Iineianeee ainoaea?noaaiiue
Aaeaoeeiiiue einoeooo
(oaoie/aneee oieaa?neoao)
“IAE”
Aoiaieoa?iue oaeoeueoao.
Eaoaae?a nioeeieiaee e ineoieiaee.
Eo?niaay ?aaioa.
Nioeeaeecaoeey iiae?inoeia.
Auiieiee: Aenaiia E. I.
?oeiaiaeeoaeue: Eieiiiaoe A. I.
Iineaa 1996
Niaea?aeaiea.
Anooieaiea.
i?aaeiao nioeeaeecaoeee.
Ia?eiae nioeeaeecaoeee.
Aaaiou nioeeaeecaoeee.
Naiuey a i?ioeanna nioeeaeecaoeee iiae?inoeia.
Naiuey a oneiaeyo ia?aoiaeiiai ia?eiaea.
I?iaeaia naiuee.
?iaeeoaee e iiae?inoee. Enneaaeiaaiey i nioeeaeece?othuae ?iee naiuee.
Oi?ie?iaaiea i?ioanneiiaeueiuo eioa?ania aeaoae a naiuea.
Nenoaia ia?aciaaiey.
No?oeoo?a nenoaiu ia?aciaaiey.
E?ecen ia?aciaaiey. (i iineaaenoaeyo caeiia “Ia ia?aciaaiee” aeey
iiae?inoeia.)
Iaainonoaea?noaaiiua ia?aciaaoaeueiua o/?aaeaeaiey, eo ?ieue.
Ii?in o/aieeia i iieiaeaiee a oeiea.
Enneaaeiaaiey oaeoi?ia aeeythueo ia i?iaeieaeaiea iao/aiey
aeaayoeeeannieeia.
I?iaeaiu nieaeaiey aaoi?eoaoa ia?aciaaiey.
Iniaaiiinoe iieiaeaaeiie noaeoeueoo?u.
Iieiaeaaeiay noaeoeueoo?a, eae iniaay iaoi?iaeueiay eoeueoo?a.
Enneaaeiaaiey eioa?ania iiae?inoeia.
I?anooiiinoue iiae?inoeia.
Caeeth/aiea.
*anoue ia?aay.
Anooieaiea.
I?aaeiao nioeeaeecaoeee.
Ia?eiae nioeeaeecaoeee.
Aaaiou nioeeaeecaoeee.
Nioeeaeecaoeey – i?ioeann oi?ie?iaaiey eiaeeaeaeii ia i?ioyaeaiee aai
aeecie nioeeaeueiuo ea/anoa (iaeaaeaiea ycueii iauaiey, ciaiey ii?i
iauaiey, o?aaeeoeee, iau/aaa, onaiaiea nioeeaeueiuo ?ieae), aeaaiaea?y
eioi?ui /aeiaae noaiiaeony aeaaniiniaiui o/anoieeii nioeeaeueiie aeecie.
I?ioeann nioeeaeecaoeee ia/eiaaony n ieaaeai/aneeo eao, ia?eiae aeaonoaa
e thiinoe a i?ioeanna nioeeaeecaoeee ea?aao iaeaieaa aaaeioth ?ieue, a
yoii aic?anoa caeeaaeuaathony iniiaiua ciaiey i ii?iao iiaaaeaiey a
iauanoaa. I?aaeaea iiaeaioiaea e ac?ineie aeecie auea iaiaa
i?iaeieaeeoaeueiie /ai nae/an: a 14-15 eao thiioa ia?aoiaeee a ?ac?yae
ac?ineuo, a aeaaooee a 13 eao auoiaeeee caioae e ia?aciauaaee
naiinoiyoaeueioth naiueth, a aio nae/an /aeiaae i?iaeieaeaao o/aao
eiiaaea aei 25 eao. A n?aaiaiee n iaoeie iaacueyiiiiaeiaiuie i?aaeeaie
ia?eiae iiaeaioiaee e aeecie oaaee/eeny ieieioi a 5 ?ac. Aiai?eoue i
eiioea nioeeaeecaoeee ia i?eoiaeeony oae eae yoio i?ioeann i?ienoiaeeo
ia i?ioyaeaiee anae aeecie /aeiaaea, e caeai/eaaaony a aeoaieie
noa?inoe, ii iaeaieaa aeaaii?eyoiui a?aiaiai aeey nioeeaeecaoeee
yaeyaony ana aea aeaonoai e thiinoue.
Ethaeae, eioi?ua iaiin?aaenoaaiii inouanoaeytho nioeeaeecaoeeth
eiaeeaeaea iacuaatho aaaioaie nioeeaeecaoeee. Aeey iiae?inoeia,
iniiaiuie aaaioaie nioeeaeecaoeee yaeythony: ?iaeeoaee (naiuey), oeiea,
naa?noieee, n?aaenoaa ianniaie eioi?iaoeee. Aeaeaa a ?aaioa
?anniao?eaathony yoe iniiaiua aaaiou nioeeaeecaoeee, eae iie, a oneiaeyo
nia?aiaiiinoe aeeytho ia oi?ie?iaaiea iieiaeuo ethaeae.
Iniaaiiinoueth aea iuiaoiae neooaoeee, a eioi?ie inouanoaeyaony
oi?ie?iaaiea aeooiaiiai iaeeea iiae?inoeia, caeeth/aaony a oii, /oi yoio
i?ioeann i?ienoiaeeo a oneiaeyo ineaaeaiey iieeoe/aneiai e
eaeaieiae/aneiai i?anneiaa, ?anoe?aiey nioeeaeueiie naiinoiyoaeueiinoe e
eieoeeaoeau iieiaeaaee. Ii nii?iaiaeaeaaony ia?aioeaieie oeaiiinoae,
e?eoe/aneei iniuneaieai iiuoa i?aaeoanoaothueo iieieaiee, iiauie
i?aaenoaaeaieyie i naiai i?ioanneiiaeueiii aoaeouai e aoaeouai iauanoaa.
*anoue aoi?ay.
Naiuey a i?ioeanna nioeeaeecaoeee iiae?inoeia.
Naiuey a oneiaeyo ia?aoiaeiiai ia?eiaea.
I?iaeaiu naiuee.
?iaeeoaee e iiae?inoee. Enneaaeiaaiey i nioeeaeece?othuae ?iee naiuee.
Oi?ie?iaaiea i?ioanneiiaeueiua eioa?ania aeaoae a naiuea.
Iaeiei ec iniiaiuo caaiueaa nioeeaeecaoeee aeaoae e iiae?inoeia yaeyaony
naiuey, oioy e ioia/aaony iaeioi?ia iaaeaiea aa ainieoaoaeueiie ?iee a
nayce n i?ienoiaeyueie a naiuea ei?aiiuie eciaiaieyie. ?inneeneay naiuey
naaiaeiy ia?aaeeaaao neooaoeeth, eiaaea eciaiaiea nioeeaeueiuo oneiaee,
niaia iaeieo iauanoaaiii-yeiiiie/aneeo ioiioaiee ia ea/anoaaiii
i?ioeaiiieiaeiua i?ienoiaeyo ia ieaaii, a nea/eiia?acii. Oaeay neooaoeey
aucuaaao anoanoaaiioth a iiaeiaiuo neo/aa ?anoa?yiiinoue ianaeaiey,
icaai/aiiiai iieneii naiaai ianoa a iiaie iauanoaaiii-yeiiiie/aneie
no?oeoo?a.
Ia?aoiae io o?aaeeoeeiiiie iao?ea?oaeueiie naiuee e nia?aiaiiie,
iniiaaiiie ia ?aaainoaa noi?oaia, i?eaae e nieaeaieth aaoi?eoaoa iooea,
oo?aoa niaeaniaaiiinoe ainieoaoaeueiuo aicaeaenoaee ?iaeeoaeae.
?ani?ino?aiaiu noaee oaeaea naiuee n iaeiei-aeaoiy aeaoueie, aeey
eioi?uo oa?aeoa?ai aeaoioeaio?eci, a ionthaea – yaioeaio?eci aeaoae.
Iaeia ec e?oiiaeoeo e ino?aeoeo i?iaeai naiuee – i?iaeaia ?acaiaeia.
Ia?yaeo n iaiieiuie naiueyie, aaeeei /enei ianoaaeeueiuo, eiioeeeoiuo
naiae. A oeaeii ii no?aia ec-ca ?acaiaeia eaaeaeue aiae nauoa 700 oun.
aeaoae inoaaony aac iaeiiai ?iaeeoaey, 500 oun. ?iaeaeaaony aia a?aea
(yoe oeeo?u iaoeeiiii ?anooo). Ai iiiaeo naiueyo ?acaei?u ii?iaeaeatho
oeeieci, iieioth aacioaaonoaaiiinoue. Ieiei 60% aeaoae a oaeeo naiueyo –
ne?iou i?e iaieo ?iaeeoaeyo. Eaaeaeue oanoie o?iie/aneee aeeiaieee ec
ii/oe iyoeieeeeiiiiai eo ninoaaa – aeaiueia, 80% aeaoae, niaea?aeaueony
a aeaoaeiiao, – yoi ne?iou i?e aeeauo ?iaeeoaeyo.
Ana yoi e?aeia io?eoeaoaeueii neacuaaaony ia nioeeaeecaoeee iiae?inoeia.
Naaiaeiy ?iaeeoaeueneay naiuey inoaaony aaaeiaeoei einoeoooii
nioeeaeecaoeee iiae?inoeia. Iaeiaei naiuey oaea ia iaeaaeaao oie
naiiaeiaeathuae ?ieueth, ia eioi?oth iia i?aoaiaeiaaea a
i?aaeoanoaothuoth yiioo. ?iaeeoaeueneee aaoi?eoao oaea ia yaeyaony
aaniethoiui, oaia?ue ia ianoi cai?aoa e i?eioaeaeaiey i?eoiaeeo
oaaaeaeaiea. Ii?aeueiue aaoi?eoao iiaeaea?aeeaaoue ai?acaei o?oaeiaa,
/ai aeanoue, iie?athuothny ia neeo, iniaaiii eiaaea aeeaiacii enoi/ieeia
eioi?iaoeee e auai? e?oaa iauaiey ?anoe?yaony.
A 1994 aiaeo a oeieao Iineau e Iineianeie iaeanoe i?iecaiaeeeenue
nioeeieiae/aneea enneaaeiaaiey, eioi?ua noaaeee caaea/ae ii?aaeaeeoue,
nio?aiyao ee ?inneeneay naiuey naith nioeeaeece?othuoth ?ieue e a eaeii
iai?aaeaiee oi?ie?oao iia naaiaeiy i?ioanneiiaeueiua eioa?anu aeaoae.
Enneaaeiaaieyie auee ioaa/aiu noa?oaeeannieee e eo ?iaeeoaee, eioi?ui
auei i?aaeeiaeaii ?yae aii?inia; iauai auai?ee – 405 aaeeieoe.
Enneaaeiaaiey iieacaee iiaua e eioa?aniua yaeaiey a iaoae aeecie.
Iai?eia?, aua aeanyoeeaoea iacaae ia?aaioathuea aeaiueiu
o?oaeiniiniaiiai aic?anoa a Iineaa ?anniao?eaaeenue eae eneeth/aiea ec
i?aaee, iaeiaei naaiaeiy – yoi aeiaieueii i?aaenoaaeoaeueiay a?oiia.
Iiaue oaiiiai – naiuey aecianiaia, iaoiaeeo aieaa i?aeoe/iui caiyoinoue
aeiiaoiei oicyenoaii e ainieoaiea aeaoae, iniaaiii i?e iaee/ee aieaa
iaeiiai ?aaaiea. Oaeei ia?acii, a naiuea aecianiaia aic?iaeaeaaony
o?aaeeoeeiiiia ?ani?aaeaeaiea noi?oaeaneeo ?ieae, neiaeeaoaany a
i?ioeanna iiiaiaaeiaie i?aeoeee, aaea ioae – iaoa?eaeueiay aaca naiuee,
a aeaia – o?aieoaeueieoea i/aaa, ainieoaoaeueieoea aeaoae.
Aiaeece?oy aiciiaeiua iineaaenoaey aica?auaiea naiae e o?aaeeoeeiiiiio
?ani?aaeaeaieth ?ieae iaaeaeo noi?oaaie. I?aaeaea anaai iiaeii
i?aaeiieiaeeoue iiceoeaiue yooaeo oaeiai i?ioeanna ia inouanoaeaiea
naiueae ainieoaoaeueiie ooieoeee: iiauoaaony nioeeaeueiue eiio?ieue ca
aeaoueie, iie ?anooo aieaa caei?iauie, ooiaeaiiuie, iaoue oaeaeyao
aieueoa aieiaiey eo ia?aciaaieth e ainieoaieth. Iaeiaei ni a?aiaiai
iinoiyiiia i?aauaaiea iaoa?e a aeiiaoiae n?aaea noaeaao aa e?oaici?,
caiueaao aa eioa?anu ia aeiiaoieo aeaeao. A ?acoeueoaoa iia ia?anoaao
auoue aaoi?eoaoii aeey aeaoae, eioi?ua ia aoaeoo ia?auaoueny e iae ca
niaaoii e iiiiuueth, n/eoay ianiiniaiie aeaoue eiiiaoaioiua
?aeiiaiaeaoeee.
Eae iieacuaatho enneaaeiaaiea, naaiaeiy aaoi?eoao iaoa?e eae niaao/eoeu
i/aiue aaeee: 71% iiae?inoeia Iiaeiineiauey e 66% iineae/ae niaaoothony
eiaiii n iaoa?ueth ii aaaeiui aeey naay aii?inai. Iao iniiaaiee
i?aaeiieaaaoue, /oi yoo ieoo, aicieeathuoth a nayce ni nieaeaieai
aaoi?eoaoa iaoa?e, caeiao ioaoe. N oaeei aea oniaoii yoo ?ieue aoaeao
ea?aoue a aeecie ?aaaiea ethaie ae?oaie aaoi?eoaoiue a aai aeacao
noauaeo, /oi nieaeaao ?ieue naiuee eae einoeoooa nioeeaeecaoeee ?aaaiea.
Aae?anaou ia?auaiee noa?oaeeannieeia ca niaaoii (%).
Aa?eaiou Iineaa Iiaeiineiauea
Iaoue 68 71
Ioaoe 23 17
Noa?oee a?ao (nano?a) 6 11
Ae?oa (iiae?oaa) 36 43
Eoi-eeai aua (aaaooea, aeyaey e ae?.) 6 3
Ie n eai ia niaaoothony 28 15
Ec iauaai /enea iaeue/eeia, iiiaaoeo a auai?eo, 62% auae?atho a ea/anoaa
ia?aii/a?aaeiiai niaao/eea iaoue. Eeoue 30% iaeue/eeia n/eoatho
aiciiaeiui ia?auaoueny ca iiiiuueth e niaaoii oaeaea e iooeo. Eae
auynieeinue, oaeoi?ii iiauoaiey aaoi?eoaoa ?iaeeoaeae aeey aeaoae
yaeyaony eo caiyoinoue eiiia?/aneie aeayoaeueiinoueth. Aeaoe n aieueoae
aioiaiinoueth iieaaathony ia eo niaaou, ni?aaaaeeeai n/eoay naieo
?iaeeoaeae aieaa aaeaioe?iaaiiuie e iiaui oneiaeyi aeecie, o?acai
ioeaieaathuoth ?aaeueioth aeeciaiioth neooaoeeth.
Neaaeoao oaeaea ia?aoeoue aieiaiea ia aanueia aunieee i?ioeaio aeaoae,
i?aaeii/eoathueo ia ia?auaoueny ca niaaoii ie e eiio, iieaaaoueny
oieueei ia naay. I?e/ai a Iineaa oaeeo aeaoae cia/eoaeueii aieueoa, /ai
a Iiaeiineiauea, ?ac?ua ninoaaeyao 13%, a o/eouaay, /oi Iineaa ai?iae n
ia?aie/aiiie aiciiaeiinoueth nioeeaeueiiai eiio?iey ca aeaoueie, oaeay
aunieay naiinoiyoaeueiinoue iiae?inoeia-iineae/ae naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i
iiauoaiiii ?enea eo aeaenoaee, i aiciiaeiinoe eo aieaa /anoiai
iiiaaeaiey a e?eoe/aneea neooaoeee.
Noieue aea ?eneiaaiiui yaeyaony i/aiue iiioey?iia n?aaee iiae?inoeia
ia?auaiea ca niaaoii e ae?oao eee iiae?oaa, caieiathuei aoi?ia iinea
iaoa?e ianoi a ?yaeo aaoi?eoaoia. Iaeiiiaoaioiua niaaou naa?noieeia
oaeaea iiaoo i?eaanoe iiae?inoea e ?eneiaaiiui iinooieai. Eioa?anii, /oi
?iaeeoaee iaaeiioeaieaatho ?ieue oiaa?euae naieo aeaoae, iieiinoueth
eneeth/ea eo ec ninoaaa aiciiaeiuo niaao/eeia, a oi a?aiy eae ii
i?eciaiee 36% aeaoae, iie iieuecothony oneoaaie ae?ocae aeey yoie oeaee,
enneaaeiaaiey iieacaee, /oi 55% iiae?inoeia iauathony n oiaa?euaie,
iaecaanoiuie eo ?iaeeoaeyi.
Ae?oaie ii?in onoaiaaeeaathuee ianoi naiuee a nenoaia nioeeaeece?othueo
oaeoi?ia iiae?inoeia, yaeyaony ioeaiea noa?oaeeannieeaie eaaeaeiai
?iaeeoaey eae ia?acoea aeey iiae?aaeaiey.
Naiieaeaioeoeeaoeey aeaoae Iineau n aeeooa?aioeeaoeeae ii iieo (%)
AEaeaiea auoue iioiaeei Anaai Aeaai/ee Iaeue/eee
Ia iooea 14 4 23
Ia iaoue 25 35 15
Ia iaieo a ?aaiie ia?a 39 46 35
Ie ia iooea, ie ia iaoue 22 15 27
EOIAI 100 100 100
Ii enneaaeiaaieyi aeaeii, /oi ia niio?y ia aunieee aaoi?eoao iaoa?e a
ea/anoaa niaao/eea, eeoue 1/4 aeaoae Iineau auae?atho aa ia?acoeii aeey
nianoaaiiiai iiaaaeaiey. O?aaeeoeeiiii aua aieaa ieceei yaeyaony ?aeoeia
iooea a yoie ?iee. Iniaoth o?aaiao aucuaaao oio oaeo, /oi 1/5 iineae/ae
ioaa?aatho iaieo ?iaeeoaeae eae i?eia? aeey iiae?aaeaiey, iiaeii
i?aaeiieiaeeoue, /oi a aeaiiii neo/aa eaeao ?a/ue i
nioeeaeueii-i?iaeaiiuo naiueyo. A n?aaeiai eeoue 1/3 aeaoae oioaee au
auoue iioiaeeie ia iaieo ?iaeeoaeae a ?aaiie ia?a. Oieueei a yoii neo/aa
iiaeii aiai?eoue i ii?iaeueiie aeaaiiieo/iie naiuea, aaea aeaoe ?anooo a
oneiaeyo ineoieiae/aneiai eiioi?oa, caei?iauie oece/anee e i?aanoaaiii.
Ioneaaeeaay naiieaeaioeoeeaoeeth n ?iaeeoaeyie aeeooa?aioee?oy aeaoae ii
iieo, ieacuaaaony, /oi e caeanue iaaethaeathony aieueoea ioeeiiaiey io
ii?iu. A iiae?inoeiaie ineoieiaee nouanoaoao onoiyaoayny oi/ea c?aiey
ioiineoaeueii cia/eiinoe aeey iiae?inoeia-iaeue/eeia i?enoonoaea a
naiuea aaoi?eoaoiiai iooea, ia?acoea aeey iiae?aaeaiey. N?aaieaay
aeaoae, au?inoeo n iooeaie e aac iooeia, enneaaeiaaoaee iaia?oaeeee, /oi
ioaoe i/aiue aaaeai aeey i?aaeeueiiai ?acaeoey iiae?inoea. Aeaoe
au?inoea aac iooea, /anoi eiatho iiieaeaiiue o?iaaiue i?eoycaiee, o ieo
auoa o?iaaiue o?aaiaeiinoe e /aua aicieeatho iaa?ioe/aneea neiioiiu, iie
ooaea iaeaaeeaatho eiioaeou ni naa?noieeaie. Ionoonoaea iooea
io?eoeaoaeueii neacuaaaony ia o/aaa e ia naiioaaaeaiee aeaoae, iniaaiii
iaeue/eeia. Ei o?oaeiaa aeaaony onaiaiea ioaeneeo ?ieae e
niioaaonoaothuaai noeey iiaaaeaiey, /oi aaaeao e aeia?o?ioee a?oainoe,
ae?a/eeainoe. Iaoa?eaeueiua o?oaeiinoe noaeatho e?oa aioo?enaiaeiiai
iauaiey, io eioi?iai caaenyo ainieoaoaeueiua aiciiaeiinoe. Eeoaiiay
ioaeneie iiaeaea?aeee, /anoi ineoieiae/anee o?aaie?iaaiiay
aeaiueia-iaoue, eieoe?oy iooeianeoth no?iainoue, /anoi caaioeony i
oi?iaeueiii iineooaiee, /ai ia yiioeeiiaeueiii aeaaiiieo/ee ?aaaiea. A
neo/aa aea /?acia?iie iiaee ?aaaiie au?anoaao ianneaiui, oece/anee e
ii?aeueii neaaui eee aea ia/eiaao aoioiaaoue, caaeneiinoue io iaoa?e,
/anoi nii?iaiaeaeaaony /oanoaii a?aaeaeaaiinoe e iae. Yoe e ae?oaea
oaeoi?u, ia?aie/eaathuea yooaeoeaiinoue ?iaeeoaeueneiai ainieoaiey,
naaiaeiy noaee i?aaeiaoii eco/aiey e aieiaiey iauanoaa.
Noaey ii yiie?e/aneei aeaiiui, eeoue 23% iaeue/eeia aeaeyo iooea, eae
onoie/eaue yoaeii aeey iiaaaeaiey. Aua 35% ?aayo aini?eieiatho
?iaeeoaeae a ?aaiie ia?a aeinoieiuie aeey iiae?aaeaiey, /oi oaeaea
iiaeii n/eoaoue ii?iie. I?iaeaiu aicieeatho ia o?iaia
naiieaeaioeoeeaoeee iaeue/eea n iaoa?ueth (15%). Aeiiieieoaeueiue aiaeec
iieacae, /oi eeoue o 4% aeaoae iineaaeiae a?oiiu – iaiieiay naiuey, a
cia/eo, i?e iaee/ee a naiuea iooea, 11% ioaa?aatho aai eae ia?acaoe aeey
iiaaaeaiey. Aua aieaa ae?aiaoe/iuie auaeyaeyo ioaaou 27% iaeue/eeia, ia
aeaeathueo aini?iecaiaeeoue a naiae aeecie ie ia?ac iooea, ie ia?ac
iaoa?e. Iineaaeiea aeaa a?oiiu iiaeii ioianoe e nioeeaeueii
iaaeaaiiieo/iui naiueyi, noa?oiaua oneiaey eioi?uo ia ioaa/atho ii?iai
aeecie. Ioaaou aeaai/ae iiaoo auoue eioa?i?aoe?iaaiu n oie aea
iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoueth, ii n o/aoii oiai, /oi i?ioeann nioeeaeecaoeee o
iaeue/eeia-iiae?inoeia i?ioaeaao aieaa i?iaeaiii, /ai o aeaai/ae.
Naiuey a iiauo aeey ?innee nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneeo oneiaeyo
i?iaeieaeaao inoaaaoueny iniiaiui aaaioii nioeeaeecaoeee iiae?inoeia.
Iaeiaei ioia/aaony ia aeinoaoi/iay yooaeoeaiinoue auiieiaiey ath naiae
ooieoeee. Yoio ?acoeueoao naycai n ?aceei eciaiaieai nioeeaeueiiai
iieiaeaiey a ainoaea?noaa.
A iineaaeiea aiaeu, a ?acoeueoaoa ionoonoaey a no?aia /aoeie
ainoaea?noaaiiie eiioeaioeee ?acaeoey iauanoaa, nioeeaeueiie
ianoaaeeueiinoe e iaii?aaeaeaiiinoe aeeciaiiuo ia?niaeoea,
nioeeaeecaoeey iiae?inoeia i?aoa?iaaaao nouanoaaiiua ea/anoaaiiua
eciaiaiey. Eioa?anii i?ineaaeeoue niaea?aeaoaeueioth noi?iio yoeo
eciaiaiee.
I?iaeaiu, aieiothuea noa?oaeeannieeia (%)
Aa?eaiou Iineaa Iiaeiineiauea
I?eia?aoaiea eioa?aniie i?ioannee 79 81
Ee/iua aeaiaaeiua o?oaeiinoe 11 12
Aeaiaaeiua o?oaeiinoe naiuee — 14
Ioiioaiey n ?iaeeoaeyie 28 20
Ioiioaiey iaaeaeo ?iaeeoaeyie 21 13
Ioiioaiey ni naa?noieeaie 6 12
Eiioeeeou n iaaeaaiaaie 2 4
O?oaeiinoe onaiaiey oeieueiiai iaoa?eaea 6 12
*ai caiyoueny a naiaiaeiia a?aiy 4 9
Ee/iay aeeciue 58 56
Caei?iauea /eaiia naiuee 53 46
Ionoonoaea oe?iaiiuo aauae 4 2
Aoaeouaa 20 —
Iaeaieaa iiioey?iuie auee iyoue aa?eaioia ioaaoia. Aannii?ii eiae/iui
iiaeii i?eciaoue auai? i?ioannee – iniiaiie i?iaeaiie a iiae?inoeiaii
aic?anoa. Aeey noa?oaeeannieeia – auai? i?ioannee anaaaea o?oaeiue
aeeciaiiue yoai, iiaee?aieaiiue ianniaui nie?auaieai o/?aaeaeaiee
i?ioanneiiaeueiie iiaeaioiaee n aanieaoiui ia?aciaaieai.
Aoi?ia ianoi n?aaee i?iaeai noa?oaeeannieeia caieiaao icaai/aiiinoue
ee/iuie eioeiiuie ia?aaeeaaieyie, /oi o?aaeeoeeiiii naycaii n
aic?anoiuie iniaaiiinoyie iiae?inoeia.
I?aaenoaaeyao eioa?an aeinoaoi/ii onoie/eaue o?aoee ii cia/eiinoe oaeoi?
– iaaniieiaiiinoue oeieueieeia noa?oeo eeannia caei?iaueai naieo
aeeceeo. Anee ?aiueoa ?iaeeoaee iuoaeenue ia?aie/eoue naieo aeaoae io
auoiauo e iaoa?eaeueiuo i?iaeai, oi naaiaeiy aeaoe ana aieueoa
aeeth/athony a aeeciue naiuee, o/anoaotho a ianoaeaeaiee oeiainiauo e
eiuo caaio ?iaeeoaeae. Niioaaonoaaiii i?eoiaeeo iiieiaiea aiciiaeiie
iioa?e ?iaeeoaeyie caei?iauey, o?oaeiniiniaiinoe e eaoano?ioe/aneeo
iineaaenoaee oaeiai iieiaeaiey aeey naiuee.
Neaaeothuaa ianoi a ?yaeo naieo i?iaeai, iiae?inoee n/eoatho eiioeeeoiua
ioiioaiey n ?iaeeoaeyie, ii yoio aii?in anaaaea noiyea ia?aae
iiae?anoathuei iieieaieai, a a ?yaeo naaiaeiyoieo i?iaeai,
iaiieiyaiinoue ioaaoaie ii yoie iiceoeee n?aaieoaeueii iaaaeeea.
Nioeeieiae Ieaeaai?iaeneiai ainoaea?noaaiiiai oieaa?neoaoa eco/aee
i?e/eiu eiioeeeoia iaaeaeo ?iaeeoaeyie e aeaoueie. Aieaoe?iaaieai auei
ioaa/aii 850 o/aueony 6-10 eeannia iauaia?aciaaoaeueiuo oeie ai?iaea.
Ii?in iieacae, /oi eiioeeeou iaaeaeo aeaoueie e ?iaeeoaeyie iaoneiaeaiiu
iieii ?aaaiea. I?eaaaeai iaeaieaa /anoua i?e/eiu nni? iaeue/eeia e
aeaai/ae n ?iaeeoaeyie:
Ioaaou iaeue/eeia.
54,5% – iaei o/o o?iee aeiia
46,1% – eiiaaea ia neooath ?iaeeoaeae, aeaeath ii-naiaio
40,5% – ec-ca ieioie o/aau
34,1% – iaei /eoath
33,5% – iiiai aoeyth
32,7% – ia oae?ath naie aaue
31,6% – ec-ca iiae a?oainoe, ianaea?aeaiiinoe
30,2% – iiiai niio?th OA
24,6% – iiiai neooath iaaieoioii
24,3% – iaei iiiiaath ii aeiio
24,3% – nni?thnue n a?aoii (nano?ie)
24,3% – ieioi aaaeo naay a oeiea
Ioaaou aeaai/ae
50,3% – eiiaaea ia neooath ?iaeeoaeae, aeaeath ii-naiaio
47,4% – iaei o/o o?iee aeiia
37,2% – ec-ca iiae a?oainoe, ianaea?aeaiiinoe
33,7% – ec-ca ieioie o/aau
31,9% – ia oae?ath naie aaue
28,6% – nni?thnue n a?aoii (nano?ie)
27,4% – caauaath auiieiyoue i?inueau, ii?o/aiey
25,4% – iiiai niio?th OA
23,7% – iaei ai, ia oi ai, ia ai a oeiea
23,5% – iaei iiiiaath ii aeiio
23,3% – iaiy ia iiieiatho
23,3% – ec-ca auai?a i?ioannee
Eae aeaeii, aeaaiuie i?e/eiaie nni?, nii?ia, eiioeeeoia aeaoae n
?iaeeoaeyie yaeythony o/aaa e ai?ueaa ca naiinoiyoaeueiinoue, ca i?aai
iinooiaoue ii naiaio ?acoiaieth, /oi ?iaeeoaee ?anoeaieaatho eae
iaiineooaiea.
Ii aica?auaynue e iauei i?iaeaiai noa?oaeeannieeia, caia/aai, /oi iyoia
ianoi a ?yaeo i?iaeai, aucuaathueo iaaniieiaiiinoue iiae?inoeia, caiyee
iaaeaaiiieo/iua ioiioaiey iaaeaeo ?iaeeoaeyie. Eiioeeeou ?iaeeoaeae
yaeythony enoi/ieeii ieceie naiiioeaiee aeaoae, oi?ie?otho o ?aaaiea
ninoiyiea iiauoaiiie o?aaiaeiinoe, aeiu. Eioa?anii, /oi ai anao aac
eneeth/aiey naiueyo n aunieei o?iaiai eiioeeeoiinoe noi?oaia aeaoe
i?eieiatho noi?iio iaoa?e.
Inoaeueiua i?iaeaiu, oa?aeoa?ecothony iaaunieie iaiieiyaiinoueth
ioaaoia.
Enoiaey ec i?eciaiey oeieueieeaie iaeaieaa aaaeiie i?iaeaiie – i?iaeaio
i?eia?aoaiey i?ioannee, i?iaiaeece?oai, eaeea o?aaiaaiey i?aaeuyaeytho
oeieueieee e naiae aoaeouae i?ioannee.
I?eaioaoeee oeieueieeia (%)
I?aaeii/oeoaeueiua ea/anoaa aoaeouae i?ioannee Iineaa Iiaeiineiauea
O?aaoao aunieie eaaeeoeeaoeee, iiauo ciaiee 36 22
Auniei iiea/eaaaony 58 76
Naiinoiyoaeueiay 13 19
N aa?aioeae io aac?aaioeoeu 25 43
Ia a?aaeia aeey caei?iauey 47 42
N ia?aaeaiaioe?iaaiiui ?aai/ei aeiai 17 8
O?aaoao i?aaei?eei/eainoe, ecia?aoaoaeueiinoe 21 18
I?anoeaeiay 37 30
Naycaia n ?acuacaeaie, iiauie aia/aoeaieyie 25 23
Ia o?aaoao oece/aneiai e oinoaaiiiai iai?yaeaiey 4 9
Eioa?aniay 6 —
Eiaiii a ioaaoao ia aeaiiue aii?in n iaeaieueoae io/aoeeainoueth
i?iyaeeenue iiaua oaiaeaioeee a ?acaeoee iauanoaa, eciaiaiey a aai
oeaiiinoyo e iai?aaeaiiinoyo. A niioaaonoaee n ia?aioeaieie oeaiiinoae,
eioi?ay iaaethaeaaony a iaoai iauanoaa, ia?ainoaiaiiui o?aaiaaieai e
o?oaeo oeieueieee auaeaeytho aunieoth iieaoo. Iaeiaei e caeanue
i?iyaeyaony niaoeeoeea oeaiiinoiuo i?eaioaoeee: aeey iieiaeaaee iaeanoe
yoio oaeoi? cia/eoaeueii aieaa cia/ei /ai aeey iineae/ae. A Iineaa
aunieay ca?ieaoa eioa?anoao i?aaeaea anaai iaeue/eeia(34%) e
cia/eoaeueii iaiueoa aeaai/ae (24%).
Aoi?ia ii cia/eiinoe ea/anoai aeey aoaeouae i?ioannee – ia a?aaeiay aeey
caei?iauey, ii-aeaeeiiio yoi naycaii n oooaeoaieai yeieiae/aneie
neooaoeee a ie?a, iiiai/eneaiiua ioaeeeaoeee ii yoiio aii?ino a
n?aaenoaao ianniaie eioi?iaoeee oi?ie?oao o iiaiai iieieaiey iiaia
yeieiae/aneia niciaiea.
O?aouea ii iaiieiyaiinoe ioaaoia o?aaiaaiea e aoaeouae i?ioannee –
aa?aioee io aac?aaioeoeu, o.a. aeieaeia auoue aino?aaiaaia a ethauo
yeiiiie/aneeo neooaoeeyo. Yoio oaeo naeaeaoaeuenoaoao, /oi iieiaeaaeue
iiieiaao, neieue na?ueacioth oa?ico i?aaenoaaeyao ia?niaeoeaa ia eiaoue
?aaioo, i?e/ai o thiioae yoa i?iaeaia noieo ia iiiai ino?aa, /ai o
aeaaooae (niioaaonoaaiii 77% e 33%).
*aoaa?oua e iyoua ianoa ioaeaiu o?aaeeoeeiiii aaaeiui ea/anoaai aoaeouae
i?ioannee, ii oaia?ue iie nioee ia aoi?ie ieai. Yoi i?anoeaeiinoue e
aunieay eaaeeoeeaoeey aoaeouae ?aaiou. Eiaiii yoe ea/anoaa aieueoa
aieiotho iineae/ae, /ai iiae?inoeia Iiaeiineiauey: aeaenoaea yoeo
ea/anoa iuooeii a e?oiiuo aunieio?aaiece?iaaiiuo oeaio?ia, eaeiaui
yaeyaony Iineaa.
A iauai, n?aaieaay ioaaou oeieueieeia Iineau e Iiaeiineiauey,
auynieeinue, /oi oeieueieee noieeoeu i?eaioe?othony ia
aunieiiiea/eaaaiue o?oae, ia?aaeaiaioe?iaaiiue ?aai/ee aeaiue e
i?anoeaeioth ?aaioo, oeieueieeai aea iaeanoe i?aaeii/oeoaeueiaa
iacaaeneiinoue naiinoiyoaeueiinoue a inouanoaeaiee o?oaeiaie
aeayoaeueiinoe, aieueoaa cia/aiea i?eaeatho o?iaith iieaou o?oaea,
aa?aioeyi io aac?aaioeoeu.
Oaia?ue eioa?anii niiinoaaeoue yoe aeaiiua n ae?oaei ii?inii, eioi?ue
auyaeye eiie?aoiua aeeciaiiua ieaiu o/aueony (niiinoaaeyy n iiaieai
?iaeeoaeae)
AEeciaiiua ieaiu o/aueony (a nianoaaiiuo ioeaieao e ioeaieao eo
?iaeeoaeae), %
Eiioeiaaio Iaia?aaathony noaoue
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
9-a eeannu
iiae?inoee – 5,5 38,8 11,4 2,5 4,5 3 0,5 20,4 11,9
?iaeeoaee 2,2 5,6 40 8,3 3,9 7,8 2,8 0,6 0,4 11,8
10-11-a eeannu
iiae?inoee 0,5 5 28,1 14,3 2,5 4,4 3,5 1,5 15,8 –
?iaeeoaee 0,5 11,8 39,6 8 3,2 8,6 1,6 1,1 – 0,6
?aai/eie
ain. neoaeaueie
neoaeaueie a oe?ia
i?aaei?eieiaoaeyie
?aaioieeaie a noa?a ianeoaeeaaiey
iao/iuie ?aaioieeaie
ia ?aaioathueie
aiaiiineoaeaueie
aua ia ?aoee(a) eai
eai-oi eiui
I?aaeaea anaai neaaeoao ioiaoeoue: i?aeoe/anee ie eoi ec ?aniiiaeaioia
ia oi/ao, /oiau aai ?aaaiie noae ?aai/ei. Oaeoth aea iiceoeeth caieiatho
e naie iiae?inoee. AEaeathueo nei?ae aeaeaoue naieo aeaoae
ainoaea?noaaiiuie neoaeaueie, a ia neoaeaueie a eaeie-eeai oe?ia, a 7
?ac iaiueoa n?aaee ?iaeeoaeae aeaayoeeeannieeia e a 4 ?aca iaiueoa
n?aaee ?iaeeoaeae o/aueony 10-11-o eeannia. Aeiaieueii aeecee e yoei
iiceoeeyi e aeeciaiiua ieaiu naieo iiae?inoeia. Ianoi?aaeeaaao oio oaeo,
/oi ieiei 3% ?iaeeoaeae e iiae?inoeia i?aaeii/ee au, /oiau iineaaeiea
aiiaua ia ?aaioaee.
Iieo/aiiua aeaiiua naeaeaoaeuenoaotho oaeaea i oii, /oi ?acei oiae
i?anoeae iao/iie ?aaiou. Ia yoio aeae aeayoaeueiinoe iaoeaeaii ieiei 8%
?iaeeoaeae e i?aeoe/anee aaeaia iaiueoa iiae?inoeia. Oaeea i?eaioaoeee,
ianiiiaiii, ia iiaoo neacaoueny iaaaoeaii ia i?anoeaea iauaai n?aaeiaai
ia?aciaaiey e ieaiao ia i?iaeieaeaiea iao/aiey a n?aaeiae oeiea. Enoaoe,
naie ?aniiiaeaiou ioia/atho: eo auai? ai iiiaii naycai n oai, /oi
iieiaeaiea a iauanoaa e ianoi aeecie, ii eo iiaieth, naaiaeiy ie eae ia
naycaii n o?iaiai ia?aciaaiey. Yoa iiceoeey a ii?ina iieo/eea
iiaeaea?aeeo e n?aaee ?iaeeoaeae, e n?aaee iiae?inoeia (n?aaeiee aaee ii
4-aaeeueiie oeaea a iiaeaea?aeeo yoie iiceoeee eieaaeaony a i?aaeaeao
1,98 – 2,12 aaeea o iiae?inoeia e 2,08 – 2,21 aaeea o eo ?iaeeoaeae).
Neaaeoao oaeaea ioiaoeoue aeiaieueii aunieee i?anoeae
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe, i?e/ai a aieueoae noaiaie yoi
ioia/aaony n?aaee iiae?inoeia. Oae, anee 8 – 8,3% ?iaeeoaeae oioaee au
aeaeaoue naieo aeaoae i?aaei?eieiaoaeyie, oi n?aaee iiae?inoeia ia oaeie
aeae aeayoaeueiinoe iaoeaeaii 11,4% aeaayoeeeannieeia e 14,3% eo aieaa
noa?oeo oiaa?euae. I?eieiay ai aieiaiea, /oi a n?aaeiae oeiea iaia?aiu
i?iaeieaeaoue iao/aiea ieiei 80% iiae?inoeia, iiaeii aiai?eoue i
i?aeoe/aneii niaiaaeaiee iiceoeee ?aciuo aic?anoiuo eiai?o
noa?oaeeannieeia.
*anoue o?aouey.
Nenoaia ia?aciaaiey.
No?oeoo?a nenoaiu ia?aciaaiey.
E?ecen ia?aciaaiey. (i iineaaenoaeyo caeiia “Ia ia?aciaaiee” aeey
iiae?inoeia.)
Iaainoaea?noaaiiua ia?aciaaoaeueiua o/?aaeaeaiey, eo ?ieue.
Ii?in o/aieeia i iieiaeaiee a oeiea.
Enneaaeiaaiey oaeoi?ia aeeythueo ia i?iaeieaeaiea iao/aiey
aeaayoeeeannieeia.
I?iaeaiu nieaeaiey aaoi?eoaoa ia?aciaaiey.
Ae?oaei iniiaiui aaaioii nioeeaeecaoeee iiae?inoeia yaeyaony oeiea.
?ieue oeieu eae eaiaea nioeeaeecaoeee ia naiaeeony oieueei e ia?aaea/e
ciaiee, oiaiee e iaaueia iiae?inoeai, iia ieacuaaao aicaeaenoaea naiei
oa?aeoa?ii ainieoaiey, aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe ?aaaiea a oeiea, aaea ii
onaaeaaao oeaiiinoiua i?eaioaoeee, ii?aeueiua ii?iu, iaauee a?oiiiaiai
iiaaaeaiey, iaania/eaathuea aio ia?aoiae ai ac?ineoth aeeciue. Iaeiaei
/?acia?iay cai?aaieciaaiiinoue, eiiaiaeii-i?eeaciie noeeue,
?aaoee?iaaiea anae oeieueiie aeecie neiauaaao eieoeeaoeao oeieueieea,
eeoaao aai iuouaiey i?e/anoiinoe e aeaeo, on?aaeiytho
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiinoue. Eeanne/aneay nenoaia ia?aciaaiey no?ieony ia
caiiieiaiee ?acee/iuo oaeoia, eaeae, eiioeaioeee, a ianoi oiai, /oiau
?acaeaaoue niiniaiinoue e aiaeeco, e e?eoe/aneie ioeaiea e au?aaioea
nianoaaiiuo auaiaeia. O aoaeoueo niaoeeaeenoia, ainieoaiiuo a
iaceaeaoaeueiie (i?aaio/eoaeueiie) iaia?a, oaeea iaoaieciu, eae i?eiyoea
naiinoiyoaeueiuo ?aoaiee, oi?ioee?iaea noiyueo caaea/, a oaeaea
aiaeeoe/aneea iaauee ia i?aaeoniio?aiu.
Naaiaeiy nenoaia ia?aciaaiey, iaeaaeay ioiineoaeueiie noaaeeueiinoueth,
ieacaeanue a i?ioeai?a/ee n iauanoaii, eciaieaoai i?eaioe?u naiaai
?acaeoey. E?ecen ia?aciaaiey, ia?aaeeaaaiue nae/an ?inneae, aeinoaoi/ii
aeoaie e iiiaieee. E ii/oe ana aai oa?aeoa?iua /a?ou neacuaathony ia
iieiaeaiee iieiaeaaee.
Niaia ainoaea?noaaiiii-iieeoe/aneiai ono?ienoaa e
nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneiai no?iy nicaeaea i?eioeeieaeueii iiaoth
neooaoeeth a noa?a ia?aciaaiey, eioi?ay ia niinianoaoao oe?aieaieth
nioeeaeueii-i?aaiauo aa?aioee eaaeaeiai iieiaeiai /aeiaaea a iieo/aiee
ia?aciaaiey e i?ioannee a niioaaonoaee n aai eioa?anaie e niiniaiinoyie.
Eiinoeoooeey NNN? 1977 a. i?iaicaeaneea inouanoaeaiea anaiauaai
aanieaoiiai n?aaeiaai ia?aciaaiey iieiaeaaee /a?ac ?acee/iua eaiaeu
(iaeeiiaaeoeaoeeaoea, oaoieeoi, n?aaeiaa IOO, aa/a?iyy oeiea). A
Eiinoeoooeee ?O 1993 a. (no. 43) naeaeai oaa iacaae, iineieueeo ieaiea
iaycaoaeueiiai iauaai ia?aciaaiey iiieaeaia e aa?aioe?iaaia
aanieaoiinoue oieueei iniiaiiai (9 eao) ia?aciaaiey.
Iiaia iieieaiea ?inneyi anooiaao a aeeciue a oneiaeyo, ?acei
ioee/athueony io oao /oi auee ?aiueoa. No?aia ieacaeanue ioa?ioaiiie
aeaeaei iacaae ia oieueei a noa?a iaoa?eaeueiiai i?iecaiaenoaa e o?iaiy
aeecie iniiaiie /anoe ianaeaiey, ii e ii ninoiyieth nenoaiu ia?aciaaiey.
A na?aaeeia 60-o no?aia i?iaeaeaaeanue ei anaiauaio n?aaeiaio
ia?aciaaieth. Ioeoeeaeueii yoa oeaeue auea i?iaicaeaoaia a 70-a aiaeu, e
oioy iieiiai ioaaoa iieiaeaaee ?aciuie aeaeaie n?aaeiaai ia?aciaaiey
aeinoe/ue ia oaeaeinue, e na?aaeeia 80-o aiaeia a NNN? ?aaeueii iieo/aei
aai 80 – 85% iieiaeaaee.
I?aaenoaaeaiea i i?iaeaeaeaiee NNN? ii iooe e anaiauaio iieiiio
n?aaeiaio ia?aciaaieth aeaao oaaeeoea.
?ani?aaeaeaiea oeieueieeia iinea 8(9) eeanna, %.
Anaai caeii/eee 8(9) eeannia e ono?ieeenue 1965 a. 1975 a. 1986 a.
Iioee ?aaioaoue 42,5 2,3 0,2
I?iaeieaeeee aeiaaiia iao/aiea a n?aaeiae oeiea 40,0 60,9 55,8
I?iaeieaeeee iao/aiea a IOO e oaoieeoiao 17,5 36,8 44,0
Oaeei ia?acii, Niaaoneee Nithc, aei ia?ano?ieee ia ionoaaae io iaeaieaa
ia?aaeiauo caiaaeiuo no?ai, eioi?ua iinoaiaiii i?eaeeaeathony e
inouanoaeaieth anaiauaai 12-eaoiaai ia?aciaaiey. Ii ?inney naeaao
caaiaaaiiua iiceoeee. Niaeanii i?eiyoiio a 1992 aiaeo Caeiio “Ia
ia?aciaaiee” iaycaoaeueiui n/eoaaony oieueei iauaa iniiaiia ia?aciaaiea,
eioi?ia inoaaony aanieaoiui. N ainoaea?noaa niyou iaycaoaeuenoaa ii
iaania/aieth aeaaea aeaayoeeaoiaai ia?aciaaiey, eioi?ua “aiceiaeaiu ia
?iaeeoaeae eee eeoe eo caiaiythueo”. E yoi a oneiaeyo, eiaaea
cia/eoaeueiay /anoue naiae ia eiatho n?aaenoa, /oiau iaania/eoue
iieiioeaiiia ieoaiea e eaoiee ioaeuo aeaoae, eiaaea i?e iinooieaiee a
oeieo i?eciathony caei?iauie 30% aeaoae, a e ainueiiio eeanno eo
inoaaony 6%.
Aei neo ii? ia?aciaaiea a ?innee eiaao ainoaea?noaaiii-iauanoaaiiue
oa?aeoa? e no?ieony eae iai?a?uaiay oeaiue nooiaiae iao/aiey e
ainieoaiey, ia eaaeaeie ec eioi?uo aeaenoaotho ia?aciaaoaeueiua
o/?aaeaeaiey ?acee/iuo oeiia. Ainoaea?noaaiiay nenoaia ia?aciaaiey
aeeth/aao: aeioeieueiia ainieoaiea, iauaa n?aaeiaa ia?aciaaiea; aunoaa
ia?aciaaiea; iineaaocianeia ia?aciaaiea e niaa?oainoaiaaiea
i?ioanneiiaeueiiai ianoa?noaa; iiaeaioiaeo, ia?aiiaeaioiaeo e iiauoaiea
i?ioanneiiaeueiie eaaeeoeeaoeee eaae?ia. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy a ?innee,
ia?aeeaeueii ainoaea?noaaiiie, nicaeaaony iaainoaea?noaaiiay nenoaia
ia?aciaaoaeueiuo o/?aaeaeaiee. ?anoouay a iauanoaa nioeeaeueiay
aeeooa?aioeeaoeey iaoiaeeo au?aaeaiea ai ana aieaa oe?ieii
?ani?ino?aiaiee aeiiacee, eieeaaeaeae, eeoeaaa. *anoue eo i?eieiaao
aeaoae ia iao/aiea n ia?aiai eeanna, ae?oaay – n iyoiai, aieueoeinoai –
iinea aeaayoiai. Iao/aiea a ieo io/anoe ieaoiia, ieaoa eieaaeaony a
aanueia oe?ieii aeeaiaciia. Ainoaea?noaaiiua oeieu iiaiai oeia, a oaeaea
/anoiua o/aaiua caaaaeaiey (eo aei 1%) eae i?aaeei, iaania/eaatho aieaa
aunieee o?iaaiue iiaeaioiaee, iniaaiii ii i?ioeeueiui aeenoeeieeiai, /oi
nouanoaaiii iiauoaao aiciiaeiinoe o/aueony oniaoii i?iaeieaeeoue
ia?aciaaiea a aocao e i?eia?anoe aunieee i?ioanneiiaeueiue e
nioeeaeueiue noaoon.
Iauay iaaeaaii?eyoiay neooaoeey a oeieueiie aeecie oeene?oaony
?acoeueoaoaie nioeeieiae/aneeo ii?inia. Ii aeaiiui ianeaaeiaaiey
o/aueony io 14 aei 17 eao n?aaee oaeoi?ia, aucuaathuoth iaeaieueooth
iaoaeiaeaoai?aiiinoue o/aueony, auaeaeythony: ionoonoaea i?aaa auai?a
o/aaiuo i?aaeiaoia e i?aiiaeaaaoaeae (oeacaee 49,8%), ionoonoaea
iaiaoiaeeiie iaoa?eaeueiie aacu, nia?aiaiiiai iai?oaeiaaiey, ?aaioa
noieiaie, eaaeaeue iyoue oeacae ia naith iaoaeiaeaoai?aiiinoue
i?aaiecaoeeae o/aaiiai i?ioeanna, ea/anoaa i?aiiaeaaaiey. *anoue
?aniiiaeaioia iaaaoeaii ioeaieaatho oa?aeoa? ioiioaiee n
i?aiiaeaaaoaeyie (18%). Eeoue 10,3% o/aueony n/eoatho, /oi o/aony a
iieioth ia?o naieo nee e aiciiaeiinoae. Aieueoeinoai ii?ioaiiuo,
oeacaei, /oi naie niiniaiinoe a o/aaa ?aaeecoao ia a iieiie ia?a. Ia
aii?in “Aeaenoaoao ee a Aaoai o/aaiii caaaaeaiee i?eioeei “io eaaeaeiai
ii niiniaiinoyi” (ii ioiioaieth e o/aueiny)?” oieueei 23% ?aniiiaeaioia
ioaaoeee ooaa?aeeoaeueii.
Iacia/eoaeueiay /anoue (16,3%) ioiaoeea, /oi a o/aaiii caaaaeaiee
neiaeeeanue aeaaii?eyoiay ianoaiiaea, anoue acaeiiiiieiaiea e
nio?oaeie/anoai o/aueony e iaaeaaiaia. 60% o/anoieeia ii?ina n/eoatho,
/oi acaeiiiiieiaiey iaaeinoaoi/ii, ianoaiiaea iai?yaeaia, anoue
aeaaeaiea ni noi?iiu o/eoaeae e a?oainoue ni noi?iiu o/aueony.
Eioaineaiia ?anneiaiea iauanoaa ii o?iaith iaoa?eaeueiiai
aeaaininoiyiey, oooaeoaiea oneiaee aeecie aieueoae /anoe ianaeaiey oaea
aiinyo naie ei??aeoeau, a a aoaeouai neaaeaony aua cia/eoaeueiaa ia
noaeueaao o/auaeny iieiaeaaee. No?aieaiea auioneieeia n?aaeiae oeieu
iieo/eoue aunoaa ia?aciaaiea nieaeaaony n eaaeaeui aiaeii, oaeea
iano?iaiey i?iieeatho e a ieaaeoea eeannu, /oi oiaiueoaao eioa?an e
o/aaa e nicaeaao iaaaoeaiia ioiioaiea e oeiea. Noi?ie?iaaaoeeny
aeanyoeeaoeyie iacaae e iiea nio?aiythueeny o iiiaeo noa?oaeeannieeia
noa?aioei ia i?iaeieaeaiea o/aau, a iinea iieo/aiey iieiiai n?aaeiaai
ia?aciaaiey – ia iinooieaiea a AOC, iinoaiaiii noaiao aeinoiyieai
iaiueoae /anoe auioneieeia 9-o, a caoai 11-o eeannia. Auai? aeeciaiiuo
oneiaee o iiae?inoeia e iieiaeaaee i?ioiaeeo ?yae yoaiia. Ia eaaeaeii ec
yoaiia ei??aeoe?oaony, a aiciiaeii iieiinoueth iaiyaony eo nioeeaeueiay
i?eaioaoeey. Ia?aue yoai auai?a, iinea aeaayoiai eeanna, iiae?inoee
aeaeatho iau/ii iiae aeeyieai ?iaeeoaeae, ii a ianoa n oai aiciiaeii
aeeyiea oaea neiaeeaoaeny o iiae?inoea nioeeaeueiie i?eaioaoeee, iaee/ea
o ieo ecaanoiie naiinoiyoaeueiinoe i?e ?aoaiee aii?ina i iineaaeothueo
oi?iao ia?aciaaiey eeai iaiin?aaenoaaiiii o?oaeiono?ienoaa. Aeey
ii?aaeaeaiiie a?oiiu o/aueony iieo/aiea iieiiai n?aaeiaai ia?aciaaiey
oo?aoeo niune.
I?iaeaio nioeeaeueiie i?eaioaoeee e auai?a aeaeueiaeoaai aeeciaiiiai
iooe oeaeaniia?acii ?anniao?eaaoue aeey iiae?inoeia a aic?anoa 15 eao,
eiaaea iie caaa?oatho iao/aiea a iniiaiie iauaia?aciaaoaeueiie oeiea (9
eeannia), auyniei, /oi aea yaeyaony oaeoi?aie, ii?aaeaeythueie auai?
aeaayoeeeannieeia. I?aaeaea anaai ioiaoei, /oi o aeaayoeeeannieeia
aeinoaoi/ii aaeeea i?e ii?aaeaeaiee aeaeueiaeoeo ia?aciaaoaeueiuo ieaiia
?ieue oaeoi?a oniaaaaiinoe. Anee i?aeoe/anee ana iiae?inoee,
iao/athueany ia “4” e “5”, iaia?aaathony i?iaeieaeeoue iao/aiea a
aeanyoii eeanna, a n?aaee oao, eoi oniaaaao a iniiaiii ia “4” oaeiauo –
3/4 eiioeiaaioa, oi n?aaee oniaaathueo ia “3” e “4” eee a iniiaiii ia
“3” oaeiauo niioaaonoaaiii 48,6 e 23,3%; 68,4% iao/athueony a iniiaiii
ia o?e e 31,4% aiiaua eiathueo o?ieee, ia neeiiiu e aeaeueiaeoaio
iao/aieth a oeiea.
Noieue aea aaeeea caaeneiinoue io oniaaaaiinoe e oaeiaeaoai?aiiinoue io
iao/aiey a noa?oeo eeannao: n?aaee o?ia/ieeia aei 60% oao, eoi
iieiinoueth eee /anoe/ii ia oaeiaeaoai?ai naiei auai?ii i?iaeieaeeoue
iao/aiea a 10-i eeanna, oiaaea eae n?aaee oniaaathueo aac o?iae, oaeiauo
i?aeoe/anee iao. Aiaeiae/iua caeiiiia?iinoe ioia/athony e i?e
?anniio?aiee iiceoeee ?iaeeoaeae.
Iniiaiua oaeoi?u, iiaeeyaoea, ii naiiioeaieai aeaayoeeeannieeia ia eo
auai?.
Iieaeao ee o/aiee a 10-e eeann Oaeoi?u
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Aea
aaee 2,38 2,77 1,88 1,64 1,76 1,59 2,58 1,22 2,39 2,04
?aia 4 1 6 8 7 9 2 10 3 5
Iao, ia ?aoee
aaee 1,80 2,49 1,73 1,40 1,37 1,13 2,17 1,33 2,32 2,28
?aia 5 1 6 7 8 10 4 9 2 3
niaao iooea
niaao iaoa?e
niaao ?iaenoaaiieeia
niaao iaeiieeannieea
niaao o/eoaey
?aeiiaiaeaoeee ee. ?oeiaiaeeoaey
eioa?an e eaeiio-eeai i?aaeiaoo
eiinoeueoaoeey ii i?ioi?eaioaoeee
nianoaaiiia oaea/aiea, oiaae
i?eia? eee niaao ciaeiiuo
Iniiaiua oaeoi?u, iiaeeyaoea, ii naiiioeaieai o/aueony 10-11 eeannia, ia
eo auai?.
Oaeiaeaoai?aiiua o/aaie a 10-i eeanna Oaeoi?u
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Aeiaieai
aaee 2,03 2,41 1,79 1,66 1,61 1,48 2,42 2,16 2,45 1,96
?aia 5 3 7 8 9 10 2 4 1 6
Ia aeiaieai
aaee 2,58 2,74 1,89 1,79 1,63 1,63 1,65 1,00 1,84 1,95
?aia 2 1 4 6 8-9 8-9 7 10 5 3
niaao iooea
niaao iaoa?e
niaao ?iaenoaaiieeia
niaao iaeiieeannieea
niaao o/eoaey
?aeiiaiaeaoeee ee. ?oeiaiaeeoaey
eioa?an e eaeiio-eeai i?aaeiaoo
eiinoeueoaoeey ii i?ioi?eaioaoeee
nianoaaiiia oaea/aiea, oiaae
i?eia? eee niaao ciaeiiuo
Ia?aoeaoenue e iniiaiui oaeoi?ai, iiaeeyaoei ia auai? iiae?inoeia e
oaeiaeaoai?aiiinoue oaeei auai?ii (ni oaae.), iiaeii eiinoaoe?iaaoue
aeinoaoi/ii aeeceoth no?oeoo?o yoeo oaeoi?ia o iaaeo a?oii
aeaayoeeeannieeia, a oaeaea ?iaeeoaeae, a oeaeii oaeiaeaoai?aiiuo eee ia
oaeiaeaoai?aiiuo auai?ii naieo aeaoae i?iaeieaeeoue iao/aiea a 10-i
eeanna. A yoeo neo/ayo aaaeoueie oaeoi?aie, eae aeaeii a oaaeeoeao,
aunooiaee ?aoaiey naieo ?iaeeoaeae, a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue iaoa?e, e
eioa?an iiae?inoea e eaeie-eeai o/aaiie aeenoeeieeia eee aai oiaae.
Eiia iieiaeaiea a ioiioaiee oaeiaeaoai?aiiinoe i?iaeieaeaieai iao/aiey a
oeiea 10 – 11-oe eeannieeia. ?anoiaeaeaiea iiceoeee oeieueieeia
oaeiaeaoai?aiiuo naiei auai?ii e iaoaeiaeaoai?aiiuo aeinoaoi/ii aaeeei.
I?e yoii aaaeoueie oaeoi?aie o iaaeiaieueiuo aunooiatho niaaou
?iaeeoaeae eee i?eia?u ciaeiiuo. O oao aea, eoi, a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue
i?eaioe?iaaeny ia nianoaaiiua oaea/aiey e eioa?anu, oaeiaeaoai?aiiinoue
iaeaieaa auniea.
Ai anao neo/ayo neaaeoao ioiaoeoue iaeoth ?ieue aeeyiey oeieu ia auai?
aeeciaiiiai iooe (niaaou o/eoaeae e ?aeiiaiaeaoeee eeanniiai
?oeiaiaeeoaey caieiatho 8 – 10 ?aiaiaua ianoa ec aeanyoe
?anniao?eaaaoeony)
Iieacaoaeueii, /oi o oaeiaeaoai?aiiuo naiei auai?ii aeanyoeeeannieeia
neaaeiaaiea ?aeiiaiaeaoeeyi ?aaioieeia eiinoeueoaoeee ii i?ioi?eaioaoeee
caieiaao /aoaa?oia ?aiaiaia ianoi.
Iaaei ioiaoeoue oaeaea, /oi niaaou iaeiieeannieeia ioiineoaeueii auai?a
i?iaeieaeaiey iao/aiey eiaiii a oeiea caieiatho aieaa aunieia ?aiaiaia
ianoi o oao, eoi a aeaeueiaeoai ia/ae i?iyaeyoue iaaeiaieuenoai
ioiineoaeueii naiaai auai?a.
Oaeei ia?acii iiaeii naeaeaoue auaiae, /oi aieueoeinoai iiae?inoeia e eo
?iaeeoaeae (75,7 e 76,2% niioaaonoaaiii) iaoeaeaii ia i?iaeieaeaiea
iao/aiey a aeanyoii eeanna; ?iaeeoaee a aieueoae noaiaie, /ai
iiae?inoee, i?eaioe?iaaiu ia i?iaeieaeaiea ia?aciaaiey a eiuo oi?iao
(oaoieeoi, eo?nu, eeoeae e o. ae.) – 22,1% i?ioea 6,8%; n?aaee o/aueony
10-11-o eeannia i?aeoe/anee 4/5 iiae?inoeia aeiaieueiu i?eiyoui ?aoaieai
i?iaeieaeeoue iao/aiea a iauaia?aciaaoaeueiie oeiea. Aiaeec aeeciaiiuo
ieaiia iiae?inoeia iieacae: 3% iiae?inoeia i?aaeii/ee au aiiaua ia
?aaioaoue ie iinea 9-ai eeanna, ie a iineaaeothuea ia?eiaeu aeecie;
i/aiue ?acei oiae i?anoeae noaoona ?aai/aai: i?aeoe/anee ie eoi ec
iiae?inoeia e eo ?iaeeoaeae ia i?eaioe?iaaiu ia iieo/aiea ?aai/eo
i?ioannee; oiae i?anoeae e iao/iie ?aaiou, iniaaiii n?aaee iiae?inoeia:
ia yoio aeae aeayoaeueiinoe iaoeaeaiu eeoue 4% iiae?inoeia e 8% eo
?iaeeoaeae; oiaei aeiaa?ea e athaeaeaoiie noa?a: ia ?aaioo a
eiiia?/aneea oe?iu i?eaioe?iaaii a 7 ?ac aieueoa ?iaeeoaeae
aeaayoeeeannieeia e a 4 ?aca aieueoa ?iaeeoaeae o/aueony a 10-11
eeannao, /ai ia ?aaioo a ainoaea?noaaiiuo o/?aaeaeaieyo. I?aeoe/anee
iieiaeia ?aniiiaeaioia ioia/aao, /oi iieiaeaiea a iauanoaa e ianoi a
aeecie naaiaeiy ieeae ia naycaiu n o?iaiai ia?aciaaiey.
Aaaeiie /anoueth ie?iaini?eyoey oeieueieeia noaiiaeony nieaeaiea
aaoi?eoaoa ciaiey e iaoee a oeaeii, iineieueeo iie ciatho /oi o?oae
“eioaeeeaaioeee” iiea/eaaaony ieaea, /ai o?oae ae?oaeo neiaa iauanoaa.
Yoi i?iecioei ai iiiaii ec-ca onoie/eaiai noa?aioeia iaaino?aaiaaiiinoe
ciaiee, ieceiai i?anoeaea eioaeeaeooaeueiiai e aunieieaaeeoeoee?iaaiiiai
o?oaea a nenoaia yeiiiie/aneeo ioiioaiee.
Nieaeaiea ni?ina ia eioaeeaeooaeueiue e aunieieaaeeoeoee?iaaiiue o?oae
neoaeeo iniiaiui oaeoi?ii, niinianoaothuei iaanoeaiaieth e ?ac?ooaieth
iioeaia iieo/aiey ia?aciaaiey e aianoa n oai ana nieaeathuaainy aai
ea/anoaa. Naaiaeiy ?inney – iiea aua iaeia ec naiuo ia?aciaaiiuo no?ai
ie?a, /oi iiaeoaa?aeaeaao aeaiiuie i eiyooeoeeaioa a?aiioiinoe ac?ineiai
ianaeaiey, aeieae ?aaioieeia, eiathueo aunoaa e n?aaeiaa niaoeeaeueiia
ia?aciaaiea e ae?oaeie iieacaoaeyie (aeinooiiinoue, anaiauiinoue,
aanieaoiinoue), ii /oi aoaeao /a?ac ianeieueei eao, ie eoi ia ciaao.
Iaiaeiaaaeioth ?ieue a nieaeaiee oeaiiinoe iauaai n?aaeiaai ia?aciaaiey
a aeacao ?iaeeoaeae oeieueieeia e, iniaaiii, naieo iiae?inoeia nua?aee
n?aaenoaa ianniaie eioi?iaoeee e, a /anoiinoe, iieiaeaaeiay i?anna.
Neacaeenue e nieaeaiey o?iaiy ainoaea?noaaiiiai oeiaine?iaaiey nenoaiu
ia?aciaaiey, ?aaii eae e ?acaeoea naoe eiiia?/aneeo e yeeoa?iuo oeie,
eieeaaeaeae, eeoeaaa e o. ae.
*anoue /aoaa?oay.
Iniaaiiinoe iieiaeaaeiie noaeoeueoo?u.
Iieiaeaaeiay noaeoeueoo?a, eae iniaay iaoi?iaeueiay eoeueoo?a.
Enneaaeiaaiey eioa?ania iiae?inoeia.
I?anooiiinoue iiae?inoeia.
O nia?aiaiiie iieiaeaaee ioaeuo e aeinoa – aaaeouay oi?ia
aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe, iia auoanieea o?oae eae aaaeiaeooth iio?aaiinoue.
Io oaeiaeaoai?aiiinoueth aeinoaii oaia?ue caaeneo oaeiaeaoai?aiiinoue
aeeciueth a oeaeii. Caeanue iaaei aiai?eoue ia iniaie iieiaeaaeiie
noaeoeueoo?a. Noaeoeueoo?a – /anoue iauae eoeueoo?u, nenoaia oeaiiinoae,
o?aaeeoeee, iau/aaa, i?enoueo aieueoie nioeeaeueiie a?oiia. Aiai?y i
iieiaeaaeiie noaeoeueoo?a, iaaei ioiaoeoue, /oi a iae ionoonoaoao
ecae?aoaeueiinoue a eoeueoo?iii iiaaaeaiee, i?aiaeaaeatho noa?aioeiu e
a?oiiiaie eiioi?ieci (niaeaoaoaeuenoai). Iieiaeaaeiay noaeoeueoo?a
iaeaaeaao naiei ycueii, iniaie iiaeie, eneonnoaii e noeeai iiaaaeaiey.
Ana aieueoa iia noaiiaeony iaoi?iaeueiie eoeueoo?ie, iineoaeyie eioi?ie
aunooiatho iaoi?iaeueiua iiae?inoeiaua a?oiiu.
A eiioea 1989 aiaea auee enneaaeiaaiu iaoi?iaeueiua iieiaeaaeiua a?oiiu,
iacuaaaiua “aeai?iauie ooniaeaie”. Iie ia?aciaaiu ii ianoo aeeoaeuenoaa:
70% eo o/anoieeia ninoaaeee thiioe, 30% – aeaaooee.
“Oeoe a iaoi?iaeu” iiaoaeeee iieiaeuo ethaeae aioo?aiiaa iaeeii/anoai,
iio?aaiinoue a ae?ocueyo, eiioeeeou a oeiea e aeiia, iaaeiaa?ea e
ac?ineui, i?ioano i?ioea a?aiuey. Ii/oe eaaeaeue ainueiie i?eoae a
a?oiio, iioiio /oi “ia ciae, eae aeeoue aeaeueoa”.
Iaeaieaa ?ani?ino?aiaiiuie niiniaaie i?iaaaeaiey naiaiaeiiai a?aiaie
yaeythony “ooniaee”, iinauaiea aeaeainaeiiia, aaea iiae?inoee
i?aaeii/eoatho niio?aoue oeeueiu oaeania, eiiaaeee e y?ioeeo.
Iieiaeaaeiay noaeoeueoo?a ai iiiaii iineo no??iaaoiue oa?aeoa? – iia
iieia eneonnoaaiiuie caiaieoaeyie ?aaeueiuo oeaiiinoae: i?iaeeaiiia
o/aie/anoai eae inaaaeinaiinoiyoaeueiinoue, iiae?aaeaiea ioiioaieyie
ac?ineuo n nenoaiie ainiiaenoaa e aeiieie?iaaiey neeueiuo ee/iinoae,
i?ec?a/iia o/anoea a i?eeeth/aieyo ye?aiiuo e eeoa?aoo?iuo aa?iaa aianoi
?aaeecaoeee nianoaaiiuo no?aieaiee, iaeiiaoe, aaanoai eee iai?eyoea
nioeeaeueiie aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe aianoi aa ia?aono?ienoaa e
niaa?oainoaiaaiey. Iaeiei ec niiniaia aaanoaa io aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe, a
oaeaea no?aieaiea iioiaeeoue ia ac?ineuo yaeyaony oiio?aaeaiea
ia?eioeeia.
A ai?aea-iaa 1994 aiaea a ai?iaea AEoeianeii i?iaiaeeeenue enneaaeiaaiey
oeieueieeia 9-11 eeannia, eioi?ua noaaeee naiae oeaeueth auynieoue /ai
eioa?anoaony naaiaeiyoiyy iieiaeaaeue. ?acoeueoaou ii?ina i?eaaaeaiu a
oaaeeoea:
Eioa?anu iiae?inoeia (a naiiioeaieao e ioeaieao eo ?iaeeoaeae),%
Eiioeiaaio 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
9-a eeannu
iiae?inoee 1,68 1,63 2,58 2,6 2,36 1,88 2,4 2,33 2,31 2,09 1,87 1,67
?iaeeoaee 1,46 1,47 2,43 2,66 2,43 1,22 2,42 2,07 1,78 1,99 1,69 1,43
10-11-a eeannu
iiae?inoee 1,77 1,67 2,58 2,57 2,54 2,21 2,41 1,95 2,15 2,24 2,1 1,68
?iaeeoaee 1,62 1,47 2,32 2,58 2,42 1,52 2,32 1,97 1,71 2,08 1,67 1,52
Iieeoeea
Nioeeaeueiua iaoee
Nii?o
Iiaea
Eoeueoo?a
I?iaeaiu naena
I?e?iaea
Oaoieea
Aecian
I?iaeaiu ii?aee
I?iaeaiu ?aeeaee
I?iaeaiu iaaeaaiaeee
Ec oaaeeoeu aeaeii, /oi ?acei niaieeenue oeaiiinoiua i?eaioaoeee
iiae?inoeia ii n?aaiaieth aeaaea n eiioeii ainueieaeanyouo: naaiaeiy
aaaeoueie eioa?anaie o iiae?inoeia noaee nii?o e iiaea. Aeinoaoi/ii
aaeeei /enei oao, eoi eioa?anoaony i?iaeaiaie eoeueoo?u e eneonnoaa,
i?aaaea, eae ioia/atho iiiaea enneaaeiaaoaee, ?a/ue a aeaiiii neo/aa
eaeao ie noieueei ia eneonnoaa, neieueei ia eioa?ana e nia?aiaiiie
iocuea, oa?aeoa?iie aeey ianniaie eoeueoo?u. A ioeaieao oaeeo eioa?ania
eae aeiieie?othueo aeecee ae?oa ae?oao iiae?inoee e eo ?iaeeoaee. Aunie
eioa?an iiae?inoeia e i?iaeaiai naena. I?e/ai ?iaeeoaee ioeaieaatho
eioa?anu naieo aeaoae e oeacaiiie i?iaeaia cia/eoaeueii ieaea naieo
iiae?inoeia. Iaeiia?aiaiii a ea/anoaa iaaaoeaiiai oaeoa neaaeoao
ioiaoeoue, /oi oiae eioa?an e iieeoe/aneei i?iaeaiai e nioeeaeueiui
iaoeai, ia a iineaaeithth i/a?aaeue yoi naycaii n aeayoaeueiinoueth
n?aaenoa ianniaie eioi?iaoeee.
Iniaoth o?aaiao aucuaaao aoyaeaaiea a i?anooiiue ie? iieiaeaaee. A 1993
a. 16,1% auyaeaiiuo i?anooiieeia – yoi ianiaa?oaiiieaoiea. Aeeaeaeoee
?aca?a i?anooiiiai ie?a – /anoue iieiaeaaee, eioi?ay auauaaao ec oeieu.
Iauaa i?aaenoaaeaiea i e?eieiaeecaoeee iieiaeaaee ieaaeoeo aic?anoia
iiaeii iieo/eoue ec oaaeeoeu:
I?aaiia?ooaiey e i?anooiiinoue n?aaee ianiaa?oaiiieaoieo a 1993 a. (a
oun. /ae.)
Aic?ano Eiaee i?eaiae a ieeeoeeth Ninoiyo a ieeeoeee ia o/aoa Niaa?oeee
i?anooieaiey
aei 13 eao 168,6 81,6 —
14-15 206,2 128,1 66,9
16-17 281,5 166,1 136,9
EOIAI 656,3 375,9 203,8
Ec 375,9 oun., ninoiyueo ia o/aoa a ieeeoeee, 156,9 oun. – yoi o/aueany
iauaia?aciaaoaeueiuo oeie, 68,2 oun. – IOO, 66,1 oun. – ?aaioathuea;
78,6 oun. ia ?aaioatho e ia o/aony.
A “a?oiie?iaee iaaaoeaiie iai?aaeaiiinoe” aoiaeyo oee/iua aaiaeeou,
a?iaea “ethaa?aoeeie”, “nieioeaaneie” e o. ae. Ii aeaiiui IAAe, a ?innee
a 1993 aiaeo auei 20 oun. iiaeiaiuo a?oiie?iaie, a ieo aoiaeeei 58,2
oun. /aeiaae a aic?anoa aei 17 eao. I?eia?ii /aoaa?oue ec ieo (15 oun.)
ninoaaeyao eaai?oa iyoiaaeoeaoeeaoieo, oao, eioi?uo aunoaaeee ec oeie e
ia i?eiyee a oaoieeoiu e IOO. Yoe iiae?inoee, oio iaiin?aaenoaaiiue
?aca?a e ninoaaiay /anoue oaieiaiiai ie?a.
?ino i?aaiia?ooaiee n?aaee oeieueieeia naycai n iaaaoeaiui naeaeaii a
i?aanoaaiiie i?eaioaoeee. Oi, /oi ?aiaa n/eoaeinue caci?iui, naaiaeiy
?anoeaieaaaony eae aeiionoeiia.
N/eoaaoa ee Au aiciiaeiui aeey naieo naa?noieeia o/anoea a oaeeo aeaeao
aeayoaeueiinoe, eae ?yeao, oaioaae, iioaiie/anoai, ai?ianoai e o. i.?
Ioaaou Aaniethoiia cia/aiea (/aeiaae) % e /eneo ii?ioaiiuo
Aea, a ii?aaeaeaiiuo ianoiyoaeuenoaao 269 16,5
Aea, ii a ?aaeeeo neo/ayo 274 16,8
Iao, ie i?e eaeeo ianoiyoaeuenoaao 603 37,0
Cao?oaeiyeenue ioaaoeoue e ia ioaaoeee 483 29,7
Ii ia?a oiai, eae oaaee/eaaaony a?aiy, i?iaiaeeiia aeaoueie aia naiuee
e oeieu, aic?anoaao oaeaeueiue aan iauanoaa naa?noieeia, eioi?ia ai
iiiaeo neo/ayo ia?aaaoeaaao aaoi?eoao ?iaeeoaeae. Iauanoai naa?noieeia
eae oaeoi? nioeeaeecaoeee ia iaeii?iaeii e nae/an i/aiue eciaieeinue:
?aiueoa yoi auee ?oeiaiaeeiua e iai?aaeaiiua ac?ineuie aeaoneea
eieeaeoeau e i?aaiecaoeee (ieiia?u, eiiniiie), naaiaeiy aea yoi
?aciiia?aciua iaoi?iaeueiua niiauanoaa, aieueoae /anoueth
?aciiaic?anoiua e niaoaiiua a nioeeaeueiii ioiioaiee.
*anoue iyoay.
Caeeth/aiea.
Iiae?inoee naaiaeiy yoi iieiioeaiiua a?aaeaeaia caao?a .
Naaiaeiy iniiaiua aaaiou nioeeaeecaoeee iaoiaeyony a e?ecena. N?aaeiyy
?inneeneea naiuey iaoiaeeony a ia iiaoo iicaieeoue oaeaeyoue iiiai
a?aiaie Ec-ca iauaai e?ecena a nenoaia ia?aciaaiey oeiea ia ni?aaeyaony
n aiceiaeaiiuie ia iaa iaycaiiinoyie ainieoaiey e iao/aiey oeieueieeia.
Ana /aua aeaoe a oeiea i?aaeinoaaeaiu naie naaa. Oeiea
Eeoa?aoo?a.
Eiaaeaaa A. E. E?ecen nenoaiu ia?aciaaiey.// Nioeen 3/94
?aeianeay I. A. Nioeeaeueiua i?eaioe?u iieiaeaaee: oaiaeaioeee,
i?iaeaiu, ia?niaeoeau / I. “Iaoea” 1993.
E?aa/aiei A. E. Aaaaeaiea a nioeeieiaeth/I. “Iiaay oeiea” 1995.
I?iaeaiu nioeeaeecaoeee iieiaeaaee. ?aoa?aoeaiue nai?iee/I. 1993.
Ai?iiei A. E. Eiioeeeou a oeiea.// Nioeen 3/94
Iiiiia?/oe A. A., Oienouo A. A. N?aaeiaa ia?aciaaiea: aeaa e?eoe/aneea
oi/ee nia?aiaiiie oeieu.// Nioeen 12/94
Aeaiaioueaaa I. O. Naiuey a nenoaia noa?oiauo aeeciaiiuo oneiaee
noa?oaeeanniieeia.// Nioeen 6/95
?ooeaae/ I. I. Nioeeaeueiay i?eaioaoeey auioneieeia iniiauo oeie.//
Nioeen 10/94
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