Aaaaeaiea
Niaea?aeaiea e oeaeue eco/aiey AAEAe.
Iniiaiua iieiaeaiey AAEAe.
AAEAe — nenoaia ciaiee, iai?aaeaiiuo ia iaania/aiea aaciianiinoe a
i?iecaiaenoaaiiie e iai?iecaiaenoaaiiie n?aaea n o/aoii aeeyiey /aeiaaea
ia n?aaeo iaeoaiey.
Oeaeue AAEAe
Oeaeue = AN + IO + NC + I? + EO
AN — aeinoeaeaiea aacaaa?eeiuo neooaoeee
IO — i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiea o?aaiaoecia
NC — nio?aiaiea caei?iauey
I? — iiauoaiea ?aaioiniiniaiinoe
EO — iiauoaiea ea/anoaa o?oaea
Aeey aeinoeaeaiey iinoaaeaiiie oeaee iaiaoiaeeii ?aoeoue aeaa a?oiiu
caaea/:
Iao/iua (iao. iiaeaee a nenoaiao /aeiaae-iaoeia; N?aaea
iaeoaiey-/aeiaae-iianiua (a?aaeiua) i?iecaiaenoaaiiua oaeoi?u;
/aeiaae-IE e o.ae.)
I?aeoe/aneea (iaania/aiea aaciianiuo oneiaee o?oaea i?e ianeoaeeaaiee
iai?oaeiaaiey)
Iauaeou e i?aaeiaou AAEAe
Aeneiia i iioaioeeaeueiie iianiinoe
Ethaay aeayoaeueiinoue iioaioeeaeueii iiania.
Eiee/anoaaiiay ioeaiea iianiinoe — ?ene (R).
, aaea n – /enei neo/aaa, N – iauaa eiee/anoai ethaeae.
Ii noaoenoeea n = 500 oun. /ae. ( iiaeaatho iaanoanoaaiiie aeaaeueth ia
i?-aa ca aiae)
N = 160 iei. /ae.
Nouanoaoao iiiyoea ii?ie?oaiiai ?enea (i?eaieaiue ?ene) R=10-6 .
I?aaiaua e ii?iaoeaii-oaoie/aneea iniiau iaania/aiey AAEAe.
Iniiaiua iieiaeaiey eceiaeaiu a Eiinoeoooeee (aeae. 1994a) a caeiia ii
io?aia o?oaea e io?aia i?e?iaeu (1992-93) a ECiOa.
A ea/anoaa iiaecaeiiiuo aeoia aunooiatho AINOu, Ii?iu e I?aaeea.
Acaeiiaeaenoaea ain. iaaeci?a, aaaeiinoaaiiiai e iauanoaaiiiai eiio?iey.
Aunoee iaaeci? ii niaethaeaieth caeiiiinoe inouanoaeyao aai. i?ieo?i?.
Ain. iaaeci? a niioa-aee ni 107 no. ECiO ca niaethaeaieai ii?i e i?aaee
ii io?aia o?oaea inouanoaeyaony:
1. niaoe. oiieiiii/aiiuie eiiaeoeeyie, iacaaenyuea a naiae ae-oe io
ae-oe i?aaei?eyoey (?ineiiaeae?iiao, Ainai?oaoiaaeci?, Ainaoiiiaaeci? e
o.ae.);
2. i?ionithcaie a eeoea i?aaiaie e oaoie/aneie einiaeoeeae o?oaea.
Aaaeiinoaaiiue eiio?ieue inou-ny ieienoa?noaaie e aaaeiinoaaie a
niioaaonoaee n iiae/eiaiiinoueth.
Iauanoaaiiue eiio?ieue — OII a eeoea i?ioniciuo eiieoaoao, iaoiaeyueony
ia eaaeaeii i?aaei?eyoee.
I?aaiecaoeey neoaeau io?aiu o?oaea e i?e?iaeu ia i?aaei?eyoee
Aee?aeoi? ianao iniiaioth ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca io?aio o?oaea e i?e?iaeu.
I?aaiecaoeeiiiuie ?aaioaie, naycaiiuie n iaania/aieai io?aiu o?oaea e
i?e?iaeu caiei. ae. eiaeaia?.
Ioaeae io?aiu o?oaea (iiae/eiyaony ae. eiaeaia?o) ?aoaao oaeou. aii?inu,
naycaiiua n iaania/aiai aaciianiinoe o?oaea.
Ooieoeee ioaeaea io?aiu o?oaea:
eiio?ieueiay (niaethaeaiea i?eeacia)
iao/athuay
i?aaenoaaeoaee ioaeaea aunooiatho a ea/anoaa yenia?oia i?e ?ac?aaioea
oao. ?aoaiee
io/aoiinoue ii aii?inai o?aaiaoecia e i?io. caaieaaaieyi.
O?aonooiai/aoue eiio?ieue ca io?aiie o?oaea ia i?aaei?eyoee
1 yoai. Eiio?ieue ia ?aai/ai ianoa (ca oeaoii eiio?ieue inou-o ianoa?,
ca eaai?aoi?eae – ?oe. a?oiiie). Aaeaaeiaaiue eiio?ieue.
2 yoai. O?iaaiue oeaoa, eaai?aoi?ee (ia?eiaee/iinoue aaeaiaaeaeueiay).
3 yoai. O?iaaiue i?aaei?eyoey (iaeei ec oeaoia auai?i/ii i?iaa?yaony
eiienneae, a ninoaa eioi?ie aoiaeyo:
– ae. eiaeaia?;
– ia/. ioaeaea io?aiu o?oaea;
– i?aaenoaaeoaeue iaae. nai. /anoe;
– ae. niaoeeaeeno (oaoiieia eee yia?aaoee)
Iao/aiea ?aaioathueo aaciianiinoe o?oaea
Nenoaia noaiaea?oia aaciianiinoe o?oaea — AINO 12.0.004-90 NNAO
Aeaeu eino?oeoaaea
Aaiaeiue — iciaeiieaiea n iaueie aii?inaie AO, i?iaiaeeo eiaeaia?
aaciianiinoe o?oaea.
Ia?ae/iue — iciaeiieaiea n eiie?aoiuie aeaeaie aaciianiinoe o?oaea ia
aeaiiii i?aaei?eyoee ia aeaiiii ?aa. ianoa, i?iaiaeeo ?oeiaiaeeoaeue
?aaio.
Iiaoi?iue — iiaoi?eoue eio-oeeth ia?ae/iiai eino?oeoaaea,
ia?eiaee/iinoueth 1 ?ac a iieaiaea, i?iaiaeeo ?oe. ?aaio.
Aiaieaiiaue — i?iaiaeeony ?oe. ?aaio a oii neo/aa, eiaaea eiatho ianoi
eciaiaiey a oaoi. i?ioeanna i?e iinooieaiee iiaiai iai?oaeiaaiey, iinea
oiai eae i?iecioae ian/anoiue neo/ae e i?e ia?a?uaao a ?aaioa,
i?aauoathuea onoaiiaeaiiua.
Oeaeaaie — i?e auiieiaiee ?aaio, ia naycaiiuo n iniiaiie
niaoeeaeueiinoueth, i?iaiaeeo ?oe. ?aaio.
Ainou, Ii?iu e i?aaeea ii io?aia o?oaea e i?e?iaeu, eo no?oeoo?a
Nenoaia noaiaea?oia AO — eiiieaen ia?, iai?aaeaiiuo ia iaania/aiea AO.
No?oeoo?a Ainoa:
Eiae a?oiie?iaee:
0 : iniiaiiieaaathuee noaiaea?o;
1 : ia?a/aiue ii a?oiiai iianiuo e a?aaeiuo i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo oaeoi?ia;
2 : o?aaiaaiea aaciianiinoe e i?iecaiaenoaaiiiio iai?oaeiaaieth;
3 : o?aaiaaiey aaciianiinoe, i?aaeuyaeyaiua e oaoi. i?ioeanno;
4 : o?aaiaaiey aaciianiinoe, i?aaeuyaeyaiua e n?aaenoaai
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiie caueou.
Ii?iu — ia?a/aiue o?aaiaaiee aaciianiinoe ii i?iecaiaenoaaiiie naieoa?ee
e aeaeaia o?oaea.
NI 245-71 Naieoa?iua ii?iu i?iaeoe?iaaiey i?ii. i?aaei?eyoee.
I?aaeea — ia?a/aiue ia? ii oaoieea aaciianiinoe.
IOY-85 I?aaeea ono?ienoa yeaeo?ionoaiiaee.
NI e III-4-79
Nenoaia oi?aaeaiey AO ia i?aaei?eyoee
Iianiua e a?aaeiua oaeoi?u n?aaeu, enoi/ieee e aeaeu caa?yciaiee
Iianiue oaeoi? — oaeoi?, aicaeaenoaea e-ai ia ?aaioathuaai,
iioaioeeaeueii iiaeao i?eaanoe e o?aaia.
A?aaeiue i?iecaiaenoaaiiue oaeoi? — oaeoi?, aicaeaenoaea e-ai ia
?aaioathuaai iiaeao i?eaanoe e caaieaaaieth.
AINO 12-0-003-74 NNAO – Iianiua e a?aaeiua i?iecaiae. oaeoi?u.
Eeanneoeeaoeey).
A?oiiu iianiuo e a?aaeiuo i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo oaeoi?ia:
Oece/aneea:
ia?aiauathueany ecaeaeey caaioiaee, iacaueuaiiua iiaeaeaeiua yeaiaiou
i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai iai?oaeiaaiey;
caaaciaaiiinoue, caiueaiiinoue ?aa. ciiu;
iiauoaiiue o?iaaiue ooia;
iiauoaiiue o?iaaiue iai?yaeaiey a ye. naoe, caiueaiea eioi?iai iiaeao
i?iecieoe a oaea /aeiaaea;
iiauoaiiue o?iaaiue eiiece?othuaai eceo/aiey;
iiauoaiiue o?iaaiue ye-iaaieoiuo iieae;
iiauoaiiue o?iaaiue oeueo?aoeieaoiaiai eceo/aiey;
iaaeinoaoi/iay inaauaiiinoue ?aa. ciiu.
Oeie/aneea:
?acae?aaeathuea aauanoaa
Aeieiae/aneea:
iae?i- e iee?ii?aaieciu
Ineoi-oeceieiae/aneea:
oece/aneea ia?aa?ocee:
noaoe/aneea iaa?ocee;
aeeiaie/aneea iaa?ocee;
aeiiaeeiaiey
ia?aii-yiioeeiiaeueiua iaa?ocee:
oinoaaiiia ia?aiai?yaeaiea;
ia?aooiieaiea;
ia?aiai?yaeaiea aiaeecaoi?ia (eiaeiua, c?eo., neooiaua e o.ae.)
iiiioiiiinoue o?oaea;
yiioeeiiaeueiua ia?aiaa?ocee
No?oeoo?iay noaia acaeiinayce iaoeia-oaeoi?-?aaioathuee
Enoi/ieee caa?yciaiey ie?oaeathuae N?aaeu
Enoi/ieee caa?yciaiey aoiinoa?u iiae?acaeaeythony ia:
anoanoaaiiua (einie/aneay iueue, iaiae i?e ecaa?aeaiee aoeeaiia);
aio?iiiaaiiua (i?iecaiaenoaaiiay ae-oue /aeiaaea, iaoaeeo?aey, iaooyiay
e oei. i?iiuoeaiiinoue)
Enoi/ieee caa?yciaiey aeae?inoa?u:
iiaa?oiinoiua;
auoiaua;
i?iecaiaenoaaiiua
Enoi/ieee caa?yciaiey eeoinoa?u:
aeiau/a iieaciuo eneiiaaiuo;
caoi?iiaiea iooiaeia i?-aa e auoiauo iooiaeia;
aiaiiua iauaeou
O?aaiaoeci e i?iocaaieaaaiey
O?aaia — aiaoiaa iia?aaeaeaiea i?aaiecia /aeiaaea, eioi?ia i?iecioei a
?acoeueoaoa aeaenoaey iianiiai i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai oaeoi?a.
I?io. caaieaaaiea — caaieaaaiea, i?e eioi?ii i?ienoiaeeo aioo?aiiaa
eciaiaiea a i?aaiecia /aeiaaea a ?acoeueoaoa aeaenoaey a?aaeiiai
i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai oaeoi?a.
Ian/anoiua neo/ae iiae?acaeaeythony:
eaaeea; n?aaeiae oyaeanoe; a?oiiiaua; n eiaaeeaeiui enoiaeii; ni
nia?oaeueiui enoiaeii.
I?io. caaieaaaiey iiae?acaeaeythony:
o?iie/aneea;
aiacaiiua
Niaieoiiinoue i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo o?aai iacuaaaony o?aaiaoeciii.
Io/aoiinoue ii i?iecaiaenoaaiiiio o?aaiaoecio:
I. Eiyooeoeeaio oyaeanoe o?aaiaoecia (n?. i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoue iaeiie
o?aaiu)
, aaea
Ae – eie-ai (iauaa /enei) aeiae iao?oaeiniiniaiinoe ca io/aoiue ia?eiae
O – eie-ai o?aai ca io/aoiue ia?eiae
II. Eiyooeoeeaio /anoiou o?aaiaoecia (eie-ai o?aai, i?eoiaeyueony ia
1000 ?aa.)
, aaea
? – n?. nieni/iia eie-ai ?aai/eo ca io/aoiue ia?eiae
O/ao e ?anneaaeiaaiea ian/anoiuo neo/aaa
Aeaeu ?anneaaeiaaiey:
Iau/iua (eni. aeey ian/anoiuo neo/aaa n a?aiaiiie iioa?ae
iao?oaeiniiniaiinoe)
Niaoeeaeueiua (eni. aeey ian/anoiuo neo/aaa ni nia?oaeueiui enoiaeii)
Aeey iau/iiai ?anneaaeiaaiey a ninoaa eiiennee ii ?anneaaeiaaieth i?e/ei
ian/anoiiai neo/ay aoiaeyo:
i?aaenoaaeoaee aaeieieno?aoeee aaea i?iecioae ian/anoiue neo/ae;
ia/. ioaeaea io?aiu o?oaea (eee eiaeaia? yoiai ioaeaea);
iauanoaaiiue einiaeoi? ii io?aia o?oaea eee ae?oaie i?aaenoaaeoaeue
iauanoaaiiie i?aaiecaoeee)
A oa/aiea 24 /ania n iiiaioa i?ieoanoaey ian/anoiiai neo/ay i?iaiaeyo
?anneaaeiaaiea, i?e/ai ?acoeueoaou ?anneaaeiaaiey caiinyony a aeo ii
oi?ia I-1 (4 yec.).
Aeo iai?aaeyaony e ae. eiaeaia?o (a oa/aiea 3-o aeiae aeo aeieaeai auoue
caaa?ai).
1-ue yec. – ia ?oee iino?aaeaaoaio (o?aieony 45 eao);
2-ie yec. – a iiae?acaeaeaiee, aaea i?iecioae IN;
3-ee yec. – a ioaeaea io?aiu o?oaea i?aaei?eyoey;
4-ue yec. – a ieienoa?noai ii aai cao?aaiaaieth.
Aaeieieno?aoeey ianao ioaaonoaaiiinoue:
Aeenoeeieeia?ioth;
Iaoa?eaeueioth;
Aaeieieno?aoeaioth;
Oaieiaioth
I?e/eiu ian/anoiuo neo/aaa:
– i?aaiecaoeeiiiua (iauaeoeaiua);
– oaoie/aneea (noauaeoeaiua).
Iaoiaeu enneaaeiaaiey i?e/ei o?aaiaoecia
Iauaeo enneaaeiaaiey:
/aeiaae; i?iecaiaenoaaiiay ianoaiiaea; oaoiieiae/aneea i?ioeannu;
iai?oaeiaaiea
Iiiia?aoe/aneee (eco/aiea iaeiiai ec iauaeoia i?e/ei o?aaiaoecia);
Noaoenoe/aneee (EO,EN);
Oiiia?aoe/aneee (iaianoe iianiua ?aa. ianoa ia ieai oeaoa e ioeaieoue
ianoaiiaeo);
Yeiiiie/aneee (aiaeec cao?ao ia o?aaiaoeci ii a/e);
Eiiaeie?iaaiiue (nenoaiiue).
Icaei?iaeaiea aicaeooiie n?aaeu
Ia ?aa. ianoao aieueoia cia/aiea ioaiaeeony nicaeaieth eiioi?oiuo
oneiaee o?oaea, e-a iaania/eaathony ia?aiao?aie iee?iee. e noaiaiueth
caiueaiiinoe aicaeooa.
Oa?ii?aaoeyoeey i?aaiecia /aeiaaea — niiniaiinoue /aeiaa/aneiai oaea
iiaeaea?aeeaaoue iinoiyiioth o-?o.
Ii?iaoeaiua niaea?aeaiey a?aaeiuo aauanoa e iee?ieeeiaoa.
I?e iaee/ee a?aaeiuo aauanoa eo eiioeaio?aoeey ?aaeaiaioe?oaony
aaee/eiie i?aaeaeueii aeiionoeiie eiioeaio?aoeee (IAeE).
IAeE = [ia/i3]
AINO 12.1.005-88 NNAO Iauea naieoa?ii-aeaeaie/aneea o?aaiaaiey e
aicaeooo ?aa. ciiu.
IAeE a aicaeooa ?aa. ciiu — oaeay eiioeaio?aoeey a?aaeiuo aauanoa,
eioi?ay a oa/aiea 8-ie /aniaiai ?aa. aeiy eee ?aa. aeiy ae?oaie
i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoe, ii ia aieaa 41-ai /ana a iaaeaeth ia aucuaaao
ioeeiiaiee a ninoiyiee caei?iauey ?aaioathueo, a oaeaea ia aeeyao ia
ianoiyuaa e aoaeouaa iieieaiey.
A aicaeooa ianaeaiiuo iano niaea?aeaiea a?aae. a-a ?aaeaiaioe?oaony a
niioa-aee n NI 245-71.
IAeENN (n?aaeia nooi/iay) — oaeay eiioeaio?aoeey, eioi?ay ia aucuaaao
ioeeiiaiee i?e i?yiii eee einaaiiii aicaeaenoaee ia /aeiaaea a aicaeooa
ianaeaiiiai ioieoa a oa/aiea neieue oaiaeii aeieaiai aeuoaiey.
IAeEI? (max ?aciaia) — oaeay eiioeaio?aoeey, eioi?ay ia aucuaaao ni
noi?iiu i?aaiecia /aeiaaea ?aoeaeoi?iuo ?aaeoeee (iuouaiea caiaoa.
eciaiaiea naaoiaie /oanoaeoaeueiinoe, aeiyeaeo?e/aneie aeoeaiinoe iicaa
e o.ae.)
Yoe aaee/eiu ii?aaeaeaiu aeey (1203 aauanoa, aeey inoaeueiuo IAOA
(i?eaioe?iai/ii-aaciianiue o?iaaiue aicaeaenoaey) n?ieii ( 3 aiaea.
A niioa-aee n AINO 12.1.007-76 ana a?aaeiua a-aa iiae?acaeaeythony ia 4
ee. ii aaee/eia IAeE:
I ee 10 ia/i3 — iaei iianiua
Yooaeo noiiaoeee — i?e iaoiaeaeaiee a aicaeooa ianeieueeeo aiieia
ii?aaeaeaiiuo a-a, iie iaeaaeatho naienoaii oneeeaaoue aeaenoaea ae?oa
ae?oaa.
Aeey oiai, /oiau ioeaieoue aeaenoaea a-a, iaeaaeathueo yooaeoii
noiiaoeee eniieuecoaony oi?ioea:
, aaea
N1, N2 … NN – oaeoe/aneea eiioeaio?aoeee a?aaeiuo a-a a aicaeooa
IAeE1 … IAeEN – aaee/eiu eo i?aaeaeueii aeiionoeiuo eiioeaio?aoeee
Ii?ie?iaaiea ia?aiao?ia iee?ieeeiaoa
Iee?ieeeiao ia ?aa. ianoa oa?-ny:
oaiia?aoo?a, t, (N;
ioiineoaeueiay aeaaeiinoue, (, %;
nei?inoue aeaeaeaiey aicaeooa ia ?aa. ianoa, V, i/n;
eioaineaiinoue oaieiaiai eceo/aiey W, Ao/i2;
aa?iiao?e/aneia aeaae., ?, ii ?o. no. (ia ii?ie?oaony)
A niioaaonoaee n AINO 12.1.005-88 ii?ie?oaiua ia?aiao?u iee?ieeeiaoa
iiae?acaeaeythony ia iioeiaeueiua e aeiionoeiua.
Iioeiaeueiua ia?aiao?u iee?ieeeiaoa — oaeia ni/aoaiea o-?u, ioiineo.
aeaaeiinoe e nei?inoe aicaeooa, eioi?ia i?e aeeeoaeueiii e
nenoaiaoe/aneii aicaeaenoaee ia aucuaaao ioeeiiaiee a ninoiyiee
/aeiaaea.
t = 22 – 24, (N, ( = 40 – 60, %, V ( 0,2 i/n
Aeiionoeiua ia?aiao?u iee?ieeeiaoa — oaeia ni/aoaiea ia?aiao?ia
iee?ieeeiaoa, eioi?ia i?e aeeeoaeueiii aicaeaenoaee aucuaaao i?eoiaeyuaa
e auno?iii?iaeecothuaany eciaiaiea a ninoiyiee ?aaioathuaai.
t = 22 – 27, (N, ( ( 75, %, V = 0,2-0,5 i/n
?aa. ciia — i?ino?ainoai iaae o?iaiai ai?eciioaeueiie iia-oe, aaea
auiieiyaony ?aaioa, aunioie 2 iao?a.
?aa. ianoi — (i.a. iinoiyiiui eee iaiinoiyiiui), aaea auiieiyaony
oaoiieiae/aneay iia?aoeey.
Aeey ii?aaeaeaiey ii?iu iee?ieeeiaoa ia ?aai/ai ianoa, iaiaoiaeeii
ciaoue 2 oaeoi?a:
Ia?eiae aiaea (oaieue, oieiaeiue). + 10 (N a?aieoea
Eaoaai?ey auiieiyaiie ?aaiou, eioi?ay iiae?acaeaeyaony a caaeneiinoe io
yia?aicao?ao:
eaaeoth (Ia — aei 148 Ao, Ia — 150-174 Ao);
n?aaeiae oyaeanoe (IIa — 174-232 Ao, IIa — 232-292 Ao);
oyaeaeay (III — nauoa 292 Ao).
Iaoiaeu e n?-aa eiio?iey caueou aicaeooiie n?aaeu
Nenoaiu aaioeeyoeee
Aaioeeyoeey — i?aaieciaaiiue aicaeooiiaiai, eioi?ue iaania/eaaao
oaeaeaiea ec iiiauaiey aicaeooa, caa?yciaiiiai ecauoi/iui oaieii e
a?aaeiuie aauanoaaie e oai naiui ii?iaeecoao aicaeooioth n?aaeo a
iiiauaiee.
?aaioiniiniaiinoue nenoaiu aaioeeyoeee ii?aaeaeyaony iieacaoaeai
e?aoiinoe aicaeooiiaiaia (E).
, aaea
V -eie-ai aicaeooa, oaeaeyaiiai ec ieiauaiey a oa/aiea /ana [i3//]
VI – iauai iiiauaiey, i3
E=[1//]
Aeey ii?aaeaeaiey iauaia aicaeooa, oaeaeyaiiai ec iiiauaiey iaiaoiaeeii
ciaoue:
V1 – iauai aicaeooa n o/aoii oaieiauo auaeaeaiee;
V2 – iauai aicaeooa n o/aoii auaeaeaiey a?aaeiuo a-a oao eee eiuo
i?ioeannia
, aaea
QECA – iauaa eie-ai oaiea [eAeae//]
N – oaieiaieinoue aicaeooa [eAeae/ea((N]=1
( – ieioiinoue aicaeooa [ea/i3]
tOAe – o-?a oaeaeyaiiai aicaeooa
tI? – o-?a i?eoi/iiai aicaeooa
, aaea
E – iauaa eie-ai caa?yciythueo a-a i?e ?aaioa ?aciuo enoi/ieeia a
oa/aiea aiaea [a?//]
EOAe, EI? – eiioeaio?aoeey a?aaeiuo a-a a oaeaeyaiii e i?eoi/iii
aicaeooa [a?/i3]
V2 -[i3//]
Eeanneoeeaoeey nenoai aaioeeyoeee
Ii i?eioeeio i?aaiecaoeee aicaeooiiaiaia
Ii niiniao iiaea/e aicaeooa
Anoanoaaiiay
– aao?iaie iaii?;
– oaieiaie iaii?
Iaoaie/aneay
– i?eoi/iay;
– auoyaeiay;
– i?eoi/ii-auoyaeiay
Niaoaiiay
– anoanoaaiiay + iaoaie/aneay
Ii i?eioeeio i?aaiecaoeee aicaeooiiaiaia
Iauaiaiaiiay
Ianoiay
Aeey iaania/aiey anoanoaaiiie aaioeeyoeee a eaai?aoi?eyo eniieuecoiony
ono?ienoai, iacuaaaiia aeeoeaeoi?ii (aao?iaie iaii?).
I?eoi/iay nenoaia aaioeeyoeee
Ono?ienoai caai?a
Ono?ienoai i/enoee
Nenoaia aicaeooiaiaeia
Aaioeeyoi?
Ono?ienoai iiaea/e ia ?aa. ianoi
Nenoaia auoyaeiie aaioeeyoeee
Ono?ienoai aeey oaeaeaiey aicaeooa
Aaioeeyoi?
Nenoaia aicooiaiaeia
Iuea- e aacioeaaeeaathuea ono?ienoaa
Oeeueo?u
Ono?ienoai aeey aua?ina aicaeooa
Nenoaia iaoaie/aneie aaioeeyoeee aeieaeia iaania/eaaoue aeiionoeiua
ia?aiao?u iee?ieeeiaoa ia ?aa. ianoao a i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo iiiauaieyo.
Iioeiaeueiua ia?aiao?u iee?ieeeiaoa iaania/eaaao nenoaia
e?iaeeoeeiie?iaaiey.
Aeinoieinoaa e iaaeinoaoee nenoai anoanoaaiiie e iaoaie/aneie
aaioeeyoeee
Anoanoaaiiay Iaoaie/aneay
+ Ia o?aaoao cao?ao ia nicaeaiea
I?inoioa a yenieoaoaoeee Iacaaeneiinoue io iiaiaeiuo oneiaee
Iaee/ea nenoai i/enoee
— 1. Ionoonoaea nenoai i/enoee
2. Caaeneiinoue io iiaiaeiuo oneiaee 1. Cao?aou i?e i?iaeoe?iaaiee
Nenoaia i/enoee aicaeooa
Aeey nenoaiu auoyaeiie aaioeeyoeee. A nenoaia i?eoi/iie aaioeeyoeee
iaania/eaaao caueoo ?aaioathueo e nicaeaiea oneiaee aeey yenieoaoaoeee
AO, a a nenoaia auoyaeiie aaioeeyoeee ono?ienoai iaania/eaaao caueoo
aicaeooa ianaeaiiuo iano io a?aaeiuo aicaeaenoaee.
A caaeneiinoe io eniieueciaaiey n?aaenoa, i/enoeo iiae?acaeaeytho ia:
a?oaoth (eiioeaio?aoeey aieaa 100 ia/i3 a?aaeiuo a-a);
n?aaeithth (eiioeaio?aoeey 100 – 1 ia/i3 a?aaeiuo a-a);
oiieoth (eiioeaio?aoeey iaiaa 1 ia/i3 a?aaeiuo a-a).
I/enoeo aicaeooa io iuee e nicaeaiea iioeiaeueiuo ia?aiao?ia
iee?ieeeiaoa ia ?I, iaania/eaaao nenoaia eiiaeeoeeiie?iaaiey.
I – eaia?a niaoaiey aicaeooa
II – i?iiuaiay eaia?a
III – eaia?a aoi?iai iiaeia?aaa
aicaeooiaiae ia?oaeiiai aicaeooa;
aicaeooiaiae aicaeooa aeey inouanoaeaiey ?aoee?eoeyoeee;
ia?aue oeeueo? aeey i/enoee aicaeooa;
eiei?eoa?;
aoi?ie oeeueo? aeey i/enoee aicaeooa;
ono?ienoai aeey oaeaaeiaiey/nooee aicaeooa;
aicaeooiaiae aunooaiiiai, i/euaiiiai eee oaeaaeiiaiiiai aicaeooa.
I/enoea aicaeooa, oaeaeyaiiai ec iiiauaiey, inouanoaeyaony n iiiiuueth
2-o oeiia ono?-a: – iueaoeiaeoaee; – oeeueo?u.
I/enoea aicaeooa i?e eniieueciaaiee iueaoeiaeoaey inouanoaeyaony ca n/ao
aeaenoaey nee oyaeanoe e nee eia?oeee.
Ii eiino?oeoea. iniaai-yi iueaoeiaeoaee auaatho:
– oeeeeiiiua; – eia?oeeii.;- iueainaaeeoaeueiua eaia?u.
Oeeueo?u — ono?ienoaa, a eioi?uo aeey i/enoee aicaeooa eniieuecothony
iaoa?eaeu (i?-ai), niiniaiua inaaeeaaoue eee caaea?aeeaaoue iueue.
aoiaaeiua; oeaiaaua; yeaeo?e/aneea; oeueo?icaoeiaua; ianeyiua;
aeae?aaee/aneea; eiiaeie?iaaiiua
Niiniau i/enoee aicaeooa
Iaoaie/aneea (iuee, ianae, aaciia?aciuo i?eianae)
Iueaoeiaeoaee;
Oeeueo?u
Oeceei-oeie/aneea (i/enoea io aaciia?ac. i?eianae)
Ni?aoeey
aaeni?aoeey (aeoea. oaieue);
aani?aoeey (aeeaeeinoue)
Eaoaeeoe/aneea (iaaca?aaeeaaiea aaciia?aciuo i?eianae a i?enoonoaee
eaoaeecaoi?a)
Eiio?ieue ia?aiao?ia aicaeooiie n?aaeu
Inouanoaeyaony n iiiiuueth i?eai?ia:
Oa?iiiao? (o-?a);
Ineo?iiao? (ioiineo. aaeaaeiinoue);
Aiaiiiao? (nei?inoue aeaeaeaiey aicaeooa);
Aeoeiiiao? (eioaineaiinoue oaieiaiai eceo/aiey);
Aaciaiaeecaoi? (eiioeaio?aoeey a?aaeiuo a-a).
Yeaeo?iaaciianiinoue
Aicaeaenoaea ye. oiea ia i?aaieci /aeiaaea
Eie-ai ye. o?aai a iauai /enea iaaaeeei, aei 1,5%. Aeey ye. onoaiiaie
iai?yaeaieai aei 1000 V eie-ai ye. o?aai aeinoeaaao 80%.
I?e/eiu ye. o?aai
*aeiaae aeenoaioeeiiii ia iiaeao ii?aaeaeeoue iaoiaeeony ee onoaiiaea
iiae iai?yaeaieai eee iao.
Oie, eioi?ue i?ioaeaao /a?ac oaei /aeiaaea, aeaenoaoao ia i?aaieci ia
oieueei a ianoao eiioaeoa e ii iooe i?ioaeaiey oiea, ii e ia oaeea
nenoaiu eae e?iaaiiniay, aeuoaoaeueiay e na?aea/ii-ninoaeenoay.
Aiciiaeiinoue iieo/aiey ye. o?aai eiaao ianoi ia oieueei i?e
i?eeiniiaaiee, ii e /a?ac iai?yaeaiea oaaa e /a?ac ye. aeoao.
Ye. oie, i?ioiaey /a?ac oaei /aeiaaea ieacuaaao oa?ie/aneia
aicaeaenoaea, e-ia i?eaiaeeo e ioaeai (io iie?aniaiey, aei iaoaeeaaiey),
yeaeo?ieeoe/aneia (oeie/aneia), iaoaie/aneia, e-ia iiaeao i?eaanoe e
?ac?uao oeaiae e iuooe; iiyoiio ana ye. o?aaiu aeaeyony
ianoiua; iauea (yeaeo?ioaea?u).
Ianoiua ye. o?aaiu
ye. iaeiae (iiae aeaenoaeai ye. oiea);
ye. ciaee (iyoia aeaaeii-aeaeoiai oeaaoa);
iaoaeeecaoeey iia-oe eiaee (iiiaaeaiea ?anieaaeaiiuo /anoeoe iaoaeea ye.
aeoae ia eiaeo);
yeaeo?iiooaeueiey (iaeia neecenoie iaiei/ee aeac).
Iauea ye. o?aaiu (yeaeo?ioaea?u):
1 noaiaiue: aac iioa?e niciaiey
2 noaiaiue: n iioa?ae
3 noaiaiue: aac ii?aaeaiey ?aaiou na?aeoea
4 noaiaiue: n ii?aaeaieai ?aaiou na?aeoea e i?aaiia aeuoaiey
E?aeiee neo/ae ninoiyiea eeeie/aneie nia?oe (inoaiiaea ?aaiou na?aeoea e
ia?ooaiea niaaaeaiey eenei?iaeii eeaoie iicaa. A ninoiyiee eeeie/aneie
nia?oe iaoiaeyony aei 6-8 iei.)
I?e/eiu ii?aaeaiey ye. oieii (iai?yae. i?eeiniiaaiey e oaaiaia
iai?yae.):
I?eeiniiaaiea e oieiaaaeouei /anoyi, iaoiaeyueiny iiae iai?yaeaieai;
I?eeiniiaaiea e ioeeth/aiiui /anyi, ia eioi?uo iai?yaeaiea iiaeao eiaoue
ianoi:
a neo/aa inoaoi/iiai ca?yaea;
a neo/aa ioeai/iiai aee. ye. onoaiiaee eee ianiaeaniaaiiuo aeaenoaee
ianeoae. ia?niiaea;
a neo/aa ?ac?yaea iieiee a ye. onoaiiaeo eee aaeece;
i?eeiniiaaiea e iaoaeee/aneei ia oieiaaaeouei /anoyi eee naycaiiiai n
ieie ye. iai?oae-y (ei?iona, eiaeooe, ia?aaeaeaiey) iinea ia?aoiaea
iai?yae. ia ieo n oieiaaaeoueo /anoae (aic-ieeiiaaiea aaa?. neooaoeee —
i?iaie ia ei?ona).
Ii?aaeaiea iai?yaeaieai oaaa eee i?aauaaiea /aeiaaea a iiea ?anoaeaiey
ye. oiea, a neo/aa caiueaiey ia caieth.
Ii?aaeaiea /a?ac ye. aeoao i?e iai?yaeaiee ye. onoaiiaee auoa 1eA, i?e
i?eaeeaeaiee ia iaaeiionoeii-iaeia ?annoiyiea.
Aeaenoaea aoiino. ye-/anoaa i?e aaciauo ?ac?yaeao.
Inaiaiaeaeaiea /aeiaaea, iaoiaeyu-ny iiae iai?yae.
Oaeoi?u, aeeythuea ia enoiae ii?aaeaiey ye. oieii:
?iae oiea (iioiyiiue eee ia?aiaiiue, /anoioa 50Aoe iaeaieaa iiania)
Aaee/eia neeu oiea e iai?yaeaiey.
A?aiy i?ioiaeaeaiey oiea /a?ac i?aaieci /aeiaaea.
Iooue eee iaoey i?ioiaeaeaiey oiea.
Ninoiyiea i?aaiecia /aeiaaea.
Oneiaey aiaoiae n?aaeu.
Eiee/anoaaiiua ioeaiee
A eioa?aaea iai?yaeaiey 450-500 A, aia caaeneiinoe io ?iaea oiea,
aeaenoaea iaeeiaeiai
– iaiueoa 450 A — iianiaa ia?aiaiiue oie,
– iaiueoa 500 A — iianiaa iinoiyiiue oie.
Ea?aeeieiae/aneea caaieaaaiey, caaieaaaiey ia?aiie nenoaiu e iaee/ea
aeeiaiey a e?iae, nieaeatho nii?ioeaeaiea oaea /aeiaaea.
Iaeaieaa iianiui yaeyaony iooue i?ioiaeaeaiey oiea /a?ac na?aea/ioth
iuooeo e aeuoaoaeueioth nenoaio.
Oa?-? aicaeaenoaey iino. e ia?ai. oieia ia i?aaieci /ae.:
I, iA Ia?aiaiiue (50 Aoe) Iinoiyiiue
0,5-1,5 Iuooeiue. Eaaeia ae?iaeaiea iaeueoeaa. Iuouaiee iao.
2-3 Nee. ae?iaeaiea iaeueoeaa. Iuouaiee iao.
5-7 Noaei?iae a ?oeao. Iuooeiue oie. Eaaeia ae?iaeaiea iaeueoeaa.
8-10 Ia ioaoneathuee oie. ?oee n o?oaeii io?uaathony io iia-oe, i?e yoii
neeueiay aieue. Oneeaiea iaa?aaa ?oe.
20-25 Ia?aee/ iuoa/iie nenoaiu (iaaiciiaeii ioi?aaoue ?oee).
Iacia/eoaeueiia nie?auaiea iuuoe ?oe.
50-80 Ia?aee/ aeuoaiey. I?e 50iA iaio-ioneathuee oie.
90-100 Ia?aee/ na?aeoea. Ia?aee/ aeuoaiey.
100 Oea?eeyoeey (?aciia?aiaiiia, oaioe/aneia nie?auaiea na?aea/iie
iuooeu) 300 iA oea?eeyoeey.
IAeO?iaie iai?yaeaiee i?eeiniiaaiey e neea oiea i?e aaa?eeiii ?aaeeia
ye. onoaiiaie
ii AINO 12.1.038-82
?iae e /anoioa oiea Ii?i. aae. IAeO, i?e t, n
0,01 – 0,08 nauoa 1
Ia?aiaiiue
f = 50 Aoe UAe
IAe 650 A
— 36 A
6 iA
Ia?aiaiiue
f = 400 Aoe UAe
IAe 650 A
— 36 A
6 iA
Iinoiyiiue UAe
IAe 650 A
40 A
15 iA
Nii?ioeaeaiea oaea /aeiaaea
Oaeoi?u, i?eaiaeyuea e oiaiueoaieth nii?ioeaeaiey oaea /aeiaaea:
oaeaaeiaiea iiaa?oiinoe eiaee; oaaee/aiea ieiuaaee eiioaeoa; a?aiy
aicaeaenoaey.
Nii?ioeaeaiea ?iaiaiai (aa?oiaai neiy eiaee) io 10 aei 100 eIi.
Nii?ioeaeaiea aioo?aiieo oeaiae 800-1000 Ii. ?an/aoiay aaee/eia R*AE =
1000 Ii.
Eeanneoeeaoeey iiiauaiee ii iianiinoe ii?aaeaiey ye. oieii (IOY-85).
Iiiauaiey I eeanna. Iniai iianiua iiiauaiey.
100 % aeaaeiinoue;
iaee/ea aeoeaiie n?aaeu
Iiiauaiey II eeanna. Iiiauaiey iiauoaiiie iianiinoe ii?aaeaiey ye.
oieii.
iiauoaiiay o-?a aicaeooa (t = + 35 (N);
iiauoaiiay aeaaeiinoue (> 75 %);
iaee/ea oieii?iaiaeyuae iuee;
iaee/ea oieii?iaiaeyueo iieia;
iaee/ea ye. onoaiiaie (cacaieaiiuo) — aiciiaeiinoe i?eeiniiaaiey
iaeiia?aiaiii e e ye. onoaiiaea e e cacaieaieth eee e aeaoi ye.
onoaiiaeai iaeiia?aiaiii.
Iiiaoaiey III eeanna. Iaei iianiua iiiauaiey. Ionoonoaotho i?eciaee,
oa?aeoa?iua aeey aeaoo i?aaeuaeoueo eeannia.
Caeii Iia a aeeooa?aioeeaeueiie oi?ia: E = i (
( – oaeaeueiia nii?ioeaeaiea a?oioa [Ii(i]
i – ieioiinoue oiea
O.e. iaaeaiea iai?yaeaiey iaaeaeo aeaoiy oi/eaie eee ?aciinoue
iioaioeeaeia
oA ( ( (o (2 Ii), (A ( 0,
?ani?aaeaeaiaea iioaioeeaea ii iia-oe caiee inouanoaeyaony ii c-io
aeia?aieu.
Iai?yaeaiea i?eeiniiaaiey — yoi ?aciinoue iioaioeeaeia oi/ae ye. oeaie,
eioi?uo /aeiaae eanaaony iaeiia?aiaiii, iau/ii a oi/eao ?aniieiaeaiey
?oe e iia.
Iai?yaeaiea oaaa — yoi ?aciinoue iioaioeeaeia (1 e (2 a iiea ?anoaeaiey
oiea ii iia-oe caiee iaaeaeo oi/eaie, ?aniieiaeaiiuie ia ?annoiyiee oaaa
(( 0,8 i).
Aeaeu e aiaeec yeaeo?e/aneeo naoae
VO
U aei 1000 A
R4 = 1000 Ii
REC = 500000 Ii
iA
(eaaeia ae?iaeaiea iaeueoeaa)
Aa.. ?aae ?aa.
R4 = 1000 Ii; RCE = 100 Ii
iA
I4=346 iA (ia?aee/ na?aeoea)
3-o oaciay 4-o i?iaiaeiay n cacaieaiiie iaeo?aeueth
Ii?i.?aae ?aa.
VO = 220 A, R4 = 1000 Ii, RI = 4 Ii
iA
I4 = 220 iA (ia?aee/ na?aeoea)
Aa.. ?aae.?aa.
R4 = 1000 Ii; RI = 4 Ii; RCE = 100 Ii; VO = 220 A
I4=225 iA (ia?aee/ na?aeoea)
Iaoiaeu e n?aaenoaa caueou: cacaieaiea, caioeaiea, ioeeth/aiea e ae?.
Auai? n?aaenoa caueou caaeneo io:
?aaeeia ye. naoe;
aeaea ye. naoe;
oneiaee yenieoaoaoeee
N?aaenoaa yeaeo?iaaciianiinoe:
iauaoaoie/aneea;
niaoeeaeueiua;
n?aaenoaa eiaeeaeaeoaeueiie caueou
Iauaoaoie/aneea n?aaenoaa caueou
?aai/ay ecieyoeey
Aeey ioeaiee ecieyoeee eniieuecotho neaaeothuea e?eoa?ee:
– nii?ioeaeaiea oac ye. i?iaiaeee aac iiaeeeth/aiiie iaa?ocee R1(0,05;
– nii?ioeaeaiea oac ye. i?iaiaeee n iiaeeeth/aiiie iaa?oceie R2(0,08
IIi.
Aeaieiay ecieyoeey
Iaaeinooiiinoue oieiaaaeoueo /anoae (eniieuecothony inaaeeoaeueiua n?-aa
— eiaeoo, ei?ion, ye. oeao, eniieueciaaiea aei/iuo noai e o.ae.)
Aeiee?iaee aaciianiinoe (iaoaie/aneea, yeaeo?e/aneea)
Iaeia iai?yaeaiea
Aeey eieaeueiuo naaoeeueieeia (36 A), aeey iniaiiianiuo iiiauaiee e
aiaiiiauaiee.
12 A eniieuecoaony ai ac?uaiiianiuo iiiauaieyo.
Ia?u i?eaioaoeee (eniieueciaaiea ia?ee?iaie ioaeaeueiuo /anoae ye.
iai?oaeiaaiey, iaaeiene, i?aaeoi?aaeeoaeueiua ciaee, ?aciioeaaoiaay
ecieyoeey, naaoiaay neaiaeecaoeey).
Niaoeeaeueiua n?aaenoaa caueou
cacaieaiea;
caioeaiea;
caueoiia ioeeth/aiea
I?eioeei aeaenoaey cacaieaiey
Nieaeaiea iai?yaeaiey iaaeaeo ei?ionii, ieacaaoeiny iiae iai?yaeaieai (a
neo/aa aaa?eeiie neooaoeee) e caieae, aei aaciianiie aaee/eiu.
Cacaieaiea eniieuecoaony a 3-o oaciuo 3-o i?iaiaeiuo naoyo n
eciee?iaaiiie iaeo?aeueth. Yoa nenoaia cacaieaiey ?aaioaao a oii neo/aa,
anee
RI ( 4 Ii; V 1000 A (IOY-85)
I?eioeei aeaenoaey caioeaiey
I?aaeiaia?aiiia niaaeeiaiea ei?ionia ye. onoaiiaie n iiiaie?aoii
cacaieaiiie iaeo?aeueth o?ainoi?iaoi?a eee aaia?aoi?a.
I?aa?auaiea caiueaiey ia ei?ion a iaeiioaciia ei?ioeia caiueaiea ca n/ao
n?aaaouaaiey oieiaie caueou, eioi?ay ioeeth/aao nenoaio ieoaiey e oai
naiui ioeeth/aaony iia?aaeaeaiiia ono?ienoai.
I?eioeei aeaenoaey caueoiiai ioeeth/aiey
Yoi i?aaeiaia?aiia aaoiiaoe/aneia ioeeth/aiea ye. onoaiiaee io ieoathuae
naoe a neo/aa iianiinoe ii?aaeaiey ye. oieii.
Oneiaey, i?e eioi?uo auiieiyaony cacaieaiea eee caioeaiea a niioaaonoaee
n o?aaiaaieyie IOY-85.
A iaeiiianiuo iiiauaieyo 380 A e auoa ia?aiaiiiai oiea 440 A e auoa
iinoiyiiiai oiea
A iniai iianiuo iiiauaieyo, iiiauaieyo n iiauoaiiie iianiinoueth e aia
iiiauaiee 42 A e auoa ia?aiaiiiai oiea 110 A e auoa iino. oiea
I?e anao iai?yaeaieyo ai ac?uaiiianiuo iiiauaiey.
Cacaieythuea ono?ienoaa auaatho anoanoaaiiuie (eniieuecothony
eiino?oeoeee caeaiee) a yoii neo/aa iaeuecy eniieueciaaoue oa yeaiaiou,
eioi?ua i?e iiiaaeaiee ene?u i?eaiaeyo e aaa?ee (ac?uaiiianiua).
Eneonnoaaiiua — eiioo?iia e auiiniia caueoiia cacaieythuaa ono?ienoai.
I?eia?. Eiioo?iia cacaieythuaa ono?ienoai.
ye. onoaiiaea;
aiaoiee eiioo?;
oeia cacaieaiey;
aioo?aiiee eiioo?
O?aaiaaiey ye. aaciianiinoe e onoaiiaeai YOE (eaeo?i-oaoie/aneeo
ecaeaeee)
YOE aeieaeiu auoue neiino?oe?iaaiu oaeei ia?acii, /oiau iaania/eaaeanue
ye. aaciianiinoue. Anee oaeea oneiaey nicaeaoue iaeuecy, iie aeieaeiu
auoue ia?a/eneaiu a eino?oeoeee.
AINO 12.2.007.0-75 NNAO
A niioaaonoaee n yoei AINOii iaiaa?eaathony eeannu aaciianiinoe.
Iiiaiia?acea n?aaenoa caueou e oneiaee yenieoaoaoeee i?eaaee e
oieoeeaoeee n?aaenoa caueou. A oneiaeyo yenii?oa-eiii?oa YOE, auea
nicaeaia IP.
IP-30 3 – noaiaiue caueou 0 – noaiaiue caueou
IP-44 4 – io iiiaaeaiey aioo?ue 4 – — ( —
IP-5o 5 – iaiei/ee oa. oae o – aeaae
IP-54 5 4
I?iecaiaenoaaiiia inaauaiea
Any eioi?iaoeey iiaeaaony /a?ac c?eoaeueiue aiaeecaoi?. A?aae.
aicaeaenoaea ia aeaca /aeiaaea ieacuaatho neaaeothuea iianiua e a?aae.
i?iecaiaenoaaiiua oaeoi?u:
Iaaeinoaoi/iia inaauaiea ?aa. ciiu;
Ionoonoaea/iaaeinoaoie anoanoaaiiiai naaoa;
Iiauoaiiay y?einoue;
Ia?aiai?yaeaiea aiaeecaoi?ia (a o./. c?eoaeueiuo)
Ii aeaiiui AIC ia c?aiea aeeyao
OOE; y?eee aeaeeiue naao;
ia?oeaiea;
aeeee e io?aaeaiiue naao
Oeceieiae/aneea oa?aeoa?enoeee c?aiey
ino?ioa c?aiey;
onoie/eainoue yniiai aeaeaiey (?acee/ea i?aaeiaoia a oa/aiea
aeeeoaeueiiai a?aiaie);
eiio?aniay /oanoaeoaeueiinoue (?aciua ii y?einoe);
nei?inoue c?eoaeueiiai aini?eyoey (a?aiaiiie oaeoi?);
aaeaioaoeey c?aiey;
aeeiiiaeaoeey (?acee/ea i?aaeiaoia i?e eciaiaiee ?annoiyiey)
Naaoi-oaoie/aneea aaee/eiu
Yoi iiiyoea naycaii n oie eee eiie inaaoeoaeueiie onoaiiaeie
1. Naaoiaie iioie F, [ei] – ethiai
2. Neea naaoa J, [eae] – eaiaeaea
J = F/(
3. Inaauaiiinoue E, [ee] – ethen
E = F/S
4. ss?einoue L, [eae/i2]
L = J/S
5. Eiio?ano E E = (L0 – LO)/L0
Eiio?ano auaaao: – aieueoie (E>0,5); – n?aaeiee (E = 0,2 – 0,5); – iaeue
(E 20 Aoe.
I?e?iaea aicieeiiaaiey eio?acaoeiauo eieaaaiee oaeay aea eae e o
neuoeiiai caoea. Iiae/eiyaony oai aea caeiiiia?iinoyi. Eniieuecoaony
oaeie aea iaoaiaoe/aneee aiia?ao, e?iia iiiyoey, naycaiiiai n o?iaiai
caoea.
Iniaaiiinoe: iaeia iiaeiuaiea yi., cia/eo ?ani?ino?aiyaony ia
cia/eoaeueiua ?annoiyiey.
Enoi/ieee eio?acaoea: iai?oaeiaaiea, eioi?ia ?aaioaao n /anoioie oeeeeia
iaiaa 20 a naeoiaeo.
A?aaeiia aicaeaenoaea: aeaenoaoao ia oeaio?. ia?aioth nenoaio (no?ao,
o?aaiaa, iiea/eaaiea, o.ae.)
Iianiinoue aeey /aeiaaea
Aeeaiacii eio?acaoeiauo eieaaaiee niaiaaeaao n aioo?aiiae /anoioie
ioaeaeueiuo i?aaiia /aeiaaea (6-8 Aoe), neaaeiaaoaeueii, ec-ca ?aciiaina
iiaoo aicieeiooue oyaeaeua iineaaenoaey.
Oaaee/aiea caoeiaiai aeaaeaiey aei 150 aeAA i?eaiaeeo e eciaiaieth
ieuaaa?eoaeueiuo ooieoeee e na?aea/iiio ?eoio. Aiciiaeia iioa?y neooa e
c?aiey.
Ii?ie?iaaiea eio?acaoea
NI 22-74-80. Ii?iaoeaiui ia?aiao?ii yaeythony eiaa?eoie/aneea o?iaie
caoeiaiai aeaaeaiey a ieoaaiuo iieinao ni n?. aaii. /anoioie:
2, 4, 8, 16 Aoe ( 105 aeAA
32 Aoe ( 102 aeAA
Caueoiua ia?ii?eyoey
Nieaeaiea ei. caoea a enoi/ieea aicieeiiaaiey.
N?aaenoaa eiaeeaeaeoaeueiie caueou.
Iiaeiuaiea.
I?eai?u eiio?iey
Ooiiia?u oeia OAE n oeeueo?ii OY-2. Aea?iaeeonoe/aneay aiia?aoo?a oeia
RFT.
Oeueo?acaoe
Oeueo?acaoe — eieaaaiea caoeiaie aieiu 28 (N; ? – nauoa 5 eIa.
A – iiiauaiey e caeaiey, aaea ia?auathony oaoiieiae/aneea i?ioeannu n
eniieueciaaieai ai?th/eo e o?oaeiiai?th/eo aeeaeeinoae, oaa?aeuo
ai?th/eo aauanoa, eioi?ua i?e acaei-aee ae?oa n ae?oaii eee eenei?iaeii
aicaeooa niiniaiu oieueei ai?aoue. I?e oneiaee, /oi yoe aauanoaa ia
ioiinyony ie e A, ie e A.
Yoa eaoaai?ey — iiaea?iiianiay.
A – iiiauaiey e caeaiey, aaea ia?auathony oaoiieiae/aneea i?ioeannu n
eniieueciaaieai iaai?th/eo aauanoa e iaoa?eaeia a ai?y/ai, ?aneaeaiiii
eee ?anieaaeaiiii ninoiyiee (iai?eia?, noaeeiaa?aiiua ia/e).
Ae – iiiauaiey e caeaiey, aaea ia?auathony oaoiieiae/aneea i?ioeannu n
eniieueciaaieai oaa?aeuo iaai?th/eo aauanoa e iaoa?eaeia a oieiaeiii
ninoiyiee (iaoaie/aneay ia?aaioea iaoaeeia).
I?e/eiu aicieeiiaaiey iiaea?ia, naycaiiua ni niaoeeaeueiinoueth
nooaeaioia
I?e yenieoaoaoeee YAI aiciiaeiu aicieeiiaaiey neaaeothueo aaa?eeiuo
neooaoeee:
ei?ioeea caiueaiey;
ia?aa?ocee;
iiauo. ia?aoiaeiuo nii?ioeaeaiee a ye. eiioaeoao;
ia?aiai?yaeaiea;
aicieeiiaaiea oieia ooa/ee.
I?e aicieeiiaaiee aaa?eeiuo neooaoeee i?ienoiaeeo ?aceia auaeaeaiea
oaieiaie yia?aee, eioi?ay iiaeao yaeoueny i?e/eiie aicieeiiaaiey
iiaea?a.
Ia aeieth iiaea?ia, aicieeathueo a ye. onoaiiaeao i?eoiaeeony 20%.
Noaoenoe/aneea aeaiiua i iiaea?ao
Iniiaiua i?e/eiu: %
– ei?ioeia caiueaiea 43
– ia?aa?ocee i?iaiaeia/eaaaeae 13
– ia?aciaaiea ia?aoiaeiuo nii?ioeaeaiee 5
?aaeei ei?ioeiai caiueaiey — iiyaeaiea a ?acoeueoaoa ?aceiai aic?anoaiey
neeu oiea, ye. ene?, /anoeoe ?anieaaeaiiiai iaoaeea, ye. aeoae,
ioe?uoiai iaiy, ainieaiaieaoaeny ecieyoeee.
I?e/eiu aicieeiiaaiey ei?ioeiai caiueaiey:
ioeaee i?e i?iaeoe?iaaiee;
noa?aiea ecieyoeee;
oaeaaeiaiea ecieyoeee;
iaoaie/aneea ia?aa?ocee.
Iiaea?iay iianiinoue i?e ia?aa?oceao — /?acia?iia iaa?aaaiea ioaeaeueiuo
yeaiaioia, eioi?ia iiaeao i?ienoiaeeoue i?e ioeaeao ?iaeoe?iaaiey a
neo/aa aeeeoaeueiiai i?ioiaeaeaiey oiea, i?aauoathuaai iiieiaeueiia
cia/aiea.
I?e 1,5 e?aoiii i?aauoaiee iiuiinoe ?acenoi?u iaa?aaathony aei 200-300
(N.
Iiaea?iay iianiinoue ia?aoiaeiuo nii?ioeaeaiee — aiciiaeiinoue
ainieaiaiaiey ecieyoeee eee ae?. aeeceaaeaueo ai?th/eo iaoa?eaeia io
oaiea, aicieeathuaai a ianoa aaa?. nii?ioeaeaiey (a ia?aoiaeiuo eeaiao,
ia?aeeth/aoaeyo e ae?.).
Iiaea?iay iianiinoue ia?aiai?yaeaiey — iaa?aaaiea oieiaaaeoueo /anoae ca
n/ao oaaee/aiey oieia, i?ioiaeyueo /a?ac ieo, ca n/ao oaaee/aiey
ia?aiai?yaeaiey iaaeaeo ioaeaeueiuie yeaiaioaie yeaeo?ionoaiiaie.
Aicieeaao i?e auoiaea ec no?iy eee eciaiaiee ia?aiao?ia ioaeaeueiuo
yeaiaioia.
Iiaea?iay iianiinoue oieia ooa/ee — eieaeueiue iaa?aa ecieyoeee iaaeaeo
ioaeaeueiuie oieiaaaeoueie yeaiaioaie e cacaieaiiuie eiino?oeoeeyie.
Eeanneoeeaoeey ac?uai- e iiaea?iiianiuo cii iiiauaiey a niioa-aee n IOY
Aeey iaania/aiey eiino?oeoeaiiai niioaaonoaey ye. oaoie/aneeo ecaeaeee
i?aaeea ono?ienoaa ye. onoaiiaie — IOY-85 auaeaeyaony iiaea?i- e
a?uaiiianiua ciiu.
Iiaea?iiianiua ciiu — i?ino?ainoaa a iiiauaiee eee aia aai, a eioi?ii
iaoiaeyony ai?th/ea aauanoaa eae i?e ii?iaeueiii inouanoaeaiee
oaoiieiae/aneiai i?ioeanna, oae e a ?acoeueoaoa aai ia?ooaiey.
Ciiu:
I-I – iiiauaiey, a eioi?uo ia?auathony ai?th/ea aeeaeeinoe n o-?ie
aniuoee ia?ia nauoa 61 (N.
I-II – iiiau., a e-uo auaeaeythony ai?th/ea iuee n ieaeieo
eiioeaio?aoeeiiiuo i?aaeaeao aicai?aaiinoe > 65 a/i3.
I-IIa – iiiauaiey, a eioi?uo ia?auathony oaa?aeua ai?th/ea aauanoaa.
I-III – iiaea?iiianiay ciia aia iiiauaiey, e eioi?ie auaeaeythony
ai?th/ea ae-oe n o-ie aniuoee aieaa 61 (N eee ai?th/ea iuee n ieaeiei
eiioeaio?aoeeiiiui i?aaeaeii aicai?aaiinoe aieaa 65 a/i3.
Ac?uaiiianiua ciiu — iiiauaiey eee /anoue aai eee aia iiiauaiey, aaea
ia?acothony ac?uaiiianiua niane eae i?e ii?iaeueiii i?ioaeaiee
oaoiieiae/aneiai i?ioeanna, oae e a aa?eeiuo neooaoeeyo.
Aeey aacia:
A-I – iiiauaiey, a eioi?uo ia?acothony ai?th/ea aacu eee ia?u EAAE,
niiniaiua ia?aciauaaoue ac?uaiiianiua niane a ii?iaeueiii ?aaeeia
?aaiou.
A-Ia – iiiauaiey, a eioi?uo ia?acothony ai?th/ea aacu eee ia?u EAAE,
niiniaiua ia?aciauaaoue ac?uaiiianiua niane a aaa?eeiii ?aaeeia ?aaiou.
A-Ia – ciiu, aiaeiae/iua A-Ia, ii i?ioeann ia?aciaaiey ac?uaiii. nianae
a iaaieueoeo eie-aao e ?aaioa n ieie inou-ny aac ioe?uoiai enoi/ieea
iaiy.
A-Ia – ciiu, aiaeiae/iua A-I, oieueei i?ioeann ia?aciaaiey ac?uaiiianiuo
niana a iaaieueoeo eiee/aneoaao e ?aaioa n ieie inouanoaeyaony aac
ioe?uoiai enoi/ieea iaiy.
A-Ia – ciiu aia iiiauaiey (aie?oa ia?oaeiuo ye. onoaiiaie), a eioi?uo
ia?acothony ai?th/ea aacu eee ia?u EAAE, niiniaiua ia?aciauaaoue
ac?uaiiianiua niane a aaa?eeiii ?aaeeia ?aaiou.
Aeey ia?ia:
A-II – ac?uaiiianiay ciia, eioi?ay eiaao ianoi i?e inouanoaeaiee
iia?aoeee oaoiieiae/aneiai i?ioeanna i?e auaeaeaiee ai?th/eo nianae i?e
ii?iaeueiii ?aaeeia ?aaiou.
A-IIa – ac?uaiiianiay ciia, eioi?ay eiaao ianoi i?e inouanoaeaiee
iia?aoeee oaoiieiae/aneiai i?ioeanna i?e auaeaeaiee ai?th/eo nianae i?e
aa?eeiii ?aaeeia ?aaiou.
Ia?u ii iiaea?iie i?ioeeaeoeee
no?ieoaeueii-ieaie?iai/iua;
oaoie/aneea;
niiniau e n?aaenoaa oooaiey iiaea?ia;
i?aaiecaoeeiiiu?
No?ieoaeueii-ieaie?iai/iua ii?aaeaeythony iaianoieeinoueth caeaiee e
nii?oaeaiee (auai? iaoa?eaeia eiino?oeoeee: nai?aaiua, ianai?aaiua,
o?oaeiinai?aaiua) e i?aaeae iaianoieeinoe — yoi eiee/anoai a?aiaie? a
oa/aiea eioi?iai iiae aicaeaenoaeai iaiy ia ia?ooaaony ianouay
niiniaiinoue no?ieoaeueiuo eiino?oeoeee aieioue aei iiyaeaiey ia?aie
o?aueiu.
Ana no?ieoaeueiua eiino?oeoeee ii i?aaeaeo iaianoieeinoe
iiae?acaeaeythony ia 8 noaiaiae io 1/7 / aei 2/.
Aeey iiiauaiee AOe eniieuecothony iaoa?eaeu n i?aaeaeii noieeinoe io 1-5
noaiaiae. A caaeneiinoe io noaiaie iaianoieeinoe ii?? iaeaieueoea
aeiiieieoaeueiua ?annoiyiey io auoiaeia aeey yaaeoaoeee i?e iiaea?ao (5
noaiaiue — 50 i).
Oaoie/aneea ia?u — yoi niaethaeaiea i?ioeaiiiaea?iuo ii?i i?e yaaeoaoeee
nenoai aaioeeyoeee, ioiieaiey, inaauaiey, ye. iaania/aiey e o.ae.
— eniieueciaaiea ?aciiia?aciuo caueoiuo nenoai;
— niaethaeaiea ia?aiao?ia oaoiieiae/aneeo i?ioeannia e ?aaeeiia ?aaiou
iai?oaeiaaiey.
I?aaiecaoeeiiiua ia?u — i?iaaaeaiea iao/aiey ii iiaea?iie aaciianiioe,
niaethaeaiea ia? ii iiaea?iie aaciianiioe.
Niiniau e n?aaenoaa oooaiey iiaea?ia
Nieaeaiea eiioeaio?aoeee eenei?iaea a aicaeo/a;
Iiieae. o-?u ai?th/. a-aa, ieaea o-?u ainieaiaiaiey.
Ecieyoeey ai?th/aai aauanoaa io ieeneeoaey.
Iaiaaaneoaeueiua aauanoaa: aiaea, ianie, iaia, ii?ioie, aaciia?aciua
aauanoaa ia iiaeaea?aeeaathuea ai?aiea (oeaaeii), eia?oiua aacu, ia?.
N?aaenoaa iiaea?ioooaiey:
?o/iua
iaiaoooeoaee oeie/aneie iaiu;
iaiaoooeoaeue iaiiue;
iaiaoooeoaeue ii?ioeiaue;
iaiaoooeoaeue oaeaeeneioiue, a?iiyoeeiaue
I?ioeaiiiaea?iua nenoaiu
nenoaia aiaeiniaaaeaiey;
iaiiaaia?aoi?
Nenoaiu aaoiiaoe/aneiai iiaea?ioooaiey n eniieueciaaieai n?-a aaoiiaoe/.
neaiaeecaoeee
iiaea?iue ecaauaoaeue (oaieiaie, naaoiaie, aeuiiaie, ?aaeeaoeeiiiue)
Aeey AOe eniieuecothony oaieiaua aeao/eee-ecaauaoaee oeia AeOE, aeuiiaua
?aaeeiecioiiiua oeia ?EAe.
Cenoaia iiaea?ioooaiey ?o/iiai aeaenoaey (eiiii/iue ecaauaoaeue).
Aeey AOe eniieuecothony iaiaoooeoaee oaeaeeneioiua IO, IA (nicaeatho
no?oth ?aniueaiiiai a?ii yoeea) e nenoaiu aaoiiaoe/aneiai aaciaiai
iiaea?ioooaiey, a eioi?ie eniieuecoaony oeaaeii eee o?aii eae
iaiaaaneoaeueiia n?aaenoai.
Aeey inouanoaeaiey oooaiey caai?aiey aiaeie a nenoaia aaoiiaoe/aneiai
iiaea?ioooaiey eniieuecothony ono?-aa ni?eieea?u e ae?aiea?u. Eo
iaaeinoaoie — ?aniueaiea i?ienoiaeeo ia ieiuaaee aei 15 i2.
Niinia niaaeeiaiey aeao/eeia a nenoaia ye. iiaea?iie neaiaeecaoeee n
i?eaiiie noaioeeae i.a. — ia?aeeaeueiui (eo/aaui); — iineaaeiaaoaeueiui
(oeaeoiui).
Eeanneoeeaoeey iiaea?ia e ?aeiiaiaeoaiua iaiaaaneoaeueiua aauanoaa
Ee.
iae. Oa?aeoa?enoeea ai?. N?aaeu, iauaeoa Iaiaaaneoaeueiua n?aaenoaa
A iau/iua oaa?aeua e ai?th/ea iaoa?eaeu (aea?aai, aoiaaa) ana aeaeu
A ai?th/ea aeeaeeinoe, ieaayueany i?e iaa?aaaiee iaoa?eaea (iacoo,
nie?ou, aaicei) ?aniueaiiay aiaea, ana aeaeu iai, ii?ioee, ninoaau ia
iniiaa NI2 e a?iiyoeea
N ai?th/ea aacu (aiaei?iae, aoeaoeeai, oaeaaiaei?iaeu) aac. ninoaau, a
ninoaa eioi?uo aoiaeyo eia?oiua ?acaaaeoaee (acio, ii?ioee, aiaea)
Ae iaoaeeu e eo nieaau (Na, E, Al, Mg) ii?ioee
A ye. onoaiiaee iiae iai?yaeaieai ii?ioee, aeaoieenue acioa, ieneae
acioa, oaeaeeneue aac, ninoaau a?iiyoee+NI2
I?aaiecaoeey iiaea?iie io?aiu ia i?aaei?eyoee
Aiaiece?iaaiiay no?oeoo?a, eioi?ay iiae/eiyaony IAAe. Ioaaonoaaiiue
aee?aeoi?, ae. eiaeaia?. A aaaeaiee ae. eiaeaia?a iaoiaeeony
iiaea?i-oaoie/aneay eiienney, eioi?oth ii aicaeaaeyao.
Aaciianiinoue iai?oaeiaaiey e i?iecaiaenoaaiiua i?ioeannu
Yenieoaoaoeey ethaiai aeaea iai?oaeiaaiey naycaia iioaioeeaeueii n
iaee/eai oao eee eiuo iianiuo eee a?aaeiuo i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo oaeoi?ia.
Iniiaiua iai?aaeaiey nicaeaiey aaciianiuo e aaca?aaeiuo oneiaee o?oaea.
Oeaee iaoaiecaoeee: nicaeaiea aaciianiuo e aaca?aaeiuo oneiaee o?oaea
i?e auiieiaiee ii?aaeaeaiiie iia?aoeee.
Eneeth/aiea /aeiaaea ec noa?u o?oaea iaania/eaaaony i?e eniieueciaaiee
?OE, nicaeaiea eioi?uo o?aaoao auniei iao/ii-oaoie/aneiai iioaioeeaea ia
yoaia eae i?iaeoe?iaaiey, oae e ia yoaia ecaio-y e ianeoaeeaaiey,
ionthaea cia/eoaeueiua eaieoaeueiua cao?aou.
O?aaiaaiey aaciianiinoe i?e i?iaeoe?iaaiee iaoei e iaoaieciia
AINO 12.2… NNAO
O?aaiaaiey iai?aaeaiu ia iaania/aiea aaciianiinoe, iaaeaaeiinoe,
oaeianoaa a yenieoaoaoeee.
Aaciianiinoue iaoei ii?aae. ionoonoaeai aiciiaeiinoe eciaiaiey
ia?aiao?ia oaoiieiae/. i?ioeanna eee eiino?oeoeaiuo ia?aiao?ia iaoei,
/oi iicaieyao eneeth/eoue aici-oue aicieeiiaaiey iiani. oaeoi?ia.
Iaaeaaeiinoue ii?aaeaeyaony aa?iyoiinoueth ia?ooaiey ii?iaeueiie ?aaiou,
/oi i?eaiaeeo e aicieeiiaaieth iianiuo oaeoi?ia e /?acau/aeiuo
(aa?eeiuo) neooaoeee. Ia yoaia i?iaeoe?iaaiey, iaaeaaeiinoue
ii?aaeaeyaony i?aaeeueiui auai?ii eiino?oeoeaiuo ia?aiao?ia, a oaeaea
ono?ienoa aaoiiaoe/aneiai oi?aaeaiey e ?aaoee?iaaiey.
Oaeianoaa yenieoaoaoeee ii?aaeaeythony ineoi-oeceieiae/aneei ninoiyieai
ianeoae. ia?niiaea.
Ia yoaia i?iaeoe?iaaiey oaeianoaa a yenieoaoaoeee ii?aaeaeythony
i?aaeeueiui auai?ii aeecaeia iaoei e i?aaeeueii-ni?iaeoe?iaaiiui ?I
iieueciaaoaey.
AINO 12.2.032-78 NNAO. ?aai/aa ianoi i?e auiieiaiee ?aaio neaey. Iauea
y?aiiiie/aneea o?aaiaaiey.
AINO 12.2.033-78 NNAO. ?aai/aa ianoi i?e auiieiaiee ?aaio noiy. Iauea
y?aiiiie/aneea o?aaiaaiey.
Iianiua ciiu iai?oaeiaaiey e n?aaenoaa caueou io ieo
Iianiay ciia iai?oaeiaaiey — i?iecaiaenoai, a eioi?ii iioaioeeaeueii
aiciiaeii aeaenoaea ia ?aaioathuaai iianiuo e a?aaeiuo oaeoi?ia e eae
neaaenoaea – aeaenoaea a?aaeiuo oaeoi?ia, i?eaiaeyueo e caaieaaaieth.
Iianiinoue eieaeeciaaia aie?oa ia?aiauathueony /anoae iai?oaeiaaiey eee
aaeece aeaenoaey enoi/ieeia ?acee/iuo aeaeia eceo/aiey.
?acia?u iianiuo cii iiaoo auoue iinoiyiiua, eiaaea noaaeeueiu ?annoiyiey
iaaeaeo ?aai/eie i?aaiaie iaoeiu e ia?aiaiii.
N?-aa caueou io aicaeaenoaey iianiuo cii iai?oaeiaaiey iiae?acaeaeyaony
ia: eieeaeoeaiua e eiaeeaeaeoaeueiua.
Eieeaeoeaiua
Ia?aaeeoaeueiua
noaoeeiia?iua (ianuaiiua);
iiaeaeaeiua (nuaiiua);
ia?aiiniua (a?aiaiiua)
Ia?aaeeoaeueiua n?aaenoaa i?aaeiacia/aiu aeey eneeth/aiey aiciiaeiinoe
iiiaaeaiey ?aaioieea a iianioth ciio: ciio aaaeoueo /anoae, ciio
oaieiauo eceo/aiee, ciio eaca?iiai eceo/aiey e o.ae.
I?aaeio?aieoaeueiua
iaee/ea neaaiai caaia (ieaaeay anoaaea a i?aaeio?aieoaeue);
n aaoiiaoe/aneei ainnoaiiaeaieai eeiaiaoe/aneie oeaie
Aeiee?iai/iua
iaoaie/aneea;
yeaeo?e/aneea;
oioi-yeaeo?e/aneea;
?aaeeaoeeiiiua;
aeae?aaee/aneea;
iiaaiaoe/aneea;
iiaaiaoe/aneea
Neaiaeece?othuea
ii iacia/aieth (iia?aoeaiua, i?aaeoi?aaeeoaeueiua, iiiciaaaoaeueiua
n?aaenoaa);
ii niiniao ia?aaea/e eioi?iaoeee
naaoiaay;
caoeiaay;
eiiaeie?iaaiiay
Neaiaeece?othuea n?-aa i?aaeiacia/aiu aeey i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiey e iiaea/e
neaiaea a neo/aa iiiaaeaiey ?aaioathuaai a iianioth ciio iai?oae-y.
N?aaenoaa caueou aeenoaioeeiiiiai oi?aaeaiey
aecoaeueiay;
aeenoaioeeiiiay
I?aaeiacia/aiu aeey oaeaeaiey ?aa. ianoa ia?niiaea, ?aaioathuaai n
i?aaiaie, iaania/eaathueie iaaethaeaiea ca i?ioeannaie eee inouanoaeaiea
oi?aaeaiey ca i?aaeaeaie iianiie ciiu.
N?aaenoaa niaoeeaeueiie caueou, eioi?ua iaania/eaatho caueoo nenoai
aaioeeyoeee, ioiieaiey, inaauaiey a iianiuo ciiao iai?oaeiaaiey.
Caueoa aeae?inoa?u
Eaaeaeay i?iiuoeaiiay no?oeoo?a eiaao nenoaio aiaeiniaaaeaiey e
aiaeiioaaaeaiey. I?aaeii/oaiea ioaeaaony nenoaia iai?ioiiai
aiaeiniaaaeaiey (o.a. /anoue aiaeu eniieuecoaony a oaoie/aneeo
iia?aoeeyo, i/euaaony e iinooiaao aiiaue, a /anoue na?anuaaaony.
Nenoaia aiaeiioaaaeaiey i?aaeoniao?eaaao nenoaio eaiaeecaoeee, eioi?ay
aeeth/aao ono?ienoaa a oii /enea e i/enoiua. Ia oa??eoi?ee i?aaei?eyoey
?acee/atho 3 aeaea noi/iuo aiae:
— i?iecaiaenoaaiiua (oaoi. i?ioeannu);
— auoiaua (oic. ioaeaeu);
— iiaa?oiinoiua (inaaeee).
Ii?ie?iaaiea niaea?aeaiey a?aaeiuo aauanoa a noi/iuo aiaeao
Niaea?aeaiea a?aaeiuo e yaeiaeouo aauanoa ?aaeaiaioe?oaony ii
eeieoe?othuaio iieacaoaeth a?aaeiinoe (EIA), o.a. iaeaieaa aa?iyoiia
iaaeaaii?eyoiia aicaeaenoaea eaaeaeiai a?aaeiiai aauanoaa.
Aeey aiaeiaiia ieoueaaiai e eoeueoo?iiai iacia/aiey nouanoaoao 3 EIA:
naieoa?ii-oieneeieiae/aneee;
iauee naieoa?iue;
i?aaiieaioe/aneee.
Aeey aiaeiaiia ?uaioicyenoaaiiiai iacia/aiey 2 EIA:
oieneeieiae/aneee;
?uaioicyenoaaiiue.
Iniiaiui ye-ii aiaeii-naieoa?iiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa yaeyaony IAeE a
aiaea. Ana a-aa ii IAeE iiae?acaeaeythony:
/?acau/aeii iianiua;
iniai iianiua;
oia?aiii iianiua;
iaeiiianiua.
I?aaiieaioe/aneea naienoaa — oa?aeoa?ecothony iaee/eai caiaoa, i?eaeona,
oeaaoiinoe, iooiinoe.
Ii?iaoeaiue aeieoiaio
NI 46.30-88. Naieoa?iua ii?iu e i?aaeea io?aiu iiaa?oiinoiuo aiae io
caa?yciaiee.
Iaoiaeu i/enoee noi/. aiae io caa?yciaiee
A caaeneiinoe io oa?aeoa?a caa?yciaiey noi/iuo aiae nouanoaotho a?oiiu
iaoiaeia aeey i/enoee aiae io:
— oaa?aeuo ia?anoai?eiuo i?eianae;
— ianeiniaea?aeaueo i?eianae;
— ?anoai?eiuo i?eianae;
— aeieiae/aneay i/enoea.
I/enoea io oaa?aeuo i?eianae
Iaoiaeu N?aaenoaa
I?ioeaaeeaaiea — ?aoaoee;
— aieieiioeiaeoaee
Ionoaeaaiea — ianeieiaee (ai?eciioaeueiua, aa?oeeaeueiua, ay?e?oaiua);
— ionoieieee (ai?eciioaeueiua, aa?oeeaeueiua, ?aaeeaeueiua)
Ioaeaeaiea oa. i?eianae a iiea aeaenoaey oeaio?iaaaeiuo nee —
aeae?ioeeeeiiu (ioe?uoua, iaii?iua);
— oeaio?eooae
Oeeueo?iaaiea — ca?ienoua;
— iee?ioeeueo?u
Iaoiaeu e n?-aa i/enoee noi/. aiae io ianeiniaea?ae. i?ei.
Iaoiaeu N?aaenoaa
Ionoaeaaiea — ionoieieee
I/enoea noi/iuo aiae a iiea aeaenoaey oeaio?iaaaeiuo nee — oeeeeiiu
(iaii?iua);
— aeae?ioeeeeiiu
Iaoiae oeioaoeee — oeioaoeeiiiua onoaiiaee (iiaaiaoe/aneea, iaii?iua,
iaiiua, oeie/aneea, aeieiae/aneea, yeaeo?ioeioaoeey)
Oeeueo?iaaiea — oeeueo?u, a ea/anoaa iaiieieoaey eniieuecoaony eaa?oe,
ianie, aeieiieo, iaiiiieaa?eoai e o.ae.)
I/enoea noi/. aiae io ?anoai?. i?eianae (oei. i/enoea)
Iaeo?aeecaoeey;
Yeno?aeoeey (ia?a?ani?aaeae. 2-o ia?anoa. aeeaeeinoae);
Yeaeo?ieiaaoeyoeey;
Eiiiiiaiaiiua iaoiaeu (i/enoea io 6-oe aae. o?iia);
Iciie?iaaiea.
Aeieiae/aneay i/enoea noi/iuo aiae
I/enoea io i?aaie/aneeo e iai?aaie/aneeo i?eianae. I?ioeann i/enoee
inouanoaeyaony n iiiiuueth aeioeaiica, a eioi?ii o/anoaotho 2 aeaea
aaeoa?ee: aaoio?iou e aaoa?io?iou, iiae aeaenoaeai eioi?uo
inouanoaeyaony i?ioeann ?aceiaeaiey i?eianae. I?e yoii i?ioaeaao
ainnoaiiaeoaeueiue i?ioeann, iacuaaaiue ay?iaiui e ieeneeoaeueiue —
aiay?iaiui. Iiyoiio aiia?aoo?iia iaania/aiea yoeo iaoiaeia neaaeothuaa:
ay?ioaiee; aooioaiee; oeeueo?u; eiiaeiaoeey ono?ienoa.
Eiio?ieue ea/anoaa aiaeu
Inou-ny eae o enoiaeiuo noi/iuo aiae, oae e o i/euaiiuo. Aeey
inouanoaeaiey eiio?iey ioae?aaony i?iaa, ionoaeaaaony 12 /ania e caoai
ii?aaeaeyaony eeneioiue iieacaoaeue ?I, eie-ai acaaoaiiuo /anoeoe,
eiioeaio?aoeey eenei?iaea, oeie/aneia iio?aaeaiea eenei?iaea (OIE),
aeieiae/aneia iio?aaeaiea eenei?iaea (AIE), eiioeaio?aoeey a?aaeiuo
aauanoa, oeaieaaaiay ii IAeE.
Caueoa eeoinoa?u
Iooiaeu ia?acothony eae i?e auiiei. oaoiieiae/aneiai i?ioeanna, oae e
iinea ieii/aiey n?iea yenieoaoaoeee oaoieee, i?eai?ia, AO, iai?oaeiaaiey
e o.ae.
Ana aeaeu iooiaeia, eioi?ua ia?acothony a yoii neo/aa, iiae?acaeaeythony
ia a?oiiu: oaa?aeua, aeeaeeea.
Oaa?aeua iooiaeu
Iaoaeeu: /a?iua; oeaaoiua; ae?aaioeaiiua; ?aaeeea
Iaiaoaeeu: oeaa; aoiaaa; ?aceia; ae?aaaneia; ieanoiannu; ea?aieea; oeai;
noaeei; oeaiue
AEeaeeea iooiaeu
Inaaeee noi/iuo aiae;
Io?aaioaiiua niaci/ii-ioeaaeeoaeueiua aeeaeeinoe;
Oeie/aneea inaaeee;
Io?eoeaoaeueiia aicaeaenoaea ia i?e?iaeo
I?yiia
cani?aiea oa??eoi?ee (eciaiaiea oeceei-oeie/aneiai ninoaaa ii/a,
ia?aciaaiea oeie/aneeo e aeieiae/aeeo i/aaia iianiinoe a nayce n oai,
/oi ia ana iooiaeu caoi?aieaathony a iaaeeaaeauai ianoa, iniaaiii
?aaeeaeoeaiua iooiaeu);
Einaaiiia
?ac?ooaiea caeaiiai iie?iaa, ?ac?ooaiea eaiaeoaooa;
iaainiieieiua aeiiieieoaeueiua ?ac?aaioee iieaciuo eneiiaaiuo, eioi?ua
eaeoo ia ioaeaeu iauanoao.
Iniiaiua oaoiieiae/aneea noaiu ia?a?aaioee oaa?aeuo iooiaeia
Nie?auaiea ?ac?aaioie iieaciuo eneiiaaiuo;
Nicaeaiea ?ano?ninaa?aaathueo oaoiieiaee;
Ia?a?aaioea ecaeaeee, niaea?aeaueo aei?iainoiyuea eiiiiiaiou eee
iaoa?eaeu.
aeaia?ooeecaoeey ?oooiuo eaii (ecaea/aiea ?oooe);
ecaea/aiea ae?aaioeaiiuo iaoaeia ec ia/aoiuo ieao i?eai?ia e yeaeo?iiiuo
nenoai;
ia?a?aaioea iaeoeaoo?u
Caoi?iiaiea eee naeeaaiea iooiaeia
Ia?a?aaioea oaa?aeuo iooiaeia inouanoaeyaony ii aeaoi iai?aaeaieyi:
ia?a?aaioea ianai?aaiuo iaoa?eaeia (i?aaeoniao?eaaao i?aaeaa?eoaeueiue
yoai ni?oe?iaee); ia?a?aaioea nai?aaiuo iaoa?eaeia.
Oaoiieiae/aneay noaia ia?a?aaioee /enouo iaoaeeii?iaeoeoia
Noaia 2 i?aaeoniao?eaaao ia?a?aaioeo iaoa?eaeia, eioi?ua eiatho
niioonoaothue iaoa?eaeu (ieanoiannu, ?aceio, ea?oii e o.ae.)
Ia?a?aaioea oaa?aeuo iaoaee/aneeo iooiaeia, niaea?aeaueo niioonoaothuea
iaoa?eaeu
Ia?a?aaioea nai?aaiuo iaoa?eaeia
No?ieony ii oaoiieiaee naeeaaiey e ecaea/aiey iaoa?eaeia aeey
iineaaeothuaai eniieueciaaiey.
Aeey yoiai eniieuecoaony iaoiae ie?ieeca e ?aaeecoaony a ie?ieeciii
?aaeoi?a. Nouanoaoao oaoiieiae/aneay noaia iieo/aiey aeiaaca ec
iooiaeia, eioi?ue iiaeao auoue eniieueciaai a ea/anoaa oiieeaa ia
aaoio?ainii?oa.
Caa?yciaiea eeoinoa?u eiii. eiiii
A iano. a?. a NOA yenieoaoe?-ny ii?yaeea 70 iei. eiiiuethoa?ia, a
Aa?iaiee — 11 iei., a ?innee — 7,5.
Caa?yciaiea eeoinoa?u eiii. eiiii naycaii n oai, /oi eiii. oaoieea
auno?i onoa?aaaao. I?iecaiaenoai IE iaiiaeyaony 1 ?ac a 7 eao. Ii
iaaeaeoia?iaeiui ia?eai eiii. oaoieeo iaiaoiaeeii caiaiyoue 1 ?ac a 3
aiaea.
Ec 1 o eiii. eiia ecaeaeaaony: /a?iuo iaoaeeia – 480 ea, iaaee – 200 ea,
aethieiey – 32 ea, na?aa?a – 3 ea, cieioa – 1 ea, iaeaaeey – 0,3 ea,
aaeee, aiaeieeiee, ieiai,
Iai?aaeaiey ii ia?a?aaioea eiei. eiia:
Nicaeaiea yeieiae/anee /enouo eiiiuethoa?ia (caeaiuo);
Nicaeaiea oaoiieiae/aneeo noai ia?a?aaioee e ooeeecaoeee eiii. eiia;
A NOA ecaioiaeoaee nicaeatho oaoieeo n iaeui iio?aaeaieai yia?aee, a
Aa?iaiee — nicaeatho IE, a eioi?uo oi?iuaaony i?ioeann ooeeecaoeee
ioaeaeueiuo aeieia, a Oaaoeee — nicaeaiea yeaiaioia, eioi?ua eiatho
ieieiaeueii aeiionoeiua enoi/ieee ?acee/iuo aeaei eceo/aiey.
Aaeaaiaeii ia?a?aaaouaaaony 50 oun. IYAI.
Oaoiieiae/aneay noaia ia?a?aaioee ia/aoiuo ieao
ni?oe?. ia/aoiuo ieao ii aeiiaie?othuei iaoaeeai;
ae?iaeaiea e eciaeue/aiea;
iaaeea iieo/aiiie iannu a ia/e aeey oaeaeaiey nai?aaiuo ninoaaeythueo;
eciaeue/aiea, a?aioee?iaaiea, naia?aoeey
?anieaaeaiea iannu;
?aoeie?iaaiea (i/enoea);
i?aoeaceiiiia eciaeue/aiea ioaeae. iaoaeeia.
Ca?oaaaeiua ii?iaoeau ii yeieiaee IE
N 1 yiaa?y 1995 a. a Aa?iaiee e O?aioeee anooieei a neeo i?aaeienaiea ia
ecuyoee, ia?a?aaioea e iiaoi?iii eniieueciaaiee oiaeiai/iuo iaoa?eaeia
IE.
No?aiu AN n na?aaeeiu 1995 a. i?eniaaeeieeenue e yoiio i?aaeienaieth.
N 1 yiaa?y 1993 a. a no?aiao AN anooieei a neeo i?aaeienaiea,
cai?auathuaa ecaioiaeaiea aiia?aoo?u n aeanoei ano?iaiiuie aaoa?aeeaie
(naycaii n iaaiciiaeiinoueth ooeeecaoeee).
N iay 1993 a. Iii?aaeueneee i?ioieie. I?aaeienuaaao iinoaiaiioth caiaio
iaoa?eaeia, niaea?aeaueo ooi?enoi-oei?enoua niaaeeiaiey (oiaiueoaiea
iciiiaiai neiy).
N 1 yiaa?y 1994 a. a Aa?iaiee anooieei a neeo i?aaeienaiea, a
niioaaonoaee n eioi?ui ecaioiaeoaee e iinoaaueee iaycaiu i?eieiaoue io
iio?aaeoaeae e ooeeece?iaaoue yeaeo?iiioth oaoieeo.
Yeieiae/aneee iiieoi?eia
Nouanoaotho aeaa iooe nia?aiaiiiai iiieoi?eiaa:
Anoaonaaiiue;
Aio?iiiaaiiue.
Anoanoaaiiue iooue — oa?aeoa?ecoaony ieaaiinoueth, caiaaeeaiiinoueth,
eieaaaiey eioi?ua aicieeatho ia yoii iooe ?acaeoey iacaiaoiu (iai?eia?,
eeeiaoe/aneea oneiaey: oaiia?aoo?a a aeieyo (N, e?oaiiai?io aauanoa a
i?e?iaea).
Aio?iiiaaiiue (eneonnoaaiiue) iooue — oa?aeoa?ecoaony auno?uiie
eciaiaieyie eae a oeaeii, oae e a ioaeaeueiuo ?aaeiiao, i?e/ai aeey
aeaiiiai iooe ?acaeoey ?anniao?eaathony iaia?aiiua (iiceoeaiua)
iai?aaeaiey (?ac?aaioea iieaciuo eneiiaaiuo, ?acaeoea oaieiyia?aaoeee),
oae e iaiaia?aiiia (eee iaaaoeaiia iai?aaeaiea): caa?yciaiea aoiinoa?u
aicaeooa, iooi?aeaiea eaniuo oa??eoi?ee, ia?aciaaiea naaeia e o.ae.
I?e iiiuoea ?acaeaeeoue anoanoaaiiue e aio?iiiaaiiue iooe ?acaeoey
aiciee yeieiae/aneee iiieoi?eia.
Yeieiae/aneee iiieoi?ea — yoi eioi?iaoeeiiiay nenoaia, nicaeaiiay n
oeaeueth iaaethaeaiey i?iaiicia eciaiaiee a ie?oaeathuae n?aaea, aeey
oiai, /oiau auaeaeeoue aio?iiiaaiioth ninoaaeythuoth ia oiia inoaeueiuo
i?e?iaeiuo i?ioeannia.
Ia iniiaa yoie nenoaiu nicaeaia iauaainoaea?noaaiiay nenoaia
iaaethaeaiey e eiio?iey ca ninoiyieai ie?oaeathuae N?aaeu.
Eniieieoaeueiui i?aaiii yaeyaony ieienoa?noai yeieiaee e i?e?iaeiuo
?ano?nia (aicaeaaeyao Aeaieeia-Aeaieeueyi).
Caaea/e nenoaiu
Iaaethaeaiea ca oeie/aneeie, aeieiae/aneeie, oece/aneeie ia?aiao?aie
(oa?aeoa?enoeeaie).
Iaania/aiea i?aaiecaoeee iia?aoeaiie eioi?iaoeee.
I?eioeeiu, iieiaeaiiua a i?aaiecaoeeth nenoaiu:
eieeaeoeaiinoue;
neio?iiiinoue;
?aaoey?iay io/anoiinoue
E?iia yeieiae/aneiai iiieoi?eiaa, nouanoaotho ae?oaea aeaeu
iiieoi?eiaia: aaioeie/aneee, aaiaoe/aneee, aeieiae/aneee,
iaaeeei-aeieiae/aneee, eeeiaoe/aneee.
Ii?iaoeau
Ii?iaoeau, eniieuecoaiua aeey ioeaiee iieo/aiiie eioi?iaoeee iacuaaaony
IAeYI (i?aaeaeueii aeiionoeiay yeieiae/aneay iaa?ocea).
IAeYI — aicaeaenoaea (niaieoiiinoue aicaeaenoaee), eioi?ua eee ia
aeeytho ia ea/anoai ie?oaeathuae N?aaeu eee eciaiytho aai (ea/anoai) a
aeiionoeiuo i?aaeaeao (o.a. ia ?ac?ooay yei-nenoaio e ia aucuaay
io?eoeaoaeueiuo iineaaenoaee o aeeauo nouanoa, a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue o
/aeiaaea.
Aeaeu aicaeaenoaee:
Noeoeeiia aio?iiiaaiiia.
Eniieueciaaiea i?e?iaeiuo aiciiaeiinoae i?e no?ieoaeuenoaa ai?iaeia.
Niciaoaeueiia e?oiiiianooaaiua i?aia?aciaaiey i?e?iaeiuo iauaeoia.
Niciaoaeueiia oie/oiiaeaiea yei-nenoaiu.
Aeey ia?auo 3-o aeaeia iiaeii i?iaiaeeoue iioei-oeeth.
Aeey ioeaiee ?acoeueoaoia yeieiae/aneiai iiieoi?eiaa eniieuecothony
naieoa?ii-aeaeaie/aneia ii?ie?iaaiea:
aicaeoo — IAeE?C, IAeENN, IAeEI?
aiaea — IAeEIEO. AIAeU, IAeEAIAeU A?AIAI, IAeEAIAeU
ii/aa — IAeEII*AU, AAeE(A?AI).II*AU
AAeE — iao/ii-oaoie/aneea ii?iaoeau. Iie iiaeae?athony oaeei ia?acii,
/oiau ia yoaia ?ac?aaioee iiauo oaoiieiaee eee i?e niaa?oainoaiaaiee
noa?uo oaoiieiaee, aicaeaenoaea ia yoo nenoaio ia i?aauoaei IAeYI.
Nouanoaotho aaoiiaoece?iaaiiua nenoaiu eiio?iey aiaeu e aicaeooa: aiaeu
— AIEIN-A, aicaeoo — AIEIN-A.
Yeieiae/aneee ianii?o i?aaei?eyoey
Yoi aeieoiaio, eioi?ue anoue ia eaaeaeii i?aaei?eyoee, ninoaaeyaony a
niioaaonoaee n AINO 17.0.0.04-90 Yeieiae/aneee ianii?o i?aaei?eyoey.
Iauea iieiaeaiey.
A yoii aeieoiaioa eiatho ianoi oaeoe/aneea aeaiiua i aicaeaenoaee
aeaiiie no?oeoo?u ia aoiinoa?iue aicaeoo e ioeaiea yoeo aua?inia,
aicaeaenoaea ia eeoinoa?o (aeaeu iooiaeia) e ioeaiea. Iooe caoi?iiaiey
yoeo iooiaeia, o?ainii?oiua naoe (eiio?ieue ca ninoiyiea o?ainii?oa),
yia?a. naoe, eiio?ieue ca yia?aaoe/aneeie aua?inaie.
Aeaiiua yeieiae/aneiai ianii?oa aeieaeiu iaiiaeyoueny aeaaaeaeu a aiae.
Anee anoue ioeeiiaiey a aaaeaiee aeieoiaioa eee ia?ooaiey yeieiaee, oi
aceiaaony oo?ao.
Yeieiae/aneay yenia?oeca i?iaeoia
Yeieiae/aneay yenia?oeca i?iaiaeeony eae ia yoaia aaiaea a aeaenoaea
iiauo oaoiieiae/aneee ?aoaiee, oae ia yoaia ?aeiino?oeoeee noa?uo.
Ii?yaeie i?iaaaeaiey yeieiae/aneie yenia?oecu inouanoaeyaony a
niioaaonoaee n iieiaeaieai ?ineiiaeae?iiaoa.
Ini. iieiaeaiey oai?ee *N
Oaoiinoa?a, eioi?ay nicaeaia /aeiaaeii aeey caueou io aiaoieo iianiinoae
ii ia?a yaiethoeee i?-aa, naia noaiiaeony enoi/. iianiinoe. Iaiaoiaeeii
i?aaeoniao?eaaoue ?yae ia? aeey caueou io ieo, a oaeaea iao/eony
i?iaiice?iaaoue iiyaeaiea oaeiai ?iaea iianiinoae.
Ia?aoiae io i?eieoeaiiai iai?oaeiaaiey, aaciianiinoue i?e yenieoaoaoeee
eioi?iai ?aoaeanue a ?aieao io?aiu o?oaea, e aaoiiaoece?iaaiiui nenoaiai
oi?aaeaiey i?iecaiaenoaaiiuie i?ioeannaie i?aaeoniao?eaaao nicaeaiea
oai?ee aaciianiinoe, eioi?ia aace?oaony ia aeenoeeieeiao: yeieiaey,
io?aia o?oaea, iaoaiaoeea, oeceea, niaoeeaeueiua aeenoeeieeiu.
A ?aoaiee aii?inia oai?ee /?acau/aeiuo neooaoeee a naia a?aiy
iaoiaeeeanue einiiiaaoeea.
Aeneiia i iioaioeeaeueiie iianiinoe aeayoaeueiinoe /aeiaaea
Anyeay aeayoaeueiinoue iioaioeeaeueii iiania!
E?eoa?eai (eiee/aneoaaiiie ioeaieie) iianiinoe yaeyaony iiiyoea ?enea.
?ene — ioiioaiea /enea oao iaaeaaii?eyoiuo niauoee eee i?iyaeaiee
iianiinoe e aiciiaeiiio /eneo ca ii?aaeaeaiiue ia?eiae a?aiaie.
?ene aeaaee aneaaenoaee aaa?ee, ian/anoiuo neo/aaa e o.ae. 1,5(10-3, o
eao/eeia — 10-2.
Iiae aaciianiinoueth iiieiaaony oaeia ninoiyiea aeayoaeueiinoe, i?e
eioi?ii n iaeioi?e aa?iyoiinoueth (?eneii) eneeth/aaony ?aaeecaoeey
iioaioeeaeueiie iianiinoe. Iiyoiio aicieeatho aii?inu, naycaiiua n
?aaeiiaioe?iaaieai ?enea.
Ii?ie?iaaiiue (i?eaieaiue) ?ene ?aaai 10-6.
Oaeoe/aneee ?ene a 100 e 1000 ?ac i?aauoaao i?eaieaiue. Ii?iaoeaiue
iieacaoaeue i?eaieaaiai ?enea ia inoaaony iinoiyiiui.
AAEAe iiaeii ii?aaeaeeoue eae iaeanoue ciaiee, eco/athuay aaciianiinoe e
caueoo io ieo.
Caaea/e AAEAe:
Eaeaioeoeeaoeey (?aniiciaaaiea) iianiinoae n oeacaieai eo eiee/anoaaiiuo
oa?aeoa?enoee e eii?aeeiao a 3-o ia?iii i?ino?ainoaa.
Ii?aaeaeaiea n?aaenoa caueou io iianiinoae ia iniiaa niiinoaaeaiey
cao?ao n auaiaeaie, o.a. n o.c. yeiiiie/aneie oeaeaniia?aciinoe.
Eeeaeaeaoeey io?eoeaoaeueiuo iineaaenoaee (iianiinoae).
Eeanneoeeaoeey e iauea oa?aeoa?enoeee /?acau/aeiuo neooaoeee
*?acau/aeiay neooaoeey — aiaoia iaiaeeaeaiiay, aiacaiii aicieeathuay
ianoaiiaea, e-ay oa?-ny ?aceei ia?ooaieai onoaiiaeaoaainy i?ioeanna,
ieacuaathuay cia/eoaeueiia io?eoeaoaeueiia aeeyiea ia
aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoue ethaeae, ooieoeeiie?iaaiea yeiiiieee,
nioeeaeueioth noa?o e ie?oaeathuoth n?aaeo.
Eeanneoeeaoeey:
Ii i?eioeeiai aicieeiiaaiey (noeoeeiua aaaenoaey, oaoiiaaiiua
eaoino?iou, aio?iiiaaiiua eaoino?iou, nioeeaeueii-iieeoe/aneea
eiioeeeou).
Ii ianooaao ?ani?ino?aiaiey n o/aoii iineaaenoaee.
ianoiua (eieaeueiua); iauaeoiua; ?aaeiiaeueiua; iaoeeiiaeueiua;
aeiaaeueiua.
Ii nei?inoe ?ani?ino?aiaiey niauoee
aiacaiiua; oia?aiiua; ieaaiua (iieco/ea); auno?i?ani?ino?aiythueany.
Iineaaenoaey /?acau/aeiuo neooaoeee ?aciiia?aciu: caoiieaiey,
?ac?ooaiey, ?aaeeaeoeaiia ca?aaeaiey, e o.ae.
Oneiaey aicieeiiaaiey *N.
Iaee/ea iioaioeeaeueiuo ii. e a?. i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo oaeoi?ia i?e
?acaeoee oao eee eiuo i?ioeannia.
Aeaenoaea oaeoi?ia ?enea
aunaiaiaeaeaiea yia?aee a oao eee eiuo i?ioeannao;
iaee/ea oaene/iuo, aeieiae/anee aeoeaiuo eiiiiiaioia a i?ioeannao e
o.ae.
?aciauaiea ianaaeaiey, a oaeaea n?aaeu iaeoaiey.
Noaaeee ?acaeoey *N.
1 yoai.Noaaeey iaeiieaiey oao eee eiuo aeaeia aeaoaeoa.
I?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoue: ianeieueei naeoiae — aeanyoee eao.
2 yoai. Eieoeee?iaaiea *N.
3 yoai. I?ioeann ?acaeoey *N, a ?acoeueoaoa eioi?iai i?ienoiaeeo
aunaiaiaeaeaiea oaeoi?ia ?enea.
4 yoai. Noaaeey caoooaiey. I?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoue: ianeieueei naeoiae —
aeanyoee eao.
I?eioeeiu iaania/aiey AAEAe a *N.
Caaeaaia?aiaiiay iiaeaioiaea e inou-a caueoiuo ia? ia oa??eoi?ee anae
no?aiu. I?aaeiieaaaao iaeiieaiea n?aaenoa caueou aeey iaania/aiey
aaciianiinoe.
Aeaoa?aioee?iaaiiue iiaeoiae a ii?aaeaeaiee oa?aeoa?a, iauaia e n?ieia
eniieiaiey oaeiai ?iaea ia?.
Eiiieae. iiaeoiae e i?iaaaeaieth caueo. ia? aeey nicaeaiey aaciianiuo e
aaca?aaeiuo oneiaee ai anao noa?ao ae-oe.
Aaciianiinoue iaania/eaaaony o?aiy niiniaaie caueou: yaaeoaoeey;
eniieueciaaiea n?aaenoa eiaeeaeaeoaeueiie caueou; eniieueciaaiea
n?aaenoa eieeaeoeaiie caueou.
Cao?aou ia nieaeaiea ?enea aaa?ee i.a. ?ani?aaeaeaiu:
Ia i?iaeoe?iaaiea e ecaioiaeaiea nenoai aacii.
Ia iiaeaioiaeo ia?niiaea.
Ia niaa?oainoaiaaiea oi?aaeaiey a *N.
Iaoiaeeea ecia?aiey ?enea eiaao 4 iiaeoiaea.
Eiaeaia?iue (a iniiaa eaaeao aeaiiua noaoenoeee). Ii?aaeaeaiea ?enea
inouanoaeyaony iino?iaieai aea?aaueaa ioeaca (iai?., nia?aiaiiay
einiiiaaoeea).
Iiaeaeueiue (iino?iaiea iiaeaeae acaeiiae-y iianiuo e a?aaeiuo oaeoi?ia
n /aeiaaeii e ie?oae. n?aaeie).
Yenia?oiue (aa?iyoiinoe ?acee/iuo niauoee, naycue iaaeaeo ieie e
iineaaenoaey aaa?ee, eioi?ua ii?aaeaeythony ii?inii niaoeeaeenoia
aeaiiie iaeanoe, aunooiathueo a ?iea yenia?oia).
Nioeeieiae/aneee (ii?in ?acee/iuo a?oii ianaeaiey).
A?aaeaeaineay iai?iia.
Oaea?iay aieia, ia?aiao?u, aaeeieoeu ecia?aiey, iniaaiiinoe
aicaeaenoaey, niiniau caueou.
I/aa ii?aaeaiey — oa??eoi?ee, e-ua iiaeaa?aathony aicaeaenoaeth ac?uaa.
A i?aaeaeao i/aaa ii?aae. — iieiia, neeueiia, /anoe/iia e neaaia
?ac?ooaiey; ca i?aaeaeaie aiciee. iiaea?u e iacia/eoaeueiua ?ac?ooaiey.
Iniiaiua ii?aaeathuea oaeoi?u yaea?iiai ac?uaa:
oaea?iay aieia;
naaoiaia ecaeo/aiea;
i?iieeathuay ?aaeeaoeey;
yeaeo?iiaaieoiue eiioeuen.
Iniiaiay oa?aeoa?enoeea oaea?iie aieiu — yoi ecauoi/iia aeaaeaiea ac?uaa
[Ia].
O.e. ?ani?ino?aiaiea oaea?iie aieiu nii?iaiaeaeaaony aeaeaeaieai
aicaeooiuo iann, oi aeeiaie/aneia aicaeaenoaea, iiae e-ui ieacuaathony
aa?oeeaeueiua eiino?oeoeee, iineo iacaaiea aeaaeaiea nei?inoiiai iaii?a
[Ia].
Iiieii aeaaeaiey nei?inoiiai iaii?a ia iacaiiua eiino?oeoeee aeaenoaoao
aeaaeaiea io?aaeaiey (iniiaiay i?e/eia ia?ooaiey aeanoeeo eiino?oeoeee).
Noaiaiue aiciiaeiuo ?ac?ooaiee iiaecaiiuo nii?oaeaiee ioeaieaathony
ecauoi/iui aeaaeaieai ia iiaa?oiinoue caiee. Ianooaau ?ac?ooaiey naycaiu
n iiuiinoueth aiai?eiania — o?ioeeiaue yeaeaaeaio [ea].
Ia ianooaau ?ac?ooaiey ieacuaatho aeeyiey: ?annoiyiey io oeaio?a ac?uaa;
oa?aeoa? e i?i/iinoue ?ac?ooaiey; ?aeueao ianoiinoe e ae?.
Iniaaiiinoe aicaeaenoaey oaea?iie aieiu.
Ioiineoaeueii aieueoay i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoue aeaenoaey (ianeieueei
naeoiae).
?ac?yaeaiea neaaeothuaa aneaae ca iaeanoueth naeaoey (niiniaiinoue
caoaeaoue a caeaiey).
I?iieeathuay ?aaeeaoeey — iioiee (-eceo/aiey e iaeo?iiia i?e yaea?iii
ac?uaa. Ii ia?a aicaeaenoaey ia ethaeae ?aaeeaoeey eciaiyao naienoai
iaoa?eaeea (ieanoee i?aa?auaaony a oaa?aeia aauanoai).
?aaeeaeoeaiia ca?aaeaiea (i?ecaiiia ca?aaeaiea aoiinoa?iiai neiy
aicaeooa, aiaeu).
Oi?ia neaaea ?aaeeaeoeaiiai iaeaea — yeain. *a?ac iaeei /an iinea ac?uaa
a ianoiinoe, eioi?ay iiaeaa?aeanue ac?uao, iiuiinoue yeniiiaioeeaeueiie
aeicu ?aaiyaony 100 ?//, /a?ac 8 /ania iia nieaeaaony a 10 ?ac.
Ca?aaeaiiinoue aicaeooa e aiaeu ioeaieaaaony aeoeaiinoueth
?aaeeiioeeeaeia.
Yeaeo?iiaaieoiue eiioeuen — ii?aaeathuee oaeoi?, e-ue aicae-ao ia
yeaeo?iiioth e ye. aiia?aoo?o. Yoi naycaii oai, /oi a ?acoeueoaoa yae.
ac?uaa iiyaeyaony ye. iaai. eiioeuen, e-ue ioaaouaaao aanue aeeaiiacii
/anoio ye. eieaa., a o./. aeeaiacii nayce, ?aaeeieaeaoeee e
yeaeo?iniaaaeaiey
Aeey caueou io ye.iaai. eiioenia eniieuecotho ye?aie?iaaiea eeiee
yeaeo?iniaaaeaiey.
O?aaiu i?e oaea?iie aieia aeaeyony ia: eaaeea (i?e ecauoi/iii aeaaeaiee
ac?uaa 20-40 eIa) n?aaeiea e oyaeaeua (io 50 eIa e auoa).
Oa?aeoa? ?ac?ooaiee, iauai nianaoaeueiuo ?aaio, oneiaey eo auiieiaiey a
i/aaa ii?aaeaiey caaenyo io aeaaeaiey oaea?iie aieiu, ?aeueaoa
ianoiinoe, iaoaioneiaee, ?aniieiaeaiey ianaeaiiuo ioieoia.
Ciia ?ac?ooaiee iiae?acaeaeyaony: neeueiay, n?aaeiyy (caaaeu), neaaua.
Ciiu iiaea?ia: nieioiuo, a caaaeao, ioaeaeueiuo iiaea?ia.
IAEAAEAIEA
TOC \o “1-2” Aaaaeaiea GOTOBUTTON _Toc354390358 PAGEREF
_Toc354390358 1
Niaea?aeaiea e oeaeue eco/aiey AAEAe. GOTOBUTTON _Toc354390383
PAGEREF _Toc354390383 1
I?aaiaua e ii?iaoeaii-oaoie/aneea iniiau iaania/aiey AAEAe. GOTOBUTTON
_Toc354390384 PAGEREF _Toc354390384 1
O?aaiaoeci e i?iocaaieaaaiey GOTOBUTTON _Toc354390385 PAGEREF
_Toc354390385 1
O/ao e ?anneaaeiaaiea ian/anoiuo neo/aaa GOTOBUTTON _Toc354390386
PAGEREF _Toc354390386 1
Iaoiaeu enneaaeiaaiey i?e/ei o?aaiaoecia GOTOBUTTON _Toc354390387
PAGEREF _Toc354390387 1
Icaei?iaeaiea aicaeooiie n?aaeu GOTOBUTTON _Toc354390388 PAGEREF
_Toc354390388 1
Ii?iaoeaiua niaea?aeaiey a?aaeiuo aauanoa e iee?ieeeiaoa. GOTOBUTTON
_Toc354390389 PAGEREF _Toc354390389 1
Iaoiaeu e n?-aa eiio?iey caueou aicaeooiie n?aaeu GOTOBUTTON
_Toc354390390 PAGEREF _Toc354390390 1
Nenoaia i/enoee aicaeooa GOTOBUTTON _Toc354390391 PAGEREF
_Toc354390391 2
Yeaeo?iaaciianiinoue GOTOBUTTON _Toc354390392 PAGEREF _Toc354390392
2
Aicaeaenoaea ye. oiea ia i?aaieci /aeiaaea GOTOBUTTON _Toc354390393
PAGEREF _Toc354390393 2
I?e/eiu ii?aaeaiey ye. oieii (iai?yae. i?eeiniiaaiey e oaaiaia
iai?yae.): GOTOBUTTON _Toc354390394 PAGEREF _Toc354390394 2
Eeanneoeeaoeey iiiauaiee ii iianiinoe ii?aaeaiey ye. oieii (IOY-85).
GOTOBUTTON _Toc354390395 PAGEREF _Toc354390395 2
Iaoiaeu e n?aaenoaa caueou: cacaieaiea, caioeaiea, ioeeth/aiea e ae?.
GOTOBUTTON _Toc354390396 PAGEREF _Toc354390396 2
I?iecaiaenoaaiiia inaauaiea GOTOBUTTON _Toc354390397 PAGEREF
_Toc354390397 3
Oeceieiae/aneea oa?aeoa?enoeee c?aiey GOTOBUTTON _Toc354390398
PAGEREF _Toc354390398 3
Naaoi-oaoie/aneea aaee/eiu GOTOBUTTON _Toc354390399 PAGEREF
_Toc354390399 3
Anoanoaaiiia inaauaiea GOTOBUTTON _Toc354390400 PAGEREF
_Toc354390400 3
Eneonnoaaiia inaauaiea GOTOBUTTON _Toc354390401 PAGEREF
_Toc354390401 3
Caoeiaia aini?eyoea /aeiaaeii GOTOBUTTON _Toc354390402 PAGEREF
_Toc354390402 3
Ii?ie?iaaiea ooia GOTOBUTTON _Toc354390403 PAGEREF _Toc354390403 3
Ia?ii?eyoey ii ai?ueaa n ooiii GOTOBUTTON _Toc354390404 PAGEREF
_Toc354390404 3
Iianiinoue aeey /aeiaaea GOTOBUTTON _Toc354390405 PAGEREF
_Toc354390405 4
Ii?ie?iaaiea eio?acaoea GOTOBUTTON _Toc354390406 PAGEREF
_Toc354390406 4
Caueoiua ia?ii?eyoey GOTOBUTTON _Toc354390407 PAGEREF _Toc354390407
4
I?eai?u eiio?iey GOTOBUTTON _Toc354390408 PAGEREF _Toc354390408 4
Oeueo?acaoe GOTOBUTTON _Toc354390409 PAGEREF _Toc354390409 4
Ii?ie?iaaiea oeueo?acaoea GOTOBUTTON _Toc354390410 PAGEREF
_Toc354390410 4
Ia?u caueou GOTOBUTTON _Toc354390411 PAGEREF _Toc354390411 4
Aea?aoeey GOTOBUTTON _Toc354390412 PAGEREF _Toc354390412 4
Iniiaiua oa?aeoa?enoeee GOTOBUTTON _Toc354390413 PAGEREF
_Toc354390413 4
Ii?ie?iaaiea aea?aoeee GOTOBUTTON _Toc354390414 PAGEREF
_Toc354390414 4
Iaoiaeu nieaeaiey aea?aoeee GOTOBUTTON _Toc354390415 PAGEREF
_Toc354390415 4
Niaeo? yeaeo?iiaaieoiiai eceo/aiey GOTOBUTTON _Toc354390416 PAGEREF
_Toc354390416 4
Oeueo?aoeieaoiaia eceo/aiea GOTOBUTTON _Toc354390417 PAGEREF
_Toc354390417 4
Ii?ie?iaaiea OO eceo/aiey GOTOBUTTON _Toc354390418 PAGEREF
_Toc354390418 4
Ia?u caueou GOTOBUTTON _Toc354390419 PAGEREF _Toc354390419 4
N?aaenoaa eiaeeaeaeoaeueiie caueou GOTOBUTTON _Toc354390420 PAGEREF
_Toc354390420 4
Iianiua e a?aaeiua oaeoi?u i?e yenieoaoaoeee eaca?ia. GOTOBUTTON
_Toc354390421 PAGEREF _Toc354390421 4
A?aaeiua aicaeaenoaey eaca?iiai eceo/aiey. GOTOBUTTON _Toc354390422
PAGEREF _Toc354390422 4
Ii?ie?iaaiea eaca?iiai eceo/aiey. GOTOBUTTON _Toc354390423 PAGEREF
_Toc354390423 4
Ia?u caueou io aicaeaenoaey eaca?iiai eceo/aiey GOTOBUTTON
_Toc354390424 PAGEREF _Toc354390424 4
Eio?ae?aniia eceo/aiea. GOTOBUTTON _Toc354390425 PAGEREF
_Toc354390425 4
Ii?ie?iaaiea EO eceo/aiey. GOTOBUTTON _Toc354390426 PAGEREF
_Toc354390426 4
Caueoa io aicaeaenoaey EO eceo/aiey. GOTOBUTTON _Toc354390427
PAGEREF _Toc354390427 4
I?eai?u eiio?iey EO GOTOBUTTON _Toc354390428 PAGEREF _Toc354390428
4
Yeaeo?iiaaieoiia iiea GOTOBUTTON _Toc354390429 PAGEREF
_Toc354390429 5
Oa?aeoa?enoeee ye.iaaieoiiai iiey: GOTOBUTTON _Toc354390430 PAGEREF
_Toc354390430 5
A?aaeiia aicaeaenoaea ye. iaaieoiuo iieae GOTOBUTTON _Toc354390431
PAGEREF _Toc354390431 5
Ii?ie?iaaiea ye. iaai. iieae GOTOBUTTON _Toc354390432 PAGEREF
_Toc354390432 5
Ia?ii?eyoey ii caueoa io aicaeaenoaey yeaeo?iiaaieoiuo iieae.
GOTOBUTTON _Toc354390433 PAGEREF _Toc354390433 5
Eiiece?othuaa eceo/aiea GOTOBUTTON _Toc354390434 PAGEREF
_Toc354390434 5
Oa?aeoa?enoeee eiiece?othuaai eceo/aiey GOTOBUTTON _Toc354390435
PAGEREF _Toc354390435 5
Aeaeu e enoi/ieee EE a auoiaie, i?ieca. e ie?oaeathuae n?aaea:
GOTOBUTTON _Toc354390436 PAGEREF _Toc354390436 5
Aeieiae/aneia aeaenoaea aaiiece?. ece. GOTOBUTTON _Toc354390437
PAGEREF _Toc354390437 5
Ii?ie?iaaiea EE GOTOBUTTON _Toc354390438 PAGEREF _Toc354390438 5
Iaoiaeu caueou io eiiece?othueo eceo/aiee GOTOBUTTON _Toc354390439
PAGEREF _Toc354390439 5
I?eai?u ?aaeeaoeeiiiiai eiio?iey. GOTOBUTTON _Toc354390440 PAGEREF
_Toc354390440 5
Eeanneoeeaoeey iiiauaiee e caeaiee ii noaiaie ac?uaiiiaea?iiiianiinoe.
GOTOBUTTON _Toc354390441 PAGEREF _Toc354390441 5
I?e/eiu aicieeiiaaiey iiaea?ia, naycaiiua ni niaoeeaeueiinoueth
nooaeaioia GOTOBUTTON _Toc354390442 PAGEREF _Toc354390442 5
Eeanneoeeaoeey ac?uai- e iiaea?iiianiuo cii iiiauaiey a niioa-aee n IOY
GOTOBUTTON _Toc354390443 PAGEREF _Toc354390443 5
Ia?u ii iiaea?iie i?ioeeaeoeee GOTOBUTTON _Toc354390444 PAGEREF
_Toc354390444 6
Niiniau e n?aaenoaa oooaiey iiaea?ia GOTOBUTTON _Toc354390445
PAGEREF _Toc354390445 6
Aaciianiinoue iai?oaeiaaiey e i?iecaiaenoaaiiua i?ioeannu GOTOBUTTON
_Toc354390446 PAGEREF _Toc354390446 6
O?aaiaaiey aaciianiinoe i?e i?iaeoe?iaaiee iaoei e iaoaieciia
GOTOBUTTON _Toc354390447 PAGEREF _Toc354390447 6
Iianiua ciiu iai?oaeiaaiey e n?aaenoaa caueou io ieo GOTOBUTTON
_Toc354390448 PAGEREF _Toc354390448 6
N?aaenoaa niaoeeaeueiie caueou, eioi?ua iaania/eaatho caueoo nenoai
aaioeeyoeee, ioiieaiey, inaauaiey a iianiuo ciiao iai?oaeiaaiey.
GOTOBUTTON _Toc354390449 PAGEREF _Toc354390449 6
Caueoa aeae?inoa?u GOTOBUTTON _Toc354390450 PAGEREF _Toc354390450
6
Ii?ie?iaaiea niaea?aeaiey a?aaeiuo aauanoa a noi/iuo aiaeao GOTOBUTTON
_Toc354390451 PAGEREF _Toc354390451 6
Iaoiaeu i/enoee noi/. aiae io caa?yciaiee GOTOBUTTON _Toc354390452
PAGEREF _Toc354390452 6
Eiio?ieue ea/anoaa aiaeu GOTOBUTTON _Toc354390453 PAGEREF
_Toc354390453 6
Caueoa eeoinoa?u GOTOBUTTON _Toc354390454 PAGEREF _Toc354390454 7
Io?eoeaoaeueiia aicaeaenoaea ia i?e?iaeo GOTOBUTTON _Toc354390455
PAGEREF _Toc354390455 7
Caa?yciaiea eeoinoa?u eiii. eiiii GOTOBUTTON _Toc354390456 PAGEREF
_Toc354390456 7
Ca?oaaaeiua ii?iaoeau ii yeieiaee IE GOTOBUTTON _Toc354390457
PAGEREF _Toc354390457 7
Yeieiae/aneee iiieoi?eia GOTOBUTTON _Toc354390458 PAGEREF
_Toc354390458 7
Caaea/e nenoaiu GOTOBUTTON _Toc354390459 PAGEREF _Toc354390459 7
Ii?iaoeau GOTOBUTTON _Toc354390460 PAGEREF _Toc354390460 7
Yeieiae/aneee ianii?o i?aaei?eyoey GOTOBUTTON _Toc354390461 PAGEREF
_Toc354390461 7
Yeieiae/aneay yenia?oeca i?iaeoia GOTOBUTTON _Toc354390462 PAGEREF
_Toc354390462 7
Ini. iieiaeaiey oai?ee *N GOTOBUTTON _Toc354390463 PAGEREF
_Toc354390463 7
Aeneiia i iioaioeeaeueiie iianiinoe aeayoaeueiinoe /aeiaaea GOTOBUTTON
_Toc354390464 PAGEREF _Toc354390464 7
Eeanneoeeaoeey e iauea oa?aeoa?enoeee /?acau/aeiuo neooaoeee
GOTOBUTTON _Toc354390465 PAGEREF _Toc354390465 7
A?aaeaeaineay iai?iia. GOTOBUTTON _Toc354390466 PAGEREF
_Toc354390466 7
PAGE
?aaoee?iaaiea ea/anoaa i?e?iaeiie n?aaeu
Ioeaiea
Iaaethaeaiea
Ioeaiea
I?iaiice?iaaiea
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1. ioni?inaeeaaoaeueiay ia/ue; 2. iaoeia aeey ae?iaeaiey ia?aciaaaoeony
ieaouoae; 3. iaaieoiue naia?aoi? aeey ioaeaeaiey /a?iuo iaoaeeia io
oeaaoiuo
1
2
3
1. ni?oe?iaea iaoaeea ii ia?eai noaee;
2. noaeaieaaeeueiay ia/ue; 3. i?ieaoiue noai caaioiae-oaeueiue;
4. i?ieaoiue noai aioiaue e ?aaioa
1
2
3
4
ynoaoeea
y?aiiiieea iaoeiu
Oaeianoai a yenieoaoaoeee
I?aaiecaoeey ?aa. ianoa
Aeecaei iaoeiu
ioeueo oi?aaeaiey (i?aai. oi?aaeaiey, i?eai? eiio?iey);
e?anei iia?aoi?a
aniiiiaaoaeueiua i?aaeiaou
Aaoiiaoecaoeey
Iaoaiecaoeey
I?eiaiaiea ?OE
I?eiaiaiea iaieioeyoi?ia
aac i?eiaiaiey oi?aaeythueo iaoei
n i?eiaiaieai oi?aaeythueo iaoei
3
2
1
Oeaeoiay
3
2
1
Eo/aaay
1. – noaoeeiia?iay nenoaia ieoaiey;
2. – i?eaiiay noaioeey;
3. – aeeoioeyoi?
(, i
Aaiia
eo/e
R
1-390 ii
760-540 iei
?aaeeiaieiu
NA*, OEA, EA, NA, AeA
OOE
Aeaeeiue
naao
Eio?ae?. ece.
1
700
400
300
1060
102
104
10-2
10-6
10-10
10-14
1
20000
f, Aoe
LP, aeA
100
80
60
40
20
20
Ii?ia
neuoei.
3000
Aieaaie ii?ia
Iaeanoue
neuoeiinoe
S=1i2
R=1i
(
1
2
3
4
j1
a
x
j2
ji?
Vi?
X3
X2
X1
ji
7
O
4
6
II
5
4
2
1
3
I
11
8
9
10
7
6
3
2
1
4
5
Eeoinoa?a
Yaa?ano
10000 i
-10000 i
Aeinoa?a
Iciiiaue neie
Aoiinoa?a
Aeae?inoa?a
Oaoiieia. iia?. ?aaioa ia IYAI
Iaoeia AAeO
Iaee/ea iianiuo e a?aaeiuo i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo oaeoi?ia
Iioaioeeaeueiua i?e/eiu o?aai e caaieaaaiee ?aaioathueo
Oi?aaeythuaa aicaeaenoaea
Oi?aaeyaiay nenoaia (iauaeo oi?aaeaiey)
Ii?iaoeaii-oaoie/aneay aeieoiaioaoeey
Oi?aaeythuay nenoaia (noauaeo oi?aaeaiey)
N?aaea iaeoaiey
*aeiaae
Iineaaenoaey
Ao.
neai.
Io/aoiay aeieoiaioaoeey
(iei-ai)
Auo.
neai.
eiae a?oiie?iaee
oeo? nenoaiu AO
aiae ecaeaiey
ii?yaeeiaue ?
AINO 12.(0-4).005-90 NNAO
Aai. i?ieo?i?
(a eeoea i?a. i?ieo?aoo?u)
OII (i?ionithcu)
Ieienoa?noai o?oaea
I?aaei?eyoea
N?aaea iaeoaiey
I?iecaiaenoaaiiay
Iai?iecaiaenoaaiiay
O?oae
I?e?iaeiay
n?aaea
Iauay eoeueoo?a noauaeoa
I?e?iaea
*?acau/aeiua neooaoeee
*?acau/aeiua neooaoeee (AI)
N?aaea i?iecaiaenoaa
*aeiaae
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