?aoa?ao ia oaio: “?ACAIAe”
I?e/eiu ?acaiaeia.
Ai iiiaeo no?aiao aeinoaoi/iui iniiaaieai e iaeiei ec naiuo /anouo
iioeaia i?e ?acaiaea neoaeeo noi?oaeaneay iaaa?iinoue. A iaoae no?aia
i?eia?ii /aoaa?oue anao i?e/ei ?acaiaeia naycaiii n ia?ooaieai
noi?oaeaneie aa?iinoe.
Eciaia cao?aaeaaao iaeanoue noi?oaeaneeo /oanoa, yaeyynue aioeiiaeii
ethaae. Aeey nia?aiaiiie naiuee ethaiaue – aaaeiaeoee iioea aeey
anooieaiey a a?ae, ia?aaeei aaeeinoaaiiia iniiaaiea aeey nicaeaiey e
nouanoaiaaiey naiuee. Eciaia aea io?aaeaao ?aciua i?ioeai?a/ey,
eiioeeeou, aeenaa?iiieth iaaeaeo noi?oaaie. Noi?oaeaneoth iaaa?iinoue
iiaeii ano?aoeoue a naiueyo n aeaaiiieo/iuie e onoie/eauie ioiioaieyie,
/aua – a eiioeeeoiuo, i?iaeaiiuo naiueyo, a oaeaea a naiueyo n
e?eoe/aneeie, i?aeoe/anee ?ac?ooaiiuie ioiioaieyie noi?oaia.
Iioea “eciaiu” iaaethaeaaony /aua anaai i?e ?anoi?aeaiee iieiaeuo
a?aeia, /oi naeaeaoaeuenoaoao nei?aa i iac?aeinoe, eaaeiiuneee noi?oaia,
i iaiiieiaiee naiaeiuo oeaiiinoae e oaeiai iiiyoey, eae ”nayuaiiinoue
naiaeiuo oc”. Ia?iiioth ?ieue caeanue ea?aao yoe/aneia ainieoaiea e
iauay eoeueoo?a ethaeae. Ai ana a?aiaia eoeueoo?a ioae/eiu, aai /anoue e
aeinoieinoai ii?aaeaeyeenue eoeueoo?ie aai ioiioaiee e aeaiueia.
Enoeiiay eoeueoo?a caeeth/aaony a oii, /oiau aeaeaoue e oaaaeaoue a
aeaiueia i?aaeaea anaai /aeiaaea, ae?oaa e ee/iinoue.
E?iia oiai, noi?oaeaneay aa?iinoue ai iiiaii caaeneo io aeia?a/iiai
iiaaaeaiey: ioae/eiu e aeaiueiu, eiaaoea aeia?a/iua iieiaua nayce, eaa/a
ia?ooatho iaao noi?oaeaneie aa?iinoe. Yoi naycaii n oai, /oi ?aiiee
iieiaie iiuo, nei?aa anaai ia iniiaaiiue ia ianoiyuae ethaae, nieaeaao
ioeaieo naenoaeueiuo ioiioaiee e /oanoai aeieaa, iaycaoaeuenoaa ii
ioiioaieth e ae?oaiio ia?oia?o. *oanoai noi?oaeaneiai aeieaa – yoi
iniciaiea /aeiaaeii naieo iaycaoaeuenoa ia?aae a?a/iui ia?oia?ii,
ioiaeaeanoaeaiea naieo ee/iuo eioa?ania n eioa?anaie naiuee.
Nouanoaoao iiaiea i oii, /oi eciaia, neo/aeiay naycue canoaaeyao
/aeiaaea iiiyoue, /oi a naiuea auea ethaiaue. Ii iaeioi?ui
enneaaeiaaieyi, 75% ioae/ei ia iaoiaeyo a neo/aeiii ia?oia?a oiai, /oi
iaeeaeaee, e ia/eiatho aieueoa oeaieoue naith aeaio. N?aaee iaaa?iuo
aeai /enei oaeeo, eoi ia eniuoae ie/aai, e?iia ?aci/a?iaaiey e oa?ucaiee
niaanoe, ieacaeinue aua aieueoa – 90%. Noi?oa iniciaao, /oi niaa?oee
no?aoioth ioeaeo, /oi i?aaeae aeeceiai /aeiaaea e ai?aaeue aoaeao
aei?iaeeoue naiei i/aaii.
E ana aea a aieueoeinoaa neo/aaa eciaia ia eaeao ia iieueco ethaae.
Eciaio iaaa?iia i?inoeoue o?oaeiaa anaai. E o?oaeii, aeaaea iaaiciiaeii
caauoue. Aeaaea noi?oae n nieeaeiui naiaeiui noaaeai i?eciathony, /oi
ainiiieiaiea ia eciaia iaeiiai ec ieo nio?aiyao ai?a/ue ia aeieaea
aiaeu.
Eciaia ?ac?ooaao naiueth, iaaaaeii eoi eciaiee, ioae eee aeaia.
I?inoeoue aa eee ia i?inoeoue, caaeneo io /aeiaaea, io oiai, neieueei
ethaae nio?aieeinue a aeooa, niiaeao ee, anee ia caauoue, oi aeoaiei
cai?yoaoue iaeaeo iaianaiioth eciaiie.
Eiaaea aeeaaoue n /aeiaaeii, aianoa n iei no?ieoue naiueth, naie aeii, a
eioi?ii aoaeoo ?anoe aeaoe, ioaeii auoue oaa?aiiui a yoii /aeiaaea.
Oaa?aiiui, /oi ii ia i?aaeano, ia eciaieo. Eciaia, eae iaiaeeaeaiiue
oaea? iaioiaoue, auaeaaao ii/ao ec-iiae iia. Ia eaaeaeue a ninoiyiee
iinea oaeiai oaea?a ii?aaeoueny.
Iaeuecy ooaa?aeaeaoue, /oi eciaio niaa?oaao oieueei aaci?aanoaaiiue
/aeiaae. Anee a naiuea iaii?iaeueiua ioiioaiey, iiaeic?aiey, ?aaiinoue,
neaiaeaeu, ionoonoaoao aeia?ioa, ni/oanoaea, iiieiaiea, oi ?aii eee
iicaeii yoi i?eaaaeao e oiio, /oi iaeei ec noi?oaia iaaieueii ia/eiaao
eneaoue /aeiaaea , eioi?ue aai iiieiaao e oaaaeaao a iai ee/iinoue.
A nia?aiaiiuo enneaaeiaaieyo aeaeathony iiiuoee i?iaiaeece?iaaoue
i?e/eiu noi?oaeaneie iaaa?iinoe. I?eaaaeai caeanue iaeio ec
eeanneoeeaoeee.
1. Iiaay ethaiaue. Yoa i?e/eia noi?oaeaneie iaaa?iinoe oa?aeoa?ia aeey
a?aeia, aaea ethaiaue auea iacia/eoaeueiie eee aiana ionoonoaiaaea
(?aoeeiiaeueiua eee auioaeaeaiiua a?aee, iniiaaiiua ia auaiaea, no?aoa
iaeeii/anoaa).
2. Aiciacaeea. I?e iiiiue eciaiu ?aaeecoaony aeaeaiea ioiinoeoue ca
iaaa?iinoue noi?oaa, /oiau ainnoaiiaeoue /oanoai nianoaaiiiai
aeinoieinoaa.
3. Ii?oaaiiay ethaiaue. A a?a/iuo ioiioaieyo ionoonoaoao acaeiiinoue.
Iaeei ec noi?oaia no?aaeaao io iai?eyoey aai ethaae, aacioaaoiinoe
/oanoaa. Yoi iiaoaeaeaao ooieeoue /oanoai a ae?oaii ia?oia?noaa, aaea
aiciiaeia acaeiiinoue.
4. Iiene iiauo ethaiaiuo ia?aaeeaaiee, eae i?aaeei, oa?aeoa?ai aeey
noi?oaia ni cia/eoaeueiui noaaeai, eiaaea /oanoaa iiaeaeee. Eeai a
naiueyo n oaeeie ii?iaie, eiaaea io aeecie aa?aony ana aiciiaeiia.
Aa?eaioii iiaeao auoue iiae?aaeaiea “e?aneaie aeecie” ca?oaaaeiuo
ia?acoeia, naenoaeueiie naiaiaea.
5. Oioaeueiue ?aniaae naiuee. Eciaia caeanue – oaeoe/anee ?acoeueoao
nicaeaiey iiaie naiuee, eiaaea ia?aay naiuey aini?eieiaaony
iaaeecianiiniaiie.
6. Neo/aeiay naycue, eiaaea eciaia ia oa?aeoa?ecoaony
?aaoey?iinoueth e aeoaieeie ethaiaiuie ia?aaeeaaieyie. Iau/ii iia auaaao
ni?iaioee?iaaia ii?aaeaeaiiuie ianoiyoaeuenoaaie ( ianoie/eainoue
“ia?oia?a”, “oaeiaiue neo/ae” e o.i.).
A a?aea uaeioeeaua iiiaiou eiiaaea eo/oa iaieoe iie/aieai. E a neo/aa
eciaiu, aeaaea iai?aaaeeaia “Aea” eee “Iao” iiaeao nianoe naiueth, e
naaiaeiy , e a aoaeouai. *?acia?iay ene?aiiinoue, aeaeaiea ?anneacaoue
i?aaaeo i naiai ieiieaoiii oaea/aiee, i oece/aneie eciaia iiaeao
aucaaoue o noi?oaa oyaeaeoth aeai?anneth. Iaoiaeynue iiae aiaoii naiaai
iinooiea, “i?anooieaiey” /aeiaae no?aieony i/enoeoue niaanoue,
eniiaaaeaoueny, ?ane?uoue aeooo “iino?aaeaaoaio”. E aio ooo-oi ana e
ia/eiaaony. Aeey oiai, eoi neooaao eniiaaaeue, iia neiaii a?ii n?aaee
yniiai iaaa. A “a?aoiee” iinea eniiaaaee noaiiaeony naeaeaoaeai
no?aaeaiee /aeiaaea, eioi?iio eciaiee. I?eioeei “eo/oa ai?ueeay i?aaaea,
/ai neaaeeay eiaeue” a oaeeo neo/ayo ia n?aaaouaaao. Ie/aai oi?ioaai
caeanue aeaeaoue ia i?eoiaeeony. Oio, eiio eciaieee, aei eiioea aeecie
iiaeao iioa?youe ineoe/aneia ?aaiiaanea e oieueei aieue, eae caiica,
aoaeao iuoue a na?aeoea.
Iaaei neacaoue, /oi eciaia – no?iaia eniuoaiea aeey ethaiai /aeiaaea,
aeey ethaiai noi?oaeaneiai nithca. Oio, eoi e iae ioiineony eaaei, n
aac?acee/eai – nei?aa anaai ia ethaeo eee a?yae ee aiiaua niiniaai
ethaeoue. Eiaaea eciaia i?ienoiaeeo ia oiia eiioeeeoiuo ioiioaiee, iia
aini?eieiaaony eae anoanoaaiiia neaaenoaea. Ia?aaeeaaiea eciaiu caaeneo
io oiai, ianeieueei /anoi ano?a/aeny n iiaeiaiuie neooaoeeyie.
Iiionoeoaeuenoai, aaciaaeaaeiinoue eee iai?eie?eiinoue – yoi e?aeiinoe a
aini?eyoee noi?oaeaneie iaaa?iinoe. I?aaeaea /ai aeaeaoue auaiaeu,
iaiaoiaeeii aieiaoaeueii, e ii aiciiaeiinoe, iauaeoeaii acaeyiooue ia
neooaoeeth eciaiu. Anee yoi ioeaea /aeiaaea, ionoue aeanoieay, aa iaaei
oiaoue i?inoeoue (enoaoe, aeaiu i?iuatho /aua, a ioaeuey /aua
aicaoaeaeatho aeaea i ?acaiaea ii i?e/eia iaaa?iinoe aeaiu). Anee eciaia
aucaaia eneaaeaiiuie acaeiiioiioaieyie a naiuea, a ieo iaaei
?acia?aoueny. O.a. a ethaii neo/aa iaaei eneaoue i?e/eiu, a ia iaaeiyoue
ae?oaeo.
Ioia/aaony oaaee/aiea i?ioeaioa ?acaiaeia ec-ca a?oainoe noi?oaa,
aeeiaieecia, ineoieiae/aneie ianiaianoeiinoe. Ii-aeaeeiiio, yoi
i?ienoiaeeo iioiio, /oi n ?inoii eoeueoo?iiai o?iaiy nia?aiaiiiai
/aeiaaea, iiauoaieai eoeueoo?u iaaeee/iinoiiai iauaiey, oaaaeaiey e
ee/iinoe e o.ae. neo/ae a?oainoe, ineoieiae/aneie ianiaianoeiinoe, a oai
aieaa iueyinoaa noaee iuouaoueny neeueiaa e noaiiayony aeinoaoi/ii
aaneie i?e/eiie ?acaiaeia.
Neaaeoao ioiaoeoue, /oi ia oaeiaeaoai?aiiinoue a?aeii aeeyao ia noieueei
?aaeueiia iiaaaeaiea noi?oaia a ?acee/iuo noa?ao a?a/ii-naiaeiuo
ioiioaiee, neieueei ioeaiea iiaaaeaiey iaeiiai noi?oaa ae?oaei.
Iineieueeo o ?aciuo ethaeae iiaeao auoue ?aciia i?aaenoaaeaiea i oii,
/oi oaeia oi?ioi iaeaaeaiiue auo, aeieaeiia ainieoaiea aeaoae,
oaaaeaiea, aieiaiea, ethaiaue iinoieueeo ?acoeueoaou enneaaeiaaiey
oaeiaeaoai?aiiinoe a?yae ee iiaoo neoaeeoue iieacaoaeai ?aaeueiuo
a?a/ii-naiaeiuo ioiioaiee.
A oi aea a?aiy enneaaeiaaiea oaeiaeaoai?aiiinoe iiaeao i/aiue iiiai
aeaoue aeey auyaeaiey iaeeaeaiee eaaeaeiai ec noi?oaia, naycaiiuo n
?ani?aaeaeaieai ?ieae e ?ieaaui iiaaaeaieai /eaiia naiuee. Iiaeii
auaeaeeoue 2 iiaeoiaea e ?aoaieth yoie i?iaeaiu. I?e ia?aii iiaeoiaea
?anniao?eaathony ?ieaaua iaeeaeaiey e ?ieaaia iiaaaeaiea a eaeie-oi
iaeiie, n?aaieoaeueii oceie, noa?a aeayoaeueiinoe. Iai?eia?, eiioeeeou
iaaeaeo ioaeai e aeaiie iiaoo aicieeaoue ec-ca oiai, /oi aeaia oi/ao
/oiau ioae i?iaiaeee ana naia naiaiaeiia a?aiy aeiia, a oi a?aiy eae ii
i?aaeii/eoaao iauaiea n ae?ocueyie eee oaea/aiea ethaeoaeueneeie
caiyoeyie. Ioae iiaeao iaeeaeaoue io aeaiu aieueoaai aieiaiey e
auiieiaieth ii?aaeaeaiiuo oicyenoaaiiuo ooieoeee, /ai iia yoi aeaeaao ia
naiii aeaea e o.ae. Oaeea neooaoeee aeinoaoi/ii ?ani?ino?aiaiu a
?acee/iuo naiueyo e iiaoo yaeoueny i?e/eiie na?ueaciuo naiaeiuo
eiioeeeoia.
Aoi?ie iiaeoiae naycai n iiiuoeie iino?iaiey eiiieaeniuo iiaeaeae ?ieae,
?ieaauo iaeeaeaiee e ?ieaaiai iiaaaeaiey. Iaeia ec iaeaieaa eioa?aniuo
iiiuoie a yoii iai?aaeaiee auea i?aaei?eiyoa ecaanoiui aia?eeaineei
nioeeieiaii ii eco/aieth naiuee E. Ee?eiao?eeii, eioi?ue auaeaeee
o?aaeeoeeiiiua ?iee ioaea e aeaiu, oiaa?euaneea ?iee (?iee eiiiaiueiiia)
e ?iee ia?oia?ia e ia?a/eneee iniiaiua iaeeaeaiey, eioi?ua
niioaaonoaotho yoei ?ieyi. Oaeie ia?a/aiue eiae a aai iaeeaeaiee
neaaeouee aeae:
Iayciiinoe aeaiu-iaoa?e:
1.?iaeaeaiea e ainieoaiea aeaoae.
2.Nicaeaiea e iiaeaea?aeeaaiea aeiia, aeeeeua.
3.Ianeoaeeaaiea naiuee.
4.I?aaeaiiia iiae/eiaiea nianoaaiiuo eioa?ania eioa?anai ioaea.
5.I?eniiniaeaiiinoue e caaeneiiio nioeeaeueiiio e yeiiiie/aneiio
noaoono.
6.Oa?ieiinoue e ia?aie/aiiie noa?a aeayoaeueiinoe.
Iaycaiiinoe ioaea-iooea:
1. I?aaeaiiinoue iaoa?e naieo aeaoae.
2. Iaania/aiea yeiiiie/aneie aaciianiinoe e caueou naiuee.
3. Iiaeaea?aeeaaiea naiaeiie aeanoe e eiio?iey.
4. I?eiyoea iniiaiuo ?aoaiee.
5. Yiioeeiiaeueiay aeaaiaea?iinoue e oaaaeaiea e aeaia ca aa
i?aaeaiiinoue naiuea.
6. Iaania/aiea aeeiaioia a neo/aa ?acaiaea.
Noi?oaeanoai aac iaithaeiiai aea/aiey, aac aa?iiie/iie oece/aneie
aeecinoe, aac ?aaeinoe, eioi?oth aeinoaaeyao oaeay aeecinoue iaiei
noi?oaai – iino?ieea /anoi cuaeay, /?aaaoay iaiaeeaeaiiuie
ineiaeiaieyie.
E iaii?aaeaeaiiie e ?anieua/aoie oi?ioee?iaea “Ia nioeenue oa?aeoa?aie”
i?eaaaatho iieiaeua noi?oae, ?aoeaoea ?anoi?aiooue naie a?ae ec-ca
iaiieaaeie a eioeiiie aeecie.
Ii aeaiiui nioeeieiaia, /anoi eiaiii ec-ca iaaeioaeiaeaoai?aiiinoe a
eioeiiie aeecie, i?ienoiaeyo ?acaiaeu.
Eiiaaea aeenaa?iiiey a eioeiiuo ioiioaieyo ia iineo yaii au?aaeaiiiai
oa?aeoa?a, ii e iia iaaeaeaoaeueia, iioiio /oi niooiay
iaoaeiaeaoai?aiiinoue ii?iaeaeaao ?acae?aaeaiea, iiaeaaeaiiinoue, aoaeo
?aaeinoue.
Eae ie aaaeia aa?iiiey a eioeiiie aeecie, naiaeiia n/anouea ia naiaeeony
eeoue e iae iaeiie. *oiau iieiinoueth oaeiaeaoai?eoue /aeiaa/aneoth
iio?aaiinoue a iauaiee, ioaeii iiiaia: iiieiaiea, iuouaiea nianoaaiiie
iieiioeaiiinoe, i?eaycaiiinoue, oaaaeaiea, oaa?aiiinoue a oii, eoi
?yaeii. Aac anaai yoiai, ni a?aiaiai, iaeia aa?iiiey a eioeiiuo
ioiioaieyo ia?anoaao oaeiaeaoai?youe noi?oaia.
Eioeiiay naycue aac ene?aiiaai /oanoaa – iau/iue oeceieiae/aneee aeo, ia
eiathuee ieeaeie i?eaeaeaoaeueiinoe.
Iieiaeua noi?oae iau/ii aeoiatho, /oi ana oa?ioiaaoinoe eo eioeiiie
aeecie naeaaeyony naie niaie. Iaeiaei a?iaeaeaiiiai einoeieoa
i?iaeieaeaiey ?iaea e aeeciaiiiai iiuoa /anoi auaaao iaaeinoaoi/ii,
/oiau aeinoe/ue aa?iiiee a eioeiiie noi?iia aeecie. I eaeeo-oi aauao
iiaeii aeiaaaeaoueny, eiia/ii, naiei. Io, iai?eia?, /oi noi?oae aeieaeiu
noa?aoueny auaeyaeaoue i?eaeaeaoaeueiuie a aeacao ae?oa ae?oaa.
I?eaeaeaoaeueiuie ai anao ioiioaieyo. Niaeaneoanue, /oi nni?u,
ia?yoeeainoue, a?oainoue ia niinianoaotho oece/aneiio aea/aieth. A
oi?ioai a?aea noi?oae anaaaea, a ethaii aic?anoa, inoathony /ooue-/ooue
ethaiaieeaie.
Iiaiea, /oi oece/aneay i?eaeaeaoaeueiinoue ia iaycaoaeueia, /oi eeoue ia
iniiaa iieiaiai aea/aiey anaaaea iiaeii ?aaeeciaaoue oeceieiae/aneoth
iio?aaiinoue, ioeai/ii. Noi?oae aeieaeiu auoue oaa?aiu, /oi i?aayony
ae?oa ae?oao, a oii /oi iie iaa no?aiyony e aeecinoe, eioi?ay i?eianao
ei iieiia oaeiaeaoai?aiea.
Eiaeanue a iinoaeue n iae?o/aiiuie ia aaao aieinaie, n iaiacaiiui
ii/iui e?aiii eeoeii, aeaia niaa?oaao a?oaaeooth ioeaeo.
Ioae/eia, eioi?iai ia neeoeii-oi eioa?anoao iano?iaiea aeaiu, eioi?ue
o/eouaaao oieueei naia nianoaaiiia aeaeaiea, oiaea neeueii ?eneoao. Ii,
iaaa?iia ia ciaao, /oi oieueei iaithaeiia aeaeaiea aeinoaaeyao
?aaeinoue. A anee aeaiueia iai?/aia, /ai-oi ?anno?iaia, iacaei?iaa,
ia?aooiieaia e ioae ana yoe ianoiyoaeuenoaa eaii?e?oao, e ia ?ac, ia
aeaa, a ?aaoey?ii, oi i?iecieaeao iaiii?aaeiia: aeaia noaiao
einoeieoeaii ecaaaaoue aeecinoe n ioaeai, ioaeaeeony io iaai.
AEeciue iieiaeie naiuee n iiyaeaieai ia?aiai ?aaaiea oneiaeiyaony
iaeiiaa?ii. Aua iao iiuoa ia?auaiey n aeaoueie, ?iaeeoaee ioaathony
anyeiai ionoyea, aieiothony ii naiui iacia/eoaeueiui iiaiaeai, ii?ie
aiaaeatho a ianoiyuoth iaieeo.
Iaeeaeaiea ?aaaiea – ianoiyuaa eniuoaiea aeey ethaae, a aai ?iaeaeaiea –
eniuoaiea ia i?i/iinoue naiaeiuo oc. Iaiaei a?aeia ?aniaaeaaony a ia?aue
aea aiae iinea iiyaeaiey ?aaaiea, ?aniaaeaaony ii eieoeeaoeaa ioae/ei,
ia auaea?aeeaathueo eniuoaiea iooeianoaii. Oi/iaa ioae/ei, yaieci
eioi?uo ieacaeny neeueiaa anao ae?oaeo /oanoa.
Iieiaeie ioae iinea ?iaeaeaiey iaeuoa ia ai?aaa ono?aiyoueny io ooiaea
ca iei, a aeieaeai iiiiaaoue aeaia a aa aaneiia/iuo caaioao i ?aaaiea.
Aiceaaay aanue ooiae ca iaeaiueeei ia iaeio eeoue aeaio, ioae nai ia
aeaao ae aiciiaeiinoe aeey caiyoee /ai-eeai ae?oaei, a oii /enea e
aeiiii e ei naiei. I?e oaeii iieiaeaiee a naiuea iaecaaaeii aicieeaao
aeeneiioi?o. Ioae ia/eiaao /oanoaiaaoue naay eeoiei, iaioaeiui,
iaethaeiui, ia iiaeic?aaay, /oi nai a yoii iieiinoueth aeiiaai. E, eae
neaaenoaea ia?a/eneaiiiai, o ioaea ana /aua ia/eiaao iaeueeaoue iuneue,
/oi ii iiaeao ana eciaieoue ii naiaio aeaeaieth. Eae? Aea ?acaanoenue!
E oiaaea – iiyoue naiaiaea, ieeaeeo caaio, ieeaeiai e?eea, iiyoue ii –
ethaeiue, aaeeinoaaiiue, ooiaeaiiue…
N i?eoiaeii ?aaaiea, e aeaiueia i?eoiaeeo anaiiaeiuathuaa /oanoai, /oi
/anoi aeaaea naiue ethaeiue ioae ia eaeia-oi a?aiy iooiaeeo o iaa ia
aoi?ie ieai. A anee aua yoio ?aaaiie ia ec oao, eioi?ua oieueei aaeyo,
niyo e ieeaeeo iniauo aaniieienoa ?iaeeoaeyi ia aeinoaaeytho, a oaeie,
/oi o?aaoao aanniiiuo ii/ae, e iaonoaiiiai ooiaea, e ia?aia, oi e?iia
yiioeee aio i?eiaaeeaaeeo e ana a?aiy iaoa?e, ana /anu nooie.
Iiiyoii, /oi ioae, au?aaeathuee iaaeiaieuenoai ii iiaiaeo iai?eoeoie
aaoaeee eee iaaeaaeaiiie ?oaaoee a oi a?aiy, eae ?aaaiie iaae?uaaaony io
e?eea eee o iaiu ia eaaeeony n ei?ieaieai, aucuaaao, iyaei aiai?y, ia
naiua aeia?ua /oanoaa. E iieiaeay iaia, iaauniaaoayny, onoaaoay, aiieia
aiciiaeii, io?aaae?oao ia i?aoaicee ioaea aiana ia oae, eae aio naiiio
yoiai oioaeinue au. Eiia/ii, aeaia iiaea au iaeoe e ae?oaea neiaa e eiie
oii,.. ii iieieoa e aa.
Iiyoiio, i?e iieiie iauaeoeaiinoe, iaeuecy oi?aeaoue aeaiuei. E auoiae
oieueei iaeei: noi?oae aeieaeiu aianoa ianoe a?oc caaio i
iiai?iaeaeaiiii e i?e yoii i?iyaeyoue iniaoth aeaeeeaoiinoue e /ooeinoue
ae?oa e ae?oao.
No?ao ca ?aaaiea, iniaaiii a ia?aue aiae aai aeecie, /anoi noaiiaeony
i?e/eiie nni? e ?aciiaeanee iieiaeuo ?iaeeoaeae.
Ioae/eiu, auneacuaay noaeaeaiey i aeaeaoaeueiii oeia naiaeiiai
ainieoaiey aeey aeaoae ?aciiai aic?anoa, neeiiiu ioaeaaaoue
i?aaeii/oaiea ainieoaieth ?aaaiea a iieiie naiuea, aeaaea i?e oneiaee,
/oi ioiioaiey iaaeaeo ?iaeeoaeyie nouanoaaiii aeaceioaa?e?iaaiu. O
aeaiuei, iaiai?io, i?aaaee?oao iiaiea i oii, /oi ?aaaieo eo/oa aeeoue n
iaeiei ec ?iaeeoaeae, /ai a iaaeaaiiieo/iie naiuea. Aianoa n oai, a
iauanoaaiiii niciaiee aanueia ?ani?ino?aiaii iaaaoeaiia ioiioaiea e
ainieoaieth aeaoae a iaiieiie naiuea.
A iaeiii ec enneaaeiaaiee ca?oaaaeiuo nioeeieiaia ii aii?ino i
iineaaenoaeyo ?acaiaeia aeey aeaoae n?aaieaaeenue o?e a?oiiu aeaoae: ec
n/anoeeauo, ian/anoeeauo e ec ?acaaaeaiiuo naiae. Ii anai e?eoa?eyi
aeaoe ec n/anoeeauo naiae ieacaeenue a eo/oai iieiaeaiee. Iaeiaei i?e
n?aaiaiee aeaoae ec aeaoo ae?oaeo a?oii auynieeinue, /oi o iiae?inoeia
ec ?acaaaeaiiuo naiae auei iaiueoa ineoe/aneeo caaieaaaiee, iie ?aaea
niaa?oaee i?aaiia?ooaiey, o ieo auee eo/oa ioiioaiey oioy au n iaeiei ec
?iaeeoaeae.
Ii ?yaeo ae?oaeo iieacaoaeae (ioiioaiey a oeiea,?aniieiaeaiea e aeo?iui
eiiiaieyi) aeaoe yoeo aeaoo a?oii nouanoaaiii ia ?acee/aeenue, ii
neeueii ioee/aeenue io aeaoae, aeeaoueo a n/anoeeauo naiueyo.
I?iaiaeeeinue oaeaea n?aaiaiea ?yaea nioeeaeueii-ineoieiae/aneeo
oa?aeoa?enoee aeaoae, aeeaooeo a naiueyo, aaea iaoue iinea ?acaiaea
anooieea a iiaoi?iue a?ae, e a naiueyo, aaea ?aaaiie aeee oieueei n
iaoa?ueth. I?e yoii iaia?oaeaii, /oi ioiioaiey “iaoue – ?aaaiie” eo/oa a
naiueyo, aaea ?aaaiie ainieouaaeny oieueei iaoa?ueth.
Aeaoe ?acaaaeaiiuo noi?oaia /aua iiaeaa?aeaiu ineoe/aneei caaieaaaieyi.
Ii aeaiiui Eyiaeena ( 1960a.) aicaeaenoaea ?acaiaea ia ineoeeo ?aa?iea
caaeneo io oeaeiai ?yaea oaeoi?ia:
– noauaeoeaiiai i?aaenoaaeaiey ?aa?iea i n/anouea naiuee
iaiin?aaenoaaiii aei ?acaiaea;
– aic?anoa ?aa?iea e iaoa?e;
– noaiaie au?aaeaiiinoe iaaaoeaiuo ii?i ii ioiioaieth e ?acaiaeo a oie
nioeeaeueiie a?oiia, e eioi?ie i?eiaaeeaaeeo naiuey;
– niiniaiinoe inoaaoaainy noi?oaa ni?aaeoueny ni naiei aaniieienoaii e
iaania/eoue ?aa?ieo aaciianiia ie?oaeaiea.
A aic?anoa aei 3-o eao ?acaiae ieacuaaao ia ?aa?iea iaiueoa aeeyiey, /ai
a aieaa noa?oeo aic?anoao. Aa?iyoiinoue iiaoi?iiai a?aea ?acaaaeaiiiai
noi?oaa ia?aoii i?iii?oeeiiaeueia eiee/anoao inoaaoeony o iaai aeaoae.
*ai ?aiueoa ethaee anooiatho a a?ae, oai auoa aa?iyoiinoue eo ?acaiaea.
Iiae?inoee ?acaiaeyony a aeaa ?aca /aua, /ai ethaee, anooieaoea a a?ae a
aic?anoa 20 n eeoiei eao. Iaeiaei iaeioi?ua nioeeieiae n/eoatho, /oi
oaiaeaioeey e aic?anoaieth /enea ?acaiaeia ia iaoneiaeaia
iaonoie/eainoueth a?aeia, a nei?aa naycaia n aiciiaeiinoueth eaaei
iieo/eoue ?acaiae. Iie ioia/atho, /oi /enei ?acaaaeaiiuo ia?
oaaee/eeinue aieueoa, /ai eiee/anoai noi?oaia, aeeaoueo ioaeaeueii.
Oaeei ia?acii, ?acaiae, ii aeaeeiiio, noae ?ani?ino?aiaiiui niiniaii
oeaaeeaaiey na?ueaciuo eiioeeeoia iaaeaeo noi?oaaie, eioi?ua
nouanoaiaaee anaaaea.
Eciaiaiea ioiioaiey e ?acaiaeai e oeo/oaiea yeiiiie/aneiai iieiaeaiey
aeaiueiu, iaaa?iia, oiaea niinianoaiaaee ?acaiaeo iaeioi?uo noi?oaeaneeo
ia?. Anee aeaiueia eiaao iinoiyiioth ?aaioo, ae eaa/a iaania/eoue naay e
naieo aeaoae, /ai a oii neo/aa, eiaaea iia aeieaeia ?ann/eouaaoue
oieueei ia aeeiaiou, iiniaey ia niaea?aeaiea ?aaaiea e ae?oaea
ainoaea?noaaiiua aeioaoeee.
Iineaaenoaey ?acaiaeia.
Nouanoaaiii iaaaoeaiia aeeyiea ?acaiaea ia o?iaaiue ?iaeaeaaiinoe. A
?yaea neo/aaa aeaiueia iinea ?acaiaea oae e inoaaony iaeeiieie, a a
“i?aaeaeaa?ea” ?acaiaea aicaea?aeeaaaony io ?iaeaeaiey aeaoae. N ?inoii
eiee/anoaa ?acaiaeia aic?inei /enei ethaeae, ia aeaeathueo iinea
?acaiaea anooiaoue a iiaoi?iue a?ae. Ii ?acoeueoaoai iaeiiai ec ii?inia
45% ioae/ei e 35% aeaiuei niaeaeaee iinea ?acaiaea i ?aniaaea naiaai
ia?aiai a?aea, 9,5% ii?ioaiiuo ioae/ei e 8,5% aeaiuei aiiaua oioaee
ainnoaiiaeoue i?aaeithth naiueth. Ia yoii aea naeaeaoaeuenoaotho
aeaiiua, iieo/aiiua a ?aaioa A.A.Nieiaeieeiaa, eioi?ue, enneaaeoy
oa?aeoa? i?ioaeaiey e iineaaenoaey i?aae?acaiaeiie neooaoeee a iieiaeie
naiuea, iaia?oaeee /oi 46% ec /enea anao ianeaaeiaaiiuo naiae, ii
e?aeiae ia?a iaeei ec noi?oaia (/aua ioae), ia iiiaio iiaea/e cayaeaiey
i ?anoi?aeaiee a?aea eniuouaaao iiceoeaiua /oanoaa e ia?oia?o, a a
eaaeaeie iyoie noi?oaeaneie ia?a (21%) iaa noi?oaa nio?aieee
yiioeeiiaeueioth i?eaycaiiinoue ae?oa e ae?oao.
Enoiaey ec i?eaaaeaiiuo aeaiiuo, i?aaiia?ii aicieeaao aii?in, ia
yaeyaony ee iaaeaeaiea anooiaoue a iiaoi?iue a?ae iinea ?acaiaea
neaaenoaeai aieaa aeoaieeo i?e/ei? Iaeiie ec ieo, iai?eia?, iiaeao
auoue nio?aiythuayny eaeia-oi a?aiy iinea ?acaiaea yiioeeiiaeueiay
i?eaycaiiinoue e auaoaio a?a/iiio ia?oia?o. Ai anyeii neo/aa aaeaa ee
oaeia yaeaiea, eae ?ino /enea ethaeae, ia aeaeathueo iinea ?acaiaea
anooiaoue a iiaoi?iue a?ae, iiaeii iauynieoue oieueei i?eia?aoaiiui
iaaaoeaiui iiuoii e iaoaea/ae ia?aiai a?aea.
Oaaee/aiiea /enea ?acaiaeia i?eaiaeeo e oiio, /oi iiiaea noi?oaeaneea
ia?u e eo aeaoe aeoaiei ia?aaeeaatho iaaeaaiiieo/ea a naiuea, iau/ii
niioonoaothuaa ?acaiaeo. ?acaiae oyaeaei neacuaaaony e ia ii?aeueiii
ninoiyiee aeaoae. Aeioeieueieee iau/ii /oanoaotho no?ao, iaoaa?aiiinoue
a naaa e n/eoatho naay aeiiaaouie a ?acaiaea naieo ?iaeeoaeae. Aeaoe
aieaa noa?oaai aic?anoa au?aaeatho naia ?acae?aaeaiea aieaa
iaiin?aaenoaaiii. Aieueoeinoai aeaoae oniieaeaathony a oa/aiee aiaea
eee aeaoo eao iinea ?acaiaea, oioy iaeioi?ua ec ieo /oanoaotho naay
ian/anoiuie e iaeeiieeie a oa/aiee 5 eao iinea ?acaiaea eee aua
aeieueoa, aeaaea anee ?iaeeoaeue, n eioi?ui iie aeeaoo, niiaa anooiaao a
a?ae.
Neaaeothuaa iai?aaeaiea aeeyiey ?acaiaeia ia yooaeoeaiinoue
ooieoeeiie?iaaiey einoeiooa a?aea ninoieo a oii, /oi ia?niaeoeaa
?acaiaea, aa?iaa iianaiea, /oi ioae(aeaia) ainiieuecoaony i?aaii ia
?acaiae i?e ia?aii aea aieaa eee iaiaa na?ueaciii eiioeeeoa, oae eee
eia/a io?aaeaaony ia iiaaaeaiee eaaeaeiai ec noi?oaia e eo ioiioaiee e
naiei naiaeiui ?ieyi, ia acaeiiuo ioeaieao e naiiioeaieao, ia
ieaie?iaaiiee naiuee, ii iaiueoae ia?a aei oao ii?, iiea e o ioaea, e o
aeaiu ia iiyaeyaony iuouaiea noaaeeueiinoe eo naiuee, a,
neaaeiaaoaeueii, e i?eaioaoeee ia oieueei ia naaiaeiyoiee e caao?aoiee
aeaiue, ii e ia ioiineoaeueii aeaeaeia aoaeouaa.
?acaiaeu oaaee/eaatho eiee/anoai iaiieiuo naiae. A ieo nicaeaaony
niaoeeoe/aneay nenoaia ioiioaiee iaaeaeo iaoa?ueth e ?aaaieii,
oi?ie?othony ia?acoeu iiaaaeaiey, i?aaenoaaeythuea niaie a iaeioi?uo
ioiioaieyo aeueoa?iaoeao ii?iai e oeaiiinoyi, ia eioi?uo iniiauaaaony
einoeooo a?aea.
?acaiae ieacuaaao aeeyiea e ia naieo ?acaiaeyueony noi?oaia. Aeinoaoi/ii
/anoi iaaethaeaaony naiaia?aciue oie ni nouaeii e aeaeinoueth e naaa.
?acaaaeaiiua iuoathony ?aoeeiiaeece?iaaoue neooaoeeth e aeieacaoue, /oi
ei aac?acee/iu aicieeoea i?iaeaiu. Aanueia ?ani?ino?aiaiiui yaeyaony
/oanoai aaniieienoaa, iaoa?iaeeainoe, eaeouaa io ia?ooaiiuo i?eau/ae e
oo?aou i?eau/iuo ?ieae. ?acaaaeaiiue noi?oa /anoi iuoaaony oaaee/eoue
naith nioeeaeueioth aeoeaiinoue. Ae?ocuey e ?iaenoaaiieee iau/ii
iiiiaatho aio a onoaiiaeaiee iiauo eiioaeoia. Ia?aaeei iinea ?acaiaea
/aeiaae ia/eiaao aanoe naay a i?ioeai?a/ee n iauai?eiyouie ii?iaie,
iuoaynue ooieeoue naia ai?a a iueyinoaa eee eiiiaine?iaaoue iioa?th
naiuee oaaee/aieai /anoiou naenoaeueiuo eiioaeoia. Ioia/aiu oaeou
acaeiieneeth/athueo onoaiiaie ii ioiioaieth e naiaio auaoaio noi?oao,
/a?aaeiaaiea i?iyaeaiee iaiaaenoe e ethaae. Iiyoiio eiiaaea naenoaeueiay
aeecinoue iaaeaeo auaoeie ioaeai e aeaiie nio?aiythony a oa/aiee
iaeioi?iai a?aiaie e iinea ?acaiaea. A iaeioi?uo neo/ayo iie aeaaea
anooiatho a iiaoi?ue a?ae ae?oa n ae?oaii.
I?iaaaeaiiua a NOA enneaaeiaaiey iieacaee, /oi i?ioeaio iiaoi?iuo a?aeia
o ?acaaaeaiiuo ia?oia?ia auoa, /ai o iaaeiaaaoeo. Iaeia ec i?e/ei yoiai
ninoieo a oii, /oi ethaee eiiaaea eaeoo ia ?acaiae aeey oiai, /oiau
th?eaee/anee ioi?ieoue oaea neiaeeaoaany iiaia noi?oaeanoai. E?iia oiai,
?acaaaeaiiua iau/ii aieaa iaaniieiaiu oai, /oiau ii?aaoue n i?ioeui e
i?iaeaiiino?e?iaaoue iin?aaenoaii iiaoi?iiai a?aea, /oi n ieie ia
neo/eeinue ie/aai na?ueaciiai. Iaeiiaoe, ?acaiae iau/ii i?ienoiaeeo a
aieaa ?aiiai aic?anoa, /ai aaeianoai, e yoi i?aaeinoaaeyao /aeiaaeo
aieueoa aiciiaeiinoae anooieoue a neaaeothuee a?ae.
?acaiae – yoi neeueiaeoaa yiioeeiiaeueiia e ineoe/aneia iio?ynaiea,
eioi?ia ia i?ioiaeeo aeey noi?oaia aanneaaeii.
Iaaeaeo oai, naaiaeiy nouanoaoao iaiaei noi?oaeaneeo ia?, i?eaaaathueo e
?acaiaeo i?e ia?aii aea noieeiiaaiee n iau/iuie aeeoaeneeie
o?oaeiinoyie. Iaeiaei anoue e oaeea ia?u, aaea iaeia ec noi?ii aeaeaao
ana aeey oiai, /oiau nianoe a?ae, a ae?oaay noi?iia i?e yoii eeoue
oe?aieyaony ai iiaiee i nianoaaiiie eneeth/eoaeueiinoe. Anoue, iaeiiaoe,
ia?u, eioi?ui i?ioeaiiieacaia niaianoiay aeeciue.
Nienie eniieueciaaiiie eeoa?aoo?u:
Aeaiaioueaaa I.O. “Ia?aua aiaeu a?aea: I?iaeaiu noaiiaeaiey iieiaeie
naiuee”
I.: Iaoea,1991a.;
Aei?ii I.A. “Nia?aiaiiue a?ae: i?iaeaiu e aa?iiiey” I.:
Iaaeaaiaeea,1990a.;
Iiiiaa I. “Nia?aiaiiue ioae/eia a ca?eaea naiaeiie aeecie” I.: Iuneue,
1989a.;
Niaeca? I. “Nioeeieiaey” I.: Oaieen, 1994a.;
Nunaiei A.A. “Noi?oaeaneea eiioeeeou” I.: Iuneue, 1989a.;
Oa?/aa A.A., Iaoeeianeee I.N. “Nia?aiaiiay naiuey e aa i?iaeaiu”
I.:Noaoenoeea, 1978a.;
Oa?/aa A.A. “Nioeeieiaey ainieoaiey” I.: Iieeoecaeao, 1990a.;
“Aia?eeaineay nioeeieiaey” ia?. n aiae. A.A.Ai?iieia e A.A.Ceiueeianeiai
I.: I?ia?ann, 1972a.
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