y? (? F 1.6, ?a c i Fa ?ae 60)
y2?ae®a¬ ae?iy0 – ic«Y?Y Yaa cY® !®«YY ¤aYcYY, cY¬ a ¬
cY«®cY?. “¦Y ?a?a®¤ c a®¤Y ac®Y© ic®«iae?? ?YaY¤ c « § ?®-
¤?a®c ai ?ae®a¬ ae?i c a aaY?ia ? ¦?cea ®aF ?§¬ a. ?
a?®«i !®F a ?ae®a¬ ae?Y© i§e? ¦?c®aea ? ?a?ae. ‘ ?Yacea e F®c
ac®?a «i¤? ?eaa ? a®¤ia ®ceY aaY¤aac ?YaY¤ c? ? aa Y?i
?ae®a¬ ae??. ?! ia®¬ a aa? §ec ia ? a? «ieY a?aa??, ? ?Y-
a®F«?ae?cYa??Y ?«?ae ae?c?«?§ ae?? ? ©i c “•a ¬Y ¤??aY©”, ?
? ??aaae ¤aYc?a YF??ai, ? ¬Ye?? ! ? ? ¤?a?? ¤«i ?YaYae«-
?? aY?aYaea a®®!eY?© a FaY?®c, ® cY¬ ??eaa ?§ac ie?Y caY-
¬Y ¬?ace?Y.
?¤ ?® ??®F¤ a YY cY«®cYcYaac® Y ? ?«?c «® ?ae®a-
¬ ae?i ? § ?i aa®«i aaaY¬?aY«ie¬? aY¬? ¬?. “¤c®Y?Y ®!eY¬
§ ?© ? acY«?cY?Y ?®a®? ?ae®a¬ ae?? c ¤Yaia?? a § ®¦?¤ ia-
ai a¦Y c !«?¦ ©eY¬ !a¤aeY¬, ? 2000 F®¤a. ‚aY ia® c ?§cYaa®©
aaY?Y? § aa «® «i¤Y© ca a?«®a. ? ? a?a c?aiai a ia?¬ !aeai-
e?¬ ¬®aY¬ a®®!eY?©, acY¤Y?©, ¤ ea ? ae?aea? ? ? ?§c«Yci ?§
¬®!« ae ?a®c ? a a ?aYa?aa?? Y¤?aacY® cYaeY, ¤ ie?Y
?«ic ? aYeY?i ?a®!«Y¬e? ? ? ?®¬®ci cY«®cY?a iaeaeY?a?c®
c®a?a?iai ? aac®?ai, ®!a !®a ai ? ?YaY¤ ai caY ia® ?ae®a¬ –
ae?®®Y !®F aaac®? ˜Y ®? ¦Yaai «? ‡Y¬«i ?®¤ ?ae®a¬ ae?®e¬
? ae?aY¬ aa®«i ¦Y Y¤c?¦ ? ¬Yaac , ? ? Y?®F¤ ?®¤ «Y¤?-
?®ce¬ ? ae?aY¬? —a® YaYa cY«®cY?a “cY«?? i ia ?ae®a¬ a?-
???”
? ac aaii, a®§¤ c i ?a®!«Y¬a, «i¤?, ? ? ?a c?«®, a®-
¤ia YY aYeY?Y. ‚?«®ai ¤® aaY¤?e XX cY? “?ae®a¬ ae?i” (®a
« a. y2informatioy0 – ®§ ?®¬«Y?Y, a §eiaY?Y, ?aY¤aa c«Y?Y,
?®ia?Y) ®§ c « acY¤Y?i. ?? ¤Y¬?? ?.˜. ?®«¬®F®a®c a aa-
¬ aa?c Ya YY a¦Y ? ? ?Yac®®a®ca ®cea ?Yaa?Y?a?cea ®aa a-
«Y© a?? ? aYa??? (??!YaYa???, aY®a?? a?a c«Y?i ? ?a.),
˜a®!«Y¬ ?ae®a¬ ae?? ac?a Yaai ®¤®© ?§ ?!®«YY ?aa «iea ?
aea¤ ¬Ya «iea c aa«®c?ia ˜’˜. ‚ c aa®aa? ® a a ?aYa?§a-
Yaai ?YaY¤ cY© ?ae®a¬ ae?®ea aea?ae?© ®a cY«®cY? ? ¬ e? ¬
– 2 –
c a ¬ea e?a®??a ¬ aea ! a. ‚ ?®a«Y¤?Y aa? ¤Yaia?«Ya?i ?®«a-
c?« a a?a®aaa Y?Y ? aYa¬? “?ae®a¬ a?? “, ?®¤ ?®a®ae¬
®!ec® ?®¤a §a¬Yc ia ?ae®a¬ ae?i ?«ia ca®¬ a??a. ‹®¤®a??©
?aa?aaa ?ae®a¬ a??®c ¤ Ya aYa¬?a a«Y¤aieYY ®?aY¤Y«Y?Y:
“?ae®a¬ a?? § ?¬ Yaai aY®a?Y©, ¬Ya®¤??®© ? ?a ?a??®©
?aY¤aa c«Y?i ?ae®a¬ ae?? ?aY?¬aeYaacY®, ® Y ?a?«ic?aY«i-
® ¤«i ?®¤¤Ya¦ ?i ?a®aeYaa?® «i®© ? ? ¤Y¬?cYa?®© ¤YiaY«i-
®aa?. ‘ ia®© aeY«ii ® ?§ac Ya ?ae®a¬ ae?i ®a YY a®§¤ ?i ¤®
YY ?a?®«i§®c ?i, a ?¦Y YY ?YaY¤ ca c a §«?cea ae®a¬ a ?
?® a §«?ce¬ ? « ¬”. ˜®a?®«i?a a a?a®aaa iie iai ?ae®a¬ –
ae?i ®ac aec Ya a®a? ¬?««?®®c, ¬?««? a¤e «i¤Y©, ® aa ®-
c?aai caY !®«YY § ¬Ya®© ¬ aYa? «i®© a?«®©, c®§¤Y©aacaieY©
Y a®«i?® aYa?cYa??© c®?a®a, ® ? i?®®¬??a, a®ae?-
«iai aaeYaa, a a ?aYa a®caY¬Y®F® ¬ee«Y?i. “?ae®a¬ ae?-
® i aYc®«iae?i ?aY¤aa c«iYa a®!®© c ¦®Y §cY® “c a«®¦®©
aYa? ®!eYaacYea ic«Y?©” aYF®¤ieYF® ¤i.
˜YaceY y2i«Y?aa®®-cec?a«?aY«ieY ¬ e?ey0 ?®ic?«?ai c F®-
¤e ca®a®© ¬?a®c®© c®©e. ?¤ ?® Y ce§ec Ya a®¬Y?©, ca®
®? !e«? !e a®§¤ e ? !Y§ YY “ac aa?i”. ?aa«Y¤®c ?i c a? –
§ ®© ®!« aa? cY«? ®!Y ca ¦¤aie?Y aa®a®e. ‚ 1943 F®¤a ?®¬-
? ?i International Business Machines a®§¤ « ?® § ? §a c®-
Y®-¬®aa?®F® ae«®a ‘?? ?Yace© ?®¬?iiaYa. …F® a?®aaaa?a®c –
«? acYeY ? ac a¤a?®F® a?cYaa?aYa ? §c «? “y2? a?-1y0”. ˜a®
“ca¤®c?eY” ?¬Y«® a §¬Yae 2 ¬ c cea®aa ? 15 ¬ c ¤«?a. ‘®§¤ –
«? ac®© ?®¬?iiaYa ? F«?c Y, ?®aa c?c ?YaY¤ ?¬ § ¤ ca
®!Ya?Yc?c ai ¤Ye?aea®c?a FYa¬ a??a c®Yea ¤®YaY?© ? a ¤?-
®Fa ¬¬. ˜ § cY?Y ia?a ?Yacea i«Y?aa®®-cec?a«?aY«iea ¬ –
e? !e«® ¤®c®«i® a§??¬.
˜Yace© c ?®«®¬ a¬ea«Y a«®c a®caY¬Ye© ?®¬?iiaYa
“Eniac” ¬®F ce?®«iai a¦Y F®a §¤® !®«YY e?a®??© ?aaF § ¤ c,
!eaaa® ?YaY?«ic aiai a ®¤®© § ¤ c? ¤aaFai, c®a?a??¬ ai
– 3 –
®ceY ?a®Fa ¬¬e !Y§ ®aa ®c?? ¬ e?e ? a. ¤. ˜® a®caY¬Ye¬
aa ¤ aa ¬ ia ¬ e? ac?a « ai !e ?a?¬?a?c®©: ¬ aa YY –
30 a, aeaic? « ¬?, ?®aaY!«iie?a ®Fa®¬®Y ?®«?cYaac® iYaF??.
?¤ ?®, Ya¬®aai a®, ca® i«Y?aa®eY « ¬?e ¤®c®«i® !eaa-
a® a¬Y?«?ai aa §?aa®a ¬?, c a !®cY¬ ®a®eY?? ?YaceY
?®¬?iiaYae ®? § «?ai “y2¤®«F®¦?aY«i¬?y0”. ’ ?, ?a?¬Ya, a®§¤ –
e© c ?caaa «?? c 1949 F. ?®¬?iiaYa “y2CSIR Mark-1y0” ce?®«i«
a ¬eY a §®®!a §eY § ¤ c? ¤«i ac®F® a®®!eYaac (®a a ¤?-
®ae?§??? ¤® ¬YaY®a®«®F??) ?a®ai¦Y?? ¤®«F?a ?ia ¤ae a?
«Ya, c?«®ai ¤® 1964 F. c?«ic?aY«i®.
” ?a a®§¤ ?i i«Y?aa®®-cec?a«?aY«iea ¬ e?,!Y§aa«®c-
®, ce¤ ieYYai a®!ea?Y c ?aa®a?? a §c?a?i ?a®?§c®¤?aY«iea
a?« cY«®cYcYaac . ˜®aa ®!eY¬ § ?©, acY«?cY?Y ®!eY¬ ?-
ae®a¬ ae?? ? c?a« «i¤Y©, § iaea c aaeYaY ?aY««Y?aa «i®© ¤Y-
iaY«i®aa?, aa«®¦Y?Y ?a®?§c®¤aacYea, i?®®¬?cYa??a, –
acea § ¤ c, aa®ie?a ?YaY¤ ®!eYaac®¬, ?®aaY!®c «? a®§¤ ?i
¤Y¦®F® ? cYa®F® ?®¬®e?? cY«®cYcYa?®F® ¬®§F . ’ ??¬ ?®-
¬®e??®¬ ? aa « i«Y?aa®®-cec?a«?aY«i i ¬ e? . ? ®!« –
¤ Ya a?®a®!®aaii a®!?a ai ? aa ?ai ?ae®a¬ ae?i, ®!a ! ae-
c ai ? «?§?a®c ai YY, ?a®c®¤i ®?aY¤Y«YeY «®F?cYa??Y
®?Ya ae??. ?®Yc® ¦Y, c®§¬®¦®aa? ?Yacea ˜‚? !e«? ®Fa ?cY-
e¬?. ‚® cai?®¬ a«ac Y, ?®ic«Y?Y ?®¬?iiaYa®c ai¤a a a §-
®®!a §®© ?ae®a¬ ae?®®© aY®a?Y© a®§¤ «® ¬®eai ?¤aaaa?-
«iai ®a®ca ¤«i c®§??®cY?i ®!eYaac , c ?®a®a®¬ ?ae®a¬ –
ae?i ? ? ?aY¤¬Ya aaa¤ ?Fa Ya caY !®«YY § ¬Yaai a®«i.
‡ cY?Y ?ae®a¬ a??? c a®caY¬Y®¬ ¬?aY cY«??®, ? ? ?-
?®F¤ . ? cYaac® ? iaeaeY?a?c®aai a ?®F® a®¤ a !®a caY c
!®«ieY© aaY?Y? c? ia ®?aY¤Y«iai ? ? cYaac® ? iaeaeY?a?c-
®aai i?®®¬???. ˜® ?®¤acYa ¬ ? ¤Y¬?? ?.?. • a?Yc?c , aa¬-
¬ ae© ?ae®a¬ ae?®e© ?®a®? c®§a aa Ya c aaY¤Y¬ ?a®?®aae?®-
«i® ?c ¤a aa ?a®¬ee«Y®F® ?®aYae? « . ? cY F®c®ai, acY-
– 4 –
«?cY?Y c¤c®Y ?a®?§c®¤?aY«iea a?« aaa e ?®aaY!aYa ?®aaY!a-
Ya 4-?a a®F® acY«?cY?i ?®a®? ?ae®a¬ ae??. ‚aY ®cYc?¤YY
c®§a aa ie i § c?a?¬®aai ae?® «i®F® a §c?a?i ®a a®aa®i?i
?ae®a¬ ae?®ea aYaaaa®c.
‚ ?®a«Yc®Yai i?®aa ?Yace¬?, ?a® aa¬Y« a Y¬ «®© ¤«i
aY!i ?®«i§®© c®a?®«i§®c aiai ?«®¤ ¬? “?ae®a¬ ae?®®© aYc®«i-
ae??”, !e«? i?®aee. ˜Y a«ac ©® ¬®F?Y a?Yae? «?aae ?a?e«? ?
cec®¤a, ca® ?®ic«Y?Y aeY®¬Y “i?®a?®F® ca¤ “, aaaY¬?aY«i-
®F® a®aa i?®®¬??? ‘aa e c®aa®¤ieYF® a®«ae , !e«® !e Y-
¬ea«?¬® !Y§ ?a®?®a«?c®© ? a¬Y«®© a !®ae a ?ae®a¬ ae?Y©. ?a®-
!Y® ia® ? a Yaai ?ae®a¬ ae?? ?® ®cY©e?¬ aYa®«®F?i¬, ae –
aY«ie© a!®a ?®a®a®©, aa « ®aaeYaac«iaiai c 50-Y F®¤e.
—a®!e !eai c ?aaaY ®cY©e?a ac®-aYa?cYa??a cYi?©,
? ? ?a?§ ia a ¬? ¬Ya?? aee, aYF®¤i “a¦® ?¬Yai ?ae®a¬ –
ae?i Y¤c «? Y ?® caY¬ c ¦Y©e?¬ ?aa«Y¤®c ?i¬, ?®a®aeY cY-
¤aaai § aa!Y¦®¬”. ?ae®a¬ ae?®®Y YcY¦Yaac® c e? ¤? cY-
¤Ya ? aYa®«®F?cYa?®¬a ! ?a®aaaca ? ae?® «i®¬a a?¦Y?i,
? ?aYca eY?i aaa e c aeaiYcai ?®«®?i ?«? ac «?a aaa aYc-
eY© aYa®«®F??.
‚ ®a®cY “y2?ae®a¬ ae?®®© aYc®«iae??y0”, ?YaY¦?c Y¬®© ¬?,
«Y¦?a !aae© a®aa ¬??a®?a®aeYaa®a®© aYa??? ? a®?aaaacaie?a
YY aYa®«®F?©. ˜aa® a §c?c Yaai ?ae®a¬ ae?® i ?¤aaaa?i,
?a®?§c®¤ie i a ¬ai a §®®!a §ai aYa??a, ®a ?®??a®c «iea
¬ e? ¤® aY«Y?a®c, ®a i«Y?aa®®-cec?a«?aY«iea ¬ e? ¤®
a?aa??®c aci§?.
‚ ¦e¬ ¬®¬Ya®¬ c ®c®© aYa®«®F?? ic«iYaai YY ¬®F®«?-
?®aai, YY caY®!eY¬«ie?© a a ?aYa. “?ae®a¬ ae?® i i?®®¬??
– ia® Y a®«i?® aY®a?i. ˜Ya ? ®¤®© ®aa a«? c ?a®?§c®¤aacY
?«? aaeYaY aa«aF, F¤Y !e ? !e« § ¬YaY ?®c®a®a ? a ?®F® a®¤
i?®®¬??Y”, – ??eYa ¬Ya?? a??© i?®®¬?aa ˜. • a?Y. ˜a?¬Ya-
® a aYaY¤?e 70-ea F®¤®c F« e a ? ac®-aYa?cYa?®F® ?a®F-
– 5 –
aYaa c aaa a ‡ ? ¤ (?. ˜®aYa, …. ? aa¤ , ?. ’®aeae«Ya ?
¬®F?Y ¤aaF?Y) c ?®«e© F®«®a § F®c®a?«? ® Y?®Y¬ “?ae®a¬ –
ae?®®¬ ®!eYaacY”, ? ? ® cY¬-a® c?®«Y ®eaa?¬®¬, c?®«Y aY-
«i®¬. ’aY!®c ?Y¬ ia®F® ®!eYaac , YF® «®§aF®¬ aa «® “? ?
¬®¦® !®«ieY ?ae®a¬ ae?? ? ? ? ¬®¦® !eaaaYY!” “a?®aiieYYai
aYcY?Y ¦?§?, ?aYa?ae?? ae?i ?a®aeYaa ?a®?§c®¤aac c aY-
§a«ia aY ca®¬ a?§ ae?? , !eaaa®Y ?®?«Y?Y § ?© – caY
ia®, ?® a«®c ¬ ?. ’®aeae«Ya , ?®cee Ya i?®®¬?cYa?ai § c?-
¬®aai a?aeYea ¬F®cY?© caY¬Y?, “˜a«ia ?ae®a¬ ae?? ¤®«¦Y
!?aiai F®a §¤® !eaaaYY, cY¬ ?®F¤ -«?!®”, – c®a?«?ae Ya ia®a
?§cYaae© aeaaaa®«®F c ac®Y© ??FY “‘a®«?®cY?Y a !a¤ae?¬”.
˜Y «ie¬? c “®c®¬ ?ae®a¬ ae?®®¬ ¬?aY” ®? § «?ai ?aY¦-
¤Y caYF® ¤c ¬®¬Ya . ‚®-?Yacea, a YY !a?c «i® Yc?¤ ®Y
aeeY?Y ®!eYaac ?ae®a¬ ae?®®© aYa??®©, ?®a®a i ?a®?? –
Ya ?®cai¤a: c ?a c?aY«iaacYeY acaY¦¤Y?i ? ¤Y«®ceY ?®a®-
ae, c !®«i?aee ? !?!«?®aY??, § c®¤e ? c ac®-?aa«Y¤®c –
aY«ia??Y ?aa?aaae, c e?®«e ? a?cYaa?aYae, c ! ?? ? ¬ F –
§?e, c ia®?®aae ? ?®«?aeY©a??Y ac aa??. ‚®-ca®aea, ¬®F®?-
a a® c®§a®a«® c?a«® YY a«a¦?aY«Y© ? ¤Y?a®c. ? ? a? §ec ia
?aa®c???, a¦Y a 1975 F. !®«ieY ?®«®c?e a !®a ie?a ?® ©¬a
¬Ya?? a??a Fa ¦¤ ?¬Yia ®a®ce¬ § ia?Y¬ ®!a !®a?a ?-
ae®a¬ ae?? ?«? a !®aa a Y©.
‚ F®a«®c?Y ¬?a®c®© ?aa®a?? a®e«?ai ? ? !e aa? ¬®Fac?a
?®a®? : ?®a®?? aYa®«®F??, ?ae®a¬ ae?? ? «i¤Y©, ic«iie?aai
a®§¤ aY«i¬? ?«? a«a¦?aY«i¬? a®F® ? ¤aaF®F®. ‚ ?§cYaa®© ¬YaY
¬®¦® F®c®a?ai ® a®§¤ ?? ®c®©, ?!®«YY ¬®FaeYaacY®© c
?ae®a¬ ae?®®¬ ®a®eY?? ?§ caYa a YY aaeYaac®c ce?a ae?c?-
«?§ ae?©. ‚ ia®© ae?c?«?§ ae?? e?a F« § a c? ia ?acY-
§ ai aY¬Ya« , ?¬Yie?Y aeaicY«Ya?Y aa ¤?ae??, ? c®§?? ia a –
YY Y?§cYaaeY. ?Yiiaai aea?ae?? ? § ¤ c? a !®a??®c, a –
a ?aYa ?a aaa¤ . ˜a®?aa®¤ia ®Fa®¬eY ?YaY¬Ye c ae®a¬ a ? ®a-
– 6 –
F ?§ ae?? a?a c«Y?i, c ®a®eY?ia «i¤Y©.
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