Aaaaeaiea. Nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneea oneiaey, neiaeeaoeany a ?innee e
na?aaeeia XVII a
?inney ia/aea XVII a. – oeaio?aeeciaaiiia oaiaeaeueiia ainoaea?noai.
Iniiaie oicyenoaa inoaaaeinue caieaaeaeea, a eioi?ii auei caiyoi
iiaeaaeythuaa aieueoeinoai ianaeaiey. E eiioeo XVI aaea i?ienoiaeeo
cia/eoaeueiia ?anoe?aiea iinaaiuo ieiuaaeae, naycaiiia n eieiiecaoeeae
?onneeie ethaeueie thaeiuo ?aeiiia no?aiu. Ainiiaenoaothuae oi?iie
caieaaeaaeaiey auei oaiaeaeueiia iiianoiia caieaaeaaeaiea. Oe?aieyeanue
e ?anoe?yeanue oaiaeaeueiay nianoaaiiinoue ia caieth, i?ienoiaeeei
aeaeueiaeoaa cae?aiiuaiea e?anoueyi.
A aaaeoueo io?aneyo i?iecaiaenoaa aeaeiia ianoi ia/eiatho caieiaoue
aieaa eee iaiaa e?oiiua i?aaei?eyoey, a iniiaiii ainoaea?noaaiiua:
Iooa/iue aeai?, I?oaeaeiay iaeaoa, Ai?iaeiaie i?eeac e I?eeac eaiaiiuo
aeae n aai ee?ie/iuie caaiaeaie e o.ae. Nicaeaiea e ?acaeoea e?oiiuo
i?aaei?eyoee niinianoaiaaei ?inoo ?acaeaeaiey o?oaea e
oniaa?oainoaiaaieth oaoieee. Oa?aeoa?iie /a?oie ?acaeoey ai?iaeneiai
?aianea yaeyeinue iiyaeaiea iiauo, ana aieaa oceeo niaoeeaeueiinoae.
Oaaee/eaaeinue oi?aiai-i?iiuoeaiiia ianaeaiea ?innee. A Iineao
noaeaeenue eiino?aiiua niaoeeaeenou e eoioeu, /oi i?eaaei e
aicieeiiaaieth a Iineaa Iaiaoeeie neiaiaeu, oi?aiauo aeai?ia –
Aiaeeeneiai, Iaineiai, A?iyineiai. Yoi naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i ana
aic?anoaaoae ?iee oi?aiaee a yeiiiieea ?innee oiai a?aiaie.
?ino ?aianea e oi?aiaee aue ia?aui i?eciaeii ca?iaeaeaiey
eaieoaeenoe/aneeo ioiioaiee a ?innee, iaeiaei oiaaea aua ia
iaaethaeaeenue oneiaey, eioi?ua auee au niiniaiu ea?aeeiaeueii eciaieoue
nouanoaothuee a no?aia yeiiiie/aneee oeeaae, a oi a?aiy eae yeiiiieea
caiaaeiiaa?iiaeneeo no?ai no?aieoaeueii ?acaeaaeanue a iai?aaeaiee
onoaiiaeaiey eaieoaeecia. A ?innee ia auei aaeeiiai iaoeeiiaeueiiai
?uiea, oiaa?ii-aeaiaaeiua ioiioaiey iniiauaaeenue ia i?iaeaaea
ecauoi/iiai i?iaeoeoa oaiaeaeueiiai iaoo?aeueiiai oicyenoaa. ?uii/iua
nayce aace?iaaeenue ia ?acaeaeaiee o?oaea, naycaiiii n ?acee/eyie
anoanoaaiii-aaia?aoe/aneeo oneiaee.
Ia/aei XVII aaea a enoi?ee ?innee auei iciaiaiiaaii e?oiiaeoeie
iieeoe/aneeie e nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneeie iio?ynaieyie. Yoi a?aiy
enoi?eeaie auei iacaaii Niooie. Iiiai/eneaiiua ia?iaeiua aieiaiey,
aacaeanoea e i?iecaie iieuenei-oaaaeneeo eioa?aaioia i?eaaee no?aio e
iaaeaeaiiiio oicyenoaaiiiio ?aci?aieth. Iineaaenoaeai niooiiai a?aiaie
aue iiuiue ?aa?ann yeiiiie/aneiai e nioeeaeueii-iieeoe/aneiai iieiaeaiey
ii n?aaiaieth n aeinoeaiooui e eiioeo XVI aaea. Aeieoiaioaeueiua e
eeoa?aoo?iua enoi/ieee oiai a?aiaie ?enotho i?a/iua ea?oeiu ?aci?aiiuo,
iaacethaeaaoeo ai?iaeia e naeaiee, caionoaaoeo iaoaiiuo caiaeue, oiaaeea
?aianea e oi?aiaee. Oai ia iaiaa ?onneea ethaee aeinoaoi/ii auno?i
ni?aaeeenue n aaaenoaeyie, e e na?aaeeia XVII aaea aeeciue noaea
aoiaeeoue a i?aaeiaa ?onei.
Yeiiiie/aneia iieiaeaiea ?innee ai II iieiaeia XVII aaea
1. Iauay oa?aeoa?enoeea
Ii?aaeaoenue iinea aieiu e eioa?aaioeee ia/aea aaea, no?aia anooieea a
iiaue yoai nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneiai ?acaeoey. XVII aae aue a?aiaiai
cia/eoaeueiiai ?inoa i?iecaiaeeoaeueiuo nee a iaeanoe i?iiuoeaiiinoe e
caieaaeaeey. Ianiio?y ia ainiiaenoai iaoo?aeueiiai oicyenoaa, oniaoe
iauanoaaiiiai ?acaeaeaiey o?oaea i?eaaee ia oieueei e ?anoeaaoo iaeeiai
i?iecaiaenoaa, ii e aicieeiiaaieth ia?auo ?onneeo iaiooaeoo?.
I?iiuoeaiiua i?aaei?eyoey eoioeia e caieaaeaeue/aneea oicyenoaa e?oiiuo
aio/eiieeia e iaeeeo neoaeeeuo ethaeae aua?anuaaee ia ?uiie ana aieueoaa
eiee/anoai ecauoi/iiai i?iaeoeoa. I?e yoii ?inea ia oieueei aioo?aiiyy,
ii e aiaoiyy oi?aiaey. Ia?aciaaiea ana?inneeneiai iaoeeiiaeueiiai ?uiea
auei ea/anoaaiii iiaui yaeaieai, eioi?ia iiaeaioiaeei oneiaey aeey
aicieeiiaaiey eaieoaeenoe/aneiai i?iecaiaenoaa e a naith i/a?aaeue
eniuoaei ia naaa aai ia?aoiia iiaouanoaaiiia aeeyiea.
A XVII aaea iaicia/eeenue i?eciaee ia/aaoaainy i?ioeanna
ia?aiia/aeueiiai iaeiieaiey – iiyaeaiea eoioeia, iaeaaeaoaeae e?oiiiai
eaieoaea, iaaeeaoeo aiaaonoai iooai iayeaeaaeaioiiai iaiaia (oi?aiaoeu
nieueth, ae?aaioeaiiie neae?neie iooieiie, iiaai?iaeneei e ineianeei
eueiii).
Iaeiaei a oneiaeyo e?aiinoiiai ?onneiai ainoaea?noaa i?ioeannu
aeaiaaeiiai iaeiieaiey i?ioaeaee naiaia?acii e caiaaeeaiii, ?acei
ioee/aynue io oaiiia e oi?i ia?aiia/aeueiiai iaeiieaiey a
caiaaeiiaa?iiaeneeo no?aiao. ?onneia ainoaea?noai XVII aaea ia
?aniieaaaei aeaaii?eyoiuie oneiaeyie aeey naiaai oicyenoaaiiiai
?acaeoey: aai oi?aiaey e i?iiuoeaiiinoue ia aeinoeaee oaeiai o?iaiy,
eioi?ue iia iaania/eoue iinoaiaiioth eeeaeaeaoeeth ee/iie caaeneiinoe
e?anoueyieia; oaeaeaiiia io caiaaeiuo e thaeiuo ii?ae, iii ia iiaei
iaeaaeeoue naiinoiyoaeueiie, aeoeaiie ii?neie oi?aiaee; iooiua aiaaonoaa
Neae?e ia iiaee eiieo?e?iaaoue n iaen/a?iaaiuie oeaiiinoyie aia?eeaineeo
e thaeiiaceaoneeo eieiiee. Aoyiooay a aiaeiai?io ie?iaie oi?aiaee a
naiii ia/aea eaieoaeenoe/aneie y?u, ?inney iieo/eea a XVII aaea cia/aiea
nu?ueaaiai ?uiea, iinoaaueea naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo i?iaeoeoia
yeiiiie/anee aieaa ?acaeoui no?aiai. I?ioeann ia?aiia/aeueiiai
iaeiieaiey eaieoaea caiaaeeyei aua iaeii oneiaea. Ia?iiiua caiaeueiua
?aca?au, n?aaieoaeueii eaaei aeinooiiua ia?anaeaioeai, niinianoaiaaee
iinoaiaiiiio ?ac?aaeaieth ianaeaiey a enoi?e/aneii oeaio?a, niya/aieth
aneaaenoaea yoiai ino?iou eeanniauo i?ioeai?a/ee e a oi aea a?aiy
?ani?ino?aiaieth oaiaeaeueiuo ioiioaiee ia iiaua, iacaiyoua oa??eoi?ee.
Caoi?iiaeaiiinoue i?ioeanna ia?aiia/aeueiiai iaeiieaiey i?eaaea e
aaaeiui iineaaenoaeyi aeey anaai iineaaeothuaai oicyenoaaiiiai ?acaeoey
no?aiu. A ?inne ?ino oiaa?iiai i?iecaiaenoaa aeieaia a?aiy iia?aaeae
?anoe?aiea ?uiea ?aai/ae neeu. I?iecaiaeeoaee no?aieeenue ainiieieoue
iaaeinoaoie aieueiiiaaiiuo ?aai/eo i?eaea/aieai e o?oaeo ia naieo
i?aaei?eyoeyo e?aiinoiuo e?anoueyi. ?inney ieacaeanue a iieiaeaiee
no?aiu, eioi?ay auea aoyiooa a ie?iaie eaieoaeenoe/aneee iai?io e ia/aea
i?eiauaoueny e eaieoaeenoe/aneiio i?iecaiaenoao, ia oniaa ecaaaeoueny io
iaeiyooaeoeaiiai aa?ueiiiai o?oaea. ?acoeueoaoii oaeiai aeaienoaaiiiai
iieiaeaiey auei ia oieueei acaeiiia ia?aieaoaiea noa?uo e iiauo
i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee, ii aei ecaanoiiai iiiaioa iaeiia?aiaiiia
?acaeoea oao e ae?oaeo. Oaiaeaeueiay nianoaaiiinoue ia caieth
i?iaeieaeaea ?anoe?youeny e oi?i/eaaoueny, iineoaeea iniiaie aeey
?acaeoey e th?eaee/aneiai ioi?ieaiey e?aiinoiiai i?aaa.
2. Naeueneia oicyenoai
Ai aoi?ie iieiaeia XVII aaea aaaeouae io?aneueth yeiiiieee ?innee
inoaaaeinue ca?iiaia oicyenoai. I?ia?ann a yoie noa?a iaoa?eaeueiiai
i?iecaiaenoaa a oi a?aiy aue naycai n oe?ieei ?ani?ino?aiaieai
o?aoiieuey e i?eiaiaieai anoanoaaiiuo oaeia?aiee. Oeaa iinoaiaiii noae
iniiaiui oiaa?iui i?iaeoeoii naeueneiai oicyenoaa.
E na?aaeeia aaea ?onneee ia?iae oii?iui o?oaeii i?aiaeieae ?ac?ooo,
aucaaiioth eiicaiiuie aoi?aeaieyie. E?anoueyia aiiaue canaeeee iieeiooua
i?aaeaea aea?aaie, aniaoaee ionoioe, iacaaaeenue neioii e
naeueneioicyenoaaiiui eiaaioa?ai.
A ?acoeueoaoa ?onneie e?anoueyineie eieiiecaoeee auee inaiaiu iiaua
?aeiiu: ia thaa no?aiu, a Iiaieaeuea, Aaoee?ee, Neae?e. Ai anao yoeo
ianoao aicieeee iiaua i/aae caieaaeaeue/aneie eoeueoo?u.
Ii iauee o?iaaiue ?acaeoey naeueneiai oicyenoaa aue ieceei. A
caieaaeaeee i?iaeieaeaee i?eiaiyoueny oaeea i?eieoeaiua i?oaeey, eae
nioa e ai?iia. A eaniuo ?aeiiao Naaa?a ana aua nouanoaiaaea iiaenaea, a
a noaiiie iieina THaa e N?aaeiaai Iiaieaeuey – ia?aeia.
Iniiaie ?acaeoey aeeaioiiaiaenoaa yaeyeinue e?anoueyineia oicyenoai.
Neioiaiaenoai iniaaiii ?acaeaaeinue a Iiii?uea, ia ss?ineaaueia, a
thaeiuo oacaeao.
Auno?i ?inei aeai?yineia caieaaeaaeaiea a ?acoeueoaoa iiiai/eneaiiuo
iiaeaeiaaiee i?aaeoaeuenoaii iiianoee e aio/ei aeai?yiai. E eiioeo XVII
aaea aio/eiiia aeai?yineia caieaaeaaeaiea noaei i?aauoaoue
aeiieie?othuaa ?aiaa iiianoiia caieaaeaaeaiea.
Oeaio?ii iiianouey eee aio/eiu auei naei eee naeueoei. Iau/ii a naea
ian/eouaaeinue ieiei 15–30 e?anoueyineeo aeai?ia. Ii auee aea?aaie a
aeaa-o?e aeai?a. Naei ioee/aeinue io aea?aaie ia oieueei aieueoeie
?acia?aie, ii e iaee/eai oea?eae n eieieieueiae. Iii yaeyeinue oeaio?ii
aeey anao aea?aaooae, aoiaeyueo a aai oea?eiaiue i?eoiae.
A naeueneioicyenoaaiiii i?iecaiaenoaa i?aiaeaaeaei iaoo?aeueiia
oicyenoai. Iaeeia i?iecaiaenoai a caieaaeaeee auei niaaeeiaii n
aeiiaoiae e?anoueyineie i?iiuoeaiiinoueth e iaeeei ai?iaeneei ?aianeii.
A XVII aaea caiaoii aic?inea oi?aiaey naeueneioicyenoaaiiuie
i?iaeoeoaie, /oi auei naycaii n inaiaieai ieiaei?iaeiuo caiaeue thaa e
ainoiea, iiyaeaieai ?yaea i?iiuneiauo ?aeiiia, ia i?iecaiaeeaoeo naiaai
oeaaa e ?inoii ai?iaeia.
Iiaui e aanueia aaaeiui yaeaieai a naeueneii oicyenoaa XVII a. Auea aai
naycue n i?iiuoeaiiui i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaii. Iiiaea e?anoueyia a
naiaiaeiia io iieaauo ?aaio a?aiy, aeaaiui ia?acii inaiueth e ceiie,
caieiaeanue ?aianeaiie/anoaii: iie ecaioiaeyee iieioia, iaoaue,
iaeaaeaeo, iinoaeo, naeueneioicyenoaaiiua i?oaeey e o.ae. Iaeioi?ay
/anoue yoeo ecaeaeee eniieueciaaeanue a naiii e?anoueyineii oicyenoaa
eee ioaeaaaeanue a ea/anoaa ia?iea iiiaueeo, ae?oaay i?iaeaaaeanue ia
aeeaeaeoai ?uiea.
Oaiaeaeu ana aieueoa onoaiaaeeaaee eiioaeo n ?uieii, aaea iie nauaaee
iieo/aiiua ii ia?ieo i?iaeoeou e ?aianeaiiua ecaeaeey. Ia
oaeiaeaoai?yynue ia?ieii, iie ?anoe?yee nianoaaiioth caiaoeo e
iaeaaeeaaee nianoaaiiia i?iecaiaenoai ecaeaeee.
Nio?aiyy a iniiaiii iaoo?aeueiue oa?aeoa?, naeueneia oicyenoai oaiaeaeia
oaea a cia/eoaeueiie ia?a auei naycaii n ?uieii. ?inei i?iecaiaenoai
i?iaeoeoia aeey niaaaeaiey ai?iaeia e ?yaea i?iiuoeaiiuo ?aeiiia, ia
i?iecaiaeeaoeo oeaaa. THaeiua oacaeu ainoaea?noaa i?aa?auaeenue a
oeaaii?iecaiaeyuea ?aeiiu, ioeoaea oeaa iinooiae a iaeanoue aeiineiai
eaca/anoaa e a oeaio?aeueiua iaeanoe (iniaaiii a Iineao). Ecauoie oeaaa
aeaaaee e oacaeu Iiaieaeuey.
Aeaaiue iooue ?acaeoey naeueneiai oicyenoaa yoiai a?aiaie –
yenoaineaiue: a oicyenoaaiiue iai?io caieaaeaaeaeueoeu aeeth/atho ana
aieueoaa eiee/anoai iiauo oa??eoi?ee.
3. I?iiuoeaiiinoue
A ioee/ea io naeueneiai oicyenoaa, i?iiuoeaiiia i?iecaiaenoai
i?iaeaeioeinue aia?aae aiea caiaoii. Naiia oe?ieia ?ani?ino?aiaiea
iieo/eea aeiiaoiyy i?iiuoeaiiinoue; ii anae no?aia e?anoueyia
i?iecaiaeeee oienou e na?iyaeiia noeii, aa?aaee e eaiaou, iaoaue
aaeyioth e eiaeaioth, ?aciiia?acioth iaeaaeaeo e iinoaeo e iiiaia
ae?oaia. *a?ac neoiueeia yoe ecaeaeey iiiaaeaee ia ?uiie. Iinoaiaiii
e?anoueyineay i?iiuoeaiiinoue ia?a?anoaao aeiiaoiea ?aiee, i?aa?auaaony
a iaeeia oiaa?iia i?iecaiaenoai.
N?aaee ?aianeaiieeia iaeaieaa iiiai/eneaiioth a?oiio ninoaaeyee oyaeua –
?aianeaiieee ai?iaeneeo iinaaeia e /a?iinioiuo aieinoae. Iie auiieiyee
/anoiua caeacu eee ?aaioaee ia ?uiie. Aeai?oeiaua ?aianeaiieee
ianeoaeeaaee ioaeaeu oea?neiai aeai?a; eacaiiua e caieniua ?aaioaee ii
caeacai eaciu ( no?ieoaeueiua ?aaiou, caaioiaea iaoa?eaeia e ae?.);
/anoiiaeaaeaeue/aneea – ec e?anoueyi, aiaueae e oieiiia – ecaioiaeyee
ana iaiaoiaeeiia aeey iiiaueeia e aio/eiieeia. ?aianei a aeiaieueii
aieueoeo ?acia?ao ia?a?anoaei, i?aaeaea anaai o oyaeaoeia, a oiaa?iia
i?iecaiaenoai.
Ecaeaaia nouanoaiaaaoay a no?aia iaoaeeiia?aaioea auea iniiaaia ia
aeiau/a aieioiuo ?oae. Oeaio?u iaoaeeo?aee neiaeeeenue a oacaeao e thao
io Iineau: Na?iooianeii, Eaoe?neii, Ooeueneii, Aeaaeeeianeii,
Aeaeneineii. Ae?oaie oeaio? – oacaeu e naaa?i-caiaaeo io Iineau:
Onothaeia AEaeaciiiieueneay, Oeoaei, Caiiaaeuea.
E?oiiui oeaio?ii iaoaeeiia?aaioee aunooiaea Iineaa – aua a ia/aea 40-o
aiaeia caeanue ian/eouaaeinue aieaa iieooi?a nioai eocieoe. A noieeoea
?aaioaee eo/oea a ?innee ianoa?a ii cieioo e na?aa?o. Oeaio?aie
na?aa?yiiai i?iecaiaenoaa auee oaeaea Onotha Aaeeeee, Ieaeiee Iiaai?iae,
Aaeeeee Iiaai?iae, Oeoaei e ae?. Ia?aaioeie iaaee e ae?oaeo oeaaoiuo
iaoaeeia caieiaeenue a Iineaa, Iiii?uea (ecaioiaeaiea eioeia, eieieieia
iinoaeu n ?anieniie yiaeueth, /aeaieie e ae?.).
Iaoaeeiia?aaioea a cia/eoaeueiie noaiaie i?aa?auaaony a oiaa?iia
i?iecaiaenoai, i?e/ai ia oieueei ia ai?iaeneeo iinaaeao, ii e a
aea?aaia.
Eocia/iia aeaei iaia?oaeeaaao oaiaeaioeee e oe?oiiaieth i?iecaiaenoaa,
i?eiaiaieth iaaiiiai o?oaea. Iniaaiii yoi oa?aeoa?ii aeey Ooeu,
Onothaeiu, Oeoaeia, Onothaa Aaeeeiai.
Aiaeiae/iua yaeaiey, oioy e a iaiueoae noaiaie, ioia/athony a
aea?aaiia?aaioea. Ii anae no?aia ieioieee ?aaioaee a iniiaiii ia caeac –
no?ieee aeiia, ?a/iua e ii?neea noaea. Iniaui ianoa?noaii ioee/aeenue
ieioieee ec Iiii?uey.
E?oiiaeoei oeaio?ii eiaeaaaiiie i?iiuoeaiiinoe aue ss?ineaaeue, eoaea ec
iiiaeo oacaeia no?aiu iinooiaei nu?uea aeey auaeaeee eiaeaiuo ecaeaeee.
Caeanue ?aaioaei aieueoia /enei iaeeeo «caaiaeia» – ?aianeaiiuo
ianoa?neeo. Ia?aaioeie eiaee caieiaeenue ianoa?a ec Eaeoae e Ieaeiaai
Iiaai?iaea. ss?ineaaneea ianoa?a-eiaeaaaiieee eniieueciaaee iaaiiue
o?oae; iaeioi?ua «caaiaeu ia?a?anoaee a i?aaei?eyoey iaiooaeoo?iiai oeia
ni cia/eoaeueiui ?acaeaeaieai o?oaea.
I?e anai naiai ?acaeoee ?aianeaiiia i?iecaiaenoai ia iiaei oaea
oaeiaeaoai?eoue ni?in ia i?iiuoeaiioth i?iaeoeoeeth. Yoi i?eaiaeeo e
aicieeiiaaieth a XVII aaea iaiooaeoo? – i?aaei?eyoee, iniiaaiiuo ia
?acaeaeaiee o?oaea iaaeaeo ?aaioieeaie. Anee a Caiaaeiie Aa?iia
iaiooaeoo?u i?aaenoaaeyee niaie eaieoaeenoe/aneea i?aaei?eyoey,
ianeoaeeaaeenue o?oaeii iaaiiuo ?aai/eo, oi a ?innee, a oneiaeyo
ainiiaenoaa oaiaeaeueii-e?aiinoie/aneiai no?iy, aicieeathuaa
iaiooaeoo?iia i?iecaiaenoai a cia/eoaeueiie noaiaie auei iniiaaii ia
e?aiinoiii o?oaea. Aieueoay /anoue iaiooaeoo? i?eiaaeeaaeaea eacia,
oea?neiio aeai?o e e?oiiiio aiy?noao.
Aeai?oeiaua iaiooaeoo?u auee nicaeaiu aeey i?iecaiaenoaa oeaiae aeey
oea?neiai aeai?a. Iaeiie ec ia?auo aeai?oeiauo iieioiyiuo iaiooaeoo? aue
Oaiiaiue aeai?, ?aniieiaeaiiue a iiaeiineiaiuo aeai?oeiauo neiaiaeao.
Eacaiiua iaiooaeoo?u, aicieeoea aua a XV aaea, eae i?aaeei,
iniiauaaeenue aeey i?iecaiaenoaa ?acee/iuo aeaeia aii?oaeaiey. Eacaiiuie
iaiooaeoo?aie yaeyeenue Iooa/iue aeai?, I?oaeaeiay iaeaoa, Aeaiaaeiue,
THaaee?iue aeai?u e ae?oaea i?aaei?eyoey. Ia eacaiiuo e aeai?oeiauo
iaiooaeoo?ao ?aaioaei ianaeaiea iineianeeo eacaiiuo e aeai?oeiauo
neiaiae. ?aai/ea, oioy e iieo/aee aeaeiaaiea, yaeyeenue oaiaeaeueii
caaeneiuie ethaeueie, ia eiaee i?aaa a?inaoue ?aaioo.
Aio/eiiua iaiooaeoo?u iineee iaeaieaa y?ei au?aaeaiiue e?aiinoiie
oa?aeoa?. AEaeaciaeaeaoaeueiua, iioaoiua, eiaeaaaiiua, iieioiyiua e
ae?oaea iaiooaeoo?u auee nicaeaiu a aio/eiao aiy? Ii?iciaa,
Ieeineaaneiai, No?iaaiiauo e ae?. Caeanue i?eiaiyeny ii/oe
eneeth/eoaeueii i?eioaeeoaeueiue o?oae e?aiinoiuo e?anoueyi.
Ia eoia/aneeo iaiooaeoo?ao eniieueciaaeny iaaiiue o?oae. A 1666 a.
Iiaai?iaeneee eoiaoe Naiai Aaa?eeia, i?enooiea e nicaeaieth
aeaeaciaeaeaoaeueiie iaiooaeoo?u, iieiaeee ia/aei ieiiaoeeei caaiaeai. A
Onothaeia, Ooea, Oeoaeia, Onothaa Aaeeeii iaeioi?ua ?acaiaaoaaoea eoioeu
noaee iniiauaaoue iaoaeeiia?aaaouaathuea i?aaei?eyoey. A 90-o aiaeao
XVII aaea ?acaiaaoaaoee ooeueneee eociaoe-?aianeaiiee Ieeeoa Aioooueaa
ioe?ue /oaoiiieaaeeueiue caaiae. Iaeioi?ua iaiooaeoo?u e i?iiuneu auee
iniiaaiu aiaaouie e?anoueyiaie, iai?eia?, aieaeneea nieyiua i?iiuneu,
eiaeaaaiiua, ea?aie/aneea e oaenoeeueiua iaiooaeoo?u. E?iia eoia/aneeo
iaiooaeoo? iaaiiue o?oae eniieuecoaony e a ee?ie/iii i?iecaiaenoaa, a
no?ieoaeuenoaa, ?uaiie e nieaaa?aiiie i?iiuoeaiiinoe. N?aaee ?aai/eo
auei iiiai e?anoueyi-ia?i/ieeia, eioi?ua, oioy ee/ii e ia auee
naiaiaeiuie ethaeueie, i?iaeaaaee naith ?aai/oth neeo aeaaeaeueoeai
n?aaenoa i?iecaiaenoaa.
4. Oi?aiaey
?ino i?iecaiaeeoaeueiuo nee a naeueneii oicyenoaa e i?iiuoeaiiinoe,
oaeoaeaiea iauanoaaiiiai ?acaeaeaiey o?oaea e oa??eoi?eaeueiie
i?iecaiaenoaaiiie niaoeeaeecaoeee i?eaiaeeee e iaoeeiiiiio ?anoe?aieth
oi?aiauo naycae. A XVII aaea oi?aiaua nayce oaea nouanoaotho a
iaoeeiiaeueiuo ianooaaao.
Ia Naaa?a, ioaeaeaaoeiny a i?eaiciii oeaaa, neeaaeuaathony oeaaiua
?uiee, aeaaiui ec eioi?uo auea Aieiaaea. Oi?aiaui oeaio?ii a
naaa?i-caiaaeiie /anoe ainoaea?noaa inoaaaeny Iiaai?iae – e?oiiue ?uiie
ii nauoo eueiyiuo e eiiiieyiuo ecaeaeee. Aaaeiuie ?uieaie i?iaeoeoia
aeeaioiiaiaenoaa auee Eacaiue, Aieiaaea, ss?ineaaeue, ?uieaie nauoa
iaoia – iaeioi?ua ai?iaea naaa?iie /anoe ?one: Nieueau/aaiaene, E?aeo e
ae?. E?oiiaeoeie i?iecaiaeeoaeyie iaoaeeiecaeaeee noaee Ooea, Oeoaei e
ae?oaea ai?iaea.
Iniiaiui oi?aiaui oeaio?ii ii anae ?innee ii-i?aaeiaio yaeyeanue Iineaa,
a eioi?ie noiaeeeenue oi?aiaua iooe ni anao eiioeia no?aiu e ec-ca
a?aieoeu. A 120 niaoeeaeece?iaaiiuo ?yaeao iineianeiai oi?aa
i?iaeaaaeenue oaeea, iaoa, iaoaeee/aneea e oa?noyiua ecaeaeey, aeia,
naei, oeaa e ae?oaea ioa/anoaaiiua e eiino?aiiua oiaa?u. I?eia?aee
ana?inneeneia cia/aiea y?ia?ee – Iaea?ueaaneay, A?oaiaaeueneay,
E?aeoneay. Aieaa naycaea yeiiiie/aneeie ocaie iiiaea ai?iaea ?innee.
Ainiiaenoaothuaa iieiaeaiea a oi?aiaea caieiaee iinaaeneea ethaee, a
ia?aoth i/a?aaeue ainoe e /eaiu ainoeiie e noeiiiie nioai. E?oiiua
oi?aiaoeu auoiaeeee ec caaeeoi/iuo ?aianeaiieeia, e?anoueyi. Oi?aiaaee
?aciuie oiaa?aie e ai iiiaeo ianoao; oi?aiaay niaoeeaeecaoeey auea
?acaeoa neaai, eaieoae ia?auaeny iaaeeaiii, naiaiaeiua n?aaenoaa e
e?aaeeo ionoonoaiaaee, ?inoiaue/anoai aua ia noaei i?ioanneiiaeueiui
caiyoeai. ?aca?inaiiinoue oi?aiaee o?aaiaaea iiiai aaaioia e
iin?aaeieeia. Oieueei e eiioeo aaea iiyaeyaony niaoeeaeece?iaaiiay
oi?aiaey.
A ?innee oneeeaaeny ni?in ia i?iiuoeaiiua ecaeaeey, a ?acaeoea
naeueneiai oicyenoaa e ?aianea aeaaaei aiciiaeiinoue noaaeeueiiai
yenii?oa.
A eiii?oa ec no?ai Caiaaeiie Aa?iiu a ?inneth aaaeiia ianoi caieiaee
oaeeiaua oeaie, i?oaeea, iaoaeeu, noeia, i?aaeiaou ?ineioe. Ec ?innee
auaiceeenue iaoa, eiaee, iaiueea, aine, oeaa.
Iaeeaeaiiie auea oi?aiaey ni no?aiaie Ainoiea. Iia aaeanue a iniiaiii
/a?ac Ano?aoaiue. Aaiceeenue oaeea, ?acee/iua oeaie, i?yiinoe, i?aaeiaou
?ineioe, auaiceeenue iaoa, eiaea ?aianeaiiua ecaeaeey. ?onneia
eoia/anoai, iaiaa neeueiia yeiiiie/anee, /ai oi?aiaue eaieoae caiaaeiuo
no?ai, ianei iioa?e aneaaenoaea caiaaeiie eiieo?aioeee, iniaaiii a
neo/aa i?aaeinoaaeaiey i?aaeoaeuenoaii aa?iiaeneei eoioeai i?aaa
aaniioeeiiie oi?aiaee. Iiyoiio i?aaeoaeuenoai i?eiyei a 1667 aiaeo
Iiaioi?aiaue onoaa, niaeanii eioi?iio ?icie/iay oi?aiaey eiino?aioeaa a
?onneeo ai?iaeao cai?auaeanue, aaniioeeiiay iioiaay oi?aiaey
?ac?aoaeanue eeoue a iia?aie/iuo ai?iaeao, a ai aioo?aiiae ?innee
eiino?aiiua oiaa?u iaeaaaeenue i/aiue aunieeie iioeeiaie, /anoi a
?acia?a 100% noieiinoe. Iiaioi?aiaue onoaa aue ia?aui i?iyaeaieai
i?ioaeoeeiienoneie iieeoeee ?onneiai i?aaeoaeuenoaa.
5. Ainoaea?noaaiiua oeiainu
N ia?aciaaieai ?onneiai oeaio?aeeciaaiiiai ainoaea?noaa auea nicaeaia
aaeeiay aeaiaaeiay nenoaia (?aoi?ia 1535 a.). N yoiai a?aiaie ia/aeanue
/aeaiea iiaie iauaainoaea?noaaiiie iiiaou – iiaai?iaeee, eee eiiaeee, e
iineiaee-iiaai?iaeee. No?ie ?onneie n/aoii-aeaiaaeiie nenoaiu noae
aeanyoe/iui. *aeaiea iiiaou auea iaeiie ec noaoae aeioiaeia
ainoaea?noaa. Iiaeaaeythuoth /anoue ainoaea?noaaiiuo aeioiaeia
ninoaaeyee iiiai/eneaiiua iaeiae – i?yiua e einaaiiua, eioi?ua iaoeeiiii
aic?anoaee. N na?aaeeiu XVI aei na?aaeeiu XVII a. ?acia?u iaeiaia
oaaee/eeenue aaeaia.
A XVII aaea nenoaia i?yiuo iaeiaia auea eciaiaia. Iicaiaeueiia
iaeiaeaiea niaieeinue iiaeai?iui. Aic?in oaeaeueiue aan iai?yiuo iaeiaia
– oaiiaeaiiuo e eaaaoeeeo. Oae, a 1679–1680 aa. Iai?yiua nai?u aeaee
53,3% anao aeioiaeia ainoaea?noaa, a i?yiua – 44%.
Aaaeiaeoae ?anoiaeiie noaoueae athaeaeaoa (nauoa 60%) auee aiaiiua
?anoiaeu.
Nioeeaeueiia ono?ienoai ?innee ai II iieiaeia XVII aaea
1. Nineiaey
N?aaee anao eeannia e nineiaee ainiiaenoaothuaa ianoi aaconeiaii
i?eiaaeeaaeaei oaiaeaeai. A eo eioa?anao ainoaea?noaaiiay aeanoue
i?iaiaeeea ia?u ii oe?aieaieth nianoaaiiinoe aiy? e aeai?yi ia caieth e
e?anoueyi, ii niei/aieth i?ineiae eeanna oaiaeaeia. Neoaeeeua ethaee
ioi?ieeenue a XVII aaea a neiaeioth e /aoeoth ea?a?oeth /eiia, iaycaiiuo
ainoaea?noao neoaeaie ii aiaiiiio, a?aaeaeaineiio, i?eaeai?iiio
aaaeiinoaai a iaiai ia i?aai aeaaeaoue caieae e e?anoueyiaie. Iie
aeaeeeenue ia /eiu aeoiiua (aiy?a, ieieueie/ea, aeoiiua aeai?yia e
aeoiiua aeueyee), iineianeea (noieueieee, no?yi/ea, aeai?yia iineianeea
e aeeeueoeu) e ai?iaeiaua (aeai?yia auai?iua, aeai?yia e aeaoe aiy?neea
aeai?iaua, aeai?yia e aeaoe aiy?neea ai?iaeiaua). Ii caneoaai, ii
neoaeaa e ciaoiinoe i?ienoiaeaeaiey oaiaeaeu ia?aoiaeeee ec iaeiiai /eia
a ae?oaie. Aeai?yinoai i?aa?auaeinue a caieiooue eeann – nineiaea.
Aeanoe no?iai e iineaaeiaaoaeueii no?aieeenue nio?aieoue a ?oeao aeai?yi
eo iiianouey e aio/eiu. O?aaiaaiey aeai?yi e ia?u aeanoae i?eaaee e
oiio, /oi e eiioeo aaea naaee ?acieoeo iaaeaeo iiianoueai e aio/eiie e
ieieioio. A oa/aiea anaai noieaoey i?aaeoaeuenoaa, n iaeiie noi?iiu,
?acaeaaaee oaiaeaeai ia?iiiua ianneau caiaeue; n ae?oaie – /anoue
aeaaeaiee, aieaa eee iaiaa cia/eoaeueioth, ia?aaaee ec iiianouey a
aio/eio.
Aieueoea caiaeueiua aeaaeaiey n e?anoueyiaie i?eiaaeeaaeaee aeooiaiui
oaiaeaeai. A XVII aaea aeanoe i?iaeieaeaee eo?n naieo i?aaeoanoaaiieeia
ia ia?aie/aiea oea?eiaiiai caieaaeaaeaiey. «Oeiaeaiea» 1649 a.,
iai?eia?, cai?aoeei aeooiaainoao i?eia?aoaoue iiaua caiee.
Ia?aie/eaaeenue i?eaeeaaee oea?eae a aeaeao noaea e oi?aaeaiey.
A ioee/ea io oaiaeaeia, iniaaiii aeai?yinoaa, iieiaeaiea e?anoueyi e
oieiiia a XVII aaea nouanoaaiii oooaeoeeinue. Ec /anoiiaeaaeaeue/aneeo
iieo/oa aeeeinue e?anoueyiai aeai?oeiaui, ooaea anao – e?anoueyiai
naaoneeo oaiaeaeia, iniaaiii iaeeeo. E?anoueyia ?aaioaee a iieueco
oaiaeaeia ia aa?ueia («ecaeaeuea»), aiineee iaoo?aeueiue e aeaiaaeiue
ia?iee. Iau/iue ?acia? «ecaeaeuey» – io aeaoo aei /aou?ao aeiae a
iaaeaeth, a caaeneiinoe io ?acia?ia aa?neiai oicyenoaa, ninoiyoaeueiinoe
e?aiinoiuo, eiee/anoaa o ieo caiee. «Noieiaua caianu» – oeaa e iyni,
iaiue e o?oeou, naii e ae?iaa, a?eau e yaiaeu – aiceee ia aeai?u e
aeaaeaeueoeai oa aea e?anoueyia. Ieioieeia e eaiaiueeia, ee?ie/ieeia
eae?oaeo ianoa?ia aeai?yia e aiy?a a?aee ec naieo nae e aea?aaaiue.
E?anoueyia ?aaioaee ia ia?auo oaa?eeao e caaiaeao, i?eiaaeeaaeaaoeo
oaiaeaeai eee eacia, ecaioiaeyee ia aeiio noeia e oienou e o.i.
E?aiinoiua, iiieii ?aaio e ieaoaaeae a iieueco oaiaeaeia, ianee
iiaeiiinoe a iieueco eaciu. A oeaeii eo iaeiaeaiea, iiaeiiinoe auee
oyaeaeaa, /ai o aeai?oeiauo e /a?iinioiuo. Iieiaeaiea caaeneiuo io
oaiaeaeia e?anoueyi onoaoaeyeinue e oai, /oi noae e ?ani?aaa aiy? e eo
i?eeac/eeia nii?iaiaeaeaeenue iai?ee?uouie ianeeeyie,
ecaeaaaoaeuenoaaie, oieaeaieai /aeiaa/aneiai aeinoieinoaa. Iinea 1649 a.
Oe?ieea ?acia?u i?eiye nune aaaeuo e?anoueyi. Ouny/aie eo oaaoaee e
aica?auaee aeaaeaeueoeai.
*oiau i?iaeeoue, e?anoueyia oee a iooiae, a «aao?aee», ia ca?aaioee.
Iaaaeiaaoea e?anoueyia ia?aoiaeeee a eaoaai?eth aiaueae.
O oaiaeaeia, iniaaiii e?oiiuo, auei iiiai oieiiia, eiiaaea ii ianeieueei
nio /aeiaae. Yoi – i?eeac/eee e neoae aeey iinueie, eiithoe e ii?oiua,
noi?iaea e naiiaeieee, nieieueieee e ae?. E eiioeo aaea i?iecioei
neeyiea oieiinoaa n e?anoueyinoaii.
Eo/oa aeeeinue ainoaea?noaaiiui, eee /a?iinioiui, e?anoueyiai. Iie
caaenaee io oaiaeaeueiiai ainoaea?noaa: a aai iieueco aiineee iaeiae,
ianee ?aciua iiaeiiinoe.
Ianiio?y ia ne?iiioth aeieth oi?aiaoeaa e ?aianeaiieeia a iauai
eiee/anoaa aeeoaeae ?innee, iie ea?aee aanueia nouanoaaiioth ?ieue a aa
oicyenoaaiiie aeecie. Aaaeouee oeaio? ?aianeaiiiai, i?iiuoeaiiiai
i?iecaiaenoaa, oi?aiauo iia?aoeee – Iineaa. Caeanue a 40-a aiaeu
?aaioaee ianoa?a iaoaeeiia?aaioee (a 128 eocieoeao), iaoiaiai aeaea
(i?eia?ii 100 ianoa?ia), ecaioiaeaiey ?acee/iie aaeu (ieiei 600
/aeiaae), eiae e eiaeaiuo ecaeaeee, iaeaaeaeu e aieiaiuo oai?ia, iiiai
ae?oaiai – anaai, /oi ioaeii aieueoiio iiiaiethaeiiio ai?iaeo.
A iaiueoae, ii aeinoaoi/ii caiaoiie noaiaie ?aianei ?acaeaaeinue e a
ae?oaeo ai?iaeao ?innee. Cia/eoaeueiay /anoue ?aianeaiieeia ?aaioaea ia
ainoaea?noai, eacio. *anoue ?aianeaiieeia ianeoaeeaaea ioaeaeu aeai?oea
(aeai?oeiaua) e aeeaoeo a Iineaa e ae?oaeo ai?iaeao oaiaeaeia (aio/eiiua
?aianeaiieee). Inoaeueiua aoiaeeee a iinaaeneea iaueiu ai?iaeia, ianee
?acee/iua iiaeiiinoe e ieaoeee iaeiae, niaieoiiinoue eioi?uo iacuaaeanue
oyaeii. ?aianeaiieee ec iinaaeneeo oyaeaoeia io ?aaiou ii caeaco
iio?aaeoaey ca/anooth ia?aoiaeeee e ?aaioa ia ?uiie, e ?aianei, oaeei
ia?acii, ia?a?anoaei a oiaa?iia i?iecaiaenoai. Iiyaeeanue e i?inoay
eaieoaeenoe/aneay eiiia?aoeey, i?eiaiyeny iaaiiue o?oae. A iaaiieee e
?acaiaaoaaoei eociaoeai, eioaeueieeai, oeaaieeai e ae?oaei oee aaaeiua
iinaaeneea ethaee, e?anoueyia. Oi aea i?ienoiaeeei ia o?ainii?oa, ?a/iii
e aoaeaaii.
?acaeoea ?aianeaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa, aai i?ioanneiiaeueiie,
oa??eoi?eaeueiie niaoeeaeecaoeee aiineo aieueoia iaeeaeaiea a
oicyenoaaiioth aeeciue ai?iaeia, oi?aiaua nayce iaaeaeo ieie e eo
ie?oaaie. Eiaiii e XVII aaeo ioiineony ia/aei eiioeaio?aoeee ianoiuo
?uieia, neeaaeuaaiey ia eo iniiaa ana?inneeneiai ?uiea. Ainoe e ae?oaea
aiaaoua eoioeu iiyaeyeenue ni naieie oiaa?aie ai anao eiioeao no?aiu e
ca aa ?oaaaeaie. A aiaeu Nioou e iinea iaa iie ia ?ac nnoaeaee aeanoe
aeaiueaaie.
Aiaaoua eoioeu, ?aianeaiieee, i?iiuoeaiieee cai?aaeyee anai a iinaaeneeo
iaueiao. Ia?aeeaaeuaaee aeaaioth oyaeanoue nai?ia e iiaeiiinoae ia
iinaaeneoth aaaeiioo –iaeeeo ?aianeaiieeia e oi?aiaoeaa.
A ai?iaeao ecaeaaia i?iaeeaaee ia aeai?ao e a neiaiaeao,
i?eiaaeeaaeaaoeo aiy?ai, iao?ea?oo e i?i/ei eo e?anoueyia, oieiiu,
?aianeaiieee. Caieiaeenue iie, iiieii ianeoaeeaaiey aeaaeaeueoeaa, e
oi?aiaeae. I?e/ai, a ioee/ea io iinaaeneeo oyaeaoeia, iiaeaoe ia ieaoeee
e iiaeiiinoe a iieueco ainoaea?noaa ia ianee. Yoi inaiaiaeaeaei
i?eiaaeeaaeaaoeo aiy?ai e iiianou?yi ethaeae, a aeaiiii neo/aa –
?aianeaiieeia e oi?aiaoeaa, io oyaea.
2. Ia?iaeiua ainnoaiey
N na?aaeeiu XVII aaea ?inneth nio?ynaee iiuiua e?anoueyineea ainnoaiey,
i?ienoiaeeaoea a ioaao ia ia?u i?aaeoaeuenoaa ii oneeaieth yenieoaoaoeee
e aeaeueiaeoaio cae?aiiuaieth e?anoueyi – ?ac?anoaiey aeai?yineiai
caieaaeaaeaiey, aaaaeaiey iiauo nai?ia e iiaeiiinoae.
A 1648 a. aniuoioei a Iineaa aeaeaeaiea, iieo/eaoaa iacaaiea «nieyiiai
aoioa». Ia/aaoenue 1 ethiy, ainnoaiea i?iaeieaeaeinue ianeieueei aeiae.
Ia?iae a?iiee aeai?u iineianeeo aiy? e aeai?yi, aeueyeia e aiaaouo
eoioeia, o?aaoy auaeaoue iaiaaenoiuo /eiiaieeia Ieauaaaa, aaaeaaoaai
oi?aaeaieai noieeoeu e aeaao i?aaeoaeuenoaa aiy?eia Ii?iciaa. Aeey
noaaeeecaoeee iieiaeaiey aeanoyie aue nicaai Caineee niai?, i?eiyaoee
?aoaiea iiaeaioiaeoue iiaia «Oeiaeaiea». Aieiaiey a noieeoea ia
i?ae?auaeenue aei eiioea aiaea.
Iiuiia, oioy e nei?ioa/iia ainnoaiea aniuoioei a Iineaa – «iaaeiue aoio»
25 ethey 1662 a. Aai o/anoieee – noiee/iua iinaaeneea ethaee e /anoue
no?aeueoeia, nieaeao, ?aeoa? iineianeiai aa?ieciia – i?aaeuyaeee oea?th
Aeaenath Ieoaeeiae/o naie o?aaiaaiey: nieaeaiey iaeiaia, neeueii
aic?inoeo a nayce n aieiaie n Iieueoae e Oaaoeeae, ioiaiu iaaeiuo
aeaiaa, auiouaiiuo a ia?iiiuo eiee/anoaao e i?e?aaiaiiuo e na?aa?yiui. E
oiio aea ia ?uiea iiyaeeinue iiiai oaeueoeauo aeaiaa. Ana yoi i?eaaei e
neeueiiio iaanoeaieaaieth iaaeiie iiiaou, aei?iaiaecia, aieiaeo.
Aeanoyie auei aeanoiei iiaeaaeaii yoi ainnoaiea. A ia/aea 1663 a.
ioiaieee iaaeiua aeaiueae, ioe?iaaiii iioeae?oy yoo ia?o aeaeaieai
i?aaeioa?aoeoue iiaia e?iaii?ieeoea.
A 1667a. ia Aeiio aniuoioei ainnoaiea eacaeia ai aeaaa ni Noaiaiii
?aceiui.
Aaaaeaiea a aeaenoaea iiaiai eiaeaena caeiiia, «Niai?iiai oeiaeaiey»
1649 a., aeanoieee nune aaaeuo, ?ino iaeiaia ia aieio iaeaeyee e aac
oiai iai?yaeaiiia iieiaeaiea a ainoaea?noaa. Aieiu n Iieueoae e Oaaoeeae
?aci?yee iniiaioth /anoue o?oaeiauo neiaa ianaeaiey. A yoe aea aiaeu ia
?ac neo/aeenue iao?iaeae, yieaeaiee, oooaeoeeinue iieiaeaiea
no?aeueoeia, iooea?ae e ae?. Iiiaea aaaeaee ia ie?aeiu, iniaaiii ia
Aeii. A eaca/ueeo iaeanoyo n aeaaieo ii? aioei a iau/ae ia auaeaaaoue
aaaeaoeia.
Iniiaiay ianna eacaeia, iniaaiii aaaeaoeia, aeeea aaaeii, neoaeii.
Caieaaeaeeai eacaee ia caieiaeenue. AEaeiaaiuey, eioi?ia iieo/aee ec
Iineau, ia oaaoaei. E na?aaeeia 60-o aiaeia iieiaeaiea ia Aeiio
oooaeoeeinue aei e?aeiinoe. Caeanue neiieeinue aieueoia eiee/anoai
aaaeuo. Ia/aeny aieiae. Eacaee iineaee iinieuenoai a Iineao n i?inueaie
i?eiyoue eo ia oea?neoth neoaeao, ii ei ioeacaee. E 1667 a. ainnoaiey
eacaeia i?aa?aoeeenue a oi?ioi i?aaieciaaiiia aeaeaeaiea iiae
?oeiaiaenoaii ?aceia. Iiiai/eneaiiia aienei iianoaioeaa auei ?aca?iieaii
a 1670 a. iiae Neiae?neii. A ia/aea 1671 a. iniiaiua i/aae aeaeaeaiey
auee iiaeaaeaiu ea?aoaeueiuie io?yaeaie aeanoae.
Caeeth/aiea: ?inney ia ii?iaa XVIII aaea
Ia i?ioyaeaiee XVII aaea a enoi?ee ?innee i?iecioee aieueoea ia?aiaiu.
Iie eanaeenue anao noi?ii aa aeecie. E yoiio a?aiaie oa??eoi?ey
?inneeneiai ainoaea?noaa caiaoii ?anoe?eeanue, i?ienoiaeee ?ino
ianaeaiey.
XVII aae iciaiaiiaaeny a enoi?ee ?innee aeaeueiaeoei ?acaeoeai
oaiaeaeueii-e?aiinoie/aneie nenoaiu, cia/eoaeueiui oe?aieaieai
oaiaeaeueiie caiaeueiie nianoaaiiinoe. Iiaay oaiaeaeueiay ciaoue
nin?aaeioa/eaaea a naieo ?oeao ia?iiiua aio/eiiua aiaaonoaa.
Ainiiaenoaothuei eeannii a XVII a. Auee oaiaeaeueiua caieaaeaaeaeueoeu,
naaoneea e aeooiaiua iiiaueee e aio/eiieee. Yoio eeann a yoio ia?eiae
ia/ae i?eia?aoaoue nineiaioth caieiooinoue. E ae?oaiio eeanno
oaiaeaeueiiai iauanoaa ioiineeinue e?anoueyinoai, eioi?ia e yoiio
a?aiaie iinoaiaiii ia/eiaei ecaeeaaoue i?aaeiaa aeaeaiea ia
iiiai/eneaiiua eaoaai?ee. Niai?iia Oeiaeaiea 1649 a., ioi?ieaoaa nenoaio
e?aiinoiie caaeneiinoe e caaa?oeaoaa ?acaeoea e?aiinoie/aneiai
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, cae?aieei /anoiiaeaaeaeue/aneeo e?anoueyi ca
iiiaueeaie, aiy?aie, iiianou?yie, oneeeei ia ianoao caaeneiinoue
e?anoueyi io oaiaeaeia e io ainoaea?noaa. Ii yoiio aea Niai?iiio
oeiaeaieth onoaiaaeeaaeenue ianeaaenoaaiiinoue e?aiinoiiai ninoiyiey e
i?aai caieaaeaaeaeueoea ?anii?yaeaoueny eiouanoaii e?aiinoiiai
e?anoueyieia. I?aaeinoaaea oe?ieea e?aiinoie/aneea i?aaa
caieaaeaaeaeueoeai, oea?neia i?aaeoaeuenoai a oi aea a?aiy aiceiaeeei ia
ieo ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca auiieiaiea i?eiaaeeaaeaaoeie ei e?anoueyiaie
ainoaea?noaaiiuo iiaeiiinoae.
A yoeo oneiaeyo iniaia cia/aiea i?eia?aoaao ?acaeoea oi?aiaee. A ?innee
ia?aciaaeinue ianeieueei e?oiiuo oi?aiauo oeaio?ia, n?aaee eioi?uo
auaeaeyeanue Iineaa n aa a?iiaaeiui oi?aii, n aieaa /ai 120
niaoeeaeece?iaaiiuie ?yaeaie. ?oeiaiaeeoaeyie e oicyaaaie yoiai
i?ioeanna auee eoioeu.
?ino oiaa?iiai i?iecaiaenoaa a XVII aaea i?eaae e ?aceiio ?inoo
ai?iaeia. Aeinoaoi/ii ioiaoeoue, /oi a yoio ia?eiae a ?innee
ian/eouaaeinue aieaa 225 ai?iaeia. ?acei aic?inea /eneaiiinoue
ai?iaeneiai ianaeaiey.
Iaaeaeo oai a yoe aea aiaeu a no?aia oi e aeaei aniuoeaaee ainnoaiey, a
/anoiinoe aeinoaoi/ii iiuiia Iineianeia ainnoaiea 1662 a. Iaeaieaa
e?oiiui aunooieaieai auei ainnoaiea Noaiaia ?aceia, eioi?ue a 1667 a.
iiaae e?anoueyi ia Aieao.
Iinea e?anoueyineie aieiu a ?innee aue inouanoaeai ?yae aaaeiuo
ainoaea?noaaiiuo ia?ii?eyoee, a /enea eioi?uo ia?aoiae e nenoaia
iiaeai?iiai iaeiaeaiey, i?aia?aciaaiey a a?iee e ae?.
E ia/aeo XVIII a. A yeiiiie/aneii ioiioaiee ?inney i?iaeieaeaea
ionoaaaoue io aeaaiuo caiaaeiiaa?iiaeneeo no?ai. Iia i?iecaiaeeea
iaiueoa i?iiuoeaiiie i?iaeoeoeee, /ai Aiaeey, Ieaea?eaiaeu, O?aioeey.
Iaiooaeoo?u a ?innee oieueei ca?iaeaeaeenue, n?aaee ieo
eaieoaeenoe/aneea i?aaei?eyoey ninoaaeyee iacia/eoaeueiia iaiueoeinoai.
Ia yeiiiie/aneii iieiaeaiee ?innee io?eoeaoaeueii neacuaaeinue oi, /oi
no?aia oaeoe/anee ia eiaea naiaiaeiiai auoiaea e ii?th. Ia Aaeoeea
iieiinoueth ainiiaenoaiaaea Oaaoeey. Iooue a Caiaaeioth Aa?iio /a?ac
Aaeia ii?a aue aeaeueiei e iia eniieueciaaoueny oieueei a eaoiea
ianyoeu.
A ia?eiae i?ienoiaeeaoeo a ie?a eieiieaeueiuo caoaaoia yeiiiie/aneia
ionoaaaiea ?innee io Caiaaea, eioi?ia iaoneaaeeaaei aa aiaiioth
neaainoue, a?iceei ae iioa?ae iaoeeiiaeueiie iacaaeneiinoe. Aeey
eeeaeaeaoeee yoie oa?icu e i?aiaeieaiey oicyenoaaiiie, aiaiiie e
eoeueoo?iie ionoaeinoe ioaeii auei n?i/ii inouanoaeoue ?yae
yeiiiie/aneeo ?aoi?i: aua aieaa oe?aieoue ainoaea?noaaiioth aeanoue,
i?iaanoe aa?iiaecaoeeth ainoaea?noaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey, nicaeaoue
?aaoey?ioth a?ieth e aiaiii-ii?neie oeio, iino?ieoue oi?aiaue oeio,
aeiaeoueny auoiaea e ii?th, auno?uie oaiiaie aeaeiooue aia?aae
iaiooaeoo?iia i?iecaiaenoai, aiaea/ue no?aio a nenoaio ie?iaiai ?uiea,
iiae/eieoue yoei caaea/ai anth iaeiaiaoth e e?aaeeoii-aeaiaaeioth
nenoaio.
Yeiiiie/aneea i?aaeiinueee ?aoi?i ia/aea XVIII aaea auee nicaeaiu anai
oiaeii ?acaeoey ?innee a XVII a. – ?ino i?iecaiaenoaa e ?anoe?aiea
anni?oeiaioa naeueneioicyenoaaiiie i?iaeoeoeee, oniaoe ?aianea e
aicieeiiaaiea iaiooaeoo?, ?acaeoea oi?aiaee e ?ino yeiiiie/aneie ?iee
eoia/anoaa.
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