Iineianeee einoeooo ?aaeeioaoieee, yeaeo?iieee e aaoiiaoeee
(Oaoie/aneee oieaa?neoao)
? A O A ? A O
Aeenoeeieeia: A?aaeaeaineay iai?iia
Oaia: Aaa?ee e eaoano?iou ei?aaeae
Nooaeaio : *anoooei Aeoaeee
A?oiia : AE-1-93
IINEAA 1995
Iinea iaiaaeaiey yiiioeaa ia Ia?e-Oa?ai?, aaea auee iioiieaiu e?oiiaeoea
ei?aaee aia?eeaineiai oeioa, NOA anooieee a aieio, eioi?ay oaea
aeeeeanue aieaa aeaoo eao. N oiai a?aiaie ia?aae nithcieeaie aanueia
ino?i anoaea i?iaeaia noaeioiaenoaa. Ioaeiu auee noaea aeey
o?ainii?oe?iaee aiene e ?acee/iuo i?aaeiaoia niaaaeaiey a ciiu n?aaeaiey
ca ieaaiii. Iiyoiio n?aco aea iinea anooieaiey a aieio, a na?aaeeia
aeaeaa?y 1941 a., i?aaeoaeuenoai NOA ?aeaece?iaaei o?aioeocneee eaeia?
“Ii?iaiaeey”, eioi?ue ionoaeaaeny a Iueth-Ei?ea n ia/aea aoi?ie ie?iaie
aieiu, eiay a aeaeo eniieueciaaoue aai eae aieneiaie o?ainii?o aeey
ia?aaicee e?oiiuo eiioeiaaioia aiene.
“Ii?iaiaeey” auea iino?iaia ai O?aioeee, niouaia ia aiaeo a 1932 a. e
aaaaeaia a yenieoaoaoeeth a 1935 a. Eiay iieioth aianoeiinoue 83420 o,
iia n/eoaeanue ai?aeinoueth o?aioeocneiai oeioa e i?aoaiaeiaaea ia
caaiea naiiai aieueoiai, naiiai auno?ioiaeiiai e naiiai eo/oaai noaeia a
ie?a. Aa aeaaiua ?acia?aiey auee: aeeeia – 314 i, oe?eia – 35,9 i,
n?aaeiyy inaaeea – 11,2 i, aunioa ai?oa aei i?iaoei/iie iaeoau – 28 i.
*enei iaeoa – 11, ec ieo 7 nieioiuo. Aa oo?aiyeaeo?iaa?aaaou iauae
iiuiinoueth 160000 e.n. ia /aou?ao aaeao iiaee ?acaeoue oiae ieiei 30
oceia. E?iia yeeiaaea a 1345 /aeiaae ( ii ae?oaei aeaiiui – 1285),
eaeia? iia i?eiyoue ia ai?o 1972 iannaaee?a.
I?e i?iaeoe?iaaiee e iino?ieea “Ii?iaiaeee” auei ia?auaii iniaia
aieiaiea ia iaania/aiea aa iiaea?iaaciianiinoe. I?e yoii
i?ioeaiiiaea?iua ia?u auee i?eiyou e caeiaeaiu a i?iaeo iinea ?yaea
iiuoia e enneaaeiaaiee. Ia yoe ?aaiou auei cao?a/aii 13500 /ania,
i?iaaaeaii 435 ?acee/iuo eniuoaiee, a iauay ieiuaaeue eniuoaoaeueiuo
iaiaeae auea ?aaia 1075 ea. i.
I?eiyoua a i?iaeoa e ?aaeeciaaiiua i?e iino?ieea eaeia?a
i?ioeaiiiaea?iua eiino?oeoeaiua ia?ii?eyoey ninoiyee ec 6 a?oii.
1 A?oiia. – I?ioeaiiiaea?iua caueoiua ia?aai?ee. I?e iiiiue oaeeo
ia?aai?ie ana noaeii aeaeeeinue ia 4 aeaaiua iiaea?iua naeoeee e 126
“ia?ae/iuo”. Iauay caaea/a yoeo naeoeee – eieaeecaoeey iiaea?a
iaaieueoeie i?ino?ainoaaie e aaoiiiiiinoue ?aaiou iai?oaeiaaiey a
eaaeaeie ec aeaaiuo naeoeee a neo/aa iiaea?a. A niaoeeoeeaoeee auei
iaienaii, /oi iaianoieeinoue anao eciee?iaaiiuo a?aieoe oaeiaa, /oi
iiaeao caaea?aeaoue a oa/aiea iaeiiai /ana iaiiue, ?acaeaathuee
oaiia?aoo?o a 815( C, /oi i?aauoaei o?aaiaaiey Iaaeaeoia?iaeiie
eiiaaioeee aaciianiinoe aeecie ia ii?a 1929 a.
2 A?oiia. – I?eiaiaiea iaai?th/eo iaoa?eaeia. I?e iino?ieea oe?iei
i?eiaiyeenue oaeea iaai?th/ea iaoa?eaeu, eae noaeue, noaeei, eaiaiue,
i?aii?. I?eiaiaiea aea?aaa naaee aei ieieioia, a oai, aaea iii
eniieueciaaeinue, auea i?aaeoniio?aia neeueiay caueoa anaanoii e
iaiaoii?iuie iaoa?eaeaie (e?aneaie).
3 A?oiia. – Caueoa yeaeo?iiai?oaeiaaiey e aaioeeyoeee. Ii eeiee
yeaeo?iiai?oaeiaaiey i?aaeoniao?eaaeanue iieiay aaoiiiiiinoue eaaeaeie
ec /aou?ao aeaaiuo iiaea?iuo naeoeee, i?ieeaaeea eaaaeae i?iecaiaeeeanue
a iaoaeee/aneeo aeaeiaao, aeey caueou yeaeo?inaoe i?eiaiyeenue
oa?ie/aneea aueeth/aoaee, ieaaeea i?aaeio?aieoaee e ?yae ae?oaeo ia?.
Iaoaie/aneay aaioeeyoeey oaeaea i?aaeoniao?eaaeanue aaoiiiiiie a
eaaeaeie ec aeaaiuo iiaea?iuo naeoeee, i?e yoii aaioeeyoeeiiiua eaiaeu
ia i?ieeaaeuaaeenue, eae i?aaeei, /a?ac aeaaiua e i?ioeaiiiaea?iua
ia?aai?ee.
4 A?oiia. – Nenoaia iiiaauaiey. Iia aeeth/aea a naay: a) aeey anao iano
iauaai iieueciaaiey a aeeeuo iiiauaieyo – neaiaeueiia iai?oaeiaaiea,
aeiiieieoaeueiua oaeaoiiu e ?o/iua iiaea?iua neaiaeu; a) aeey eatho –
aaoiiaoe/aneea ecaauaoaee ( anaai 1075 oooe); a) aeey o?thiia,
oaeiaeaeia, eeaaeiauo – nenoaio aeuiiauo ecaauaoaeueiuo aiia?aoia
(aeathueo naaoiaie e caoeiaie neaiaeu i iaee/ee aeuia a iiiauaieyo), e
a) oeaio?aeueiue iiaea?iue ioieo – aeey n?aaeioi/aiey anao neaiaeia
iao?oeae (43 /aeiaaea) e aaoiiaoe/aneeo onoaiiaie, iai?oaeiaaiiie
niaoeeaeueiie oaeaoiiiie naycueth (ia 120 eeiee), ia naycaiiie n
iauanoaeiaie oaeaoiiiie nenoaiie.
5 A?oiia. – Iaiaoooeoaeueiia iai?oaeiaaiea. a) aiaea aeey anaai noaeia
n aeaaeaieai 10 ean/ea ni e o?aiy yeaeo?iianinaie n iiaea/ae ii 300 o//,
i?e/ai i?aaeoniao?eaaeinue oaeia eie-ai oeaiaiauo niaaeeiaiee, /oi a
ethaie /anoe noaeia iiaeii auei eniieueciaaoue aeaa iiuiua no?oe aiaeu
iinea cae?uoey anao aiaeiiai?iieoeaaiuo aeaa?ae e iaiaoooeoaeueiuo
cae?uoee; a) oaeaeeneioiua onoaiiaee aeey o?thiia, oaeiaeaeia e
eeaaeiauo, i?e yoii caian aaca i?aaeoniao?eaaeny oaeiaui, /oiau
iaania/eoue ianuuaiea aacii naiiai aieueoiai iiiauaiey a oa/aiea iaiaa 2
ieioo; a) oaeaeeneioiay iaia aeey oooaiey oiieeaiuo iiaea?ia a iaoeiiuo
e eioaeueiuo ioaeaeaieyo e a) ia?aiiniua aeeaeeinoiua iaiaoooeoaee.
6 A?oiia. – Ono?ienoaa aeey yaaeoaoeee iannaaee?ia. Nthaea aoiaeyo
eeethieiaoi?u a?auathuaainy oeia, eioi?ua iiaeii ioe?uaaoue e /a?ac ieo
aua?aoueny ec eathou, anee ana ae?oaea auoiaeu io?acaiu; naaoyueany
e?anee e ?yae ae?oaeo.
I?ioeaiiiaea?iay caueoa “Ii?iaiaeee” n/eoaeanue a naia a?aiy ia?acoeii
aeey noaeia aa eeanna, e yoi iicaieyei iaeioi?ui aeiaieueii e?oiiui
ca?oaaaeiui niaoeeaeenoai cayaeoue, /oi “aiciiaeiinoue iiaea?a ia yoii
noaeia iaeiaa?iyoia”. Ec iienaiey iiaea?a e aai iineaaenoaee aoaeao
aeaeii, ianeieueei oaeea i?iaiicu niioaaonoaiaaee enoeia. Eoae,
“Ii?iaiaeey” auea ia?aaeaia AIN NOA 24 aeaeaa?y 1941 aiaea e
ia?aeiaiiaaia a “Eaoaeao”, iieo/ea ?aia aieneiaiai o?ainii?oa. N?aco aea
ia/aeenue ?aaiou ii ia?aiai?oaeiaaieth, eioi?ua aaeenue aeiaieueii
yia?ae/ii, oae /oi a ia?auo /eneao oaa?aey 1942 aiaea, oi anoue iaiaa
/ai /a?ac aeaa ianyoea, iie aeeceeenue e caaa?oaieth. A oa/aiea yoiai
a?aiaie auee iai?oaeiaaiu iiiauaiey aeey aeeeuey e noieiaua ia 10000
/aeiaae, onoaiiaeaii caieoiia aii?oaeaiea, iai?oaeiaaiu iia?aaa
aiai?eiana, i?aaeoniio?aiu aeiiieieoaeueiua onoaiiaee aeey i?aniie
aiaeu. ?aaiou i?iaiaeeeenue ia ica?a Aoaecii o i?e/aea ? 88. “Eaoaeao”
aue ia?ae?aoai a oa?iaue oeaao. 9 oaa?aey 1942 aiaea, a aeaiue aaa?ee,
ia ai?oo “Eaoaeaoa” iaoiaeeeinue aieaa 3000 /aeiaae, 500 ec ieo aeieaeiu
auee ninoaaeoue yeeiaae ei?aaey. Iie ia auee ciaeiiu n ?aniieiaeaieai
ei?aaey e ia iieo/eee ieeaeie iiaeaioiaee aeey aeaenoaee a *N. 50
iaeaaeeoeoee?iaaiiuo ?aai/eo, auaeaeaiiua ia?aiai?oaeiaaaoae ei?aaeue
oe?iie aeey ianaiey iiaea?iie neoaeau ia ei?aaea, oaeaea ia eiaee
ieeaeie niaoeeaeueiie i?ioeaiiiaea?iie iiaeaioiaee. Ia ai?oo ei?aaey aua
iaoiaeeeinue 4 ieaaeoeo ioeoea?a e 36 iao?inia aa?aaiaie io?aiu NOA,
iaycaiiinoe eioi?uo ia neo/ae ia auee /aoei ii?aaeaeaiu, oioy iie ianee
iao?oeueioth iiaea?ioth neoaeao. Yoe ethaee ninoaaeee i?ioeaiiiaea?iue
iao?oeue; /anoue ec ieo iaoiaeeeanue ia iinoao, n ae?oaeie i?iaiaeeeenue
i?ioeaiiiaea?iua caiyoey e o/aiey. Ii oneiaeyi eiio?aeoa, oe?ia,
ioaa/aaoay ca ia?aiai?oaeiaaiea, iaycaia auea iiae oa?icie oo?aoa
“i?iyaeyoue aunooth noaiaiue inoi?iaeiinoe, /oiau i?aaeio?aieoue noaeii
io iiaea?ia”. Eiio?aeoi? ian ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca aeaenoaea
i?ioeaiiiaea?iuo n?aaenoa ei?aaey. Ii ii ia?aie/eeny oai, /oi
i?eniaaeeiee /aou?a eeiee oeaiaia io aeae?aioia ia i?e/aea ? 88 e o?oaai
noaoeeiia?iie iiaea?iie iaaeno?aee iiniaie e ei?iiaie ieiia/iinoae ii
i?aaiio ai?oo. Iaeia aanueia nouanoaaiiay “aeaoaeue“ cia/eoaeueii
nieaeaea aiciiaeiinoe eniieueciaaiey i?ioeaiiiaea?iuo n?aaenoa ei?aaey.
Aeaei a oii, /oi niaaeeiaiey o?aioeocneiai oeia ia iiaeoiaeeee e
aia?eeaineei noaiaea?oai, eniieuecoaiui iiaea?iie neoaeaie Iueth-Ei?ea.
Yoi nouanoaaiii iiaeeyei ia oiae oooaiey iiaea?a. Ia?aaeaeea niaaeeiaiee
aeae?aioia e oeaiaia ia aia?eeaineee noaiaea?o ioeeaaeuaaeinue ni aeiy
ia aeaiue e, oioy aei naea/e ei?aaey inoaaaeenue n/eoaiiua aeie, ?aaioa
yoa auea aeaeaea io caaa?oaiey. Oae ianoiyei aeaei n i?ioeaiiiaea?iie
iiaeaioiaeie ethaeae e aioiaiinoueth iaiaoooeoaeueiuo n?aaenoa ia
ei?aaea e iiiaioo aaa?ee. Ii eaeiau aea auee ianoiyoaeuenoaa, i?eaaaeoea
e iiaea?o, e eae i?aaieciaaee aai oooaiea? A oio aeaiue a ?acee/iuo
/anoyo ei?aaey aeaenoaiaaei 110 aaciauo ai?aeie e naa?i/iuo aiia?aoia. A
oeaio?aeueiii naeiia (30o26 i) ?aaioaea a?oiia ?aai/eo n
eenei?iaeii-aoeaoeeaiiauie aiia?aoaie a ninoaaa 9 /aeiaae, eioi?ua
aeieaeiu auee n?acaoue 4 eieiiiu-ieeea?na. Ae?oaay a?oiia ?aai/eo
ianoeeaea a naeiia eeiieaoi. A iiiauaiee iaoiaeeeenue aua 2 aeaaeo?iuo
iiaea?iuo. A naeiia auei neiaeaii 1140 yueeia n eaieiauie
nianaoaeueiuie aeeeaoaie, eioi?ua i?aaeiacia/aeenue aeey ?ani?aaeaeaiey
ia ei?aaea. E iiiaioo ia/aea ?aaio aeeeaou ec iiiauaiey ia auee oa?aiu:
iie a?iiicaeeeenue aie?oa eieiii e iaaeaeo ieie. Iiiauaiea ia eiaei
aeaaea yeaiaioa?iuo i?ioeaiiiaea?iuo n?aaenoa. Iaoiaeeaoeeny oai 37-ii
oeaia ia aue niaaeeiai n aeae?aoii, e aai ia iiaee, neaaeiaaoaeueii,
eniieueciaaoue iaiaaeeaiii. Aeaaeo?iua iiaea?iua eiaee a naiai
?anii?yaeaiee aeaa iau/iuo aaae?a aiaeu, anaanoiaua aeinee 0.6o0.9 i e
iieoe?oaeue iaoaeee/aneee ueo aunioie 0.9 i. A ia?aie iieiaeia aeiy aeaa
eieiiiu auee n?acaiu. Iinea ia?a?uaa ia iaaae aiiaue i?enooieee e ?aaioa
e o?aoueth eieiiio n?acaee oaeaea aeaaiiieo/ii. Inoaaaeinue n?acaoue
iineaaeithth eieiiio. A yoio iiiaio ec naeiia ooee ?aaoey?iua
iiaea?iua, e eo iaycaiiinoe noae “eniieiyoue” iaeei ?aai/ee, eioi?ue
aea?aeae anaanoiaoth aeineo iaae iaoaeee/aneei ueoii, /oiau ene?u ia
iaaeaee ia iaoiaeeaoeany ?yaeii aeeeaou. Eiaaea /aoaa?oay eieiiia auea
ii/oe ia?a?acaia e aa iaaei auei aeeo?aoii iieiaeeoue ia iaeoao, yoio
?aai/ee inoaaee ueo ia iaeoaa, /oiau iiii/ue inoaeueiui. Oaia?ue
inoaeinue n?acaoue oaea iineaaeiee eonie eieiiiu. A?eaaaee?, n/eoaaoee,
/oi aeaei naeaeaii, nia?aeny inoaaeoue ?aai/aa ianoi. Eiaiii a
iineaaeiea naeoiaeu ?aai/ea oaeaeaee iaaieueoea aniuoee a yueeao n
aeeeaoaie, iaoiaeeaoeony aeeaea anaai e aaciaiio aiia?aoo. Yoi auei a 14
/ania 35 ieioo. Oae ia/aeanue e?oiiaeoay aaa?ey. Nia/aea iuoaeenue
naeoue ieaiy ?oeaie, ii iaiiue auno?i ?ani?ino?aiyeny, e yoi ia
oaeaeinue. Caoai noaee i?eiaiyoue aaae?a n aiaeie e ?o/iua iaiaoooeoaee,
ii yoi oiaea aaconiaoii. Aeaeaa auea iiaeeeth/aia eeiey oeaiaia io
aa?oiae iaeoau, iaeiaei iaii?a ia ieacaeinue – iaiiue i?iaeieaeae
?ani?ino?aiyoueny ii ei?aaeth. Oae eae naycue ia ei?aaea ii/oe ia
?aaioaea, iauay o?aaiaa n iinoeea ia iiaea auoue iauyaeaia. Iiaea?iue
iao?oeue, a?aiaiii ?aciauaiiue ia iaeiie ec iaeoa, ia eiae oaeaoiiiie
nayce n oeaio?aeueiui iiaea?iui ioieoii. Niiauaiea i iiaea?a auei
iiyoiio ioi?aaeaii /a?ac iinueueiuo – a ?acoeueoaoa iieo/eeanue
cia/eoaeueiay caaea?aeea n i?eauoeai ooaoiuo iiaea?iuo e ianoo i/aaa
iiaea?a. E yoiio a?aiaie ai?ae ia oieueei naeii, ii e niaaeiua n iei
iiiauaiey, eioi?ua auee neeueii ieooaiu aeuiii. Ai?ueao n iiaea?ii
cao?oaeiyei aua e oi, /oi eoi-oi aueeth/ee ana yeaeo?iinaauaiea, /oiau
iaaciianeoue ei?aaeue io ei?ioeiai caiueaiey. Ieeoi ia aue aioia
i?eiyoue ia naay ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca ?oeiaiaenoai ai?ueaie n iiaea?ii.
Iaoiaeeaoeany ia ei?aaea i?aaenoaaeoaee AIN n/eoaee naay eeai
eiio?iea?aie, eeai eiinoeueoaioaie, eeai, iaeiiaoe, ioaaonoaaiiuie ca
niaaaeaiea ei?aaey. Eiiaiaee? niaaeeiaiey aa?aaiaie io?aiu aeaeae ia? io
eiiaiaee?a ii?oa, a oio n/eoae, /oi iacia/aiiue ioeoea? oaea eiiaiaeoao
ia ei?aaea.
Oaeei ia?acii, a noieue ioaaonoaaiiue e a?iciue iiiaio aeey ei?aaey
ai?ueaie n iiaea?ii ieeoi ia oi?aaeye. Caiicaeae oaeaea aucia iiaea?iie
eiiaiaeu ai?iaea Iueth-Ei?ea, eioi?ay i?eauea ia ei?aaeue oieueei a 14
/ 50 iei. Cao?oaeiaiey aucuaaei oaeaea e oi, /oi aeui n aa?oiae iaeoau e
ae?oaeo auniei?aniieiaeaiiuo iaeoa noae i?iieeaoue a iaoeiiia ioaeaeaiea
noaeia, /oi auioaeeei iaoaieeia cae?uoue e inoaaeoue iaoeiiia
ioaeaeaiea. Yoi auei i?eia?ii a 15 /, oi anoue iaiaa /ai /a?ac iie/ana
iinea ia/aea iiaea?a. E yoiio a?aiaie ieaiaiai auee ioaa/aiu o?e aa?oiea
iaeoau e aeey ai?ueau n iaiai ioaeia auea aiaea a iaia?aie/aiiuo
eiee/anoaao. Aiaea iiaeaaaeanue aac o/aoa ninoiyiey ei?aaey e, i?aaeaea
anaai, aai inoie/eainoe. Aeey oooaiey iiaea?a auee iiaeeeciaaiu aieueoea
neeu: ?aaioaee 24 ianiniua noaioeee, 6 a?ociauo iaoei n eanoieoeaie, 3
iiaea?iuo eaoa?a, ?yae aoene?ia e ae?oaea n?aaenoaa. Oieueei 3 iiaea?iuo
eaoa?a ca a?aiy iiaea?a iaea/aee ia ai?o ei?aaey ieiei 3500 o aiaeu.
Aiaea iiaeaaaeanue, aeaaiui ia?acii, a aa?oiea /anoe ei?aaey, e iiyoiio
i?ienoiaeeei iinoaiaiiia, ii ia?anoathuaa nieaeaiea inoie/eainoe
ei?aaey. Ii ?acoeueoaoai iiuoiiai e?aiiaaiey, i?iaaaeaiiiai eae ?ac
iacaaeieai aei iiaea?a, ia/aeueiay iiia?a/iay iaoaoeaio?e/aneay aunioa
ei?aaey auea ii?aaeaeaia ?aaiie 0,28 i. A ?acoeueoaoa caiieiaiey aa?oieo
/anoae ei?aaey ia/aeueiay inoie/eainoue anei?a noaea io?eoeaoaeueiie e
ei?aaeue ia/ae e?aieony ia eaaue ai?o. Ii ia?a aeiaaaeaiey aiaeu e?ai
iinoaiaiii ia?anoae, e e 18 / 30 iei ii aeinoea 10(. E yoiio a?aiaie
iaiiue aue acyo iiae eiio?ieue. Oaia?ue anoaea i?iaeaia au?aaieaaiey
ei?aaey eee, ii e?aeiae ia?a, iaaeiiouaiey aieueoaai aai iae?aiaiey.
Aeaeueiaeoea ?an/aou iieacaee, /oi i?e e?aia a 13( ia/eiatho aoiaeeoue a
aiaeo ioaa?noey ai?oiauo a?ociauo etheia, caoai – eeethieiaoi?u. Ii oae
eae iiiaea eeethieiaoi?u auee ioe?uou aeey aeinooia naaaeaai aicaeooa, a
iaeioi?ua a?ociaua ethee oiaea ia auee cae?uou, oi iinea iae?aiaiey
ei?aaey ia 10( aunioa aiaeiiai?iieoeaaiiai iaaeaiaeiiai ai?oa
ieacaeanue aeey iaai oa?iaeathua iaeie.
Aiaiii – ii?neea aeanoe i?aaei?eiyee iaeioi?ua iiiuoee ia aeiionoeoue
ii?ieeaeuaaiey ei?aaey. I?eiyoua ia?u ii ioea/ea aiaeu ec aa?oieo /anoae
ei?iona ieacaeenue aaconiaoiuie. Iiiuoea caeeoue iaoeiiia ioaeaeaiea n
oeaeueth nieaeaiey oeaio?a oyaeanoe ei?aaey oaeaea ia aeinoeaea oeaee,
oae eae ia ei?aaea ia auei eeianoiiia, a i?iieeiooue a iaoeiiia
ioaeaeaiea ia auei aiciiaeiinoe ec-ca aeuia. Ae?oaea iiiuoee
caeeth/aeenue a oii, /oiau caiieieoue aeiiiua ioaeaeaiey (ionaee)
i?aaiai ai?oa n iiiiuueth i?inaa?eaiiuo nia?oaee ioaa?noee, /oi aeaei
eeoue /anoe/iue yooaeo. Ia ianeieueei a?aaeonia aue oiaiueoai e?ai, ii
oieueei ia ei?ioeia a?aiy. Nione aiaeu ca ai?o eee a ?aniieiaeaiiua
ieaea iiiauaiey ia i?aaei?eieiaeny: ionoonoaiaaee nioneiua, eee
oieaaoiua nenoaiu. A yoa ia?a a neiaeeaoeony ianoiyoaeuenoaao auea au,
ii-aeaeeiiio, iaeiie ec yooaeoeaiuo.
E 21 / 30 iei, oi anoue nionoy 7 /ania iinea ia/aea iiaea?a, e?ai
aeinoea 17( , e a yoii iieiaeaiee ei?aaeue iaoiaeeeny ianeieueei /ania,
oae eae noaeii einioeinue neoeie a?oioa. Ii iaaeaeaaaoeeny i?eeea ia/ae
iiaeieiaoue noaeii, eioi?ia ioi?aaeinue io a?oioa e i?iaeieaeaei
e?aieony.
E iieoii/e e?ai ninoaaee 30(. Anei?a ei?aaeue aue iieeioo inoaaoeieny
ethaeueie e eaa aa eaaue ai?o, ia ooiioa iieiinoueth eeoue iioiio, /oi
aeoaeia aiaeu (ieiei 15 i) auea iaiueoa aeaaea aai iieooe?eiu. Aai iin
i?e yoii ieacaeny ia neaeueiii a?oioa, a ei?ia iia?oaeaia a ee. Ia
a?oioa “Eaoaeao” eaaeae, eiay e?ai 80(, i?e yoii any aai i?aaay iieiaeia
ieacaeanue iiae aiaeie.
“Eaoaeao” cae?ue iiaeoiae e aeaoi aaaeiui ie?nai, iaaeaeo eioi?uie ii
eaaeae. *oiau inaiaiaeeoue ie?nu, anei?a ia/aeenue ?aaiou ii iiaeuaio
ei?aaey, eioi?ua ieacaeenue aeiaieueii i?iaeieaeeoaeueiuie. Aeey
?aoeeiiaeueiiai aaaeaiey noaeiiiaeuaiiuo ?aaio auee ecaioiaeaiu
niaoeeaeueiua iiaeaee. Ei?aaeue aue iiaeiyo eeoue a 1943 a., iaeiaei
io?aiiioe?iaai ia aue, oae eae ia iiaee iaeoe aio i?eiaiaiey. Iinea
aieiu, a 1946 a., “Eaoaeao” aue i?iaeai ia neii.
Ethaiiuoii, /oi iino?ieea “Ii?iaiaeee” iaioeanue o?aioeocai a 65 iei.
aeieea?ia, noieiinoue ia?aiai?oaeiaaiey eaeia?a a aiaiiue o?ainii?o
?aaiyeanue 20 iei. aeieea?ia, a ?anoiaeu ii aai iiaeuaio ninoaaeee 9
iei. aeieea?ia. I?iaeai aea ei?aaeue aue ca 160 ouny/ aeieea?ia.
Oaeia aue eiiaoe “e?anu e ai?aeinoe“ o?aioeocneiai oeioa.
Ec iiaea?a ia “Eaoaeaoa”-”Ii?iaiaeee” auee auianaiu neaaeothuea o?iee:
naa?eo e ?aceo ia ei?aaea iaeuecy aeiioneaoue, iiea ana ai?th/ea
i?aaeiaou ia oaeaeaiu ia aaciianiia ?annoiyiea eee, ii e?aeiae ia?a, iie
ia aoaeoo aeinoaoi/ii i?aaeio?aiaiu, /oiau ia aeiionoeoue eo aicai?aiey
i?e aaaeaiee ai?y/eo ?aaio;
i?e iaoiaeaeaiee ei?aaey a ii?oo, iniaaiii i?e i?iecaiaenoaa ia iai
?aaio ii ia?aiai?oaeiaaieth, aeieaeii auoue iaania/aii iaee/ea
i?ioeaiiiaea?iuo n?aaenoa, aeinoaoi/ii iiuiuo aeey ai?ueau n iaiai e
anaaaea aioiauo e aeaenoaeth. A /anoiinoe, i/aiue aaaeii iaania/eoue
noaiaea?oecaoeeth oeaiaiauo niaaeeiaiee a neo/aa iaoiaeaeaiey ei?aaey a
/oaeii ii?oo;
ai a?aiy ia?aiai?oaeiaaiey ei?aaey aeieaeia auoue i?aaeoniio?aia
/aoeinoue a ioiioaiee i?aaiecaoeee ai?ueau n iiaea?ii, iniaaiii i?e
iacia/aiee ioaaonoaaiiuo eeoe e ?oeiaiaenoaa aeaenoaeyie ii ai?ueaa n
iiaea?ii ia ei?aaea;
ia ei?aaea aeieaeia niaoeeaeueiay e oi?ioi iao/aiiay iiaea?iay
eiiaiaea, iaiaoiaeeiay eae aeey i?ioeeaeoe/aneeo oeaeae, oae e aeey
eaaeeoeoee?iaaiiie ai?ueau n aicieeoei iiaea?ii;
ia ia?aiai?oaeiaaiiii ei?aaea aeieaeai aanoenue iai?a?uaiue e /aoeee
eiio?ieue ca aaaeaieai ai?y/eo ?aaio;
ethaie ia?aiai?oaeoaiue ei?aaeue aeieaeai auoue iniauai iaiaoiaeeiuie e
iaaeaaeiuie n?aaenoaaie nayce, iiiaauaiey e neaiaeecaoeee;
ia aeiioneaoue, /oiau aeui io iiaea?a ia aa?oieo iaeoaao i?iieeae a
iaoeiiua ioaeaeaiey (eioaeueiua), aeey /aai naaoiaua ethee e o.i. a yoeo
iiiauaieyo neaaeoao cae?uaaoue n?aco aea ii aicieeiiaaiee iaiy ia
aa?oia?aniieiaeaiiuo iaeoaao e inoaiaaeeaaoue ana ananuaathuea
aaioeeyoi?u, aaaeouea a yoe iiiauaiey;
o/anoieee ai?ueau n iiaea?ii aeieaeiu eniieueciaaoue aiaeo aeey
iiaea?ioooaiey eneeth/eoaeueii yeiiiiii, eiay a aeaeo iianiinoue
/?acia?iiai iaiieiaiey ei?aaey aiaeie e aiciiaeiinoe iioa?e ei
inoie/eainoe;
a oeaeyo nieaeaiey oa?icu ii?ieeaeuaaiey ei?aaey i?e oooaiee iiaea?ia
aeieaeiu auoue i?aaeoniio?aiu nenoaiu aeey oaeaeaiey n iaai “iiaea?iie”
aiaeu;
ana i?ioeaiiiaea?iua aeaa?e aie?oa i/aaa iiaea?a aeieaeiu cae?uaaoueny
n?aco aea iinea aai aicieeiiaaiey, a ioe?uaaoue aeaa?e neaaeoao oieueei
aeey ianeoaeeaaiey ieieiaeueiuo ioaeae a?oii ethaeae, ai?thueony n
iiaea?ii.
Yoe auaiaeu, naeaeaiiua ia iniiaaiee iiuoa iiaea?a,
i?ienoaaeoaai, ii nouanoao, ia oi?aiaii noaeia, ii-aeaeeiiio, a aieueoae
naiae /anoe ni?aaaaeeeau e ii ioiioaieth e aiaaui ei?aaeyi.
Ec iiuoa iiaea?a ia “Eaoaeaoa”-”Ii?iaaeee” iiaeii auianoe aua iaeei
“o?ie o?ieia”, eioi?ue caeeth/aaony a neaaeothuai. Iaei caeiaeeoue
aunieee oaoie/aneee o?iaaiue i?ioeaiiiaea?iie aaciianiinoe a i?iaeo
ei?aaey, iaei aeaaea aai ?aaeeciaaoue i?e iino?ieea. Aeey ?aaeueiiai
iaania/aiey i?ioeaiiiaea?iie aaciianiinoe ia ei?aaea iaiaoiaeeii:
niaethaeaiea i?aaee, iinoiyiiay aioiaiinoue iaee/iuo i?ioeaiiiaea?iuo
oaoie/aneeo n?aaenoa e aeaenoaeth, ioee/iia ciaiea ee/iui ninoaaii
naiaai ei?aaey – aai iniiaiuo ea/anoa, oaoieee e ?aniieiaeaiey
iiiauaiee, iiaeaioiaeaiiinoue e aioiaiinoue yeeiaaea e ai?ueaa n
iiaea?ii.
N?aaieoaeueii iacaaeieai aei eaoano?iou “Eaoaeaoa” i?e aiaeiae/iuo
ianoiyoaeuenoaao iiaeaaee ei?aaee. Oae, iai?eia?, a aeaeaa?a 1931 a. A
Iuethii?o-Iuethna (ooao Ae?aeiey, NOA) a ?acoeueoaoa oooaiey iiaea?a
ia?aaa?ioeny o aeino?ia/iie iaaa?aaeiie aiaeeeneee a?oci-iannaaee?neee
ia?ioiae “Naaiaey” (9500 o). Caoiieaiea aa?oieo /anoae ei?aaey aucaaei
iioa?th ei iiia?a/iie inoie/eainoe, e ii eaa o noaiee e?aiii 80( ia
i?aaue ai?o, ia caoiioa iieiinoueth ec-ca n?aaieoaeueii iaeie aeoaeiu
aiaeu. “Eaoaeao”, oaeei ia?acii, ii/oe iiaoi?ee ia/aeueiue iiuo
“Naaiaee” a oaaee/aiiii ianooaaa. Ae?oaei i?eia?ii iiaeao neoaeeoue
o?aioeocneee eaeia? “Ia?eae” (34570 o), eioi?ue i?e iiaeiaiuo
ianoiyoaeuenoaao caoiioe a Aaa?a a ai?aea 1939 a.; ana iaoiaeeaoeany ia
aai ai?oo ethaee iiaeaee. Yoe e ae?oaea i?eia?u, e niaeaeaieth, ia auee
o/oaiu aia?eeaineeie iiaea?iuie, eioi?ua iioiieee e?oiiaeoee aiaiiue
o?ainii?o a naieo nianoaaiiuo aiaeao, iaiany yoei cia/eoaeueiue o?ii
aiaiiiio iioaioeeaeo nithcieeia ai a?aiy aieiu.
Nienie eniieuecoaiie eeoa?aoo?u:
1. E.I. Ei?ioeei “ Aaa?ee e eaoano?iou ei?aaeae”, Noaeino?iaiea,
Eaieia?aae, 1977, 296 n.
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