NIAeA?AEAIEA
1. AAAAeAIEA
2. NIAeA?AEAIEA E NOUIINOUe EOEUeOO?U
NIOeEIEIAEss EOEUeOO?U: ENOI?Ess AICIEEIIAAIEss E
I?AAeIAO
4. NO?OEOO?A E I?EIOeEIU EOEUeOO?U
5. OOIEOeEE E OI?IU EOEUeOO?U
CAEETH*AIEA
EEOA?AOO?A
AAAAeAIEA
Iiiyoea “eoeueoo?a” eiaao aeinoaoi/ii aeeeoaeueioth enoi?eth. Iii
i?ienoiaeeo io eaoeineiai neiaa, icia/athuaai aicaeaeuaaiea (caiee),
iaeaai?aaeeaaiea, ainieoaiea.
Iaeiei ec ia?auo enneaaeiaaoaeae, oiio?aaeaoeo iiiyoea “eoeueoo?a” a
aieaa oe?ieii niunea, aue iaiaoeeee i?aaiaaae XII a. Naioyeue Iooaiaei?o
(1632-1694). Ii aai iiaieth, eoeueoo?a i?aaenoaaeyao niaie niaieoiiinoue
oiai, /oi nicaeaii aeayoaeueiinoueth iauanoaaiiiai /aeiaaea e nouanoaoao
aeaaiaea?y /aeiaaeo e iauanoaaiiie aeecie.
Iaeiaei, ianiio?y ia yoi ?aiiaa oiiieiaiea, aieioue aei XVII a. oa?iei
“eoeueoo?a” icia/ae i?ioeaiiieiaeiinoue anoanoaaiiiio ninoiyieth, oi
anoue i?e?iaea. A aai niaea?aeaiee i?ienoiaeee iinoaiaiiue ia?aoiae io
“aicaeaeuaaiey /aai-oi” e “aicaeaeuaaieth” aiiaua, io “ainieoaiey oia” e
“ainieoaieth” a aieaa oe?ieii niunea.
Cia/eoaeueiia aieiaiea i?iaeaia eoeueoo?u oaeaeye eaeaieia iaiaoeeiai
I?inaauaiey XVIII a. E.A. Aa?aea?. Ii ia?auae aieiaiea ia “aoiaiiue
aeoo” eoeueoo?u. Iia, ii aai iiaieth, icia/aao aeaai?iaenoai e
ioae?inoue, ni?aaaaeeeainoue e oaaaeaiea aeinoieinoaa eaaeaeiai ia?iaea,
niea/eaaao ethaeae, eniieuecoy aeey yoiai caeiiu e ainieoaiea,
o?aaeeoeee e neiaieu.
Auaeathueeny iaiaoeeee oeeinio E. Eaio eoeueoo?ie iacuaae oieueei oi,
/oi neoaeeo aeaao /aeiaaea. Iiyoiio ana nicaeaiiia /aeiaaeii iiaeii
ioianoe e eoeueoo?a. Oeaeue eoeueoo?u, ii Eaioo, ninoieo a ?acaeoee
i?e?iaeiuo caaeaoeia e iniaaiiinoae /aeiaaea, a ia?aaea/a io iieieaiey e
iieieaieth ciaiee e iiuoa, a caaiaaaiee naiaiaeu io i?e?iaeiuo nee, a
ii?aeueiii niaa?oainoaiaaiee /aeiaaea, a i?aiaeieaiee a iai “a?oainoe e
aeeaioiinoe”.
A ianoiyuaa a?aiy nouanoaoao ieiei 300 aa?eaioia ii?aaeaeaiey
eoeueoo?u. Oaeia ?aciiia?acea, aaconeiaii, naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i oii, /oi
eoeueoo?a a aeecie /aeiaa/anoaa caieiaao iniaia ianoi. Iia yaeyaony
iieacaoaeai iaoa?eaeueiie e aeooiaiie c?aeinoe iauanoaa. A iae aiieiuaiu
niiniaiinoe iauanoaa a eaaeaeue eiie?aoiue enoi?e/aneee ia?eiae
iaania/eaaoue ooieoeeiie?iaaiea iauanoaaiiie aeecie. Yoe niiniaiinoe
oa?aeoa?ecothony o?iaiai aeinoeaioouo ciaiee, ea/anoaii e ?aciiia?aceai
nicaeaiiuo i?oaeee o?oaea e n?aaenoa aeecie, oiaieai i?aeoe/anee eo
i?eiaiyoue e eniieueciaaoue a niceaeaoaeueiuo oeaeyo, noaiaiueth
iaeaaeaiey noeoeeiuie neeaie i?e?iaeu, niaa?oainoaiaaiey nioeeaeueiie
aeecie a eioa?anao iauanoaa.
1. NIAeA?AEAIEA E NOUIINOUe EOEUeOO?U
Eoeueoo?a, i/aaeaeii, aunooiaao eae ea/anoaaiiay noi?iia ethaie
aeayoaeueiinoe, eae niinia iuoeaiey e iiaaaeaiey. I?e yoii iia
i?aaenoaaeyao niaie ii?aaeaeaiiua oeaiiinoe, eae iaoa?eaeueiua, oae e
aeooiaiua. A ?aaeueiie aeecie iie neeou, ii anoue e ?acee/ey.
Iaoa?eaeueiay eoeueoo?a, eae i?aaeei, i?aaeiaoia, inycaaia. Aeooiaiua
oeaiiinoe iiaoo aunooiaoue ia oieueei a i?aaeiaoii-aauanoaaiiie
iaiei/ea, ii e a aeoa oai?/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe.
Eiiiiiaiou iaoa?eaeueiie eoeueoo?u eiatho /aoeia noieiinoiia au?aaeaiea.
Yoiai iaeuecy neacaoue i aeooiaiie eoeueoo?a: iiiaea aa i?aaeiaou
aanoeaiiu, oieeaeueiu. Iaeie enneaaeiaaoaee ioiaeaeanoaeytho eoeueoo?o
ni anae nioeeaeueiie noa?ie, ae?oaea – n aeooiaiie aeeciueth, o?aouee
i?aaenoaaeytho aa eae niaieoiiinoue iaoa?eaeueiuo e aeooiaiuo oeaiiinoae
e o.i.
Iaeiaei, i?aaenoaaeyaony, /oi niaea?aeaiea oeacaiiie eaoaai?ee ia iiaeao
auoue ia?aie/aii eaeie-eeai iaeiie noa?ie aeecie (iaoa?eaeueiie eee
aeooiaiie), iaeiie oeaiiinoiie oa?aeoa?enoeeie (ynoaoe/aneie,
i?aanoaaiiie eee iieeoe/aneie), iaeiie oi?iie aeayoaeueiinoe
(iiciaaaoaeueiie, i?inaaoeoaeueiie, i?aaiecaoeeiiiie e o. i.).
Niaoeeoeea eoeueoo?u ninoieo a oii, /oi iia, i?aaenoaaeyy niaie
ecaanoiua oeaiiinoe, a oi aea a?aiy oa?aeoa?ecoao ?acee/iua yaeaiey
iauanoaaiiie aeecie.
Eaaeaeue yoai iauanoaa ioee/aaony ii?aaeaeaiiie eoeueoo?ii-enoi?e/aneie
niaoeeoeeie. Yoeo ioee/ee iiiaeanoai: eiee/anoai iaeiieaiiuo i?aaeiaoia
eoeueoo?u e niiniaia eo ecaioiaeaiey, onaiaiea e iiieiaiea iiuoa
i?aaeuaeoueo iieieaiee, naycue iaaeaeo ?acee/iuie aeaeaie eoeueoo?iie
aeayoaeueiinoe, i?aaeiaoaie eoeueoo?u e eoeueoo?ie /aeiaaea, aeoo
eoeueoo?u, aeeythuee ia nenoaio i?eioeeiia, ii?i e i?aaee nioeeaeueiie
aeecie.
Nia?aiaiiay eoeueoo?a – yoi neiaeiay nenoaia
iaoa?eaeueii-i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo, iao/iuo, aeooiaiuo, iauanoaaiiuo
eiiiiiaioia.
Eoeueoo?a anoue nioeeaeueiue oaiiiai, e a yoii niunea iia
i?ioeaiiinoaaeyaony iaoo?a (i?e?iaea). Iiaeii neacaoue, /oi eoeueoo?a –
yoi niaoeeoe/aneay, aaiaoe/anee ia ianeaaeoaiay niaieoiiinoue n?aaenoa,
niiniaia, oi?i, ia?acoeia e i?eaioe?ia acaeiiaeaenoaey ethaeae ni
n?aaeie nouanoaiaaiey, eioi?ua iie au?aaaouaatho a niaianoiie aeecie
aeey iiaeaea?aeaiey ii?aaeaeaiiuo no?oeoo? aeayoaeueiinoe e iauaiey.
A eoeueoo?a oeene?othony:
– iauaa ioee/ea /aeiaa/aneie aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe io aeieiae/aneeo oi?i
aeecie; – ea/anoaaiiia naiaia?acea oi?i aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe a ?aieao
ioaeaeueiuo yiio, no?ai, eeanniauo, iaoeeiiaeueiuo, aeaiia?aoe/aneeo
iauiinoae ethaeae;
– iniaaiiinoe iiaaaeaiey, niciaiey, aeayoaeueiinoe ethaeae a eiie?aoiuo
noa?ao aeecie.
2. NIOeEIEIAEss EOEUeOO?U: ENOI?Ess AICIEEIIAAIEss E I?AAeIAO
Iiieiaiea eoeueoo?u eae nioeeaeueiiai oaiiiaia aeaao i?aai e
aiciiaeiinoue au/eaiyoue a iaoe?iii ie?a nioeeieiae/aneie iaoee iniaia
iai?aaeaiea -nioeeieiaeth eoeueoo?u. Nioeeieiae eoeueoo?u eae
niaoeeoe/aneay io?aneue iauae nioeeieiaee aicieeea eae a O?A e O?aioeee
a 70-a a.a. OO aaea. Iia iie?aeanue ia iaoiaeieiae/aneea i?eioeeiu I.
Aaaa?a (eaeay i nioeeieiaee eae yiie?e/aneie iaoea i eoeueoo?a), ia
o/aiea i aeeiaieea eoeueoo?iuo iauaeoeaaoeee A. Ceiiaey, ia acaeyaeu E.
Iaiaaeia a iaeanoe nioeeieiaee ciaiey e oai?ee eaeaieiaee.
Nioeeieiaey eoeueoo?u aicieeea eae ?aaeoeey ia ecaanoioth
ia?aie/aiiinoue iiceoeaenoneie nioeeieiaee, ia ni?aaeythuaeny n aiaeecii
neiaeiuo nioeeaeueiuo i?ioeannia, a oii /enea – i?ioeannia a noa?a
aeooiaiie aeecie, iaoee, eneonnoaa, ?aeeaee, eaeaieiaee. Naith caaea/o
?ac?aaio/eee nioeeieiaee eoeueoo?u aeaeaee a oii, /oiau niecia?eoue e
naycaoue niuneiaua eiino?oeoeee n ii?aaeaeaiiuie iauanoaaiiuie
oneiaeyie, ?ane?uoue eo nianoaaiioth aeeiaieeo. Nioeeieiaey eoeueoo?u
no?aieony e nioeeieiae/aneiio ?ane?uoeth enoi?eei-eoeueoo?iiai
iaoa?eaea, iaeiieaiiiai ?iaenoaaiiuie eoeueoo?ieiae/aneeie
aeenoeeieeiaie, n oeaeueth eco/aiey aicaeaenoaey eaeae ia nioeeaeueioth
no?oeoo?o iauanoaa, ia nioeeaeueiua einoeooou, nioeeaeueiua aeaeaeaiey,
ia nei?inoue e oa?aeoa? nioeeieoeueoo?iiai ?acaeoey. Nioeeieiaey
eoeueoo?u i?eaioe?iaaia ia noieueei ia oeene?iaaiea e iienaiea oao eee
eiuo yaeaiee eoeueoo?u, neieueei ia enneaaeiaaiea aaiacena e
enoi?e/aneeo o?ainoi?iaoeee ?acee/iuo eoeueoo?iuo oi?i.
*oi iiaeii n/eoaoue i?aaeiaoii nioeeieiaee eoeueoo?u? Aa?iyoii, naio
eoeueoo?o eae neiaeiia aeeiaie/aneia ia?aciaaiea, eiathuaa nioeeaeueioth
i?e?iaeo e au?aaeathuaa nioeeaeueiua ioiioaiey, iai?aaeaiiua ia
nicaeaiea, onaiaiea, nio?aiaiea e ?ani?ino?aiaiea i?aaeiaoia, eaeae,
oeaiiinoiuo i?aaenoaaeaiee, n iiiiuueth eioi?uo iaania/eaaaony
acaeiiiiieiaiea ethaeae a ?acee/iuo nioeeaeueiuo neooaoeeyo.
Eoeueoo?a eae “aoi?ay i?e?iaea” ii?iaeaeaaony iaoa?eaeueiuie
iio?aaiinoyie ethaeae, eo eioaeeaeooaeueiuie, i?aanoaaiiuie,
ynoaoe/aneeie e ae?oaeie cai?inaie, i?aeoe/aneeie eioa?anaie ?acee/iuo
nioeeaeueiuo iauiinoae, a?oii e eiaeeaeaeia.
Nioeeieiaey eoeueoo?u aeoeaii eco/aao oaiaeaioeee eoeueoo?iiai ?acaeoey
iauanoaa. Iia auyaeyao aicaeaenoaea iao/ii-oaoie/aneiai i?ia?anna ia
eoeueoo?iua i?ioeannu, enneaaeotho nioeeaeueii-eoeueoo?iua iineaaenoaey
o?aaiecaoeee, aeeyiea n?aaenoa ianniaie eioi?iaoeee ia nioeeaeecaoeeth
ee/iinoe, ia iauanoaaiiua iano?iaiey. Nioeeieiaey eoeueoo?u oeene?oao
eciaiaiey iaoeeiiaeueiuo, aeooiaiuo, naiaeiuo, auoiauo ioiioaieyo,
aucaaiiua ?ani?ino?aiaieai ia?aciaaiey, aeeiaieeie /eneaiiinoe
o/?aaeaeaiee eoeueoo?u e o.ae.
Niaea?aeaiea nioeeieiaee eoeueoo?u ninoaaeytho:
– nouanoaothuea a aeaiiii iauanoaa oi?iu e niiniau inaiaiey, nicaeaiey
e ia?aaea/e iauaeoia eoeueoo?u;
– onoie/eaua e iiaeaeaeiua i?ioeannu a eoeueoo?iie aeecie e
aeaoa?ieie?othuea eo nioeeaeueiua oaeoi?u e iaoaieciu;
– eiie?aoiue aeeaae oie eee eiie nioeeaeueiie iauiinoe a ?acaeoea
eoeueoo?u;
– ioeaiee inaiaiey eoeueoo?u /eaiaie nioeeaeueiuo iauiinoae e a?oii e eo
nianoaaiiiai eoeueoo?iiai ie?oaeaiey;
– nioeeieoeueoo?iua ii?iu, ?aaoee?othuea ioiioaiey a nioeeaeueiuo
iauiinoyo, iaaeaeo nioeeaeueiuie iauiinoyie, a iauanoaa a oeaeii;
– oaoiieiaey ooieoeeiie?iaaiey ?acee/iuo yeaiaioia nioeeaeueiie nenoaiu
e iauanoaa a oeaeii;
– niaoeeoe/aneea oi?iu eoeueoo?iie aeecie ?acee/iuo nioeeaeueiuo
iauiinoae, iauanoaa a oeaeii ia eaaeaeii yoaia aai ?acaeoey.
Nioeeieiaey eoeueoo?u eco/aao iineaaeithth eae nioeeaeueioth nenoaio. A
iae i?eiyoi a ea/anoaa aaeeieoe aiaeeca eniieueciaaoue onoie/eaua
eoeueoo?iua ia?aciaaiey: i?aaenoaaeaiey, nioeeieoeueoo?iua ia?acoeu,
oeaiiinoe e ii?iu.
I?aaenoaaeaiey oi?ie?othony ia ee/iinoiii o?iaia e ni/aoatho a naaa
ia?acu, ciaiey, ioiioaiey e ioeaiee. Nioeeieoeueoo?iua ia?acoeu –
?acoeueoaou aeayoaeueiinoe a oeie/iuo aeeciaiiuo neooaoeeyo. Oeaiiinoe –
oi, /aio ioaeaaony i?aaeii/oaiea ii ioiioaieth e ii?aaeaeaiiui
i?aaeiaoai e nioeeieoeueoo?iui ia?acoeai. Nioeeieoeueoo?iua ii?iu –
ioiineoaeueii onoie/eaua ia?acoeu iiaaaeaiey, oeene?othuea a eaaeaeie
noa?a eoeueoo?u eee cia/eiie neooaoeee acaeiiaeaenoaey i?aaeaeu
aeicaieaiiiai.
Oeacaiiua oeiu eoeueoo?iuo ia?aciaaiee auiieiytho aaaeiua ooieoeee a
nioeeaeueiie aeecie, ii?iaeaeathony ath e neoaeao onoaiiaeaieth
acaeiiiiieiaiey iaaeaeo ethaeueie a i?ioeanna nioeeaeueiiai
acaeiiaeaenoaey.
3. NO?OEOO?A E I?EIOeEIU EOEUeOO?U
A aii?ina i iiieiaiee no?oeoo?u, iniiaiuo yeaiaioao eoeueoo?u n?aaee
enneaaeiaaoaeae iao aaeeinoaa.
Oae, a aia?eeaineie nioeeieiae/aneie oeiea eoeueoo?o no?oeoo?e?otho
oaeei ia?acii:
1) Iiiyoey e iuouaiey, eioi?ua niaea?aeaony aeaaiui ia?acii a ycuea e
iiiiaatho ethaeyi i?aaieciaaoue e oii?yaei/eoue naie iiuo aeey
i?eaioe?iaee a ie?oaeathuai ie?a. sscue yaeyaony iniiaiui n?aaenoaii
ia?aaea/e eoeueoo?u, iaeaaeaao aunieie i?eniiniaeyaiinoueth e
iio?aaiinoyi /aeiaaea.
2) Ioiioaiey. Eoeueoo?a ia oieueei ioaa/aao ia aii?in “/oi anoue”,
o.a. iienuaaao n iiiiuueth iiiyoee oi, ec /aai ninoieo ie?, ii e
oeacuaaao ia naycue ae?oa n ae?oaii a i?ino?ainoaa e a?aiaie ?acee/iuo
yaeaiee, iiaeao ioaaoeoue ia aii?in “/oi iiaeao auoue” a ?acoeueoaoa
acaeiiaeaenoaey ninoaaiuo /anoae nioeeaeueiiai i?aaiecia.
3) Oeaiiinoe – ?acaeaeyaiua aieueoeinoaii oaaaeaeaiey ioiineoaeueii
oeaeae, e eioi?ui neaaeoao no?aieoueny. Oeaiiinoe iiaoo auoue ?aciuie a
?aciia enoi?e/aneia a?aiy e i?e ?aciii nioeeaeueiii ono?ienoaa. Iie
aeatho e?eoa?ee ioeaiee aeaenoaee, i?aaeiaoia, eaeae, iiaiee e
ninoaaeytho aeaaiia a eoeueoo?a.
4) Ii?iu – i?aaeea, ii?aaeaeythuea, eae aeieaeai aanoe naay /aeiaae,
/oiau “aienaoueny” a oeaiiinoe eoeueoo?u naiaai iauanoaa. Ii?iu,
noaiaea?ou, i?aaeea iiaaaeaiey iainiiauaathony oeaiiinoyie.
?yae nia?aiaiiuo ioa/anoaaiiuo enneaaeiaaoaeae aeaeyo a no?oeoo?a
eoeueoo?u, iiieii ioia/aiiuo ?aiaa, e ae?oaea yeaiaiou. A ?inneeneie
o?aaeeoeee noaaeoue a oeaio? ?acaeoey eoeueoo?u iaoeo. Aua E. Oeie?ycaa
a naiae eieaa “Iaoea e aeaiie?aoey” iiae/a?eeaae: “Eae o/aiue, y n/eoath
aeaaiui oaeoi?ii eoeueoo?u eee iii?inoo i?inaauaiey e ainieoaiey ia?iaea
iaoeo, e eiaiii naiaiaeioth iaoeo”. Iaoea iiiiaaao nicaeaaaoue
iaoa?eaeueiua oeaiiinoe iauanoaa, neoaeeo iniiaie oi?ie?iaaiey
ie?iaicc?ai/aneie iiceoeee /aeiaaea. Aeaaioai?ia aa ?ieue oaeaea a
nicaeaiee iniaiai aeooiaiiai eeeiaoa a iauanoaa. Iaoea – yoi
nenoaiaoece?iaaiiia ciaiea. Ii ciaiey iniaaiii oeaiiu oiaaea, eiaaea iie
ia?aieaaeythony a oaaaeaeaiey – oaeia aeooiaiia ninoiyiea, eioi?ia
naycuaaao aiaaeeii eioaeeaeo, /oanoaa e aieth. Oaeia ciaiea aunooiaao a
ea/anoaa oeaiiinoiie i?eaioaoeee, nioeeaeueiie onoaiiaee, ii?iu,
i?eioeeia iiaaaeaiey, iaiin?aaenoaaiiiai iioeaa aeaenoaey.
Aeoeaiui yeaiaioii eoeueoo?u i?eciaaony eneonnoai, eioi?ia yaeyaony
ooaeiaeanoaaiiui iaiauaieai i?ioeannia, i?ienoiaeyueo a iauanoaa; neeie,
i?aaiecothuae yiioeeiiaeueioth aeayoaeueiinoue /aeiaaea. Eneonnoai – yoi
ia?ac ie?a e /aeiaaea, noi?ie?iaaaoeeny a niciaiee ooaeiaeieea e
au?aaeaiiue ei a caoeao, e?aneao, oi?iao. Eneonnoai – n?aaenoai iauaiey
iaaeaeo ethaeueie, enoi/iee iiciaiey ie?a, naiaia?aciay eiaee?iaaiiay
eioi?iaoeey ia yiioao e no?aiao, niinia naiiau?aaeaiey e naiiniciaiey
/aeiaa/anoaa /a?ac ee/iinoue ooaeiaeieea. Eneonnoai iieeooieoeeiiaeueii,
iii iieiaeioai?yao ethaoth oai?/aneoth aeayoaeueiinoue, iiiiaaao
iao/iiio e oaoie/aneiio oai?/anoao. I?eioeei acaeiiaeaenoaey e
acaeiii?iieeiiaaiey yeaiaioia eoeueoo?u ioia/ai iiiaeie auaeathueieny aa
i?aaenoaaeoaeyie. Oae, A. Yeiooaei, iai?eia?, caiaoee iauaa a iocuea e
iaoea: “Iocuea e enneaaeiaaoaeueneay ?aaioa a iaeanoe oeceee ?acee/iu ii
i?ienoiaeaeaieth, ii naycaiu iaaeaeo niaie aaeeinoaii oeaee –
no?aieaieai au?aceoue iaecaanoiia. Eo ?aaeoeee ?acee/iu, ii iie
aeiiieiytho ae?oa ae?oaa”.
N?aaee eiiiiiaioia eoeueoo?u iiiaea o/aiua auaeaeytho eaeaieiaeth,
ii?aaeaeyy aa eae oeaiiinoe a aeaea no?iaie, eiae/anee iainiiaaiiie
aeieo?eiu; niaieoiiinoue nenoaiaoece?iaaiiuo i?aaenoaaeaiee oie eee eiie
nioeeaeueiie a?oiiu, eiathuay ii e?aeiae ia?a o?e o?iaiy:
eiioeaiooaeueii-oai?aoe/aneee, i?ia?aiiii-iieeoe/aneee e
aeooaeece?iaaiiue, io?aaeathuee noaiaiue onaiaiey ianniaui niciaieai
nioeeaeueiuo eaeaaeia e oeaeae. Eaeaieiaey ethaiai nioeeaeueiiai
noauaeoa eiaao ianeieueei o?iaiae: iaua/aeiaa/aneee (aaceniue),
iauaia?iaeiue (iauaiaoeeiiaeueiue), nioeeaeueii-a?oiiiaie e ee/iinoiue.
I?e ?anniio?aiee eaeaieiaee eae eiiiiiaioa eoeueoo?u iaeuecy, eiia/ii,
iaaeiioeaieaaoue ?ieue nioeeaeueiie ineoieiaee (eioi?ay oaeaea yaeyaony
yeaiaioii eoeueoo?u), i?eciaaay a iae iaee/ea aieueoiai eiee/anoaa
yeaiaioia ianniaiai noeoeeiiai iiaaaeaiey, iauaeaiiiai niciaiey,
noeoeeiuo iano?iaiee e o.i. I?e oa?aeoa?enoeea eoeueoo?u eae
nioeeaeueiie nenoaiu neaaeoao ia?aoeoue aieiaiea ia i?eioeeiu eoeueoo?u
– aa iniiaiua enoiaeiua iieiaeaiey.
E eo /eneo ioiineony i?aaeaea anaai i?eioeei i?aainoaaiiinoe,
aunooiathuee eae iaiaoiaeeiay naycue iaaeaeo iiaui e noa?ui a i?ioeanna
?acaeoey. *oi aini?eieiaaony, nio?aiyaony a eoeueoo?a? I/aaeaeii, oi, ia
/oi iiaeii iia?aoueny a oiaea iauanoaaiiie aeecie ia aeaiiii yoaia. Ia
iniiaa i?eioeeia i?aainoaaiiinoe ceaeaeaony oae iacuaaaiue eoeueoo?iue
eiina?aaoeci, ooaa?aeaeathuee oeaiiinoue e naiaia?acea iaoeeiiaeueiie
eoeueoo?u, noaayuee naiae caaea/ae nio?aiaiea “aunieie eoeueoo?u”,
eioi?ay ia oieueei naia ii naaa oeaiia, ii e yaeyaony iaeiei ec aeaaiuo
oneiaee nioeeaeueiie e iieeoe/aneie noaaeeueiinoe. Nicaeaoaeyie yoiai
oa/aiey auee A.A. A?eai?ueaa, O.I. Aeinoiaaneee, I.I. No?aoia. Ei?aiiay
eo eaeay – “iaoeeiiaeueiay ii/aa” – iniiaa nioeeaeueiiai e aeooiaiiai
?acaeoey ?innee.
Aoi?ie i?eioeei – oeaeinoiinoue, aaeeinoai iaoa?eaeueiie e aeooiaiie
eoeueoo?u, aoiaieoa?iiai e oaoie/aneiai ciaiey. Ana iaoa?eaeueiia –
naiaai ?iaea “o?aieeeua” aeooiaiiai, ana aeooiaiia oae eee eia/a
?aaeecoaony /a?ac iaoa?eaeueiia.
O?aoee i?eioeei – i?iieeiiaaiea eoeueoo?u ai ana noa?u nioeeaeueiie
aeecie. A yoii i?iyaeyaony aa oai?/aneee oa?aeoa?. Iia iauaeoeae?oaony a
naiuo ?acee/iuo i?iaeoeoao aeayoaeueiinoe – eae a
aauanoaaiii-i?aaeiaoiuo, oae e neiaiee/anee-ciaeiauo.
*aoaa?oue i?eioeei – niiniaiinoue e naii?acaeoeth, eioi?ay i?iyaeyaony a
iniiaiii a o?ao oi?iao:
nii?aaee/aneay, noeoeeiay, iainiciaiiay;
iaoiae i?ia e ioeaie, aaea aunie i?ioeaio neo/aeiinoe;
niciaoaeueiay aeayoaeueiinoue, naycaiiay n eiiiaaoeeyie, iao/iui
?an/aoii, ?ac?aaioeie i?eioeeieaeueii iiauo i?iaeoia.
Iyoue i?eioeei – acaeiiaeaenoaea eoeueoo?. Iii iiaeao i?ienoiaeeoue eae
aioo?e ii?aaeaeaiiie eoeueoo?u (nayce iaaeaeo iieieaieyie, ethaeueie
oece/aneiai e oinoaaiiiai o?oaea, iaaeaeo eeannaie e iaoeeyie iaeiiai
ainoaea?noaa), oae e iaaeaeo eoeueoo?aie ?acee/iuo no?ai e ia?iaeia.
Iiaeiaiia acaeiiaeaenoaea ii?iaeaeaao iiiaiia?acea eoeueoo?: a iaae?ao
ioaeaeueiiai iauanoaa eee ia?iaea (noaeoeueoo?u), a ianooaaao anaai
/aeiaa/anoaa (nioeeieoeueoo?iua noia?nenoaiu, iai?eia?, Ainoie e
Caiaae).
4. OOIEOeEE E OI?IU EOEUeOO?U
Eoeueoo?a auiieiyao iiiaiia?aciua e ioaaonoaaiiua nioeeaeueiua ooieoeee.
I?aaeaea anaai iia, ii iunee Niaeca?a, no?oeoo?e?oao iauanoaaiioth
aeeciue, oi anoue aeaeaao oi aea, /oi aaiaoe/anee cai?ia?aiie?iaaiiia
iiaaaeaiea a aeecie aeeaioiuo. Onaiaiiia iiaaaeaiea, iauaa aeey oeaeie
a?oiiu ethaeae e ia?aaeathuaany ec iieieaiey a iieieaiea, anoue
eoeueoo?a. Nai yoio i?ioeann iacuaaaony nioeeaeecaoeeae. A aai oiaea
oeaiiinoe, oaaaeaeaiey, ii?iu, eaeaaeu i?aa?auathony a /anoue ee/iinoe e
oi?ie?otho aa iiaaaeaiea.
Oanii naycaia n nioeeaeecaoeeae aeooiaii-i?aanoaaiiay ooieoeey
eoeueoo?u. Iia auyaeyao, nenoaiaoece?oao, aae?anoao, aini?iecaiaeeo,
nio?aiyao, ?acaeaaao e ia?aaeaao aa/iua oeaiiinoe a iauanoaa – aeia?i,
e?anioo, enoeio. Oeaiiinoe nouanoaotho eae oeaeinoiay nenoaia.
Niaieoiiinoue oeaiiinoae, iauai?eiyouo a oie eee eiie nioeeaeueiie
a?oiia, no?aia, au?aaeathueo iniaia aeaeaiea eie nioeeaeueiie
?aaeueiinoe, iacuaaaony iaioaeeoaoii. ?acee/atho iieeoe/aneea,
yeiiiie/aneea, ynoaoe/aneea e ae?oaea oeaiiinoe. Aeiieie?othuei aeaeii
oeaiiinoae yaeythony i?aanoaaiiua oeaiiinoe, eioi?ua i?aaenoaaeytho
niaie i?aaeii/oeoaeueiua aa?eaiou acaeiiioiioaiee iaaeaeo ethaeueie, eo
naycae ae?oa n ae?oaii e iauanoaii.
Eoeueoo?a iaeaaeaao oaeaea eiiioieeaoeaiie ooieoeeae, /oi iicaieyao
cae?aieoue naycue ee/iinoe e iauanoaa, oaeaeaoue naycue a?aiai,
onoaiiaeoue naycue i?ia?anneaiuo o?aaeeoeee, iaeaaeeoue acaeiiaeeyiea
(acaeiiiaiai), i?iaanoe ioai? naiiai iaiaoiaeeiiai e oeaeaniia?aciiai
aeey oe?aaee?iaaiey.
Iiaeii iacaaoue oaeaea oaeea aniaeou iacia/aiey eoeueoo?u, eae auoue
eino?oiaioii ?acaeoey nioeeaeueiie aeoeaiinoe, a?aaeaeainoaaiiinoe.
Neiaeiinoue iiieiaiey oaiiiaia eoeueoo?u caeeth/aaony oaeaea e a oii,
/oi a ethaie eoeueoo?a eiathony ?aciua aa ieanou, ioaaoaeaiey, n?acu. A
iaoea iie eiaiothony noaeoeueoo?aie. Yoi – aaoiiiiiia ia?aciaaiea aioo?e
ainiiaenoaothuae eoeueoo?u ni naieie oeaiiinoyie, ii?iaie, einoeoooaie,
ii?aaeaeaiiui ia?acii aeecie e iuoeaiey.
Nioeeaeueiie aacie oi?ie?iaaiey noaeoeueoo?u iiaoo auoue aic?anoiua
a?oiiu (iieiaeaaeiay noaeoeueoo?a), e?oiiua iaoi?iaeueiua a?oiiu (oeiie,
iaiee e o.i.), oa??eoi?eaeueiua iauiinoe (ai?iaeaia, naeueneea aeeoaee,
ianaeaiea iaeuo ai?iaeia), eiioanneiiaeueiua a?oiiu (i?aaineaaiua,
eoaeae, i?ioanoaiou, eaoieeee), iaoeeiiaeueii-yoie/aneea ia?aciaaiey
(aiaeinaenu, neaayia, iiiaieieaeu) e o.ae. Iineoaee noaeoeueoo?u, eae
i?aaeei, ia io?eoeatho eoeueoo?u oeaeiai, ii ana aea nouanoaaiii
ioee/athony io iaa.
Aeoeaiia ?acaeoea n?aaenoa ianniaie eioi?iaoeee a OO a. i?eaaei e
iiyaeaieth iiauo eoeueoo?iuo oi?i. N?aaee ieo iniaaiii ?ani?ino?aieeanue
oae iacuaaaiay ianniaay eoeueoo?a. Iia aicieeea aianoa n aicieeiiaaieai
iauanoaa ianniaiai i?iecaiaenoaa e ianniaiai iio?aaeaiey. A caiaaeiie
nioeeieiaee yoio oa?iei a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue icia/aao “eiiia?/aneay
eoeueoo?a”. Aeiaieueii /anoi n/eoaaony, /oi ianniaay eoeueoo?a
aeaiie?aoe/ia, iineieueeo aae?aniaaia e aeinooiia anai ethaeyi.
Ianniaie eoeueoo?a /anoi i?ioeaiiinoaaeyaony oae iacuaaaiay yeeoa?iay
eoeueoo?a. Iia i?eaioe?iaaia ia aieaa oceee e?oa iio?aaeoaeae. A
eiia/iii n/aoa yeeoa?iay eoeueoo?a i?ecaaia iiaeiyoue o?iaaiue ianniaie,
iiyoiio iaeuecy n/eoaoue eo aioaaiienoe/iuie.
A iineaaeiaa a?aiy, eae ooaa?aeaeatho nia?aiaiiua oeeinio, iiyaeeanue
aua iaeia iiaay oi?ia eoeueoo?u – ye?aiiay (ae?ooaeueiay), naycaiiay n
eiiiuethoa?iie ?aaiethoeeae, iniiaaiiay ia neioaca eiiiuethoa?a n
aeaeaioaoieeie.
Nioeeieiae ioia/atho, /oi eoeueoo?a aanueia aeeiaie/ia. Oae, ai aoi?ie
iieiaeia OO a. a eoeueoo?a i?iecioee nouanoaaiiua eciaiaiey: iieo/eee
eieinnaeueiia ?acaeoea n?aaenoaa ianniaie eioi?iaoeee, aiciee
eiaeono?eaeueii-eiiia?/aneee oei i?iecaiaenoaa noaiaea?oece?iaaiiuo
aeooiaiuo aeaa, oaaee/eeinue a?aiy aeinoaa e cao?ao ia aeinoa, eoeueoo?a
noaea io?aneueth ?uii/iie yeiiiieee.
?yae nioeeieiaia oaeaea auaeaeyao oae iacuaaaioth eiio?eoeueoo?o, a
eioi?ie io?aaeathony iiiiceoeeiiiua, iyoaaeiua nioeeaeueii-eoeueoo?iua
onoaiiaee e iano?iaiey, oeaiiinoiua i?eaioaoeee. Iiaeii ioiaoeoue, /oi
i?aeoe/anee ethaay noaeoeueoo?a iiaeao i?eieiaoue oi?iu eiio?eoeueoo?u
(iai?eia?, iaiee e o.i.). Iaee/ea e ?ani?ino?aiaiea eiio?eoeueoo?u
?anoeaieaaaony nioeeieiaaie eae i?eciae e?ecena eoeueoo?u oiai eee eiiai
iauanoaa, iaoaeiaeaoai?aiiinoe ethaeae nouanoaothuae nenoaiie oeaiiinoae
eoeueoo?u.
CAEETH*AIEA
Eceiaeaiiia auoa iicaieyao naeaeaoue auaiae, /oi nioeeieiaey eoeueoo?u
eco/aao ana aeaeu i?aia?aciaaoaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe /aeiaaea,
nioeeaeueiuo iauiinoae e iauanoaa a oeaeii, a oaeaea ?acoeueoaou yoie
aeayoaeueiinoe. Naia oeaeaiai?aaeaiiay niceaeaoaeueiay aeayoaeueiinoue
oi?ie?oao /aeiaaea eae noauaeoa enoi?e/aneiai oai?/anoaa. Aai
/aeiaa/aneea ea/anoaa anoue ?acoeueoao onaiaiey ei ycuea, i?eiauaiey e
nicaeaiiui a iauanoaa oeaiiinoyi, iaeiieaiiui o?aaeeoeeyi, iaeaaeaiey
iiuoii, iaaueaie e i?eaiaie aeayoaeueiinoe, i?enoueie aeaiiie eoeueoo?a.
Ia aoaeao i?aoaaee/aieai ii?aaeaeeoue eoeueoo?o eae ia?o /aeiaa/aneiai a
/aeiaaea. Eoeueoo?a aeaao /aeiaaeo /oanoai i?eiaaeeaaeiinoe e
niiauanoao, ainieouaaao eiio?ieue ca naiei iiaaaeaieai, ii?aaeaeyao
noeeue i?aeoe/aneie aeecie. Aianoa n oai, eoeueoo?a anoue ?aoathuee
niinia nioeeaeueiuo acaeiiaeaenoaee, eioaa?aoeee eiaeeaeaeia a iauanoai.
Nioeeieiaey eoeueoo?u eae io?aneue nioeeieiae/aneiai ciaiey eco/aao
oeacaiiua neiaeiua oaiiiaiieiae/aneea ?yaeu e nenoaiu, no?aieony e
iiieiaieth e ioi?ieaieth a iao/iie oa?ieiieiaee caeiiiia?iinoae
oeacaiiuo yaeaiee.
EEOA?AOO?A
1. A?iieueaeia A.E. Aaaaeaiea a eoeueoo?ieiaeth. I., 1993.
2. Aoaianueaa A.A. Nioeeaeueiay eioi?iaoeey. I., 1994.
Aeaaeaeiae/ A.A., AEaeaiia TH.A. Nouiinoue eoeueoo?u. Ecae-ai
?inoiane. oi-oa, 1979.
Eiceiaa I.I. I iaoiaeao aiaeeca nioeeieoeueoo?iuo yaeaiee.
Nioeen, 1993, N 11.
Iniiau nioeeieiaee. Eo?n eaeoeee. Ioa. ?aae. A.A. Yoaiaeeaa. I.,
1993.
?inneeneay iaioaeueiinoue (iaoa?eaeu “e?oaeiai noiea”).
Aii?inu oeeinioee, 1994, N 1.
Niaeca? Aeae. Nioeeieiaey. Aeaaa 2. Eoeueoo?a. Nioeen, 1990, N 12.
Nia?aiaiiay caiaaeiay nioeeieiaey. Neiaa?ue. I., 1990.
O?anoiiaoey ii nioeeieiaee. I., 1993.
10. Oaaeoea? A. Eoeueoo?a e yoeea. I., 1973.
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