Eo/a?yaa A. A.
IA-94-1
Iniaaiiinoe i?aiaeieaiey nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneeo
i?ioeai?a/ee a Aiaeee e O?aioeee.
“Iiaue eo?n” O. ?ocaaeueoa a NOA.
Aiaeey.
Yeiiiie/aneia iieiaeaiea. Yeiiiie/aneia iieiaeaiea Aiaeee a aiaeu
eaieoaeenoe/aneie noaaeeecaoeee naeaeaoaeuenoaiaaei i iaee/ee aeoaieiai
e?ecena aiaeeeneiai eiia?eaeecia. Yeiiiieea no?aiu oaeoe/anee oiioaeanue
ia ianoa. E 1929 a. i?iiuoeaiiinoue ii iau?io auioneaaiie i?iaeoeoeee
aaeaa aeinoeaaea o?iaiy 1913 a. Aiaoiyy oi?aiaey ia iiaeiyeanue aei
aeiaiaiiiai o?iaiy. Iau?i yenii?oa a 1929 a. ninoaaeye 87% ii ioiioaieth
e 1913 a. Aeiey Aiaeee a i?iiuoeaiiii i?iecaiaenoaa eaieoaeenoe/aneeo
no?ai ninoaaeyea a 1926-1929 aa. 9,8%, a oi a?aiy eae a 1913 a. iia
?aaiyeanue 14,8%.
Yeiiiie/aneea o?oaeiinoe Aiaeee a cia/eoaeueiie noaiaie iauyniyeenue
e?aeiae oaoie/aneie ionoaeinoueth a? i?iiuoeaiiinoe. A aeiieieiiao e
eieiieyo aiaeeeneee eaieoae iaoaeeeaaeny ia ?anoouoth eiieo?aioeeth
ae?oaeo eiia?eaeenoe/aneeo aea?aeaa, a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue NOA. A
?acoeueoaoa aiaoiaoi?aiaue aaeain Aiaeee ec aiaea a aiae naiaeeeny n
aieueoei aeaoeoeeoii. Iiiuoea aiaeeeneeo i?aayueo e?oaia auaanoe
yeiiiieeo no?aiu ec ninoiyiey oiaaeea ioo?i oeiainiaie ?aoi?iu,
eiioeaio?aoeee eaieoaea e i?iecaiaenoaa e ?aoeeiiaeecaoeee
i?iiuoeaiiinoe ia aeaea nouanoaaiiuo ?acoeueoaoia.
A ai?aea 1925 a. i?aaeoaeuenoai ainnoaiiaeei cieioie ia?eoao ooioa
noa?eeiaia. Ii yoi i?eaaei eeoue e iiauoaieth oeai ia aiaeeeneea oiaa?u
ii/oe ia 12%.
A oeaeyo nieaeaiey naaanoieiinoe i?iaeoeoeee aiaeeeneea i?aaei?eieiaoaee
iioee ii iooe eiioeaio?aoeee i?iecaiaenoaa e eaieoaea, iaiiaeaiey
i?iiuoeaiiiai iai?oaeiaaiey e eioaineoeeaoeee o?oaea ?aai/eo; auei
eni?iaiaaii e oaeia n?aaenoai, eae iiauoaiea i?yiuo e einaaiiuo iaeiaia.
Aiaeeeneay ao?aeoacey, no?aiynue eeeaeaee?iaaoue yeiiiie/aneea
o?oaeiinoe a no?aia, oneeeea yenieoaoaoeeth ia?iaeia eieiiee e ?aai/aai
eeanna iao?iiieee.
Ia?aia eaeai?enoneia i?aaeoaeuenoai. Ia?eaiaioneea auai?u 1923 a.
i?ioiaeeee a neiaeiuo oneiaeyo. Yeiiiie/aneia iieiaeaiea no?aiu
inoaaaeinue oyae?eui. Iaaeaeoia?iaeiay ianoaiiaea auea iaaeaaii?eyoiie
aeey Aiaeee. A no?aia iaino?eeenue i?ioeai?a/ey iaaeaeo ?acee/iuie
a?oiiaie iiiiiieenoe/aneie ao?aeoacee.
A ?acoeueoaoa auai?ia a iaeaoo iauei auei eca?aii 258 eiina?aaoi?ia, 158
eeaa?aeia e 191 eaeai?eno. Eiina?aaoi?u iioa?yee 100 aeaiooaoneeo iano,
a n ieie e aaniethoiia aieueoeinoai a ia?eaiaioa. Eiina?aaoi?u e
eeaa?aeu ia niiaee aeiaiai?eoueny ae?oa n ae?oaii i nicaeaiee
eiaeeoeeiiiiai eee iaeiiia?oeeiiai i?aaeoaeuenoaa. A nayce n
ia?eaiaioneie o?aaeeoeeae iaeuecy auei ii?o/aoue oi?ie?iaaiea
i?aaeoaeuenoaa eiina?aaoi?ai, o. e. iie i?iea?aee ia auai?ao. Eeaa?aeu
aea auee a iaiueoeinoaa. Oi?ie?iaaiea i?aaeoaeuenoaa auei ii?o/aii
eaeai?enoai.
23 yiaa?y 1924 a. eeaea? eaeai?enoneie ia?oee ?aicae Iaeaeiiaeueae
noi?ie?iaae i?aaeoaeuenoai. Ana eaeai?enou, aioaaeoea a ninoaa
i?aaeoaeuenoaa, i?eiaaeeaaeaee e e?aeia i?aaie /anoe ?oeiaiaenoaa
ia?oee. A ninoaa i?aaeoaeuenoaa auei aeeth/aii ianeieueei ei?aeia,
naycaiiuo n eiina?aaoeaiie eee eeaa?aeueiie ia?oeyie.
Iiaia i?aaeoaeuenoai i?iaiaeeei iieeoeeo, ioaa/athuoth eioa?anai
iiiiiieenoe/aneiai eaieoaea. Caueuay eioa?anu e?oiiiai eaieoaea, i?aaua
eeaea?u eaeai?enoneie ia?oee i?iaaee /a?ac ia?eaiaio caeiiu i eueaioao
aeey i?iiuoeaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee e i nieaeaiee iaeiaia ia i?eauee
iiiiiieenoe/aneeo eiiiaiee.
Aeayoaeueiinoue eaeai?enoneiai i?aaeoaeuenoaa aucaaea ?aci/a?iaaiea
o?oaeyueony e iaaeiaieuenoai ao?aeoacee. Eaeai?enou aiyeenue, /oi eo
aeaeueiaeoaa i?aauaaiea o aeanoe i?eaaae?o e iieiiio ?ac?uao n iannaie,
e i?aaeii/ee ia?aeoe a iiiiceoeeth. 9 ieoya?y 1924 a. Iaeaeiiaeueae
iiaeae a ionoaaeo. ia?eaiaio aue ?aniouai. A aeaeaa?a auee i?iaaaeaiu
iiaua ia?eaiaioneea auai?u. Iie aeaee iiaaaeo eiina?aaoi?ai, eioi?ua
iieo/eee 413 iano. O eaeai?enoia auei 151 ianoi, o eeaa?aeia — 40 iano.
Eiina?aaoi?u inoaaaeenue o aeanoe aei na?aaeeiu 1929 a.
Anaiauay caaanoiaea 1926 a. Naeaeaoaeuenoaii iaino?aiey a no?aia
eeanniauo i?ioeai?a/ee e ?inoa aeoeaiinoe ?aai/eo auei eo aic?anoathuaa
nii?ioeaeaiea iieeoeea, i?iaiaeeaoaeny nia/aea eaeai?enoaie, a caoai
eiina?aaoi?aie. I?eoiae e aeanoe eiina?aaoi?ia nii?iaiaeaeaeny
aeaeueiaeoei ianooieaieai ia aeeciaiiue o?iaaiue e i?aaa o?oaeyueony.
Eaoii 1925 a. oaooiaeaaeaeueoeu iauyaeee i nai?i iaia?aiee nieceoue
ca?ieaoo ai?iyeia ia 4-13% e iaeiia?aiaiii oaaee/eoue ?aai/ee aeaiue n 7
aei 8 /ania. A neo/aa, anee ai?iyee ia niaeanyony ia iiaeiaiia
iiaiaaaaeaiea, i?aaei?eieiaoaee oa?iaeaee iauyaeoue iieiue eieaoo.
Nieaeaiea ca?aaioiie ieaou ai?iyeai aeieaeii auei yaeoueny ia/aeii
ia?aniio?a noaaie ca?aaioiie ieaou oaeaea e ae?oaeo eaoaai?ee ?aai/eo.
Aiaeeeneay ao?aeoacey i?iaiaeeea noaaeeecaoeeth eaieoaeecia ca n/?o
?aai/aai eeanna.
?aai/ea noiaee caaeaaia?aiaiii iiaeaioiaeoueny e noieeiiaaieth n
oaeai?iiuoeaiieeaie. Au? aaniie 1925 a. aue nicaeai /aoa??oue nithc, a
eioi?ue iiieii ai?iyeia aioee aeaeaciiaei?iaeieee, o?ainii?oieee e
iaoeiino?ieoaee. ?ann/eouaay ia eo iiiiuue, ai?iyee iauyaeee, /oi anee
ca?aaioiay ieaoa aoaeao nieaeaia, iie ia/ioo caaanoiaeo.
I?aaeoaeuenoai iioei ia eiii?iienn, iauyaea 31 ethey i nai?i ?aoaiee
i?aaeinoaaeoue oaieueiui eiiiaieyi noaneaeee a ?acia?a 20 iei. ooioia
noa?eeiaia, n oai /oiau ca?ieaoa ai?iyeia inoaeanue ia i?aaeiai o?iaia.
Iaeiia?aiaiii oaeai?iiuoeaiieee acyee ia?aoii nai? o?aaiaaiea ia
eciaiaiee oneiaee o?oaea. Iaeiaei noaaoea iaaeaeo ?aai/eie e
i?aaei?eieiaoaeyie auea iaecaaaeia. Noaneaeee iiaei oaaoeoue oieueei ia
9 ianyoeaa, o.a. aei 1 iay 1926 a. I?e/eiu eiioeeeoa ia auee ono?aiaiu,
ii aue oieueei ion?i/ai.
1 iay 1926 a. ia/aeny iauyaeaiiue oaooiaeaaeaeueoeaie eieaoo. Ai?iyee
ioaaoeee caaanoiaeie. I?aaenoaaeoaee Aaia?aeueiiai niaaoa aaee
ia?aaiai?u n i?aiuea?-ieieno?ii Aieaeoeiii, iaaeaynue ia eiii?iienn. ”
iay 1926 a. eiina?aaoeaiay aacaoa “Aeaeee iaee” ia auoea a naao, o.e.
iaai?ueee ioeacaeenue iaae?aoue aacaoo, i?ecuaathuoth e ?ani?aaa n
ai?iyeaie. A ioaao ia yoi Aieaeoei cayaee i i?ae?auaiee ia?aaiai?ia.
Iinea yoiai Aaia?aeueiue niaao iiae aeaaeaieai ?aai/eo aue auioaeaeai
i?ecaaoue ei anaiauae noa/ea. A ii/ue ia 4 iay 1926 a. ia/aeanue
anaiauay noa/ea. Yoi auei naiia e?oiiia aunooieaiea aiaeeeneiai
i?ieaoa?eaoa ca anth aai enoi?eth.
Aaia?aeueiue niaao anoae ia iooue i?yiie eciaiu. 12 iay 1926 a., a naiue
?acaa? caaanoiaee, Aaia?aeueiue niaao ia?aoeeny e aanoothuei ?aai/ei n
aiccaaieai, a eioi?ii niiauaeinue, /oi i?aaeoaeuenoai /a?ac Aa?aa?oa
Naithyey aeaei iaycaoaeuenoai ?ac?aoeoue eiioeeeo iaaeaeo ai?iyeaie e
oaooiaeaaeaeueoeaie a iieueco ai?iyeia, ii oieueei a oii neo/aa, anee
aoaeao i?ae?auaia caaanoiaea. Aieueoeinoai ?aai/eo iiaa?eei
Aaia?aeueiiio niaaoo. Oieueei iaeioi?ua a?oiiu, i?aaeaea anaai ai?iyee,
ia iiae/eieeenue aai i?ecuao e i?iaeieaeaee aanoiaaoue. Ia ae?oaie aea
aeaiue iinea i?ae?auaiey noa/ee i?aaeoaeuenoai cayaeei, /oi iii ieeaeeo
iaycaoaeuenoa Aaia?aeueiiio niaaoo ia aeaaaei.
Eniuouaay ia?iiiua eeoaiey, ai?iyee i?iaeieaeaee aanoiaaoue au? 8
ianyoeaa, ii caoai, en/a?iaa ana naie n?aaenoaa, auioaeaeaiu auee
i?ae?aoeoue caaanoiaeo. Ca?aaioiay ieaoa auea nieaeaia, a ?aai/ee aeaiue
oaeeei?i n 7 aei 8 /ania.
Oneeaiea ?aaeoeeiiiuo oaiaeaioeee a iieeoeea Aiaeee. N oeaeueth
i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiey aiciiaeiinoe ianniauo aunooieaiee ?aai/aai eeanna, aue
i?eiyo caeii “I i?iiuoeaiiuo eiioeeeoao e i?ionithcao”, ii eioi?iio
anyeay caaanoiaea, i?aaieciaaiiay n oeaeueth nieeaea?iinoe eee aeey
ieacaiey aeaaeaiey ia i?aaeoaeuenoai, iauyaeyeanue iacaeiiiie.
A ia/aea 1928 a. i?aaenoaaeoaee Aainiaaoa e e?oiiue i?iiuoeaiiee Iiiae
i?iaaee eiioa?aioeeth, ia eioi?ie auaeaeioee caaea/o “oaaee/eoue
eiieo?aioioth neeo a?eoaineie eiaeono?ee ia ie?iaii ?uiea”. Yoi iiaei
auoue aeinoeaiooi ca n/?o nieaeaiey oeai ia aiaeeeneea oiaa?u ioo?i
oiaiueoaiey ca?aaioiie ieaou ?aai/eo.
O?aioeey.
“Eaaue aeie” o aeanoe. A aiaeu eaieoaeenoe/aneie noaaeeecaoeee ai
O?aioeee cia/eoaeueii aic?inee oaeea io?anee oyae?eie i?iiuoeaiiinoe,
eae iaoaeeo?ae/aneay, iaoeiino?ieoaeueiay, aaoiiiaeeueiay, aaeaoeeiiiay,
oeie/aneay. Oeiainiaia iieiaeaiea O?aioeee inoaaaeinue neiaeiui, a
naeueneia oicyenoai oae e ia auoei ec e?eceniiai ninoiyiey.
Eioaineoeeaoeey o?oaea, oneeaiea yenieoaoaoeee ia?iaeia eieiiee neoaeeee
aeaaiuie enoi/ieeaie aeey iaeioi?iai oeo/oaiey yeiiiie/aneiai
iieiaeaiey.
“Iaoeeiiaeueiue aeie neiii?iiaoe?iaae naay a aeacao ecae?aoaeae i?iaaeii
“?onneie aaaioth?u”. ?aaeeeae-nioeeaeenou iieeioee aai a 1923 A. e
nicaeaee a 1924 a. aianoa n ia?oeae ?anioaeeeaioeaa-nioeeaeenoia “eaaue
aeie”.
A iaa 1924 a. ai O?aioeee ninoiyeenue ia?eaiaioneea auai?u. “Eaaue aeie”
iieo/ee ieiei 3,5 iei. aieinia e 272 iaiaeaoa, “iaoeeiiaeueiue aeie” —
3,8 iei aieinia e 274 iaiaeaoa, eiiioienou — 900 oun. aieinia e 26
iaiaeaoia. A ethia 1924 a. ?aaeeeae Y??ei aicaeaaee iiaia
i?aaeoaeuenoai.
A aiaeu i?aaeaiey “eaaiai aeiea” auea i?iaaaeaia /anoe/iay aiienoey
iieeoe/aneeo caeeth/?iiuo, i?aaeinoaaeaii i?aai ainoaea?noaaiiui
neoaeauei nicaeaaaoue naie i?ionithcu, caeiiiaeaoaeueii ia?aie/ai ii/iie
o?oae aeaiuei e aeaoae, aeaiueiu iieo/eee i?aai o/anoaiaaoue a auai?ao
ioieoeeiaeueiuo i?aaiia. Ai aiaoiae iieeoeea o?aioeocneia i?aaeoaeuenoai
auioaeaeaii auei an? aieaa n/eoaoueny n iiceoeeae NOA e Aaeeeia?eoaiee.
Aaaeiui iai?aaeaieai aiaoiaiieeoe/aneiai eo?na O?aioeee yaeyeanue
eieiieaeueiay iieeoeea, oeaeueth eioi?ie auei iiiaoaoue ?inoo
iaoeeiiaeueii-inaiaiaeeoaeueiiai aeaeaeaiey a naieo eieiieyo e oneeeoue
yenieoaoaoeeth eo ia?iaeia.
Ia?iaeiua iannu auee iaaeiaieueiu iieeoeeie, i?iaiaeeiie “eaaui aeieii”.
Ii anae no?aia i?ioee iiiaiethaeiua nia?aiey e ieoeiae i?ioanoa. 12
ieoya?y 1925 a. ieiei 1 iei. /aeiaae i?eiyee o/anoea a caaanoiaea i?ioea
eieiieaeueiuo aiei o?aioeocneiai eiia?eaeecia. Iia eiaea aieueoia
iieeoe/aneia cia/aiea e iaianea oaea? ii “eaaiio aeieo”. Iaeiia?aiaiii
e?oiiua eaieoaeenou noaee auaiceoue naie eaieoaeu ca a?aieoeo. A 1926 a.
auaic eaieoaeia aeinoea 17 ie?ae. o?aieia, ii n?aaiaieth n 10 ie?ae.
o?aieia a 1924-1925 aa. Oeiainiaue e?ecen niinianoaiaae iaaeaieth
i?aaeoaeuenoa “eaaiai aeiea”.
I?aaeoaeuenoai “iaoeeiiaeueiiai aaeeiaiey”. A ethea 1926 a.
i?aaenoaaeoaee i?aauo ia?oee noi?ie?iaaee i?aaeoaeuenoai
“iaoeeiiaeueiiai aaeeiaiey” ai aeaaa n Ioaiea?a, eioi?ia iaoiaeeeinue o
aeanoe aei eiioea 1928 a. A yeiiiie/aneie aeecie O?aioeee eiaee ianoi a
yoio ia?eiae noaaeeecaoeey o?aiea, iaeioi?ue i?iiuoeaiiue iiaeu?i.
Oneeeeanue eioaineoeeaoeey o?oaea, ?aca??ouaaeanue eaieoaeenoe/aneay
?aoeeiiaeecaoeey, aeey eioi?ie auee oa?aeoa?iu ecio?ythuea iaoiaeu
o?oaea, oaeeeiaiea ?aai/aai aeiy, nie?auaiea /enea ?aai/eo iano, ?ino
o?aaiaoecia n?aaee ?aai/eo. Iaeiia?aiaiii onei?eeny i?ioeann
eiioeaio?aoeee e oeaio?aeecaoeee i?iecaiaenoaa e eaieoaea, aic?in
yenii?o eaieoaea ca a?aieoeo. O?aioeey i?aaeinoaaeea caeiu Iieueoa,
Eoaeee, *aoineiaaeee, Aa?iaiee, Aaeueaee. Au?in cieioie caian no?aiu.
A 1929 a. ii ninoaaeye 41,6 ie?ae. o?aieia ii n?aaiaieth n 38 ie?ae.
o?aieia a 1928 a.
“Iiaue eo?n” O. ?ocaaeueoa a NOA.
Yeiiiie/aneee e?ecen, iaino?eaoee ana eaieoaeenoe/aneea i?ioeai?a/ey,
i?ea?e e ia?anoaieth a NOA aeoaieiai iieeoe/aneiai e?ecena. A yoie
ianoaiiaea a iiya?a 1932 a. ninoiyeenue i/a?aaeiua i?aceaeaioneea
auai?u. Iiaaaeo ia auai?ao iaea?aeae i?aaenoaaeoaeue aeaiie?aoe/aneie
ia?oee O?aieeei ?ocaaeueo, eioi?ue aunooiee n i?ia?aiiie “iiaiai eo?na”.
I?enooiea e eniieiaieth naieo iaycaiiinoae, ?ocaaeueo iaiaaeeaiii
aeiaeeny i?eiyoey eiia?annii 70 caeiiiaeaoaeueiuo aeoia, iai?aaeaiiuo ia
icaei?iaeaiea i?iiuoeaiiinoe, naeueneiai oicyenoaa, oi?aiaee, e?aaeeoii
aeaiaaeiie nenoaiu. Ana yoe ia?ii?eyoey iieo/eee iacaaiea “iiaiai
eo?na”, nooue eioi?iai ninoiyea a i?iaaaeaiee
ainoaea?noaaiii-iiiiiieenoe/aneiai ?aaoee?iaaiey yeiiiieee. Auea
nicaeaia Iaoeeiiaeueiay aaeieieno?aoeey ainnoaiiaeaiey i?iiuoeaiiinoe
(IE?A), eioi?ay noaea inouanoaeyoue i?eioaeeoaeueiia ea?oaee?iaaiea ia
iniiaa “eiaeaenia /anoiie eiieo?aioeee”. A niioaaonoaea n yoei a
aia?eeaineie i?iiuoeaiiinoe, ?acaeae?iiie ia 17 a?oii, onoaiaaeeaaeenue
iiiiiieueiua oeaiu, ii?aaeaeyeenue oneiaey oi?aiaiai e?aaeeoa, iau?i
i?iaeoeoeee, ?ani?aaeaeyeenue ?uiee nauoa. iniiaiia oneiaea “eiaeaenia
/anoiie eiieo?aioeee” ninoiyei a cai?auaiee i?iaeaaaoue oiaa?u ieaea
onoaiiaeaiiuo eie oeai. Caeii i?aaeoniao?eaae onoaiiaeaiea ieieioia
ca?aaioiie ieaou, iaeneioi i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoe ?aai/aai aeiy,
caeeth/aiea eieeaeoeaiuo aeiaiai?ia, i?aai ia nicaeaiea i?ionithcia,
ieacaiea iiiiue iiiaiieeeeiiiie a?iee aac?aaioiuo.
Aeey auoiaea ec naeueneioicyenoaaiiiai e?ecena aue i?eiyo a iaa 1933 a.
caeii i iiiiue oa?ia?ai e o/?aaeaeaia Aaeieieno?aoeey ii ?aaoee?iaaieth
naeueneiai oicyenoaa (AAA). Yoio i?aai ?aaoee?iaae oeaiu ia
naeueneioicyenoaaiiua i?iaeoeou, onoaiaaeeaae iau?i i?iecaiaenoaa.
Iiiu?yeinue nie?auaiea oa?ia?aie iinaaiuo ieiuaaeae. Ia?ii?eyoey
i?aaeoaeuenoaa ?ocaaeueoa a iaeanoe naeueneiai oicyenoaa niinianoaiaaee
aai eiioeaio?aoeee e ?aci?aieth iaeeeo oa?ia?ia.
Ia/aei aeayoaeueiinoe ?ocaaeueoa niaiaei n ieii/aieai ie?iaiai
yeiiiie/aneiai e?ecena. Ae?oaea no?aiu auoee ec e?ecena aac eaeeo-eeai
niaoeeaeueiuo ia?ii?eyoee, iiaeiaiuo “iiaiio eo?no”. E?oiiaeoea
iiiiiieenou NOA, iinea oiai eae i?ioea aunoay oi/ea e?ecena e ia/aeinue
yeiiiie/aneia iaeeaeaiea, aunooieee i?ioea aioee?eceniiai
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa ?ocaaeueoa. a 1935 — 1936 aa. ii o?aaiaaieth
iiiiiieee Aa?oiaiue noae NOA ioiaiee caeiiu i aeayoaeueiinoe IE?A e AAA.
Iiiuoea eaieoaeenoe/aneiai ieaie?iaaiey a aeaea “iiaiai eo?na”
ieacaeanue ianinoiyoaeueiie.
NO? 5
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