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Социальное неравенство и стратификация

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?ssCAINEEE EINOEOOO YEIIIIEEE E I?AAA

IEIENOA?NOAA THNOEOeEE

?INNEENEIE OAAeA?AOeEE

YEIIIIE*ANEEE OAEOEUeOAO

EIIO?IEUeIAss ?AAIOA

I?AAeIAO : NIOeEIEIAEss

OAIA

Nioeeaeueiia ia?aaainoai

e no?aoeoeeaoeey

Auiieieea nooaeaioea

2-ai eo?na yeiiiie/aneiai

oaeoeueoaoa

Eoeueeiaa Ienaia Aeaenaiae?iaia

I?iaa?ee : ______________

a. ?ycaiue

1999a.

IEAI

Aaaaeaiea

Nouiinoue nioeeaeueiiai ia?aaainoaa e aai i?e/eiu.

Nenoaia nioeeaeueiie no?aoeoeeaoeee. Iniiaiua eeanniaua no?ie a
eiaeono?eaeueiii iauanoaa.

Aeeiaieea nioeeaeueiie no?aoeoeeaoeee a ?innee

Caeeth/aiea

Nienie eeoa?aoo?u

Aaaaeaiea

Enoi?ey anae nioeeieiaee eae iaoee, oae aea eae e enoi?ey aa aaaeiaeoae
/anoiie aeenoeeieeiu – nioeeieiaee ia?aaainoaa, ian/eouaaao iieoi?a
noieaoey.

Ai ana aaea iiiaea o/aiua caaeoiuaaeenue iaae i?e?iaeie ioiioaiee
iaaeaeo ethaeueie, iaae oyaeaeie o/anoueth aieueoeinoaa ethaeae, iaae
i?iaeaiie oaiaoaiiuo e oaiaoaoaeae, iaae ni?aaaaeeeainoueth eee
iani?aaaaeeeainoueth ia?aaainoaa.

Aua ae?aaiee oeeinio Ieaoii ?aciuoeye iaae ?anneiaieai ethaeae ia
aiaaouo e aaaeiuo. Ii n/eoae, /oi ainoaea?noai i?aaenoaaeyao ec naay eae
au aeaa ainoaea?noaa. Iaeii ninoaaeytho aaaeiua, ae?oaia – aiaaoua, e
ana iie aeeaoo aianoa, no?iy ae?oa ae?oao any/aneea eicie. Ieaoii aue
“ia?aui iieeoe/aneei eaeaieiaii, iuneeaoei a oa?ieiao eeannia”, –
n/eoaao Ea?e Iiiia?. A oaeii iauanoaa ethaeae i?aneaaeoao no?ao e
iaoaa?aiiinoue. Caei?iaia iauanoai aeieaeii auoue eiui.

Nouiinoue nioeeaeueiiai ia?aaainoaa e aai i?e/eiu.

?aciiia?acea ioiioaiee ?ieae, iiceoeee i?eaiaeyo e ?acee/eyi iaaeaeo
ethaeueie a eaaeaeii eiie?aoiii iauanoaa. I?iaeaia naiaeeony e oiio,
/oiau eaeei – oi ia?acii oii?yaei/eoue yoe ioiioaiey iaaeaeo eaoaai?eyie
ethaeae, ?acee/athueony ai iiiaeo aniaeoao.

*oi aea oaeia ia?aaainoai? A naiii iauai aeaea ia?aaainoai icia/aao, /oi
ethaee aeeaoo a oneiaeyo, i?e eioi?uo iie eiatho ia?aaiue aeinooi e
ia?aie/aiiui ?ano?nai iaoa?eaeueiiai e aeooiaiiai iio?aaeaiey. Aeey
iienaiey nenoaiu ia?aaainoaa iaaeaeo a?oiiaie ethaeae a nioeeieiaee
oe?iei i?eiaiytho iiiyoea “nioeeaeueiie no?aoeoeeaoeee”.

I?e ?anniio?aiee i?iaeaiu nioeeaeueiiai ia?aaainoaa aiieia ii?aaaeaii
enoiaeeoue ec oai?ee nioeeaeueii – yeiiiie/aneie iaiaeii?iaeiinoe
o?oaea. Auiieiyy ea/anoaaiii ia?aaiua aeaeu o?oaea, a ?aciie noaiaie
oaeiaeaoai?yy iauanoaaiiua iio?aaiinoe, ethaee eiiaaea ieacuaathony
caiyou yeiiiie/anee iaiaeii?iaeiui o?oaeii, eai oaeea aeaeu o?oaea
eiatho ?acioth ioeaieo eo iauanoaaiiie iieaciinoe.

Eiaiii nioeeaeueii – yeiiiie/aneay iaiaeii?iaeiinoue o?oaea ia oieueei
neaaenoaea ii e i?e/eia i?enaiaiey iaeieie ethaeueie aeanoe,
nianoaaiiinoe, i?anoeaea e ionoonoaey anao yoeo ciaeia i?iaeaeiooinoe a
iauanoaaiiie ea?a?oee o ae?oaeo. Eaaeaeay ec a?oii au?aaaouaaao naie
oeaiiinoe e ii?iu e iie?athony ia ieo , anee iie ?aciauathony ii
ea?a?oe/aneiio i?eioeeio, oi iie yaeythony nioeeaeueiuie neiyie.

A nioeeaeueiie no?aoeoeeaoeee eiaao oaiaeaioeeth ianeaaeiaaiea iiceoeee.
Aeaenoaea i?eioeeia ianeaaeiaaiey iiceoeee i?eaiaeeo e oiio, /oi aeaeaei
ia ana niiniaiua e ia?aciaaiiua eiaeeaeaeu eiatho ?aaiua oainu caiyoue
aeanoiua, iaeaaeathuea aunieeie i?eioeeiaie e oi?ioi iiea/eaaaiua
iiceoeee. Caeanue aeaenoaotho aeaa iaoaiecia naeaeoeee: ia?aaiue aeinooi
e iiaeeeiii ea/anoaaiiiio ia?aciaaieth; iaiaeeiaeiaua aiciiaeiinoe
iieo/aiey iiceoeee a ?aaiie noaiaie iiaeaioiaeaiiuie eiaeeaeaeaie.

Nioeeaeueiay no?aoeoeeaoeey iaeaaeaao o?aaeeoeeiiiui oa?aeoa?ii.
Iineieueeo i?e enoi?e/aneie iiaeaeaeiinoe oi?iu aa nouiinoue, oi anoue
ia?aaainoai iieiaeaiey ?aciuo a?oii ethaeae, nio?aiyaony ia i?ioyaeaiee
anae enoi?ee oeeaeeecaoeee. Aeaaea a i?eieoeaiuo iauanoaao aic?ano e iie
a ni/aoaiee n oece/aneie neeie aue aaaeiui e?eoa?eai no?aoeoeeaoeee.

O/eouaay iaoaeiaeaoai?aiiinoue /eaiia iauanoaa nouanoaothuae nenoaiie
?ani?aaeaeaiey aeanoe , nianoaaiiinoe e oneiaee eiaeeaeaeoaeueiiai
?acaeoey, ana aea ioaeii eiaoue a aeaeo oieaa?naeueiinoue ia?aaainoaa
ethaeae.

No?aoeoeeaoeey, eae e ethaay ae?oaay iaoea eiaao naie oi?iu. Aei neo ii?
iu aiai?eee i ia?aaainoaa aac o/aoa aai oi?iu, Iaaeaeo oai io oi?iu
caaeneo e eioaineaiinoue no?aoeoeeaoeee. Oai?aoe/aneea aiciiaeiinoe
caeanue eieaaethony io oaeie e?aeiinoe, eiaaea ethaiio noaoono
i?eienuaaaony iaeeiaeiaia eiee/anoai e oiai e ae?oaiai e o?aoueaai.
E?aeieo oi?i no?aoeoeeaoeee ia auei ie a iaeiii enoi?e/aneii iauaeoa.

Niiinoaaei neooaoeeth, eiaaea a iauanoaa iiiai/eneaiiu nioeeaeueiua
neie, nioeeaeueiay aeenoaioeey iaaeaeo eioi?uie iaaaeeea, o?iaaiue
iiaeeueiinoe aunie, iecoea neie ninoaaeytho iaiueoeinoai /eaiia
iauanoaa, auno?ue oaoiieiae/aneee ?ino iinoiyiii iiauoaao “ ieaieo”
niaea?aeaoaeueiiai o?oaea ia ieaeieo y?onao i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo iiceoeee,
nioeeaeueiay caueuaiiinoue neaauo, iiieii i?i/aai, aa?aioe?oao neeueiui
e i?iaeaeiooui niieienoaea e ?aaeecaoeeth iioaioeee. O?oaeii io?eoeaoue,
/oi oaeia iauanoai, oaeia iaaeneiaaia acaeiiaeaenoaea nei?aa ii naiaio
eaeaaeueiay iiaeaeue, /ai iauaeaiiay ?aaeueiinoue.

Aieueoeinoai nia?aiaiiuo iauanoa aeaeaee io yoie iiaeaee. Eee i?enoue
eiioeaio?aoeey aeanoe e ?ano?nia o /eneaiii iaaieueoie yeeou.
Eiioeaio?aoeey o yeeou oaeeo noaooniuo ao?eaooia eae aeanoue,
nianoaaiiinoue e ia?aciaaiea i?aiyonoaoao nioeeaeueiiio acaeiiaeaenoaeth
iaaeaeo yeeoie e ae?oaeie no?aoaie, i?eaiaeeo e /?acia?iie nioeeaeueiie
aeenoaioeee iaaeaeo iath e aieueoeinoaii, Yoi icia/aao, /oi n?aaeiee
eeann iaiiiai/eneai e aa?o eeoai nayce n inoaeueiuie a?oiiaie.
I/aaeaeii, /oi oaeie nioeeaeueiue ii?yaeie niinianoaoao ?ac?ooeoaeueiui
eiioeeeoai.

Nenoaia nioeeaeueiie no?aoeoeeaoeee. Iniiaiua eeanniaua no?ie a
eiaeono?eaeueiii iauanoaa.

A naiai o?oaea “Ainoaea?noai” Ieaoii ooaa?aeaeae, /oi i?aaeeueiia
ainoaea?noai iiaeii iao/ii iainiiauaaoue, a ia eneaoue iuoiueth,
no?aoanue, aa?y e eii?iaece?oy.

Ieaoii i?aaeiieaaae, /oi yoi iiaia, iao/ii ni?iaeoe?iaaiiia iauanoai
aoaeao ia oieueei inouanoaeyoue i?eioeeiu ni?aaaaeeeainoe, ii e
iaania/eaaoue nioeeaeueioth noaaeeueiinoue e aioo?aiithth aeenoeeieeio.
Eiaiii oaeei ii i?aaenoaaeye iauanoai, ?oeiaiaeeiia i?aaeoaeyie
(aethnoeoaeyie ).

A?enoioaeue a “Iieeoeea” oaeaea ?anniio?ae aii?in i nioeeaeueiii
ia?aaainoaa. Ii ienae, /oi iuia ai anao ainoaea?noaao anoue o?e yeaiaioa
: iaeei eeann – i/aiue aiaao ; ae?oaie – i/aiue aaaeai; o?aoee aea –
n?aaeiee. Yoio o?aoee – iaeeo/oee, iineieueeo aai /eaiu ii oneiaeyi
aeecie iaeaieaa aioiau neaaeiaaoue ?aoeeiiaeueiiio i?eioeeio. Eiaiii ec
aaaeiyeia e aiaa/ae iaeie au?anoatho i?anooiieeaie, a ae?oaea
iioaiieeaie.

?aaeenoe/anee ?aciuoeyy i noaaeeueiinoe ainoaea?noaa, A?enoioaeue
ioia/ae, /oi iaiaoiaeeii aeoiaoue i aaaeiuo, eai o ainoaea?noaa, aaea
iiiaeanoai aaaeiyeia eneeth/aii ec oi?aaeaiey, iaecaaaeii aoaeao iiiai
a?aaia. Aaaeue aaaeiinoue ii?iaeaeaao aoio e i?anooieaiey oai, aaea iao
n?aaeiaai eeanna e aaaeiuo ia?iiiia aieueoeinoai, aicieeatho
ineiaeiaiey, e ainoaea?noai ia?a/aii ia aeaaeue. A?enoioaeue aunooiae
eae i?ioea aeanoe aaaeiyeia, eeoaiiuo nianoaaiiinoe, oae e i?ioea
yaienoe/aneiai i?aaeaiey aiaaoie ieooie?aoee. Eo/oaa iauanoai
oi?ie?oaony ec n?aaeiaai eeanna, e ainoaea?noai, aaea yoio eeann
iiiai/eneaiiaa e neeueiaa, /ai iaa ae?oaeo, aianoa acyouo, oi?aaeyaony
eo/oa anaai, eai iaania/aii iauanoaaiiia ?aaiiaanea.

Ii iiaieth nioeeieiaia anao eaeaeiuo iai?aaeaiee, ieeoi a enoi?ee
iauanoaaiiie iunee noieue ii?aaeaeaiii eae E. Ia?en ia iiae/a?eeaae, /oi
enoi/ieeii nioeeaeueiiai ?acaeoey aunooiaao ai?ueaa iaaeaeo
aioaaiienoe/aneeie iauanoaaiiuie eeannaie. Ii Ia?eno, eeannu aicieeatho
e i?ioeaiai?noaotho ia iniiaa ?acee/iiai iieiaeaiey e ?acee/iuo ?ieae,
auiieiyaiuo eiaeeaeaeaie a i?iecaiaenoaaiiie no?oeoo?a iauanoaa.

Ii nai E. Ia?en ni?aaaaeeeai ioia/ae, /oi aio ia i?eiaaeeaaeeo caneoaa
ioe?uoey nouanoaiaaiey eeannia e eo ai?ueau iaaeaeo niaie. E
aeaenoaeoaeueii ni a?aiai Ieaoiia, ii, eiia/ii, iniaaiii n oao ii?, eae
ao?aeoacey aeanoii anooieea a XVIII aaea ia noeaio enoi?ee, iiiaea
yeiiiienou, oeeiniou, enoi?eee i?i/ii aaiaeyo a iauanoaiaaaeaiea Aa?iiu
iiiyoea nioeeaeueiiai eeanna ( Aaeai Nieo, Youeai Eiiaeeeueye, Eeiae Nai
– Neiii, O?ainoa Aeci,Iathno Ieiuea e ae?.).

Iaeiaei ieeoi aei Ia?ena ia aeaaae noieue aeoaieiai iainiiaaiey
eeanniaie no?oeoo?u iauanoaa, auaiaey aa ec ooiaeaiaioaeueiiai aiaeeca
anae nenoaiu yeiiiie/aneeo ioiioaiee. Ieeoi aei iaai ia aeaaae noieue
ananoi?iiiaai ?ane?uoey eeanniauo ioiioaiee, iaoaiecia yenieoaoaoeee a
oii eaieoaeenoe/aneii iauanoaa, eioi?ia nouanoaiaaei a aai a?aiy.
Iiyoiio a aieueoeinoaa nia?aiaiiuo ?aaio ii i?iaeaiai nioeeaeueiiai
ia?aaainoaa, no?aoeoeeaoeee e eeanniaie aeeooa?aioeeaoeee a ?aaiie ia?a
e o noi?iiieeia ia?enecia, e o aaoi?ia, aeaeaeeo io iiceoeee E. Ia?ena,
aeaaony ?acai? aai oai?ee eeannia.

?aoathuaa cia/aiea aeey neeaaeuaaiey nia?aiaiiuo i?aaenoaaeaiee i
nouiinoe, oi?iao e ooieoeeyo nioeeaeueiiai ia?aaainoaa, ia?yaeo n
Ia?enii, eiae Iaen Aaaa? ( 1864 – 1920 aa.) – eeannee ie?iaie
nioeeieiae/aneie oai?ee. Eaeaeiay iniiaa acaeyaeia Aaaa?a ninoieo a oii,
/oi eiaeeaeae yaeyaony noauaeoii nioeeaeueiiai aeaenoaey.

A i?ioeaiaan Ia?eno Aaaa? e?iia yeiiiie/aneiai aniaeoa no?aoeoeeaoeee
o/eouaae oaeea aniaeou, eae aeanoue e i?anoeae. Aaaa? ?anniao?eaae
nianoaaiiinoue, aeanoue e i?anoeae eae o?e ioaeaeueiuo,
acaeiiaeaenoaothueo oaeoi?a, eaaeaueo a iniiaa ea?a?oee a ethaii
iauanoaa. ?acee/ey a nianoaaiiinoe ii?iaeaeatho yeiiiie/aneea eeannu;
?acee/ey, eiathuea ioiioaiea e aeanoe, ii?iaeaeatho iieeoe/aneea ia?oee,
a i?anoeaeiua ?acee/ey aeatho noaooniua a?oiie?iaee, eee no?aou.
Ionthaea ii noi?ioee?iaae naia i?aaenoaaeaiea i “o?ao aaoiiiiiuo
ecia?aieyo no?aoeoeeaoeee”. Ii iiae/a?eeaae, /oi “eeannu”, “noaooniua
a?oiiu” e “ia?oee” – yaeaiey, ioiinyueany e noa?a ?ani?aaeaeaiey aeanoe
aioo?e niiauanoaa.

Iniiaiia i?ioeai?a/ea Aaaa?a n Ia?enii ninoieo a oii, /oi ii Aaaa?o
eeann ia iiaeao auoue noauaeoii aeaenoaey, oae eae ii ia yaeyaony
iaueiie. A ioee/ea oi Ia?ena Aaaa? naycuaae iiiyoea eeanna eeoue n
eaieoaeenoe/aneei iauanoaii, aaea aaaeiaeoei ?aaoeyoi?ii ioiioaiee
aunooiaao ?uiie. Iin?aaenoaii iaai ethaee oaeiaeaoai?ytho naie
iio?aaiinoe a iaoa?eaeueiuo aeaaao e oneoaao.

Iaeiaei ia ?uiea ethaee caieiatho ?aciua iiceoeee eee iaoiaeyony a
?aciie “eeanniaie neooaoeee”. Caeanue ana i?iaeatho e iieoiatho. Iaeie
i?iaeatho oiaa?u, oneoae; ae?oaea – ?aai/oth neeo. Ioee/ea caeanue a
oii, /oi iaeie aeaaeatho nianoaaiiinoueth, a o ae?oaeo iia ionoonoaoao.

O Aaaa?a iao /aoeie eeanniaie no?oeoo?u eaieoaeenoe/aneiai iauanoaa,
iiyoiio ?aciua eioa?i?aoaoi?u aai ?aaio aeatho ianiaiaaeathuea ia?a/ie
eeannia.

O/eouaay aai iaoiaeieiae/aneea i?eioeeiu e iaiauay aai enoi?e/aneea,
yeiiiie/aneea e nioeeieiae/aneea ?aaiou, iiaeii neaaeothuei ia?acii
?aeiino?oe?iaaoue aaaa?ianeoth oeiieiaeth eeannia i?e eaieoaeecia:

1. ?aai/ee eeann, eeoaiiue nianoaaiiinoe. Ii i?aaeeaaaao ia ?uiea naie
oneoae e aeeooa?aioee?oaony ii o?iaith eaaeeoeeaoeee.

2. Iaeeay ao?aeoacey – eeann iaeeeo aecianiaiia e oi?aiaoeaa.

3. Eeoaiiua nianoaaiiinoe “aaeua ai?ioie/ee”: oaoie/aneea niaoeeaeenou e
eioaeeeaaioeey.

4. Aaeieieno?aoi?u e iaiaaeaea?u.

5. Nianoaaiieee, eioi?ua oae aea no?aiyony /a?ac ia?aciaaiea e oai
i?aeiouanoaai, eioi?uie aeaaeatho eioaeeaeooaeu.

5.1 Eeann nianoaaiieeia, o.a. oa, eoi iieo/aao ?aioo io aeaaeaiey
caieae, oaooaie o.i.

5.2 “Eiiia?/aneee eeann”, o.a. i?aaei?eieiaoaee.

Aaaa? ooaa?aeaeae, /oi nianoaaiieee – yoi “iiceoeaii i?eaeeaae?iaaiiue
eeann”. Ia ae?oaii iiethna – “iaaaoeaii i?eaeeaae?iaaiiue eeann”, nthaea
ii aeeth/ae oao, eoi ia eiaao ie nianoaaiiinoe, ie eaaeeoeeaoeee,
eioi?oth iiaeii i?aaeeiaeeoue ia ?uiea.

Nouanoaoao iiiaeanoai no?aoeoeeaoeeiiiuo e?eoa?eaa, ii eioi?ui iiaeii
aeaeeoue ethaia iauanoai. N eaaeaeui ec ieo naycaiu iniaua niiniau
aeaoa?ieiaoeee e aini?iecaiaenoaa nioeeaeueiiai ia?aaainoaa. Oa?aeoa?
nioeeaeueiiai ?anneiaiey e niinia aai ooaa?aeaeaiey a naiai aaeeinoaa
ia?acotho oi, /oi iu iacuaaai no?aoeoeeaoeeiiiie nenoaiie.

Eiaaea caoiaeeo ?a/ue ia iniiaiuo oeiao no?aoeoeeaoeeiiiuo nenoai,
iau/ii aeaaony iienaiea eanoiaie, ?aaiaeaaeaeue/aneie, nineiaiie e
eeanniaie aeeooa?aioeeaoeee. I?e yoii i?eiyoi ioiaeaeanoaeyoue eo n
enoi?e/aneeie oeiaie iauanoaaiiiai ono?ienoaa, iaaethaeaaiuie a
nia?aiaiiii ie?a eee oaea aacaica?aoii ooaaeoeie a i?ioeia. Iu aea
i?eaea?aeeaaainy ianeieueei eiiai iiaeoiaea, n/eoay, /oi ethaia
eiie?aoiia iauanoai ninoieo ec eiiaeiaoeee ?acee/iuo no?aoeoeeaoeeiiiuo
nenoai e iiiaeanoaa eo ia?aoiaeiuo oi?i.

Iiyoiio iu i?aaeii/eoaai aiai?eoue ia “eaeaaeueiuo oeiao aeaaea oiaaea,
eiaaea eniieuecoai yeaiaiou o?aaeeoeeiiiie oa?ieiieiaee.

Ieaea i?aaeeaaaaony aeaayoue oeiia no?aoeoeeaoeeiiiuo nenoai, eioi?ua,
ii iaoaio iiaieth, iiaoo auoue eniieueciaaiu aeey iienaiey ethaiai
nioeeaeueiiai i?aaiecia, a eiaiii:

– oeceei – aaiaoe/aneay ;

– ?aaiaeaaeaeue/aneay ;

– eanoiaay ;

– nineiaiay ;

– yeoa?aoe/aneay ;

– nioeeaeueii – i?ioanneiiaeueiay ;

– eeanniaay ;

– eoeueoo?ii – neiaiee/aneay ;

– eoeueoo?ii – ii?iaoeaiay ;

A iniiaa ia?aiai oeia oeceei – aaiaoe/aneie no?aoeoeeaoeeiiiie nenoaiu
– eaaeeo aeeooa?aioeeaoeey nioeeaeueiuo a?oii ii “anoanoaaiiui”
nioeeaeueii – aeaiia?aoe/aneei i?eciaeai. Caeanue ioiioaiea e /aeiaaeo
eee a?oiia ii?aaeaeyaony iieii, aic?anoii e iaee/eai ii?aaeaeaiiuo
oece/aneeo ea/anoa – neeu, e?aniou, eiaeinoe.Niioaaonoaaiii, aieaa
neaaua, iaeaaeathuea oece/aneeie iaaeinoaoeaie n/eoathony oua?aiuie e
caieiatho i?eieaeaiiia iauanoaaiiia iieiaeaiea.

Ia?aaainoai a aeaiiii neo/aa ooaa?aeaeaaony nouanoaiaaieai oa?icu
oece/aneiai ianeeey eee aai oaeoe/aneei i?eiaiaieai, a caoai
cae?aieyaony a iau/ayo e ?eooaeao.

Yoa “anoanoaaiiay” no?aoeoeeaoeeiiiay nenoaia ainiiaenoaiaaea a
ia?aiauoiie iaueia, ii i?iaeieaeaao aini?iecaiaeeoueny e ii nae aeaiue.
Iniaaiii neeueii iia i?iyaeyaony a niiauanoaao, ai?thueony ca oece/aneia
auaeeaaiea eee ?anoe?aiea naiaai aeeciaiiiai i?ino?ainoaa. Iaeaieueoei
i?anoeaeai caeanue iaeaaeaao oio, eoi niiniaai inouanoaeyoue ianeeea
iaae i?e?iaeie e ethaeueie eee i?ioeainoiyoue oaeiio ianeeeth: caei?iaue
iieiaeie ioae/eia – ei?ieeaoe a e?anoueyineie iaueia, aeeaouae ieiaeaie
i?eieoeaiiai ?o/iiai o?oaea; ioaeanoaaiiue aiei Nia?oaineiai
ainoaea?noaa; enoeiiue a?eaoe iaoeeiiae – nioeeaeenoe/aneiai aieinoaa,
niiniaiue e i?iecaiaenoao caei?iaiai iioiinoaa.

Nenoaia ?aiaee?othuay ethaeae ii niiniaiinoe e oece/aneiio ianeeeth – ai
iiiaii i?iaeoeo ieeeoa?ecia ae?aaieo e nia?aiaiiuo iauanoa. A ianoiyuaa
a?aiy, oioy e eeoaiiay aueiai cia/aiey, iia ana aea iiaeaea?aeeaaaony
aiaiiie, nii?oeaiie e naenoaeueii – y?ioe/aneie i?iiaaaiaeie. Aoi?ay
no?aoeoeeaoeeiiiay nenoaia – ?aaiaeaaeaeue/aneay – oae aea iniiaaia ia
i?yiii ianeeee. Ii ia?aaainoai ethaeae caeanue aeaoa?ieie?oaony ia
oece/aneei, a aiaiii – oece/aneei i?eioaeaeaieai. Nioeeaeueiua a?oiiu
?acee/athony ii iaee/eth eee ionoonoaeth a?aaeaeaineeo i?aa e i?aa
nianoaaiiinoe. Ii?aaeaeaiiua nioeeaeueiua a?oiiu yoeo i?aa eeoaiu
niaa?oaiii e, aieaa oiai, ia?aaia n aauaie i?aa?auaiu a iauaeo /anoiie
nianoaaiiinoe. I?e/ai iieiaeaiea yoi /aua anaai ia?aaeaaony ii
ianeaaenoao e oaeei ia?acii cae?aieyaony a iieieaieyo. I?eia?u
?aaiaeaaeaeue/aneeo nenoai aanueia ?aciiia?aciu. Yoi e aioe/iia ?aanoai,
aaea /enei ?aaia ii?ith i?aauoaei /enei naiaiaeiuo a?aaeaeai, e
oieiinoai ia ?one a?aiai “?onneie i?aaaeu”, yoi e ieaioaoeeiiiia ?aanoai
ia thaa Naaa?iaia?eeaineeo Niaaeeiaiiuo ooaoia aei a?aaeaeaineie aieiu
1861 – 1865 aa., yoi, iaeiiaoe, ?aaioa aiaiiiieaiiuo e aeaii?oe?iaaiiuo
eeoe ia iaiaoeeeo /anoiuo oa?iao a ia?eiae Aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu.

Niiniau aini?iecaaaeaiey ?aaiaeaaeaeue/aneie nenoaiu oiaea
oa?aeoa?ecothony cia/eoaeueiui ?aciiia?aceai. Aioe/iia ?aanoai
aea?aeaeinue a iniiaiii ca n/ao caaiaaaiee. Aeey ?aiiaoaiaeaeueiie ?one
aieaa auei aeieaiaia, eaaaeueiia ?aanoai. I?aeoeea i?iaeaaee nianoaaiiuo
aeaoae i?e ionoonoaee aiciiaeiinoe eo i?iei?ieoue nouanoaiaaea,
iai?eia?, a n?aaeiaaaeiaii Eeoaa. Oai aea ia?auaee a ?aaia ?aciiai ?iaea
i?anooiieeia ( a oii /enea, e iieeoe/aneeo ). Yoa i?aeoeea auea
i?aeoe/anee aini?iecaaaeaia iiiai iicaeiaa a niaaoneii AOEAAa ( oioy
/anoiia ?aaiaeaaeaiea inouanoaeyeinue caeanue a ne?uouo aiath?eaee/aneeo
oi?iao ).

O?aoee oei no?aoeoeeaoeeiiiie nenoaiu – eanoiaay. A aa iniiaa eaaeao
yoie/aneea ?acee/ey, eioi?ua, a naith i/a?aaeue, cae?aieythony
?aeeaeiciui ii?yaeeii e ?aeeaeiciuie ?eooaeaie. Eaaeaeay eanoa
i?aaenoaaeyao niaie caieioooth, ianeieueei yoi aiciiaeii, yiaeiaaiioth
a?oiio, eioi?ie ioaiaeeony no?iai ii?aaeaeaiiia ianoi a iauanoaaiiie
ea?a?oee. Yoi ianoi iiyaeyaony a ?acoeueoaoa iainiaeaiey iniauo ooieoeee
eaaeaeie eanou a nenoaia ?acaeaeaiey o?oaea. Nouanoaoao /aoeee ia?a/aiue
caiyoee, eioi?uie /eaiu yoie eanou iiaoo caieiaoueny: ae?a/aneea,
aieineea, caieaaeaeue/aneea. Iineieueeo iieiaeaiea a eanoiaie nenoaia
ia?aaeaaony ii ianeaaenoao, aiciiaeiinoe nioeeaeueiie iiaeeueiinoe
caeanue e?aeia ia?aie/aiu.

E /ai neeueiaa au?aaeaia eanoiainoue, oai aieaa cae?uoui ieacuaaaony
aeaiiia iauanoai. Eeanne/aneei i?eia?ii iauanoaa n ainiiaenoaii
eanoiaie nenoaiu ii i?aao n/eoaaony Eiaeey ( th?eaee/anee yoa nenoaia
auea ioiaiaia eeoue a 1950 a.). Naaiaeiy, oioy e a aieaa naeaaeaiiii
aeaea, eanoiaay nenoaia aini?iecaiaeeony ia oieueei a Eiaeee, ii ,
iai?eia?, a eeaiiaii no?ia n?aaeiaaceaoneeo ainoaea?noa. ssaiua /a?ou
eanoiainoe ooaa?aeaeaeenue a na?aaeeia aeaaaeoeaoiai noieaoey iieeoeeie
oaoenoneeo ainoaea?noa ( a?eeoeai ioaiaeeeinue iieiaeaiea aunoae
yoie/aneie eanou, i?ecaaiiie e ainiiaenoao iaae neaayiaie, aa?ayie
e i?. ). ?ieue ne?aieythueo oaieiae/aneeo aeieo?ei a aeaiiii neo/aa
aa?ao ia naay iaoeeiiaeenoe/aneay eaeaieiaey.

*aoaa?oue oei i?aaenoaaeai nineiaiie no?aoeoeeaoeeiiiie nenoaiie. A yoie
nenoaia a?oiiu ?acee/athony th?eaee/aneeie i?aaaie, eioi?ua, a naith
i/a?aaeue, aeanoei naycaiu n eo iaycaiiinoyie e iaoiaeyony a i?yiie
caaeneiinoe io yoeo iaycaiiinoae. I?e/ai iineaaeiea iiae?acoiaaatho
iaycaoaeuenoaa ia?aae ainoaea?noaii, cae?aieaiiua a caeiiiaeaoaeueiii
ii?yaeea. Iaeie nineiaey iaycaiu ianoe ?aoioth eee /eiiaie/ueth
neoaeao, ae?oaea – “oyaei” a aeaea iiaeaoae eee o?oaeiauo iiaeiiinoae.

I?eia?u ?acaeouo nineiaiuo nenoai yaeythony oaiaeaeueiua
caiaaeiiaa?iiaeneea iauanoaa eee oaiaeaeueiay ?inney. Nineiaea, yoi, a
ia?aoth i/a?aaeue, th?eaee/aneia, a ia, neaaeai, yoie/anei – ?aeeaeiciia
eee yeiiiie/aneia aeaeaiea. aaaeii oaeaea e oi. /oi i?eiaaeeaaeiinoue e
nineiaeth ia?aaeaaony ii ianeaaenoao, niinianoaoy ioiineoaeueiie
cae?uoinoe aeaiiie nenoaiu.

Iaeioi?ia noiaenoai n nineiaiie nenoaiie iaaethaeaaony a
i?aaenoaaeythuae iyoue oei yeoa?aoe/aneie nenoaia ( io o?aioeocneiai e
a?a/aneiai – “ainoaea?noaaiiay aeanoue” ). A iae aeeooa?aioeeaoeey
iaaeaeo a?oiiaie i?ienoiaeeo, a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue, ii eo iieiaeaieth ai
aeanoii ainoaea?noaaiiuo ea?a?oeyo ( iieeoe/aneeo, aiaiiuo,
oicyenoaaiiuo ), ii aiciiaeiinoyi iiaeeecaoeee e ?ani?aaeaeaiey
?ano?nia, a oae aea eae e iuouaaiue eie i?anoeae, naycaiu caeanue n
oi?iaeueiuie ?aiaaie, eioi?ua yoe a?oiiu caieiatho a niioaaonoaothueo
aeanoiuo ea?a?oeyo.

Ana i?i/ea ?acee/ey – aeaiia?aoe/aneea e ?aeeaeicii – yoie/aneea,
yeiiiie/aneea e eoeueoo?iua ea?atho i?iecaiaeioth ?ieue. Ianooaau e
oa?aeoa? aeeooa?aioeeaoeee ( iauaiu aeanoiuo iieiiii/ee ) a
yeoa?aoe/aneie nenoaia iaoiaeyony iiae eiio?ieai ainoaea?noaaiiie
ath?ie?aoee. I?e yoii ea?a?oee iiaoo cae?aieyoueny oi?iaeueii –
th?eaee/anee – iin?aaenoaii /eiiaie/ueeo oaaaeae i ?aiaao, aiaiiuo
onoaaia, i?enaiaiey eaoaai?ee ainoaea?noaaiiui o/?aaeaeaieyi, a iiaoo
inoaaaoueny e aia noa?u ainoaea?noaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa (
iaaeyaeiui i?eia?ii iiaeao neoaeeoue nenoaia niaaoneie ia?oiiiaieeaooiu,
i?eioeeiu eioi?ie ia i?iienaiu ie a eaeeo caeiiao ). Oi?iaeueiay
naiaiaea /eaiia iauanoaa ( ca eneeth/aieai caaeneiinoe io ainoaea?noaa
), ionoonoaea aaoiiaoe/aneiai ianeaaeiaaiey aeanoiuo iiceoeee oaeaea
ioee/atho yoae?aoe/aneoth nenoaio io nenoaiu nineiaee.

Yoae?aoe/aneay nenoaia iaia?oaeeaaaony n oai aieueoae neeie, /ai aieaa
aaoi?eoa?iue oa?aeoa? i?eieiaao ainoaea?noaaiiia i?aaeaiea. A ae?aaiinoe
y?eei ia?acoeii yoae?aoe/aneie nenoaiu auee iauanoaa aceaoneiai
aeaniioecia ( Eeoae, Eiaeey, Eaiaiaeaea ), ?aniieiaeaiiua, ai?i/ai
ioithaeue ia oieueei a Acee ( a iai?eia?, e a Ia?o, Aaeioa ). A
aeaaaeoeaoii noieaoee iia aeoeaii ooaa?aeaeaaony a oae iacuaaaiuo
nioeeaeenoe/aneeo iauanoaao e, aiciiaeii, aeaaea ea?aao a ieo
ii?aaeaeythuoth ?ieue. Ioaeii neacaoue, /oi auaeaeaiea iniaie
yeoa?aoe/aneie nenoaiu iiea ia o?aaeeoeeiiii aeey ?aaio ii
no?aoeoeeaoeeiiiui oeiieiaeyi.

Iiyoiio iu oioaee au ia?aoeoue aieiaiea eae ia enoi?e/aneia cia/aiea,
oae e ia aiaeeoe/aneoth ?ieue yoiai oeia nioeeaeueiie aeeooa?aioeeaoeee.

Aeaeaa neaaeoao oanoay, nioeeaeueii – i?ioanneiiaeueiay
no?aoeoeeaoeeiiiay nenoaia. Caeanue a?oiiu aeaeyony ii niaea?aeaieth e
oneiaeyi naiaai o?oaea. Iniaoth ?ieue auiieiytho eaaeeoeeaoeeiiiua
o?aaiaaiey, i?aaeuyaeyaiua e oie eee eiie i?ioanneiiaeueiie ?iee –
iaeaaeaiea niioaaonoaothuei iiuoii, oiaieyie e iaaueaie. Ooaa?aeaeaiea e
iiaea?aeaiea ea?a?oe/aneeo ii?yaeeia a aeaiiie nenoaia inouanoaeyaony
i?e iiiiue na?oeoeeaoia ( aeeieiiia, ?ac?yaeia, eeoeaicee,
iaoaioia ), oeene?othueo o?iaaiue eaaeeoeeaoeee e niiniaiinoue
auiieiyoue ii?aaeaeaiiua aeaeu aeayoaeueiinoe. Aeaenoaaiiinoue
eaaeeoeeaoeeiiiuo na?oeoeeaoia iiaeaea?aeeaaaony neeie ainoaea?noaa eee
eaeie – oi ae?oaie aeinoaoi/ii iiuiie ei?ii?aoeee ( i?ioanneiiaeueiiai
oeaoa). I?e/ai na?oeoeeaou yoe /aua anaai ii ianeaaenoao ia
ia?aaeathony, oioy eneeth/aiey a enoi?ee ano?a/athony.

Nioeeaeueii – i?ioanneiiaeueiia aeaeaiea yaeyaony iaeiie ec
aaciauo no?aoeoeeaoeeiiiuo nenoai, ?aciiia?aciua i?eia?u eioi?ie iiaeii
iaeoe ai anyeii iauanoaa ni neieue eeai ?acaeoui ?acaeaeaieai o?oaea .
Yoi no?ie ?aianeaiiuo oeaoia n?aaeiaaaeiaiai ai?iaea e ?ac?yaeiay naoea
a nia?aiaiiie ainoaea?noaaiiie i?iiuoeaiiinoe, nenoaia aooanoaoia e
aeeieiiia i iieo/aiee ia?aciaaiey, nenoaia iao/iuo noaiaiae e caaiee,
ioe?uaathueo aei?iao e aieaa i?anoeaeiui ?aai/ei ianoai.

Naaeueiie oei i?aaenoaaeai iiioey?iie eeanniaie nenoaiie. Eeanniaue
iiaeoiae ia?aaeei i?ioeaiiinoaaeytho no?aoeoeeaoeeiiiiio. Ii aeey ian
eeanniaia /eaiaiea anoue eeoue /anoiue neo/ae nioeeaeueiie
no?aoeoeeaoeee. Ec iiiaeanoaa o?aeoiaie iiiyoey “eeanna” iu inoaiiaeiny
a aeaiiii neo/aa ia aieaa o?aaeeoeeiiiie – nioeeaeueii – yeiiiie/aneie.
A aeaiiie o?aeoiaea eeannu i?aaenoaaeytho nioeeaeueiua a?oiiu naiaiaeiuo
a iieeoe/aneii e i?aaiaii ioiioaiee a?aaeaeai. ?acee/ey iaaeaeo a?oiiaie
i?aaeaea anaai a oa?aeoa?a e ?acia?ao nianoaaiiinoe ia n?aaenoaa
i?iecaiaenoaa e i?iecaiaeeiue i?iaeoeo, a oaeaea a o?iaia iieo/aaiuo
aeioiaeia e ee/iiai iaoa?eaeueiiai aeaaininoiyiey. A ioee/ea io iiiaeo
i?aaeuaeoueo oeiia, i?eiaaeeaaeiinoue e eeannai – ao?aeoa, i?ieaoa?eaa,
naiinoiyoaeueiuo oa?ia?ia e o.i. – ia ?aaeaiaioe?oaony aunoeie aeanoyie,
ia onoaiaaeeaaaony caeiiiaeaoaeueii e ia ia?aaeaaony ii ianeaaenoao. A
/enoii aeaea eeanniaay nenoaia aiiaua ia niaea?aeeo ieeaeeo aioo?aiieo
oi?iaeueiuo ia?aai?iaeie ( yeiiiie/aneia i?aoniaaaiea aaoiiaoe/anee
ia?aaiaeeo aan a aieaa aunieoth a?oiio ).

Yeiiiie/anee yaaeeoa?iua niiauanoaa, aaea niaa?oaiii ionoonoaoao
eeanniaay aeeooa?aioeeaoeey, yaeaiea aeiaieueii ?aaeeia e iaonoie/eaia.
Ii ia i?ioyaeaiee aieueoae /anoe /aeiaa/aneie enoi?ee eeanniaua /eaiaiey
ana aea iinyo iiae/eiaiiue oa?aeoa?. Ia ia?aaeiee ieai iie auoiaeyo,
iiaeaeoe, oieueei a ao?aeoaciuo caiaaeiuo iauanoaao. A iaeaieueoeo aunio
eeanniaay nenoaia aeinoeaaao a i?iieeioouo eeaa?aeueiuo aeooii
Niaaeeiaiiuo Ooaoao Aia?eee.

Ainueiie oei – eoeueoo?ii – neiaiee/aneie. Aeeooa?aioeeaoeey aicieeaao
caeanue ec ?acee/ee aeinooia e nioeeaeueii cia/eiie eioi?iaoeee,
ia?aaiuo e aiciiaeiinoae oeeueo?iaaoue e eioa?i?aoe?iaaoue yoo
eioi?iaoeeth, niiniaiinoae auoue iineoaeai nae?aeueiiai ciaiey (
ienoe/aneiai eee iao/iiai). A ae?aaiinoe yoa ?ieue ioaiaeeeanue
ae?aoeai, iaaai e oaiaiai, a n?aaeiaaaeiauea – neoaeeoaeyi oea?eae,
ninoaaeythuei iniiaioth ianno a?aiioiiai ianaeaiey, oieeiaaoaeyi
nayuaiiuo oaenoia, a iiaia a?aiy – o/aiui, oaoiie?aoai e ia?oeeiui
eaeaieiaai, I?aoaicee ia iauaiea n aiaeanoaaiiuie neeaie, ia iaeaaeaiea
iao/iie enoeiie ia au?aaeaiea ainoaea?noaaiiiai eioa?ana nouanoaiaaee
anaaaea e aacaea. E aieaa aunieay iieiaeaiea a aeaiiii ioiioaiee
caieiatho oa, eoi eiaao eo/oea aiciiaeiinoe iaieioee?iaaiey niciaieai e
aeaenoaeyie i?i/eo /eaiia iauanoaa, eoi eo/oa ae?oaeo iiaeao aeieacaoue
naie i?aaa ia enoeiiia iiieiaiea aeaaeaao eo/oei neiaiee/aneei
eaieoaeii.

Ianeieueei oi?iuay ea?oeio, iiaeii neacaoue, /oi aeey
aeieiaeono?eaeueiuo iauanoa aieaa oa?aeoa?ii oaie?aoe/aneia
iaieioee?iaaiea; aeey eiaeono?eaeueiuo – ia?oie?aoe/aneia; a aeey iino –
eiaeono?eaeueiuo – oaoiie?aoe/aneia.

Aeaayoue oei no?aoeoeeaoeeiiiie nenoaiu neaaeoao iacaaoue eoeueoo?ii –
ii?iaoeaiui. Caeanue aeeooa?aioeeaoeey iino?iaia ia ?acee/eyo oaaaeaiey
e i?anoeaea, aicieeathueo ec n?aaiaiey ia?acia aeecie e ii?i iiaaaeaiey,
eioi?ui neaaeoao aeaiiue /aeiaae eee a?oiia. Ioiioaiea e oece/aneiio e
oinoaaiiiio o?oaeo, iio?aaeoaeueneea aeonu e i?eau/ee, iaia?u iauaiey e
yoeeao, iniaue ycue ( i?ioanneiiaeueiay oa?ieiieiaey, ianoiue aeeaeaeo,
oaieiaiue aea?aii ) – ana yoi eiaeeony a iniiao nioeeaeueiiai aeaeaiey.
I?e/ai i?ienoiaeeo ia oieueei ?aca?aie/aiea “naieo” e “/oaeeo”, ii e
?aiaee?iaaiea a?oii ( “aeaai?iaeiua- ia aeaai?iaeiua”, “ii?yaei/iua- ia
ii?yaei/iua”, “ yeeoa- iau/iua ethaee- aeii” ). Iiiyoea yeeo ie?oaeaii
iaeei oaeinoaaiiui oe??ii. I iai iiiai aiai?yo, ii /anoi, ia i/a?/eaatho
neieueei-ieaoaeue /aoeeo iaicia/athueo a?aieoe.

Yeeoa ia yaeyaony eaoaai?eae oieueei iieeoeee. A nia?aiaiiii iauanoaa
nouanoaoao iiiaeanoai yeeo- iieeoe/aneea, aiaiiua, yeiiiie/aneea,
i?ioanneiiaeueiua. Aaea-oi yoe yeeou ia?aieaoathony, aaea-oi
niia?ie/atho ae?oa n ae?oaii. Iiaeii neacaoue, /oi nouanoaoao noieueei
yeeo, neieueei anoue iaeanoae nioeeaeueiie aeecie. Ii eaeoth au noa?o iu
ie acyee, yeeoa nooue iaiueoeinoai, i?ioeainoiyuaa inoaeueiie /anoe
iauanoaa. aai n?aaeiei e ieaeiei neiyi eae iaeiae “ianna”. I?e yoii
iieiaeaiea yeeou eae aunoaai nineiaey eee eanou iiaeao cae?aieyoueny
oi?iaeueiui caeiiii eee ?aeeaeiciui oeiaeaieai, a iiaeao aeinoeaaoueny
niaa?oaiii iaoi?iaeueiui ia?acii.

Yeeoa?enoneea oai?ee aicieeee e oi?ie?iaaeenue a cia/eoaeueiie ia?a, eae
?aaeoeey ia ?aaeeeaeueiua e nioeeaeenoe/aneea o/aiey e auee iai?aaeaiu
i?ioea ?aciuo oa/aiee nioeeaeecia: ia?enenoneiai, aia?oi –
neiaeeeaeenoneiai. Iioiio ia?enenou, ia naiii aeaea, i/aiue neaioe/anee
ioiineeenue e yoie oai?eyi, ia aeaeaee eo i?eciaaaoue e i?eiaiyoue eo ia
iaoa?eaea caiaaeiuo iauanoa. Eai yoi icia/aei au, ai – ia?auo, i?eciaiea
oiai, /oi ieaeiea neie yaeythony neaaie eee aiana ia i?aaieciaaiiie
iannie, eioi?ie iaiaoiaeeii oi?aaeyoue, iannie, ia niiniaiie e
naiii?aaiecaoeee e ?aaiethoeeiiiiio aeaenoaeth, a ai – aoi?uo, i?eciaiea
a eaeie-oi ia?a iaecaaaeiinoe e “anoanoaaiiinoe” oaeiai ?aceiai
ia?aaainoaa. A ?acoeueoaoa i?eoeinue au ia?aniao?eaaoue ei?aiiui ia?acii
acaeyaeu ia ?ieue e oa?aeoa? eeanniaie ai?ueau.

Ii yeeoa?enoneee iiaeoiae iai?aaeyaony i?ioea aeaiie?aoe/aneiai
ia?eaiaioa?ecia. Ii aiiaua ii i?e?iaea naiae aioeaeaiie?aoe/ai.
Aeaiie?aoey e aenannoa?u i?aaeiieaaaao i?aaeaiea aieueoeinoaa e anaiauaa
?aaainoai ethaeae eae naiinoiyoaeueiuo a?aaeaeai, aeinoaoi/ii
i?aaieciaaiiuo aeey ?aaeecaoeee nianoaaiiuo oeaeae e eioa?ania. E a
neeo yoiai iiai?ieee aeaiie?aoecia e ethaui iiiuoeai yeeoa?iiai
i?aaeaiey ioiinyony aeiaieueii oieiaeii.

Iiiai/eneaiiua iiaeoiaeu e iiiyoeth iiaeii oneiaii ?acaeaeeoue ia aeaa
iniiaiua a?oiiu- aeanoiua e ia?eoie?aoe/aneea. A niioaaonoaee n ia?auie,
yeeoie yaeythony oa, eoi iaeaaeatho a aeaiiii iauanoaa ?aoathuae
aeanoueth, a a niioaaonoaee ni aoi?uie – oa, eoi iaeaaeatho iaeeie
iniauie aeinoieinoaaie e ee/iuie ea/anoaaie, iacaaeneii io oiai,
?aniieaaatho ee iie aeanoueth eee iao.

A iineaaeiai neo/aa yeeoa auaeaeyaony ii oaeaioai e caneoaai . Eiiaaea
aeanoiua e ia?eoie?aoe/aneea iiaeoiaeu oneiaii iaicia/atho eae “eeieth
Eannoyea” e “eeieth Ia?aoi”. ( Oioy ia?aue iiaeoiae iiaeao auoue n ia
iaiueoei oniaoii iacaai “eeieae Iinea” eee “eeieae Ieeena”.)

Iaeiie a?oiiie enneaaeiaaoaeae yeeoa iiieiaaony eae neie, iaeaaeathuea
aunoeie aeanoiuie iiceoeeyie eee aunoae oi?iaeueiie aeanoueth a
i?aaiecaoeeyo e einoeoooao. Ae?oaay a?oiia ioiineo e yeeoa
oa?eciaoe/aneeo ee/iinoae, aiai – aaeioiiaeaiiuo, niiniaiuo e
eeaea?noao, i?aaenoaaeoaeae oai?/aneiai iaiueoeinoaa.

A naith i/a?aaeue, aeanoiua iiaeoiaeu iiae?acaeaeythony ia no?oeoo?iua e
ooieoeeiiaeueiua. Auae?athuea aieaa i?inoie n yiie?e/aneie oi/ee c?aiey
no?oeoo?iue iiaeoiae n/eoatho yeeoie e?oa eeoe, caieiathueo aunoea
aeieaeiinoiua iiceoeee a ?anniao?eaaaiuo einoeoooao ( ieieno?u,
aee?aeoi?a, aiaiiiia/aeueieee )

Oa aea, eoi inoaiaaeeaathony ia ooieoeeiiaeueiii iiaeoiaea, caaeatho
naaa aieaa o?oaeioth caaea/o: auaeaeeoue a?oiiu, iaeaaeathuea ?aaeueiie
aeanoueth a i?eiyoee iauanoaaiii aaaeiuo ?aoaiee ( iiiaea i?aaenoaaeoaee
yoeo a?oii, iiiyoii, iiaoo ia caieiaoue neieue – eeai aeaeiuo
iauanoaaiiuo iinoia, inoaaaoueny a “oaie”).

Inoaiiaeiny ei?ioei ia iiceoeeyo eeanneeia aeanoiiai e
ia?eoie?aoe/aneiai iiaeoiaeia.

4. Nioeeaeueiay iiaeeueiinoue.

Eco/aiea nioeeaeueiie iiaeeueiinoe auei ia/aoi I. Ni?ieeiui,
iioaeeeiaaaoei a 1927 aiaeo eieao “ Social Mobility , Its Forms and
Fluctuation”.

Ii ienae: “Iiae nioeeaeueiie iiaeeueiinoueth iiieiaaony ethaie ia?aoiae
eiaeeaeaea eee nioeeaeueiiai iaueaeoa ( oeaiiinoe ) o.a. anaai oiai ,
/oi nicaeaii eee iiaeeoeoee?iaaii /aeiaa/aneie aeayoaeueiinoueth, ec
iaeiie nioeeaeueiie iiceoeee a ae?oaoth. Nouanoaotho aeaa iniiaiuo oeia
nioeeaeueiie iiaeeueiinoe: ai?eciioaeueiay e aa?oeeaeueiay. Iiae
ai?eciioaeueiie nioeeaeueiie iiaeeueiinoueth, eee ia?aiauaieai,
iiae?acoiaaaaony ia?aoiae eiaeeaeaea eee nioeeaeueiiai iauaeoa ec iaeiie
nioeeaeueiie a?oiiu a ae?oaoth, ?aniieiaeaiioth ia iaeiii e oii aea
o?iaia. Ia?aiauaiea iaeiaai eiaeeaeaea ec aaioenoneie a iaoiaeenoneoth
?aeeaeicioth a?oiio, ec iaeiiai a?aaeaeainoaa a ae?oaia, ec iaeiie
naiuee ( eae ioaea, oae e aeaiu ) a ae?oaoth i?e ?acaiaea eee i?e
iiaoi?iii a?aea, n iaeiie oaa?eee ia ae?oaoth, i?e nio?aiaiee i?e yoii
naiaai i?ioanneiiaeueiiai noaoona – ana yoi i?eia?u ai?eciioaeueiie
nioeeaeueiie iiaeeueiinoe. Eie aea yaeythony ia?aiauaiey nioeeaeueiuo
iauaeoia ( ?aaeei, aaoiiiaeey, iiaeu, eaeae eiiioiecia, oai?ee Aea?aeia
) a ?aieao iaeiiai nioeeaeueiiai ieanoa, iiaeiaii ia?aiauaieth ec Aeiau
aei Eaeeoi?iee eee n iaeiaai ianoa aei ethaiai ae?oaiai. Ai anao yoeo
neo/ayo “ia?aiauaiea” iiaeao i?ienoiaeeoue aac eaeeo -eeai caiaoiuo
eciaiaiee nioeeaeueiiai iieiaeaiey eiaeeaeaea eee nioeeaeueiiai iauaeoa
a aa?oeeaeueiii iai?aaeaiee.

Iiae aa?oeeaeueiie nioeeaeueiie iiaeeueiinoueth iiae?acoiaaathony oa
ioiioaiey, eioi?ua aicieeatho i?e ia?aiauaiee eiaeeaeaea eee
nioeeaeueiiai iauaeoa ec iaeiiai nioeeaeueiiai ieanoa a ae?oaie. A
caaeneiinoe io iai?aaeaiee ia?aiauaiee nouanoaoao aeaa oeia
aa?oeeaeueiie iiaeeueiinoe: ainoiaeyuay e ienoiaeyuay, o.a. nioeeaeueiue
iiaeuai e nioeeaeueiue nione. A niioaaonoaee n i?e?iaeie no?aoeoeeaoeee
anoue ienoiaeyuea e ainoiaeyuea oa/aiey yeiiiie/aneie, iieeoe/aneie e
i?ioanneiiaeueiie iiaeeueiinoe, ia aiai?y oaea i ae?oaeo iaiaa aaaeiuo
oeiao. Ainoiaeyuea oa/aiey nouanoaotho a aeaoo iniiaiuo oi?iao:
i?iieeiiaaiea eiaeeaeaea ec ieaeiaai ieanoa a nouanoaothuee aieaa
aunieee ieano; nicaeaiea oaeeie eiaeeaeaeaie iiaie a?oiiu e
i?iieeiiaaiea anae a?oiiu a aieaa aunieee ieano ia o?iaaiue n oaea
nouanoaothueie a?oiiaie yoiai ieanoa. niioaaonoaaiii e ienoiaeyuea
oa/aiey oae aea eiatho aeaa oi?iu: ia?aay caeeth/aaony a iaaeaiee
eiaeeaeaea n aieaa aunieie enoiaeiie a?oiiu, e eioi?ie ii ?aiaa
i?eiaaeeaaeae; ae?oaay oi?ia i?iyaeyaony a aeaa?aaeaoeee nioeeaeueiie
a?oiiu a oeaeii, a iiieaeaiee aa ?aiaa ia oiia ae?oaeo a?oii eee
?ac?ooaiee aa nioeeaeueiiai aaeeinoaa. A ia?aii neo/aa iaaeaiea
iaiiieiaao iai /aeiaaea, oiaaoaai n ei?aaey, ai aoi?ii – iia?oaeaiea a
aiaeo naiiai noaeia ni anaie iannaaee?aie ia ai?oo eee e?ooaiea ei?aaey,
eiaaea ii ?acaeaaaony aae?aaacae.

Nioeeaeueiay iiaeeueiinoue iiaeao auoue aeaoo aeaeia: iiaeeueiinoue eae
aeia?iaieueiia ia?aiauaiea eee oee?eoeyoeey eiaeeaeaeia a ?aieao
nioeeaeueiie ea?a?oee; e iiaeeueiinoue, aeeeooaiay no?oeoo?iuie
eciaiaieyie ( iai?eia? eiaeono?eaeecaoeeae e aeaiia?aoe/aneeie
oaeoi?aie). I?e o?aaiecaoeee e eiaeono?eaeecaoeee i?ienoiaeeo
eiee/anoaaiiue ?ino i?ioannee e niioaaonoaothuea eciaiaiey o?aaiaaiee e
eaaeeoeeaoeee e i?ioanneiiaeueiie iiaeaioiaea. Eae neaaenoaea
eiaeono?eaeecaoeee iaaethaeaaony ioiineoaeueiue ?ino ?aai/ae neeu,
caiyoinoe a eaoaai?ee “aaeuo ai?ioie/eia”, oiaiueoaiea aaniethoiie
/eneaiiinoe naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo ?aai/eo. Noaiaiue eiaeono?eaeecaoeee
oaeoe/anee ei??aee?oao n o?iaiai iiaeeueiinoe, oae eae aaaeao e ?inoo
/enea i?ioannee aunieiai noaoona e e iaaeaieth caiyoinoe a
i?ioanneiiaeueiuo eaoaai?eyo iecoaai ?aiaa.

Neaaeoao ioiaoeoue, /oi iiiaea n?aaieoaeueiua enneaaeiaaiey iieacaee:
iiae aeeyieai nee eciaiaiey a no?aoeoeeaoeeiiiuo nenoaiao. I?aaeaea
anaai aic?anoaao nioeeaeueiay aeeooa?aioaoeey. Ia?aaeiaay oaoiieiaey
aeaao oie/ie aicieeiiaaieth aieueoiai /enea iiauo i?ioannee.
Eiaeono?eaeecaoeey i?eaiaeeo a aieueoaa niioaaonoaea i?ioanneiiaeeci,
iiaeaioiaeo e aiciaa?aaeaeaiea. Eiuie neiaaie aeey eiaeeaeaeia e a?oii
noaiiaeony oa?aeoa?iie oaiaeaioeey e ioiineoaeueii onoie/eaui iiceoeeyi
a ?aiaee?iaaiiie no?aoeoeeaoeeiiiie ea?a?oee. A eoiaa oneeeaaaony
nioeeaeueiay iiaeeueiinoue. O?iaaiue iiaeeueiinoe aic?anoaao a iniiaiii
a neaaenoaea eiee/anoaaiiiai ?inoa i?ioannee a na?aaeeia
no?aoeoeeaoeeiiiie ea?a?oee, o.a. ca n/ao auioaeaeaiiie iiaeeueiinoe,
oioy aeoeaece?oaony e aeia?iaieueiay, oae eae aieueoie aan i?eia?aoaao
i?eaioaoeey ia aeinoeaeaiea.

Noieue aea, anee ia a aieueoae ia?a, aeeyao ia o?iaaiue e oa?aeoa?
iiaeeueiinoe nenoaia iauanoaaiiiai ono?iaiey. O/aiua aeaaii ia?aoeee
aieiaiea ia ea/anoaaiiua ?acee/ey a yoii ioiioaiee iaaeaeo iauanoaaie
ioe?uoiai e cae?uoiai oeia. A ioe?uoii iauanoaa iao oi?iaeueiuo
ia?aie/aiee iiaeeueiinoe e ii/oe ionoonoaotho iaii?iaeueiua.

Cae?uoia iauanoai, aeanoeie no?oeoo?ie i?aiyonoaothuaa oaaee/aieth
iiaeeueiinoe, oai naiui i?ioeainoieo ianoaaeeueiinoe.

Nioeeaeueioth iiaeeueiinoue i?aaeeueiaa auei au iacaaoue ia?aoiie
noi?iiie oie aea i?iaeaiu ia?aaainoaa , eai, eae ioia/ae I. Auethoe,
“nioeeaeueiia ia?aaainoai oneeeaaaony e ocaeiieaaaony a i?ioeanna
nioeeaeueiie iiaeeueiinoe, ooieoeeae eioi?ie yaeyaony ioaiae a
aaciianiua eaiaeu e naea?aeeaaiea iaaeiaieuenoaa.

A cae?uoii iauanoaa iiaeeueiinoue aaa?o ia?aie/aia ia oieueei
eiee/anoaaiii, ii e ea/anoaaiii, iiyoiio eiaeeaeaeu, aeinoeaoea aa?oia,
ii ia iieo/athuea oie aeiee nioeeaeueiuo aeaa, ia eioi?oth iie
?ann/eouaaee, ia/eiatho ?anniao?eaaoue nouanoaothuee ii?yaeie eae iiiaoo
e aeinoeaeaieth naieo caeiiiuo oeaeae e no?aiyony e ?aaeeeaeueiui
eciaiaieyi. N?aaee eeoe, iiaeeueiinoue eioi?uo iai?aaeaia aiec, a
cae?uoii iauanoaa /anoi ieacuaathony oa eoi ii ia?aciaaieth e
niiniaiinoyi aieaa iiaeaioiaeai e ?oeiaiaenoao, /ai iniiaiay ianna
ianaeaiey, – ec ieo e oi?ie?othony aiaeaee ?aaiethoeeiiiiai aeaeaeaiey a
oio ia?eiae, eiaaea i?ioeai?a/ey iauanoaa i?eaiaeyo e eiioeeeoo a iai
eeannia.

A ioe?uoii iauanoaa, aaea nio?aieeinue iaei aa?uea?ia, iaoathueo
i?iaeaeaeaieth aaa?o, oa, eoi iiaeieiathony aaa?o, eiatho oaiaeaioeeth
iooiaeeoue io iieeoe/aneie i?eaioaoeee eeanna, a eioi?ue iie ia?aoee.
Aiaeiae/ii auaeyaeeo iiaaaeaiea oao, eoi nieaeaao naia iieiaeaiea. Oaeei
ia?acii , oa eoi iiaeieiathony a aunooth no?aoo, iaiaa eiina?aaoeaiu,
/ai iinoiyiiua /eaiu aunoae no?aou. N ae?oaie noi?iiu, “na?ioaiiua aiec”
yaeythony aieaa eaauie, /ai noaaeeueiua /eaiu iecoae no?aou.
Neaaeiaaoaeueii, aeaeaeaiea a oeaeii niinianoaoao noaaeeueiinoe e a oi
aea a?aiy aeeiaiecio ioe?uoiai iauanoaa.

Aeeiaieea nioeeaeueiie no?aoeoeeaoeee a ?innee

9I-a aiaeu OO aaea, ii anae aeaeeiinoe, aieaeoo a enoi?eth ?innee eae
yiioa o?ao ?aaiethoeee, eee, aiciiaeii, o?ao noaaeee iaeiie ?aaiethoeee,
aeanoei i?aaeii?aaeaeythueo ae?oa ae?oaa. Ia?aay, iieeoe/aneay,
caaa?oeeanue a aaaonoa 1991 aiaea; aoi?ay, yeiiiie/aneay, aeaao ia?aua
iuooeiua ieiaeu. Iaeiaei ia?aeeaeueii n iae e iaaiiyy aa aoaeao
iaae?aoue oiae o?aouey – nioeeaeueiay ?aaiethoeey, eioi?ay noaiao
?aaeueiinoueth i/aiue nei?i, ii ieii/aoaeueii eciaieo iaeee ?innee eeoue
ia enoiaea ouny/aeaoey.

Iiaeiaiay ?annoaiiaea i?ei?eoaoia aiieia anoanoaaiia: iieeoeea e
yeiiiieea – yoi ceiaiaeiaaiua oaiu, a ceiaie aeiy naaiaeiy yaeyaony
caaea/a “iaei?ieoue ia?iae”. Iao ie/aai i/aaeaeiaa n oi/ee c?aiey
cae?aaiai niunea. Niaeanii oaa?aieyi iaeioi?uo iieeoeeia, i?aaeoaeuenoai
iiaeao aeinoaoi/ii auno?i inouanoaeoue naie aeaeea?aoeee:
noaaeeece?iaaoue ?uiie, oe?aieoue oeiainiaoth nenoaio e naaeaine?iaaoue
ainathaeaeao. Eniieieony nii ?aoi?iaoi?ia: ia?iae aoaeao “iaei?ieai” (oi
anoue oaeiaeaoai?eo e?eoe/aneee ieieioi naieo iio?aaiinoae), oae e ia
ainnoaa.

I/aaeaeii, iaeiaei, /oi ca yoo eaeeeeeth, ii anae aa?iyoiinoe, no?aia
i?eaeaony ?aniea/eaaoueny aeieai e io/eoaeueii. Oaea?u oiii?a, eioi?ui
no?iyo naaoeia ?uii/iia caao?a, iaieioaii /ai-oi iociaoony a iaoae
noaeueaa: aoaeouaa eiaao iaueiiaaiea aeanoiei inoeoue ca eaaeiaaniinoue,
n eioi?ie ?aoathony i?iaeaiu ianoiyuaai.

Naiui oaeaniui ?acoeueoaoii ?aoi?i aoaeao nie?ooeoaeueiue oaea? ii
nioeeaeueiie no?oeoo?a, oianeaaeiaaiiie io niaaoneie yiioe. Yoa
no?oeoo?a ieacaeanue ianoieueei noaaeeueiie e oaea?ii?i/iie, /oi
auaea?aeaea iaaeaiea “?aaeueiiai nioeeaeecia”Iaaeaiea aeanoaothuae yeeou
ia i?eaaei e neieue-eeai na?ueaciui nioeeaeueiui eiioeeeoai eee
eaoano?ioai (i /ai i?aaeoi?aaeaeaee iaeioi?ua nioeeieiae) ia a
iineaaeithth i/a?aaeue e iioiio, /oi iaeaieaa ?aceia ?anneiaiea
inouanoaeyeinue a niaaoneii iauanoaa eiaiii ii i?eciaeo iaeaaeaiey
aeanoueth. Iaaeaiea ia?oie?aoe/aneie yeeou auei n?aaieoaeueii iyaeei,
iineieueeo ae?oaea i?eciaee, ?anneaeaathuea iauanoai eiaeono?eaeueiiai
oeia (aeioiae, iaeaaeaiea nianoaaiiinoueth, ia?aciaaiea, i?ioanney,
nioeeaeueiue i?anoeae e o.ae.) a niaaoneii iauanoaa ia auee cia/eiuie a
oie noaiaie, eioi?ay n iaeyaaaeiinoueth iaoneaaeeaaao aeanoei
eiioeeeoiua ioiioaiey nioeeaeueiuo no?ao.

I?i/iia noeaieaiea ?acii?iaeiuo neiaa a niaaoneeo oneiaeyo eiaei ianoi
ia oieueei aeaaiaea?y ei?ioeie nioeeaeueiie aeenoaioeee iaaeaeo ieie, ii
e a neeo oaeiai yaeaiey eae ii?aaeaeaiiay acaeiio?aaiiaaoaiiinoue
noaoonia: ieceay ca?ieaoa e aaniethoiia aacaeanoea eioaeeeaaioa
iaanoeaieaaee aai aunieee ia?aciaaoaeueiue ?aia e ioiineoaeueioth
naiaiaeo a aeacao ?aai/aai, eiaaoaai, ii e?aeiae ia?a, aieaa nieeaeiue
aeioiae, – /oi ia iicaieyei iiaenioaeiie iaaeia?iaeaeaoaeueiinoe
ia?a?anoe a ioe?uooth iaiaaenoue. Iai?ioea, i?aaenoaaeoaeue oinoaaiiiai
o?oaea eiiiaine?iaae naia oieaeaiea niciaieai i?anoeaeiinoe aunoaai
ia?aciaaiey e eioaeeaeooaeueiie i?ioannee, ea?uea?iuie ia?niaeoeaaie e
aieueoae naiaiaeie ?anii?yaeaiey naiei ?aai/ei a?aiaiai.

Eiuie neiaaie: iaoa?eaeueiia iieiaeaiea ia auei aeiieie?othuei oaeoi?ii
?anneiaiey, i?ioeaiaanii aio neoaeeee ia iaiaa cia/eiua –
aiayeiiiie/aneea – ia?aiao?u.

Aio yoei-oi iniiaaieyi iauanoaaiiie eioaa?aoeee naaiaeiy ia iaoeo
aeacao no?aieoaeueii i?eoiaeeo eiiaoe. Ia?aoiae eiio?iey iaae
nianoaaiiinoueth io ainoaea?noaa e a?aaeaeaiai a?iceo iieoe ii naiiio
ooaeoaio aa?eaioo: aeaaioneay /anoue iaoeeiiaeueiiai i?iaeoeoa
iaoaea?aeeii iinooiaao oaea aeaaea ia a ?anii?yaeaiea, a a eaaaeueioth
nianoaaiiinoue iiauo e noa?uo yeiiiie/aneeo yeeo, a iai?iii?oeeiiaeueii
iaeay oa/ao neaicue iaeueoeu aieueoeinoaa ianaeaiey. O?iaaiue aeioiaea
noaiiaeony aeaaiui ia?aiao?ii no?aoeoeeaoeee, ia naaeaine?iaaiiui
ieeaeei i?ioeaiaanii. I?ienoiaeeo au?aaieaaiea noaoonia ii o?iaith
aeioiaea, a yoi icia/aao, /oi ia niaio aunieieioaa?e?iaaiiie, onoie/eaie
nioeeaeueiie no?oeoo?a a?iceo i?eeoe iaeaieaa ianoaaeeueiay
?aciiaeaeiinoue eeanniaiai iauanoaa.

Iauanoai oaeiai oeia ia?a/aii iinoiyiii aaeaine?iaaoue ia a?aie
nioeeaeueiie aieiu. *ai ?ac/a e iaeiiia?iaa nioeeaeueiia ?anneiaiea, oai
auoa ca?yae iaaaoeaiuo iauanoaaiiuo iano?iaiee (iaiaaenoe, caaenoe,
no?aoa), eniuouaaaiuo ?acee/iuie neiyie ae?oa e ae?oao, oai aeoaaea eo
acaeiiia iooi?aeaiea. A yoii niunea, aoaeouaa nioeeaeueiiai ie?a a
no?aia caaeneo io oiai, niiaeao ee i?aaeoaeuenoai i?aaeioa?aoeoue
eaaeiiia?acii ia?anoathuea a i?ioeanna noeoeeiie i?eaaoecaoeee
/oaeiaeuiua aeeni?iii?oeee a ?ani?aaeaeaiee auaoae ainnianoaaiiinoe
iaaeaeo ?acee/iuie nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneeie a?oiiaie.

A caiaaeiuo iauanoaao oaiaeaioeey e nie?auaieth nioeeaeueiie
aeenoaioeee eiaao ianoi eiaiii aeaaiaea?y i?i/iiio iieiaeaieth e
aeeeoaeueiiio ?inoo n?aaeiaai eeanna, eioi?ue oai naiui naeaaeeaaao
?aceinoue nioeeaeueiiai ?anneiaiey e yaeyaony aeaaiui aa?aioii
noaaeeueiinoe. Iai?ioea, a no?aiao “o?aoueaai ie?a” eieinnaeueiue
?ac?ua a aeioiaeao, a o?iaia e noeea iio?aaeaiey, a naiii ia?aca aeecie
iaaeaeo aa?oieie e aaaeiaeoeie neiyie ianaeaiey eieinnaeai, a aeiey
n?aaeieo neiaa ianiiinoaaeii (n Caiaaeii) iecea.

Iiaay no?aoeoeeaoeey iiaeao ieacaoueny nioeeaeueiui aeeiaieoii, eioi?ue
aci?aao iauanoai, oae eae anee ia oaeanony iaania/eoue ieieiaeueii
iaiaoiaeeiue o?iaaiue aeioiaeia, iauai e aeeyiea n?aaeiaai eeanna, a
iauanoaa iaieioaii aiciaeaaeaao naiay iianiay n oi/ee c?aiey
noaaeeueiinoe ?aciiaeaeiinoue nioeeaeueiie eaeaioeoeeaoeee – eeanniaay.
Ia/aei yoiai ?aniaaea iauanoaa ia eeanniaua eaeaioeoeeaoeee i?eaeaony
nei?aa anaai ia a?aiy ia aei, a iinea noaaeeecaoeee ?uiea (i?e/ai, ia
aoaeai caauaaoue, noaaeeecaoeee ia i/aiue ieceii o?iaia). E yoiio
iiiaioo ia?iiiia eiee/anoai ethaeae, oo?aoea iaaeaaeaeu ia eciaiaiea
ee/iie neooaoeee, oaieeaoeany a ia?eiae yeiiiie/aneiai oaina e
iaii?aaeaeaiiinoe, iieiao, /oi ia?aaie n ieoaieai anoue aua ia naiay
no?aoiay o?aaaaeey a yoie aeecie, — e n o?acainoueth ?aci/a?iaaiey
iniciaao aeanoeea ?aiee naiaai nioeeaeueiiai ?aiaa.

A yoie neooaoeee eaaeaeue ec iniiaiuo o?ao eeannia aoaeao ii-naiaio
ianoe a naaa iioaioeeaeueioth oa?ico noaaeeueiinoe. Aunoee eeann
(e?oiiua i?aaei?eieiaoaee e nianoaaiieee, aeoeeiia?u
i?aaei?eyoee-iiiiiieenoia, naycaiiay n ainnaeoi?ii ath?ie?aoey e
ianeoaeeaathuay nayce n ie?iaui ?uieii eiii?aaei?neay ao?aeocey),
nin?aaeioi/ea a naieo ?oeao ia?iiiua aiaaonoaa, ieaaeaony e?aniie
o?yieie i?aeoe/anee aeey anaai iauanoaa. Aeaiiino?aoeaiia iio?aaeaiea,
i?eaioe?iaaiiia ia caiaaeiua iio?aaeoaeueneea noaiaea?ou, io eioi?iai
oaea naaiaeiy ia iiaoo ioeacaoueny iaoe ioai?eoe, aoaeao iiaeieouaaoue
iaoaaneioth y?inoue iecoeo neiaa.

N ae?oaie noi?iiu, i?iianoue, eioi?ay i?ieyaeao iaaeaeo aiaaoui e
n?aaeiei eeannaie, ia iicaieeo ia?aiio ?ann/eouaaoue ia ia?oee, eiathuea
nioeeaeueioth aaco a eeoea iineaaeiaai.

Iaeaieaa aeoeaiay /anoue iaeiouaai eeanna (?aai/ea ?aci?eaoeony e
oauoi/iuo i?aaei?eyoee, auaoea eieoicieee, oae e ia noaaoea oa?ia?aie,
aac?aaioiua, a oaeaea ia?iiiia aieueoeinoai ethaeae, ia noiaaoeo
?aoeeiiaeueii eniieueciaaoue aiciiaeiinoe yiioe i?eaaoecaoeee) – noaiao
iinoaaueeii “ianniaee” aeey ?aciiai ?iaea ?aaiethoeeiiiuo aeaeaeaiee.

Ii aeaaea ia aoaeue anaai yoiai – aieueoie iaeieiouee neie nai ii naaa
nicaeano iaia?aiineioth iaa?oceo ia yeiiiieeo. Aunieea iaeiae,
iaiaoiaeeiay iiiiuue iaeiouei (ia iiiiaaoue aea icia/aao aoio e e?iaue),
iaa?yae ee noaioo noeioeii aeey ?acaeoey aeaeiaie aeoeaiinoe.
I?aaeoaeuenoai, auioaeaeaiiia ia?aiaiyoue eie ae?oaea eeannu, ia
caneoaeeo aeaaiaea?iinoe io iecoaai e noaiao a?aaii a aeacao aunoaai e
n?aaeiaai, – ia eioi?ue i?eaeaony iniiaiay oyaeanoue iaeiaia.

N?aaeiee eeann – iaeeea e n?aaeiea i?aaei?eieiaoaee, i?aoniaaathuay
/anoue eioaeeeaaioeee, ?aai/ea i?eaueueiuo i?aaei?eyoee, iiaua
nianoaaiieee, auea?aaoea io i?eaaoecaoeee, – a neooaoeee ?aceiai
?anneiaiey aoaeoo eniuouaaoue aeaieioth o?ono?aoeeth: no?ao ia?aae
?acuy?aiiui iecoei eeannii e iaiaaenoue e iaaeinyaaaiiio aunoaio. Naiue
ia/aeueiue ec aiciiaeiuo ?acoeueoaoia i?eaaoecaoeee – nicaeaiea neiy
“o?ono?e?iaaiiuo nianoaaiieeia” – yoie iioaioeeaeueiie aacu oaoecia
(eioi?ue, ii ii?aaeaeaieth Naeio?a Eeinaoa, yaeyaony yeno?aieciii
n?aaeiaai eeanna).

Noaeueaa iauanoaa, a eioi?ii ainiiaenoaoao iaeiiia?iay ia?niaeoeaa
ioeaiee, ia/aeueia. *ai aieaa ?ani?aaeaeaiea aiaaonoaa niaiaaeaao n
?ani?aaeaeaieai nioeeaeueiiai i?anoeaea, oai aieueoa aa?iyoiinoue
acaeiiiai iooi?aeaiey neiaa – iecoeo, n?aaeieo e aunoeo, oai aeeaea e
ino?aa iianiinoue aeaceioaa?aoeee n aa ?aciiaeaeiinoyie io ?aaiethoeee
aei a?aaeaeaineie aieiu.

Eiia/ii, a ie?a iao no?aiu, aaea aaaeiua ia eniuouaaee au iai?eycie e
aiaaoui. Ii yoa anoanoaaiiay iai?eyciue iiaeao auoue oneeaia eee
ineaaeaia – a caaeneiinoe io oaeoi?ia nei?aa nioeei-eoeueoo?iiai,
iaaeaee yeiiiie/aneiai ii?yaeea. Anee i?aaenoaaeoaee iaeieioueo neiaa
onaiyo, /oi iie ia eiatho ieeaeeo oainia ia iiiu?aiea iauanoaii naieo
“iaoiaa?iuo” aeinoieinoa, yoi i?eaaaeao ia oieueei e ono?aoathuae
ii?aeueiie aeaa?aaeaoeee, ii e e ac?uaiiianiiio iaino?aieth eeanniaie
iaiaaenoe. Iai?ioea, oai, aaea iauanoai ia?yaeo n eiiia?/aneie oeaeie
ioeaiee eoeueoeae?oao eaeea-eeai eiua (iai?eia?, yoe/aneoth,
eoeueoo?ioth..) – nioeeaeueiay iaiaaenoue aaaeiiai e aiaaoiio iiaeao
auoue o?aaiiaaoaia no?aieaieai ia?aiai e ii?aeueiiio (ynoaoe/aneiio e
o.i.) i?aainoiaenoao iaae aoi?ui. Ia eiay oainia ?acaiaaoaoue, ii iiaeao
aeiaeoueny i?eciaiey e ii/aoa nianai ia ae?oaii iii?eua.

Caeeth/aiea

Nioeeaeueiay iieeoeea – yoi iieeoeea ?aaoee?iaaiey nioeeaeueiie noa?u,
iai?aaeaiiay ia aeinoeaeaiea aeaaininoiyiey a iauanoaa. Nioeeaeueiay
noa?a iauanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee aeeth/aao a naay oi?iu ?aaoee?iaaiey
o?oaeiauo ioiioaiee, o/anoea o?oaeyueony a oi?aaeaiee i?iecaiaenoaaiiui
i?ioeannii, eieeaeoeaiua aeiaiai?u, ainoaea?noaaiioth nenoaio
nioeeaeueiiai iaania/aiey e nioeeaeueiuo oneoa (iiniaey ii aac?aaioeoea,
iainee), o/anoea /anoiuo eaieoaeia a nicaeaiee nioeeaeueiuo oiiaeia,
nioeeaeueioth eio?ano?oeoo?o (ia?aciaaiea, cae?aaiio?aiaiea, iaania/aiea
aeeeueai e o.ae.), a oaeaea ?aaeecaoeeth i?eioeeia nioeeaeueiie
ni?aaaaeeeainoe.

Oaeei ia?acii, noauaeo nioeeaeueiie iieeoeee (nioeeaeueiua a?oiiu,
eiathuea a naieo ?oeao aeanoue a nioeeaeueiie noa?a), iaania/eaay
aeinoeaeaiea aeaaininoiyiey a iauanoaa – niaieoiiinoe enoi?e/anee
neiaeeaoeony oi?i niaianoiie aeayoaeueiinoe ethaeae – ?aaeecoao i?eioeei
nioeeaeueiie ni?aaaaeeeainoe, eioi?ue, eae iaeaieaa iauee, yaeyaony
oeaeueth aeayoaeueiinoe nioeeaeueiie noa?u iauanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee.

Nienie eeoa?aoo?u

Aa?aa? A. No?oeoo?a nioeeaeueiie no?aoeoeeaoeee e oaiaeaioeee
nioeeaeueiie

iiaeeueiinoe // Aia?eeaineay nioeeieiaey / Ia?. n aiae. A.A.Ai?iieia
e A.A.

Ceiueeianeiai. I.:I?ia?ann, 1972. N. 235-247.

Oeeinioneee neiaa?ue, 1991,- iiae ?aae. E.O. O?ieiaa.

Iniiau iieeoieiaee: Eo?n eaeoeee. O/aaiia iiniaea aeey AOCia /I.Naciiia,
A.?aoaoiye e ae?./ – 1993.

Ia/aoiia ecaeaiea – “Aae OO e ie?”, 1992, #5. © Yeaeo?iiiay ioaeeeaoeey

?onneee AEo?iae, 1998

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