey oaeaeaiey a?aaeiuo enia?aiee e i?iaeoeoia ai?aiey, ia?acothueony a
i?ioeanna iaeee eee naa?ee, ?aai/aa ianoi iai?oaeotho auoyaeiie
aaioeeyoeeae. I?e yeaeo?inaa?ea iiioaaeiuo niaaeeiaiee ?aai/aa ianoi
niaaaeatho niaoeeaeueiuie ueoaie eee caiaaaneaie, caueuathueie aeaca
iiioaaeieea io a?aaeiiai aicaeaenoaey i?yiiai naaoa naa?i/iie aeoae.
*oiau i?aaeio?aieoue iiioe?oaiue i?eai? io iia?aaeaeaiee, ia ?aai/ee
noie oeeaaeuaatho eia?ee ec aoa/aoie ?aceiu. Eaaeiainieaiaiythueany
aeeaeeinoe (nie?o, eae, eeae) o?aiyo a iaoaeee/aneii yueea.
2.2. Iiioaaeiue eino?oiaio.
I?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue iiioaaeiuo ?aaio ai iiiaii caaeneo io ea/anoaa
eino?oiaioa e i?aaeeueiinoe aai iaai?a. I?e eiiieaeoiaea iaai?a
iiioaaeieeo neaaeoao a?aoue eino?oiaio oieueei oi?ioaai ea/anoaa e
ioaeiiai ?acia?a.
?acee/atho aeaa aeaea iiioaaeiuo ?aaio: iiioaae na?eeiie aiia?aoo?u a
nai?i/iii oeaoa ia i?iecaiaenoaaiiie eeiee e iiioaae iaeaoia e ia?acoeia
aiia?aoo?u a eaai?aoi?ee eee iiuoiii oeaoa.
A iaycaiiinoe iiioaaeieea aoiaeeo auiieiaiea iiioaaeiuo e i?inouo
e?aiaaeiuo ?aaio: i?ieeaaeea i?iaiaeia iaaeaeo aeaoaeyie e aeieaie
?aaeeiaiia?aoa; caaaaeaiea eo eiioeia a ioaa?noey eaianoeia e
iaoaie/aneia cae?aieaiea ia ieo; ?aciauaiea e onoaiiaea iaeeeo aeaoaeae
noaiu (?acenoi?ia, eiiaeainaoi?ia e ae?.); cae?aieaiea auaiaeia yoeo
aeaoaeae ia eaianoeao eaiiiauo iaiaeae, iiioaaeiuo ieaieao eee iii?iuo
oi/eao e iaeea eo. Aeey oaeeo ?aaio iiioaaeieeo o?aaoaony oieueei
iayeueiee, i?eniiniaeaiey aeey iae?ooee e ?ane?ooee i?iaiaeia,
ieineiaoaoeu, e?oaeiaoaoeu, eona/ee, ieioeao e ioaa?oea.
Iiioaaeieeo-oieaa?naeo, ?aaioathuaio a eaai?aoi?ee eee iiuoiii oeaoa,
i?aaeaea /ai ia/eiaoue iiioaae eaeiai-eeai ia?acoea ?aaeeiaiia?aoa,
/anoi i?eoiaeeony iieiinoueth niae?aoue aai, o.a. onoaiaaeeaaoue e
e?aieoue ana aoiaeyuea a iaai aeaoaee e aeiee, ?aciauaoue iiioaaeiua
ieaiee e iii?iua oi/ee, a oaeaea naa?eeoue ioaa?noey, iaiaoiaeeiinoue a
eioi?uo auyaeyaony a i?ioeanna iiioaaea. Aeey oaeeo ?aaio o?aaoaony
ai?acaei aieueoee iaai? eino?oiaioa.
Ieineiaoaoeu. Neoaeao aeey auoyaeaaiey eee aui?yieaiey oienouo
iaeiiaeeeueiuo i?iaiaeia, naeaaiey, iiaeaeaoey ?acee/iuo e?aiaaeiuo
neiaie.
E?oaeiaoaoeu. Eie oaeiaii naeaaoue i?iaiei/iua auaiaeu, aeaeaoue ia
eiioea i?iaiaea eieueoea aeey e?aieaiey iiae aaeeo.
Eona/ee. Iie neoaeao aeey ioeonuaaiey eeoieo eiioeia i?iaiaeia aioo?e
i?eai?a.
Ieioeaou. Neoaeao aeey caaiaeee, auaeaaiey e cae?aieaiey eiioeia
i?iaiaeia ia aeaoaeyo, iiaeaea?aeee i?iaiaea i?e iaeea eniieuecotho
aieaa i?i/iue, eiathuee iana/ee ia aoaeao, oe?o?ae/aneee ieioeao.
Iiaeieoeu. Neoaeao aeey ?acaiey aoiaae eee oiieie oeaie.
Ioaa?oee. Neoaeao aeey caaa?ouaaiey e ?acaa?ouaaiey aeioa.
Aaa/iua eeth/e. Aeey auno?iai caaa?ouaaiey aaae. I?e iiioaaea
?aaeeiaiia?aoo?u i?eiaiytho oi?oeaaua e aieiaua aaa/iua eeth/e.
Iaieeueieee. Neoaeao aeey iieeiaee aeaoaeae.
Iaaeoeee. I?eiaiytho aeey iaeeeo e oi/iuo ?aaio-auieeeaaiey ioaa?noee e
iacia oai, aaea iaeuecy i?eiaieoue iaieeueieee.
Ea?ia?. Neoaeeo aeey iaianaiey iaoie a ianoao naa?eaiey ioaa?noee, /oiau
eo oeaio?u auee oi?ioi aeaeiu e naa?ei ia ooiaeeei a noi?iio.
Oaaa?u. Aai eniieuecotho aeey niyoey caonaioeaa iinea ?anieeiaee
aieueoeo ioaa?noee.
Eino?oiaio aeey oeeaaeee, i?aaee iiioaaea e ?aciaoee. Aeey i?eaeeiaiey
i?iaiaeia ai a?aiy iaeee eee naa?ee, i?ioyaeaaiey iaeeii/iuo i?iaiaeia
eee eo a?oiiu /a?ac ioaa?noey a noaieao oanne, auoyaeaaiey i?iaiaea ec
aeaooa, a oaeaea ai anao neo/ayo oeeaaeee i?iaiaeia i?eiaiytho ?acee/iua
oieeueee, oii?u, e?oaeua e i?yiioaieueiua e?th/ee.
I?e ?aciaoea oanne e iaiaeae ecaioiaeyaiiai iaeaoa eniieuecotho
noaeueioth ianooaaioth eeiaeeo, o?ainii?oe?, oaieueiee, oee?eoeue e
/a?oeeeo.
2.3. Iao/iay i?aaiecaoeey o?oaea (IIO).
IIO – yoi i?aaiecaoeey o?oaea, iniiaaiiay ia aeinoeaeaieyo iaoee e
ia?aaeiaii iiuoa.
A nia?aiaiiuo oneiaeyo IIO neoaeeo iaiaoiaeeiui oneiaeai o?oaea
iiauoaiey yooaeoeaiinoe i?iecaiaenoaa e ea/anoaa ?aaiou.
Iao/iay i?aaiecaoeey o?oaea – yoi oaeay i?aaiecaoeey o?oaea, eioi?ay
iicaieyao iauaaeeieoue oaoieeo e ethaeae a aaeeiii i?iecaiaenoaaiiii
i?ioeanna. Iao/iay i?aaiecaoeey o?oaea iaania/eaaao iaeaieaa yooaeoeaiia
eniieueciaaiea iaoa?eaeueiuo e o?oaeiauo ?ano?nia, iiauoaiea
i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe o?oaea, niinianoaoao nio?aiaieth caei?iauey
/aeiaaea e niinianoaoao iinoaiaiiiio i?aa?auaieth o?oaea a ia?aoth
aeeciaiioth iaiaoiaeeiinoue, iio?aaiinoue.
Ia ia?aii ianoa a iaania/aiee IIO noiyo iaoaiecaoeey e aaoiiaoecaoeey
i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo n?aaenoa, iaeaa/athueo o?oae /aeiaaea e iiauoathueo
aai i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue.
Ia iaeuo i?aaei?eyoeyo, a eiiia?aoeaao, ia caaiaeao noaee i?eiaiyoue
iiaue niinia iaeee ia/aoiuo ieao. Ii iacuaaaony – “aieia”. Yoio iaoiae
yaeyaony aunieii?iecaiaeeoaeueiui e ea/anoaaiiui. Aeey oi?iiaee
?acenoi?ia, aeeiaeia e noaaeeeo?iiia i?eiaiythony oi?iiai/iua eeiaeee. A
nayce n yoei iao/ii-oaoie/aneee i?ia?ann aiineo iiaia niaea?aeaiea,
?ani?ino?aiaiea ia?aaeiauo iaoiaeia e i?eaiia o?oaea.
Iaeiaei i?e ethaii o?iaia oaoieee iaiaoiaeeii no?aieoueny nicaeaoue
?aaioieeai iaeaieaa aeaaii?eyoiua naieoa?ii-aeaeaie/aneea oneiaey aeey
ieiaeioai?iiai o?oaea.
2.4. Ia?aaeiaua iaoiaeu o?oaea.
Oe?ieia aiaae?aiea ia?aaeiauo iaoiaeia o?oaea yaeyaony iniiaie
oaaee/aiey auionea i?iaeoeoeee e iiauoaiey aa ea/anoaa. Iaeaieaa
i?ia?anneaiie oi?iie eieeaeoeaiiai o?oaea yaeyaony a?eaaaeiue iaoiae. Ii
nicaea?o aiciiaeiinoue aeey iiauoaiey, oaaee/aiey auionea i?iaeoeoeee e
iiauoaiey aa ea/anoaa.
Ia?aaeiaie iaoiae – yoi ia oieueei ?aoeeiiaeueiua o?oaeiaua
aeinoeaeaiey. Nia?aiaiiue ?aai/ee eniieuecoao ?aciiia?acioth oaoieeo,
eiio?ieueii-ecia?eoaeueiua i?eai?u.
A ianoiyuaa a?aiy a i?iiuoeaiiinoe ?ani?ino?aiaiea iieo/eee aeaa oi?iu
o?oaea: eiiieaeniay e niaoeeaeece?iaaiiay.
Eiiieaeniay a?eaaaea oi?ie?oaony ec ?aai/eo ?acee/iuo niaoeeaeueiinoae.
*eaiu eiiieaeniuo a?eaaae iiaoo auiieiyoue ?aaioo ii ianeieueeei
niaaeiui niaoeeaeueiinoyi. Ca eiiieaeniie oi?iie o?oaea aoaeouaa iaoaai
i?iecaiaenoaa.
Niaoeeaeece?iaaiiay oi?ia o?oaea i?aaenoaaeyao niaie iauaaeeiaiea
?aai/eo iaeiie niaoeeaeueiinoe eee i?ioannee.
2.5. Oaoieea aaciianiinoe i?e iiioaaea.
I?e auiieiaiee iiioaaeiuo ?aaio iiioaaeiee ?aaeeiyeaeo?iiiie
aiia?aoo?u aeieaeai ciaoue e auiieiyoue naiae i?aaee aaciianiinoe o?oaea
e i?aaeeueiie i?aaiecaoeee o?oaea a ia/aea ?aai/ae niaiu, ai a?aiy
iaaaeaiiiai ia?a?uaa, a eiioea ?aai/ae niaiu.
I?e ?aaioa n yeaeo?e/aneeie iayeueieeaie (U=36A, f=50Aoe, O aeaea =250(
N) e iaaeeaaeeie (U=6A, f=50Aoe) neaaeoao niaethaeaoue ia?u caueou io
ii?aaeaiey yeaeo?e/aneei oieii:
1. ?o/ee iayeueieea e iaaeeaaeee aeieaeiu auoue nooeie e ia aeieaeiu
i?iaiaeeoue yeaeo?e/aneee oie. ?oee aeieaeiu auoue nooeie. Iaa?aaeiia
ia?auaiea n yeaeo?e/aneei oieii iiaeao i?eaanoe e iaeiaai, ii?aaeaieai
ei, e ia?ooaieai ?aaiou na?aeoea, i?aaiia aeuoaiey, /oi iiaeao i?eaanoe
e nia?oe.
2. Aaeaaeiaaii ia?aae ia/aeii ?aaiou iaiaoiaeeii i?iaa?youe
oeaeinoiinoue ?icaoee, aeeie, cacaieaiey, ecieyoeeth i?iaiaeia.
Ia/eiaoue ?aaioaoue ioaeii oiaaea, eiaaea au oaaaeeoanue a eni?aaiinoe
yeaeo?iiai?oaeiaaiey.
3. I?e iaeea naeioeiai-niaea?aeaueie i?eiiyie auaeaeythony ia?u,
niaea?aeauea niaaeeiaiey naeioea, oei?enoue aiaei?iae, ieneaeu
oaea?iaea, eioi?ua, iiiaa a i?aaieci /aeiaaea, aucuaatho io?aaeaiea,
ii?aaeaiea neecenoie iaiei/ee aeac e eiaee. I?e iaaeeaa i?iaiaeia n
ooi?iieanoiaie ecieyoeeae i?ienoiaeeo auaeaeaiea ooi?a. Iiyoiio
iiiauaiea, aaea i?iaiaeeony iiioaaeiua ?aaiou, aeieaeiu auoue niaaaeaiu
iauae aaioeeyoeeae e iauae auoyaeeie.
Ia?aae ia/aeii ?aaiou:
Iiioaaeiee aeieaeai i?eaanoe a ii?yaeie ?aai/oth iaeaaeaeo.
I?iaa?eoue iaeni?aaiinoue eino?oiaioia. ?aniieiaeeoue eo oae, /oiau iie
ia iaoaee auiieiaieth iiioaaeiuo ?aaio.
Iiioaaeieeo iaiaoiaeeii i?iaa?eoue naia ?aai/aa ianoi: noie aeieaeai
auoue onoie/eaui; aeey i?aaeeueiiai aeeth/aiey yeaeo?iiai?oaeiaaiey noie
aeieaeai auoue niaaaeai iaai?ii ?icaoie ?acee/iie eiino?oeoeee,
i?aaeeueiia iiaeeeth/aiea yeaeo?iiai?oaeiaaiey iiiiaeao ecaaaeaoue
ii?aaeaiey yeaeo?e/aneei oieii, iaee/ea cacaieaiey niinianoaoao niyoeth
noaoe/aneiai yeaeo?e/anoaa.
Ai a?aiy ?aaiou:
Aeey iiaeaea?aeaiey aeaoaeae ai a?aiy iaeee iaiaoiaeeii iieueciaaoueny
ieioeaoii, ieineiaoaoeaie eee naeoaoeie.
Ai a?aiy ?aaiou ?oee aeieaeiu auoue nooeie.
I?e ?aaioa n iayeueieeii iaiaoiaeeii niaethaeaoue neaaeothuea ia?u
aaciianiinoe:
– ia neaaeoao i?iaa?youe oaiia?aoo?o iayeueieea e yeaeo?iiai?oaeiaaiey
ia iuoiue;
– inoa?aaaoueny a?uca i?eiiy;
– eaaei ainieaiaiythueany aeeaeeinoe iaiaoiaeeii aea?aeaoue a cae?uoie
oa?a.
Ai a?aiy iaaaeaiiiai ia?a?uaa:
Auiuoue ?oee n iueii.
I?iiieineaoue ?ioiaoth iieinoue aeey oiai, /oiau oaeaeeoue inaaoea ia?u
naeioea.
Ii ieii/aieth ?aaiou:
Ioeeth/eoue iai?yaeaiea, aueeth/eoue ana yeaeo?ii?eai?u.
Oa?aoue ?aai/aa ianoi.
Auiuoue ?oee, i?iiieineaoue ?io.
Niaethaeaiea yoeo i?aaee niinianoaoao iiauoaieth i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe
o?oaea.
2.6. Aacaeaoaeoiay naea/a i?iaeoeoeee a IOE.
Aieueoay ?ieue a iaaeiiouaiee a?aea, iaania/aiey aeieaeiiai ea/anoaa,
eniieiaiea i?iaeoeoeee i?eiaaeeaaeeo oaoie/aneiio eiio?ieth. Aeey yoie
oeaee a iauaaeeiaieyo e ia i?aaei?eyoeyo eiathony niaoeeaeueiua ioaeaeu
oaoie/aneiai eiio?iey.
Aeaaiia a oii, /oiau iaania/eoue niaethaeaiea o?aaiaaiee a i?ioeanna
i?iecaiaenoaa, i?aaeoi?aaeeoue aiciiaeiinoue auionea
iaaeia?iea/anoaaiiie i?iaeoeoeee. Aaaeiie ninoaaiie /anoueth eiiieaeniie
nenoaiu oi?aaeaiey ea/anoaii yaeyaony, iaiin?aaenoaaiii eanathuayny
?aai/eo, nenoaia aacaeaoaeoiiai ecaioiaeaiey i?iaeoeoeee e naea/e aa n
ia?aiai i?aaeuyaeaiey.
Auiieiea ?aaioo, eniieieoaeue iaycai nai i?iaa?eoue aa ea/anoai,
oaaaeeoueny /oi aeaoaeue, ocae eee ecaeaeey ia eiatho aeaoaeoia,
iieiinoueth niioaaonoaoao oaoie/aneie aeieoiaioaoeee. Eeoue iinea yoiai
ii naeaao i?iaeoeoeeth ia neaaeothuoth iia?aoeeth eee eiio?ieue.
Iaia?oaeea a i?aaeuyaeaiiie ia?oee aeaoaeo, neoaeaa eiio?iey aica?auaao
eniieieoaeth anth ia?oeth ia i?iaa?eo e aei?aaioeo. Ea/anoai o?oaea
ii?aaeaeaiiuo ?aai/eo, a?eaaae, o/anoeia ii?aaeaeyaony ii aeiea
i?iaeoeoeee, naeaiiie n ia?aiai i?aaeuyaeaiey.
Oaoie/aneay /anoue.
3.1. I?eioeei aeaenoaey yeaeo?iiiiai “nieiauey”.
A yoii yeaeo?iiiii aaoiiaoa, eieoe?othuai o?aee nieiauey, iao
yeaeo?iiaaieoiuo ?aea, /ai ii, a iniiaiii, e ioee/aaony io iiaeiaiuo
ono?ienoa. Aaoiiao i?ino a iaeaaeeaaiee e i?e oaea/iii iiioaaea
oiauaaony a ei?iona ieieaoth?iiai ?aaeeii?eaiieea. Ii iiaeao auoue e
i?inoi caaaaiie iocueaeueiie oeaooeeie eee eaa?oe?iui caiieii.
I?eioeeieaeueiay noaia “nieiauey” i?eaaaeaia ia /a?oaaea. Aai iniiao
ninoaaeytho /aou?a acaeiinaycaiiuo ioeueoeaea?aoi?a. Ioeueoeaea?aoi? ia
o?aicenoi?ao VT9 e VT10 aaia?e?oao eieaaaiey, niioaaonoaothuea caoeo
aunieiai oiia. Oneeaiiua o?aicenoi?ii VT11 e o?aoeaneaaeiui oneeeoaeai
I*, yoe eieaaaiey i?aia?acothony aeeiaie/aneie aieiaeie B1 a caoeiaie
neaiae, ii?aaeaeythuee oaia?iaoth ie?aneo “o?aee”. ?aaioie ia?aiai
ioeueoeaea?aoi?a oi?aaeyao aoi?ie ioeueoeaea?aoi? ia o?aicenoi?ao VT7 e
VT8, aaia?e?othuee eieaaaiey /anoioie 5Aoe. Eiaaea o?aicenoi? VT8
cae?uo, ia?aue ioeueoeaea?aoi? ?aaioaao. A oa aea iiiaiou a?aiaie,
eiaaea o?aicenoi? VT8 ioe?uaaaony e aaca o?aicenoi?a VT10 /a?ac ?acenoi?
R15 e iaeia nii?ioeaeaiea ioe?uoiai o?aicenoi?a e VT8 ieacuaaaony
niaaeeiaiiie n iauei i?iaiaeii, ia?aue ioeueoeaea?aoi? ia ?aaioaao. A
?acoeueoaoa aeeiaie/aneay aieiaea aini?iecaiaeeo neaiae, iaiiieiathuee
/anoia “uaeeaiuea”, i?enouaa o?aee nieiauey. ?aaioie aoi?iai
ioeueoeaea?aoi?a oi?aaeyao o?aoee ioeueoeaea?aoi?, nia?aiiue ia
o?aicenoi?ao VT4 e VT5, i?a?uaathuee aai aaia?aoeeth n /anoioie 1Aoe.
Eiaaea o?aicenoi? VT5 cae?uo, oie aacu o?aicenoi?a VT6 iacia/eoaeueiue,
iiyoiio ii oiaea cae?uo e ia ieacuaaao aeeyiea ia ?aaioo aoi?iai
ioeueoeaea?aoi?a.
A naith i/a?aaeue o?aoee ioeueoeaea?aoi? oi?aaeyaony /aoaa?oui
ioeueoeaea?aoi?ii ia o?aicenoi?ao VT1e VT2, aaia?e?othuei eiioeuenu n
ia?eiaeii neaaeiaaiey 6…8 n. O?aicenoi?u VT3 e VT6 oneeeaatho
eiioeuenu oiea oi?aaeythueo ioeueoeaea?aoi?ia. Oaeei ia?acii,
ioeueoeaea?aoi?u oi?ie?otho iieioth “o?aeue nieiauey”, ia/eiathuothny
iaeeii/iui iiuaeeeaathuei naenoii, ia?aoiaeyuei a aieaa /enoue, e
caeai/eaathuothny auno?ui “ia?aeeaii”.
Ono?ienoai ieoaaony io aaoa?ae GB1 iai?yaeaieai 9A. Iai?yaeaiea,
iiaeaaaaiia ia o?aicenoi?u ioeueoeaea?aoi?ia, noaaeeece?oaony
noaaeeeo?iiii VD1 e o?aicenoi?ii VT12. Aac noaaeeecaoi?a nieiaueeiua
“o?aee” aoaeoo eciaiyony n oiaiueoaieai iai?yaeaiey enoi/ieea ieoaiey.
Oneeeoaeue I* “nieiauey” nia?ai ii iauaecaanoiie noaia. Iaeaaeeaaiea aai
naiaeeony e iiaeai?o ?acenoi?a R28 (iai?yaeaiea ia yieooa?ao auoiaeiuo
o?aicenoi?ia aeieaeii ninoaaeyoue iieiaeio iai?yaeaiey ieoathuae
aaoa?ae).
Iaeaaeeaaiea iniiau “nieiauey” caeeth/aaony a i?iaa?ea ?aaiou
ioeueoeaea?aoi?ia e ei??aeoe?iaaiee “o?aeae” eciaiaieai aaia?e?oaiuo eie
eiioeuenia iooai iiaeai?a eiiaeainaoi?ia, a a ioeueoeaea?aoi?a ia
o?aicenoi?ao VT1e VT2 – iiaeai?ii ?acenoi?ia a aaciauo oeaiyo. Aeey
eiio?iey ?aaiou ioeueoeaea?aoi?ia aeaeaoaeueii iieueciaaoueny
inoeeeeia?aoii n aieueoie aeeeoaeueiinoueth ?acaa?oee (aei 10 n). Ii
iiaeii iaieoenue e aieueoiao?ii iinoiyiiiai oiea n ioiineoaeueiui
aoiaeiui nii?ioeaeaieai ia iaiaa 10 eIi/A.
Ia?aae aeeth/aieai ieoaiey ia iiioaaeiie ieaoa o?aiy a?aiaiiuie
i?iaiei/iuie ia?aiu/eaie niaaeeiytho aaco e yieooa? o?aicenoi?a VT8,
yieooa?u o?aicenoi?ia VT4 e VT5, yieooa?u o?aicenoi?ia VT1 e VT2. Anee
ioeueoeaea?aoi? ia o?aicenoi?ao VT9 e VT10 eni?aaai, aeeiaie/aneay
aieiaea B1 aeieaeia aini?iecaiaeeoue caoeiaie neaiae aunieiai oiia – n
/anoioie 4…5 eAoe.
Iinea yoiai oaeaeytho ia?aoth ia?aiu/eo e i?iaa?ytho ioeueoeaea?aoi? ia
o?aicenoi?ao VT7, VT8. Anee ii eni?aaai, oi caoe iniiaiiai oiia
i?eia?aoaao i?a?uaenoue oa?aeoa? n /anoioie ieiei 5 Aoe. I?e yoii
no?aeea aieueoiao?a, iiaeeeth/aiiiai e eieeaeoi?o o?aicenoi?a VT8, iyoue
?ac a naeoiaeo aeieaeia ioeeiieoueny io ioeaaie ioiaoee oeaeu, a ia
ye?aia inoeeeeia?aoa i?iniao?eaaoueny iieiaeeoaeueiua eiioeuenu
aeeeoaeueiinoueth 80 in.
Caoai, oaeaeea aoi?oth ia?aiu/eo, i?iaa?ytho ioeueoeaea?aoi? ia
o?aicenoi?ao VT4 e VT5. Aieueoiao? iiaeeeth/atho e eieeaeoi?o
o?aicenoi?a VT4 e iiaeai?ii eiiaeainaoi?ia N3, N4 aeiaeaathony ia?eiaea
neaaeiaaiey iieiaeeoaeueiuo eiioeuenia ieiei 1n e aeeeoaeueiinoe
eiioeuena 0,3 n. I?e yoii aeeiaie/aneay aieiaea a oa/aiea eaaeaeie
naeoiaeu aeieaeia ecaeaaaoue caoe, iioiaeee ia eoaeaooaiuea.
Aeaeaa i?iaa?ytho ioeueoeaea?aoi? ia o?aicenoi?ao VT1 e VT2, aeey /aai
aieueoiao? iiaeeeth/atho e eieeaeoi?o o?aicenoi?a VT1. Caeanue
iiaeai?ii ?acenoi?ia R2, R3 e eiiaeainaoi?ia N1, N2 aeiaeaathony
ia?eiaea neaaeiaaiey iieiaeeoaeueiuo eiioeuenia 6…8 n i?e
aeeeoaeueiinoe eiioeuena 2,5…3 n. Iinea yoiai oaeaeytho o?aoueth
ia?aiu/eo e, anee iaiaoiaeeii, ieii/aoaeueii ei??aeoe?otho iniiaiie oii
“o?aee” iiaeai?ii eiiaeainaoi?ia N7, N8. Nii?ioeaeaiea ?acenoi?a R2
aeieaeii auoue a i?aaeaeao 120…130 eIi, a ?acenoi?a R3 – 91…100 eIi.
?acenoi? R20, yaeythueeny /anoueth iaa?ocee o?aicenoi?a VT11,
iiaeae?atho a caaeneiinoe io i?eiaiaiiie aeeiaie/aneie aieiaee. Aai
nii?ioeaeaiea aeieaeii auoue oaeei, /oiau oneeeoaeue i?e iieiinoueth
aaaaeaiiii ?aaoeyoi?a a?iieinoe (R19) ia ia?aa?oaeaeny e ia a?aeenue
auoiaeiua o?aicenoi?u VT15 e VT16.
3.2. Oaoiieiae/aneee i?ioeann ia iiioaae ieaou.
Oaoi?ioeann – ninoaaiay /anoue i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai i?ioeanna,
iaiin?aaenoaaiii naycaiiiai ni niaiie ninoiyiey i?iaeoeoa.
Eiiieaeoiai/iay iia?aoeey;
Eiio?ieueiay iia?aoeey;
Iiaeaioiaeoaeueiay iia?aoeey;
I?iiuaea;
Eeaeea;
Nooea;
Iiioaaeiay iia?aoeey;
I?iiuaea;
Eiio?ieueiay iia?aoeey.
1. Eiiieaeoiai/iay iia?aoeey. Neiiieaeoiaaoue nai?eo ec ?aaeeiyeaiaioia,
niaeanii eiiieaeoiai/iie ea?oa eee niaoeeoeeaoeee /a?oaaea.
Eiiieaeoaoeeth ?aaeeiyeaiaioia i?iecaiaeeoue n iiiiuueth a?aneaoa.
2. Eiio?ieueiay iia?aoeey. Inouanoaeoue eiio?ieue aeaoaeae, i?iaa?eoue
ieaoo, nii?iaiaeeoaeueioth aeieoiaioaoeeth.
3. Iiaeaioiaeoaeueiay iia?aoeey. A iaa aoiaeeo oi?iiaea e eoaeaiea
auaiaeia.
4. I?iiuaea. I?iiuaeo ieao io eiiaeaine?othuaai iie?uoey inouanoaeytho
nie?oiaie nianueth i?e iiiiue eenoi/ee. N?ie o?aiaiey eiiaeaine?iaaiiie
ieaou aei iie?uoey aa eaeii ia aeieaeai i?aauoaoue 45 aeiae.
5. Eeaeea. Iiaeeeaaeeo iiae o?aicenoi?u onoaiaaeeaatho i?aaeaa?eoaeueii
iaiacaa eeaai AE-9, iinea /aai nooao.
6. Nooea. Eeae AE-9 nooao 3 /ana a niaoeeaeueiie ia/ea.
7. Iiioaaeiay iia?aoeey. Onoaiiaeoue ?aaeeiyeaiaiou ia ia/aoioth ieaoo,
niaeanii iiioaaeiie noaia, i?e/ai iiieiaeu yeaiaioia aeieaeiu auoue
io/aoeeai aeaeiu. Iaeeo inouanoaeytho i?eiiai IIN-61, i?aaeaa?eoaeueii
iaiany ia ianoi iaeee oethn, i?e/ai a ieieiaeueiii eiee/anoaa.
Eniieuecoy oethn OENI. A?aiy iaeee 2-3 naeoiaeu, oaiia?aoo?a 245( N.
O?aicenoi?u ia/eiatho iayoue n aaciaiai auaiaea, caoai eieeaeoi? e
yieooa?. ?annoiyiea io ia/aoiie ieaou aei ei?iona ia iaiaa 1,5 ii.
Iee?inoaiu ia/eiatho iayoue io “eeth/a” e i?iaeieaeatho iayoue a
oaoiaoiii ii?yaeea. Iaeea aeieaeia auoue neaeaoiie eee eiioniie, ia
eiaoue ?aeiaei, auoue ?iaiie e aeanoyuae.
8. I?iiuaea. Inouanoaeyoue i?iiuaeo ieao io oethna eee eaieoiee
iaiaoiaeeii nie?oi-aaiceiiaie nianueth i?e iiiiue eenoi/ee.
9. Eiio?ieueiay iia?aoeey. Inouanoaeoue eiio?ieue ieao ia niioaaonoaee
/a?oaaea. Iiieiaeu yeaiaioia aeieaeiu oi?ioi i?iniao?eaaoueny e
niioaaonoaiaaoue iiieiaeai ?aaeeiyeaiaioia ia niaoeeoeeaoeee.
I?aaeuyaeoue ia/aoioth ieaoo n onoaiiaeaiiuie ia iae yeaiaioaie a IOE.
A?aoe/aneay /anoue.
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