O?aeueneee Ainoaea?noaaiiue Oieaa?neoao ei. A.I. Ai?ueeiai
Oaeoeueoao iieeoieiaee e nioeeieiaee
Eaoaae?a oai?ee e enoi?ee nioeeieiaee
?aoa?ao ii aeaiia?aoee
Iea?aoeeiiiua i?ioeannu a ie?a.
Eniieieoaeue:
nooaeaioea a?oiiu 202
O?aaea? O.A.
I?aiiaeaaaoaeue: eaiae. oeein. iaoe,
aeioeaio Eaa/aiei E.A.
Aeaoa?eiao?a, 2001
Niaea?aeaiea
TOC \o “1-3” Aaaaeaiea. GOTOBUTTON _Toc530229650 PAGEREF
_Toc530229650 3
Aeaaa 1. Iauea naaaeaiey i iea?aoeee ianaeaiey. GOTOBUTTON
_Toc530229651 PAGEREF _Toc530229651 4
Aeaeu iea?aoeee. GOTOBUTTON _Toc530229652 PAGEREF _Toc530229652 4
Eiiea?aoeey ianaeaiey. GOTOBUTTON _Toc530229653 PAGEREF
_Toc530229653 6
Yiea?aoeey. GOTOBUTTON _Toc530229654 PAGEREF _Toc530229654 7
O?aaiecaoeey. GOTOBUTTON _Toc530229655 PAGEREF _Toc530229655 8
Iniiaiua ooieoeee iea?aoeee. GOTOBUTTON _Toc530229656 PAGEREF
_Toc530229656 10
No?oeoo?a iea?aoeeiiiiai i?ioeanna. Iiiyoea iea?aoeeiiiiai iioiea.
GOTOBUTTON _Toc530229657 PAGEREF _Toc530229657 12
Aeaaa 2. I?e/eiu iea?aoeee e eo enoi?e/aneay iaoneiaeaiiinoue.
GOTOBUTTON _Toc530229658 PAGEREF _Toc530229658 15
Caeeth/aiea. GOTOBUTTON _Toc530229659 PAGEREF _Toc530229659 20
Nienie eeoa?aoo?u. GOTOBUTTON _Toc530229660 PAGEREF _Toc530229660
21
Aaaaeaiea.
Iea?aoeee ianaeaiey – ia?aiauaiey ianaeaiey, naycaiiua n ia?aiaiie ianoa
aeeoaeuenoaa. Iea?aoeee ianaeaiey .yaeythony iaeiie ec aaaeiaeoeo
i?iaeai ia?iaeiianaeaiey e ?anniao?eaathony ia oieueei eae i?inoia
iaoaie/aneia ia?aaeaeaeaiea ethaeae, a eae neiaeiue iauanoaaiiue
i?ioeann, cao?aaeaathuee iiiaea noi?iiu nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneie
aeecie. Iea?aoeee ianaeaiey. nua?aee auaeathuothny ?ieue a enoi?ee
/aeiaa/anoaa, n ieie naycaiu i?ioeannu canaeaiey, oicyenoaaiiiai
inaiaiey caiee, ?acaeoey i?iecaiaeeoaeueiuo nee, ia?aciaaiey e niaoaiey
?an, ycueia e ia?iaeia. Iea?aoeee ianaeaiey. eiatho ?aciiia?aciua
aniaeou; eo oa?aeoa? e no?oeoo?o, iineaaenoaey, eioi?ua iie aucuaatho,
enneaaeotho ?yae iaoe – aeaiia?aoey, yeiiiieea, aaia?aoey, nioeeieiaey,
noaoenoeea, yoiia?aoey e ae?. I?eeeaaeiia cia/aiea eiatho enneaaeiaaiey
iea?aoeee ianaeaiey. aeey oeaeae iauayeiiiie/aneiai e ?aaeiiaeueiiai
ieaie?iaaiey, eniieueciaaiey o?oaeiauo ?ano?nia.
Iieiaeeoaeueiui iiiaioii a iea?aoeee yaeyaony ?annaeaiea ia?iaeia:
ii?aaeae?iiay /eneaiiinoue e ieioiinoue ianaeaiey – iaiaoiaeeiua
i?aaeiinueee aeey ?acaeoey eaaeaeie no?aiu. Oioy iaeuecy i?aoaaee/eaaoue
?ieue ieioiinoe ianaeaiey e onoaiaaeeaaoue i?yioth naycue iaaeaeo iath e
o?iaiai nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneiai ?acaeoey. Iaeiiaoe, iaeioi?ua
ainoaea?noaa (NOA, Aano?aeey, Eaiaaea, Ec?aeeue) i?aeoe/anee nicaeaiu
iea?aioaie.
A iaoa a?aiy iea?aoeeiiiua i?ioeannu a ie?a aeiaieueii eioaineaiu, oioy
iiiaea no?aiu e aaiaeyo ia?aie/aiey ia auacae.
I?eieiay ai aieiaiea aeaiiua oaeoi?u, iaeuecy oiaeyoue ?iee iea?aoeee
ianaeaiey e, niioaaonoaaiii, noaaeoue iiae niiiaiea aeooaeueiinoue oaiu.
Aeaaa 1. Iauea naaaeaiey i iea?aoeee ianaeaiey.
A ia?aaiaea n eaoeineiai migratio icia/aao ia?aiauaiea, ia?anaeaiea.
Iea?aoeeth ianaeaiey ?anniao?eaatho a oceii e oe?ieii niunea neiaa. A
oceii niunea iea?aoeey ianaeaiey i?aaenoaaeyao niaie caeii/aiiue aeae
oa??eoi?eaeueiiai ia?aiauaiey, caaa?oathueeny niaiie iinoiyiiiai ianoa
aeeoaeuenoaa, o.a. a aoeaaeueiii niunea icia/aao “ia?anaeaiea”.
Iea?aoeey ianaeaiey a oe?ieii cia/aiee neiaa – ethaia oa??eoi?eaeueiia
ia?aiauaiea, niaa?oathuaany iaaeaeo ?aciuie ianae?iiuie ioieoaie iaeiie
eee ianeieueeeo aaeieieno?aoeaii-oa??eoi?eaeueiuo aaeeieoe iacaaeneii io
i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoe, ?aaoey?iinoe e oeaeaaie iai?aaeaiiinoe.
Aeaeu iea?aoeee.
Iea?aoeey ianaeaiey a oe?ieii niunea ioaaouaaao /aou?a aeaea
ia?aiauaiee: aacaica?aoiua, iayoieeiaua, yieciaee/aneea, naciiiua.
Ia?a/eneaiiua aeaeu niaoeeoe/iu ii oa?aeoa?o, a o/anoaothuaa a ieo
ianaeaiea i?aneaaeoao naiua ?aciua oeaee.
Aacaica?aoiue aeae (eee ia?anaeaiea) iiaeao auoue iacaai iea?aoeeae
ianaeaiey a no?iaii cia/aiee neiaa, o.a. ia?aiauaiea ianaeaiey, eioi?ia
aaae?o e aai oa??eoi?eaeueiiio ia?a?ani?aaeaeaieth. Aacaica?aoiay
iea?aoeey iaeiia?aiaiii ioaa/aao aeaoi oneiaeyi: Ai-ia?auo, ianaeaiea
ia?aiauaaony ec iaeieo ianae?iiuo ioieoia a ae?oaea e, ai-aoi?uo,
ia?aiauaiey nii?iaiaeaeathony niaiie iinoiyiiiai ianoa aeeoaeuenoaa.
Naciiiua iea?aoeee ianaeaiey – yoi ia?aiauaiey aeaaiui ia?acii
o?oaeiniiniaiiai ianaeaiey e ianoai a?aiaiiie ?aaiou e aeeoaeuenoaa,
iau/ii ia n?ie a ianeieueei ianyoeaa, n nio?aiaieai aiciiaeiinoe
aica?auaiey a ianoi iinoiyiiiai aeeoaeuenoaa. Iie a aieueoeinoaa nai?i
eiatho oeaeueth oaeiaeaoai?eoue iio?aaiinoe a ?aai/ae neea io?aneae n
naciiiui oa?aeoa?ii i?iecaiaenoaa.
Iayoieeiaua iea?aoeee i?aaenoaaeytho aaeaaeiaaiua eee aaeaiaaeaeueiua
iiacaeee ianaeaiey io iano aeeoaeuenoaa aei iano ?aaiou (e ia?aoii),
?aniieiaeaiiuo a ?aciuo ianae?iiuo ioieoao, e eo iaeuecy ?anniao?eaaoue
eae iea?aoeee ianaeaiey a /enoii aeaea. Noaoenoeea III i?ecia?o
iea?aioaie eeoe, i?iaeeaathueo ia iiaii ianoa aieaa 6 ian. Eiiaaea e
iea?aoeeyi ianaeaiey ioiinyo oo?eci, eo?i?oiua iiacaeee, iaeiiie/anoai e
ae?., /oi, iaeiaei, iai?aaeeueii, eai caeanue iao niaiu ianoa
aeeoaeuenoaa.
Iea?aoeey ianaeaiey oaaee/eaaao ea/anoaaiii e eiee/anoaaiii o?oaeiaua
?ano?nu oao iinaeaiee, aaea /enei ?aai/eo iano i?aauoaao nianoaaiiua
?ano?nu o?oaea eee ia niioaaonoaoao i?ioanneiiaeueii-eaaeeoeeaoeeiiiie
no?oeoo?a ianaeaiey. Iayoieeiaay iea?aoeey ianaeaiey nicaea?o oneiaey
aeey oaeiaeaoai?aiey ?aciiia?aciuo iio?aaiinoae a o?oaea aeeoaeae, eae
i?aaeei, iaaieueoeo iinaeaiee, a eioi?uo ea/anoaaiii, a eiiaaea e
eiee/anoaaiii ia?aie/ai auai? ?aai/eo iano.
Yieciaee/aneea iea?aoeee ianaeaiey i?aaenoaaeytho niaie aeaeiaua,
?ae?aaoeeiiiua e eiua iiacaeee, niaa?oathueany ia oieueei ia ?aaoey?ii
ii a?aiaie, ii e ia iaycaoaeueii ii iaeiei e oai aea iai?aaeaieyi. Anee
a aeaeiauo iiacaeeao o/anoaoao o?oaeiniiniaiue eiioeiaaio, oi a
?ae?aaoeeiiiuo e inoaeueiay /anoue ianaeaiey. Ninoaa o/anoieeia
yieciaee/aneeo iea?aoeee ianaeaiey aanueia ?aciiia?acai. Ii naiei
ianooaaai yoio aeae iea?aoeee i?aainoiaeeo ana inoaeueiua. Io naciiiuo
iea?aoeee yieciaee/aneea ia ioee/athony ie naiae
i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoueth, ie oeaeyie: iie iiaoo auoue ia oieueei
?ae?aaoeeiiiuie, ii e o?oaeiauie.
Ana aeaeu iea?aoeee ianaeaiey oanii acaeiinaycaiu. Aeey ianaeaiey,
o/anoaothuaai a ia?aiauaieyo, iaeei aeae iea?aoeee ianaeaiey iiaeao
i?aa?auaoueny a ae?oaie eee aunooiaoue aai enoiaeiui ioieoii. A
/anoiinoe, yieciaee/aneay, iayoieeiaay e naciiiay iea?aoeey ianaeaiey
ii?ie auaatho i?aaeoanoaaiieeaie aacaica?aoiie iea?aoeee ianaeaiey, oae
eae iie nicaeatho oneiaey (a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue – eioi?iaoeeiiiua) aeey
auai?a iinoiyiiiai ianoa aeeoaeuenoaa.
Eaaeaeue ec iacaaiiuo aeaeia iea?aoeee ianaeaiey iiaeao ?anniao?eaaoueny
aeaiyei: eae iaaeoa??eoi?eaeueiia e iaaeiinaeaiiia ia?aiauaiea.
A iaaeoa??eoi?eaeueiuo iea?aoeeyo ianaeaiey iau/ii ?acee/atho iioiee:
aioo?e- e iaaeiaeanoiua, aioo?e- e iaae?anioaeeeaineea, aioo?e- e
iaae?aeiiiua. A iaaeiinaeaiiuo iea?aoeeiiiuo iioieao iiaoo auoue
auaeaeaiu /aou?a iai?aaeaiey: aioo?e ai?iaeneie ianoiinoe, o.a. iaaeaeo
ai?iaeaie e iin?eeaie ai?iaeneiai oeia; aioo?e naeueneie ianoiinoe, o.a.
iaaeaeo naeueneeie iinaeaieyie, a oaeaea iaaeaeo naeueneeie e
ai?iaeneeie iinaeaieyie, i?e/?i a iaeiii neo/aa yoi naeuenei-ai?iaeneia
iea?aoeeiiiia aeaeaeaiea, a a ae?oaii – ai?iaenei-naeueneia. Aeaa
iineaaeieo iai?aaeaiey iau/ii iacuaatho naeuenei-ai?iaeneie iea?aoeeae.
Ii aeaiiui Ananithciiai auai?i/iiai ianeaaeiaaiey ianaeaiey 1985 a.,
iniiaiuie iai?aaeaieyie iea?aoeee a NNN? auee ia?aacaeu ec n?e a ai?iaea
(40%) e ec ai?iaeia a ai?iaea (34%). Ia?aacaeu ec iaeiie naeueneie
ianoiinoe a ae?oaoth ninoaaeee 19%, a ec ai?iaea a naei – 7%.
Eiiea?aoeey ianaeaiey.
Eiiea?aoeey ianaeaiey – auacae a no?aio ia iinoiyiiia eee a?aiaiiia
aeeoaeuenoai a?aaeaeai ae?oaie no?ai. Eiiea?aoeey ianaeaiey.
ii?aaeaeyaony ?yaeii i?e/ei: yeiiiie/aneeie (aaic ?aai/ae neeu eee
auacae a no?aiu n aieaa aeaaii?eyoiuie oneiaeyie ?aaiou eee aieaa
aunieei aeeciaiiui o?iaiai e o. ae.), aiaiiuie (caoaao /oaeeo caiaeue e
eo aiaiiay eieiiecaoeey) e iieeoe/aneeie (aaanoai io iieeoe/aneeo,
iaoeeiiaeueiuo, ?aniauo, ?aeeaeiciuo e ae?. i?aneaaeiaaiee, iaiai
iaoeiaiueoeinoaaie iaaeaeo ainoaea?noaaie e o.ae.).Eiiea?aoeey ianaeaiey
ea?aea aaaeiaeooth ?ieue a canaeaiee iaeioi?uo /anoae naaoa e
oi?ie?iaaiee ianaeaiey iiiaeo no?ai ie?a. Eiiea?aoeey ianaeaiey
ieacuaaao nouanoaaiiia aeeyiea ia aeeiaieeo /eneaiiinoe ianaeaiey; a?
aeaiia?aoe/aneea iineaaenoaey iaoneiaeaiu ia oieueei /eneaiiinoueth
iea?aioia, ii e naiaia?aceai eo iieiaic?anoiie no?oeoo?u: caiaoiui
i?aiaeaaeaieai a /enea ia?anaeaioeaa ethaeae iieiaeiai e n?aaeiaai
aic?anoa, a oaeaea ioae/ei. Eiiea?aoeey i?eaiaeeo e niaoaieth ?acee/iuo
yoie/aneeo a?oii ianaeaiey, a ?acoeueoaoa /aai neeaaeuaathony iiaua
iaoeee e ia?iaeiinoe. Yoi yaeaiea. oa?aeoa?ii aeey anao enoi?e/aneeo
yiio. Ia?iiiia aeeyiea ia oi?ie?iaaiea ianaeaiey Aa?acee ieacaee
iea?aoeee, i?ienoiaeeaoea a oa/aiea iineaaeieo aeaoo ouny/ eao, oaeea,
eae Aaeeeia ia?anaeaiea ia?iaeia a Aa?iia (4—7 aa.), iea?aoeee,
naycaiiua n a?aaneeie caaiaaaieyie (7—8 aa.), n yeniaineae
oth?ei-iiiaieia (11—17 aa.). Yiioa Aaeeeeo aaia?aoe/aneeo ioe?uoee
(na?aaeeia 15 — na?aaeeia 17 aa.) iieiaeeea ia/aei oe?ieiio ?acaeoeth
iaaeeiioeiaioaeueiuo iea?aoeee, aeaaiui ia?acii ec Aa?iiu a ae?oaea
/anoe naaoa, i?aaeaea anaai a Aia?eeo e Aano?aeeth. A 20 a. oaiiu
iea?aoeee ia ineaaaaatho, oioy naie iea?aoeee e i?eia?aoatho a oeaeii
?yaea neo/aaa eiie aniaeo: ia?iiiua ia?aiauaiey ianaeaiey, naycaiiua n
aeaoiy ie?iauie aieiaie; ia?anaeaiea aieaa 16 iei. /ae., aucaaiiia
?acaeaeii a?eoaineie Eiaeee ia aeaa iacaaeneiuo ainoaea?noaa — Eiaeeth e
Iaeenoai; iea?aoeee, naycaiiua n ia?anaeaieai a Ec?aeeue aa?aaa e
aaanoaii e aunaeaieai ioooaea a?aaia, e o. ae. A oi aea a?aiy an? au?
inoathony cia/eoaeueiuie ia?anaeaiey ii i?e/eiai yeiiiie/aneiai
oa?aeoa?a. Oe?ieee ?aciao iinea 2-e ie?iaie aieiu 1939—45 iieo/eea
eiiea?aoeey ?aai/ae neeu a ?acaeoua no?aiu Caiaaeiie Aa?iiu (/enei
eiiea?aioia aeinoeaaao 8 iei. /aeiaae, a oii /enea ai O?aioeee — 3,4
iei., O?A — 2 iei., Oaaeoea?ee — 1 iei., eee 16% ianaeaiey no?aiu, e
o.ae.). No?aiu, iinoaaeythuea eiiea?aioia: Eniaiey, Eoaeey, Ii?ooaaeey,
A?aoeey, Oo?oeey, no?aiu Naaa?iie Ao?eee.
Yiea?aoeey.
Yiea?aoeey ianaeaiey – auacae ec no?aiu, ia?anaeaiea a ae?oaoth no?aio n
oeaeueth iinoiyiiiai aeeoaeuenoaa eee a?aiaiiiai iainiiaaiey, iau/ii
aeey ?aaiou. Yiea?aoeey ianaeaiey. iiaeao auoue iinoiyiiie
(“ieii/aoaeueiie”) e a?aiaiiie, aeaaea eeoue naciiiie, n?ie eioi?ie
eiiaaea eeieoe?oaony eiio?aeoii eee ae?oaeie oneiaeyie iaeia (iai?eia?,
aeey oai?ee o?iaeay e o. i.). Ia?yaeo n yiea?aoeeae ianaeaiey ii
yeiiiie/aneei iioeaai eiatho. ianoi ia?anaeaiey ec iaeiie no?aiu a
ae?oaoth ii i?e/eiai iieeoe/aneei, yoie/aneei, ?aeeaeiciui. Ai 2-e
iieiaeia 20 a. iniiaiua iioiee yiea?aoeee — auacae ec no?ai Caiaaeiie
Aa?iiu a NOA, Eaiaaeo, Aano?aeeth e a iaeioi?ua ae?oaea no?aiu (yoi, eae
i?aaeei, iinoiyiiay yiea?aoeey) e i?eoie a no?aiu Caiaaeiie Aa?iiu
“aeao?aie” ?aai/ae neeu ec ?acaeaathueony no?ai (yoi, eae i?aaeei,
a?aiaiiay yiea?aoeey).
O?aaiecaoeey.
O?aaiecaoeey (o?aioe. urbanisation, io eao. urbanus – ai?iaeneie, urbs –
ai?iae) – enoi?e/aneee i?ioeann iiauoaiey ?iee ai?iaeia a ?acaeoee
iauanoaa, eioi?ue ioaaouaaao nioeeaeueii-i?ioanneiiaeueioth,
aeaiia?aoe/aneoth no?oeoo?o ianaeaiey, aai ia?ac aeecie, eoeueoo?o,
?aciauaiea i?iecaiaeeo, nee, ?annaeaiea e o.ae. O?aaiecaoeey ieacuaaao
ia?iiiia aeeyiea ia ?acaeoea ?acee/iuo nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneeo
oi?iaoeee e ainoaea?noa, eiaiii n ai?iaeaie naycaiu iniiaiua
aeinoeaeaiey oeeaeeecaoeee. A 3–1-i oun. aei i. y. iiyaeeenue ai?iaea a
Aaeioa, Ianiiioaiee, Ne?ee, Eiaeee, Iaeie Acee, Eeoaa, a a?aei-?eineii
ie?a ia?iiioth ?ieue ea?aee Aoeiu, ?ei, Ea?oaaai. A ai?iaeao
n?aaeiaaaeiauey e yiioe Aic?iaeaeaiey oi?ie?iaaeenue yeaiaiou
eaieoaeenoe/aneiai niiniaa i?iecaiaenoaa, ao?aeoaciie eoeueoo?u.
Oneeaiea i?ioeanna o?aaiecaoeee a 19 a. aucaaei aic?anoaiea
eiioeaio?aoeee ianaeaiey a ai?iaeao, /oi ieacaeinue aiciiaeiui
aeaaiaea?y ?inoo i?iiuoeaiiinoe, eioaineoeeaoeee naeueneiai oicyenoaa,
?acaeoeth n?aaenoa o?ainii?oa e nayce, iaaeeoeeiu e o.ae. E. Ia?en
ioia/ae ?ieue “ai?iaeneeo ioiioaiee”, i?iieeiiaaiea eioi?uo a aea?aaith
oa?aeoa?ecoao “iiaaeooth enoi?eth”.
Ai?iaeneiai ianaeaiea NNN? iaaeaeo 1926 e ia/aeii 1975 au?inei ii/oe a
5,8 ?aca, n 26,3 iei. aei 153,1 iei. /ae. E na?aaeeia 1976 aai aeiey
ninoaaeea 62%.
Aeiey ai?iaeneiai ianaeaiey ii ae?oaei ?aeiiai ie?a ninoaaeyea (e 1970):
a ca?oaaaeiie Aa?iia – 63,6%, ca?oaaaeiie Acee – 24,7%, Ao?eea – 22,3%,
Naa. Aia?eea – 74,5%, Eaoeineie Aia?eea – 56,2%, Aano?aeee e Ieaaiee –
67,9% anaai ianaeaiey. Ii ioaeaeueiui ?acaeoui eaieoaeenoe/aneei no?aiai
aeiey ai?iaeneiai ianaeaiey ninoaaeyea: a NOA – 73,5%, O?A – 82,2%,
Aaeeeia?eoaiee – 79,1%, O?aioeee – 70% (1968), Eoaeee – 51,5%. Ca
1965–70 /enei ai?iaeai a ie?a ?inei a 1,5–2,5 ?aca auno?aa, /ai an?
ianaeaiea ie?a.
O?aaiecaoeey, ?acaeoea ai?iaeia aucuaathony iauaeoeaiie
iaiaoiaeeiinoueth eiioeaio?aoeee e eioaa?aoeee ?aciiia?aciuo oi?i e
aeaeia iaoa?eaeueiie e aeooiaiie aeayoaeueiinoe, iauaiey, oneeaieai
naycae iaaeaeo ?acee/iuie noa?aie i?iecaiaenoaa, iaoee e eoeueoo?u, /oi,
a naith i/a?aaeue, iiauoaao eioaineaiinoue e yooaeoeaiinoue nioeeaeueiuo
i?ioeannia. Iaeaieaa yooaeoeaii yoe i?ioeannu i?ioaeatho a e?oiiaeoeo
ai?iaeneeo oeaio?ao, aieueoeo ai?iaeao, aaea iniaaiii ieiaeioai?ii
acaeiiaeaenoaea nioeeaeueii-iieeoe/aneeo, yeiiiie/aneeo e
iao/ii-oaoie/aneeo oaeoi?ia, eoeueoo?iuo o?aaeeoeee, ?acee/iuo neiaa
ianaeaiey e o.ae. Eiaiii a e?oiiaeoeo ai?iaeneeo oeaio?ao aicieeee e
eiioeaio?e?iaaeenue ia?aaeiaua nioeeaeueiua eaeae e aeaeaeaiey. Ia
nia?aiaiiii yoaia o?aaiecaoeee iaaethaeaaony oaiaeaioeey e aic?anoaieth
eiioeaio?aoeee ianaeaiey a aieueoeo ai?iaeao (100 oun. /ae. e aieaa). A
NNN? a 1970 a oaeeo ai?iaeao i?iaeeaaei 31,2% anaai ianaeaiey, a
Aaeeeia?eoaiee – 45,6%, a ssiiiee – 48,2%. Iniaia ianoi a yoii i?ioeanna
caieiaao ?ino ai?iaeia-“ieeeeiia?ia”, /enei eioi?uo a ie?a ninoaaeyao
ieiei 150, a oii /enea a ?innee – 12.
I?ioeann o?aaiecaoeee eiaao aeaa noi?iiu, eee “oacu”. A ia?aie “oaca”
i?ienoiaeeo eiioeaio?aoeey e iaeiieaiea yeiiiie/aneiai e eoeueoo?iiai
iioaioeeaea iauanoaa a e?oiiuo ai?iaeneeo oeaio?ao, /oi nicaea?o oneiaey
aeey oi?ie?iaaiey aunoeo aeinoeaeaiee e ia?acoeia iaoa?eaeueiie e
aeooiaiie aeayoaeueiinoe. Ai aoi?ie “oaca” yoe aeinoeaeaiey inaaeaathony
ae?oaeie, ia oeaio?aeueiuie ai?iaeaie e naeueneeie iinaeaieyie, /oi, a
naith i/a?aaeue, aea?o iiaue eiioeuen aeey ia?aueaaiey iioaioeeaea
aeaaiuo oeaio?ia. Yooaeoeaiinoue ooieoeeiie?iaaiey yoiai aeaoaaeeiiai
i?ioeanna caaeneo io nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneie i?e?iaeu iauanoaa. I?e
eaieoaeecia acaeiiaeaenoaea aeaoo noi?ii o?aaiecaoeee ieacuaaaony
ia?ooaiiui; nioeeaeueiay ?aciau?iiinoue i?ioeainoieo eioaa?aoeaiie
i?e?iaea o?aaiecaoeee, noieeiiaaiea aioaaiienoe/aneeo eioa?ania eeannia
e nioeeaeueiuo a?oii, /anoiay nianoaaiiinoue ia caieth,
i?ioeaiiieiaeiinoue oeaio?ia e canoieiie ia?eoa?ee ?iaeaeatho e?ecen
ai?iaeia. I?ioeann o?aaiecaoeee iineo noeoeeiue oa?aeoa?. A aieueoeo
ai?iaeao eaieoaeenoe/aneeo no?ai noaiiayony iniaaiii ino?uie i?iaeaiu
aac?aaioeoeu, i?anooiiinoe, neeaaeuaathony ?aeiiu o?ouia, yoie/aneea
aaooi e o.ae. A nayce n yoei a ao?aeoaciii iauanoaa oneeeaathony
aioeai?iaeneea iano?iaiey (iai?eia?, “aioeo?aaieci” a NOA).
Aaaeioth ?ieue ea?aao i?ioeann o?aaiecaoeee a ?acaeaathueony no?aiao.
I?e anae naiae neiaeiinoe e aieaciaiiinoe (auno?ay eiioeaio?aoeey a
ai?iaeao iaiiaeaioiaeaiiiai e “ai?iaeneiio” o?oaeo naeueneiai ianaeaiey,
ia?aie/aiiinoue iaoa?eaeueiuo ?ano?nia e o.ae.) ii niinianoaoao
noaiiaeaieth nia?aiaiiie yeiiiieee, i?aiaeieaieth ionoaeinoe e
iiiaioeeaaeiinoe, iaoeeiiaeueiie eiinieeaeaoeee, ?acaeoeth
nioeeaeueii-iieeoe/aneie no?oeoo?u iauanoaa.
Iniiaiua ooieoeee iea?aoeee.
Iea?aoeey ianaeaiey aicaeaenoaoao ia iauanoaaiiia ?acaeoea iin?aaenoaii
inouanoaeaiey naieo ooieoeee – oao eiie?aoiuo ?ieae, eioi?ua ea?atho
iea?aoeee ianaeaiey a aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe iauanoaa. Ooieoeee iea?aoeee
ianaeaiey ia iaeiicia/iu. N iaeiie noi?iiu, iie i?aaenoaaeythony eae
iacaaeneiua io oeia nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneie nenoaiu e iniaaiiinoae
ioaeaeueiuo iauanoa. A n ae?oaie – eae ooieoeee, oa?aeoa? eioi?uo
ii?aaeaeyaony nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneeie oneiaeyie eiie?aoiuo iauanoa.
Ia?aua – iauea ooieoeee iea?aoeee ianaeaiey, aoi?ua – niaoeeoe/aneea
ooieoeee iea?aoeee ianaeaiey oie eee eiie iauanoaaiii-yeiiiie/aneie
oi?iaoeee. E iaeaieaa iauei ooieoeeyi iea?aoeee ianaeaiey ioiinyo
onei?eoaeueioth, naeaeoeaioth e ia?a?ani?aaeaeeoaeueioth.
Onei?eoaeueiay ooieoeey ninoieo a iaania/aiee oiai eee eiiai o?iaiy
i?ino?ainoaaiiie iiaeaeaeiinoe e icia/aao eae niaiyaiinoue ninoaaa
aeeoaeae ?aciuo ?aeiiia, oae e ?anoe?aiea /enea iano aeeoaeuenoaa
ioaeaeueiuie a?aaeaeaiaie. Oa??eoi?eaeueiua ia?aiauaiey niinianoaotho
eciaiaieth nioeeaeueii-ineoieiae/aneiai iaeeea iea?aioia, ?anoe?aieth eo
e?oaici?a, iaeiieaieth ciaiee i ?acee/iuo iaeanoyo aeecie, iaiaio
o?oaeiauie iaaueaie e i?iecaiaenoaaiiui iiuoii, ?acaeoeth ee/iinoe, a?
iaoa?eaeueiuo, nioeeaeueiuo e aeooiaiuo iio?aaiinoae, eioaa?aoeee
iaoeeiiaeueiuo eoeueoo?.
Aoi?ay ooieoeey – ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiea iauae /eneaiiinoe ianaeaiey,
naycaiiia n ?aciauaieai i?iecaiaeeoaeueiuo nee, iaaeaeo ioaeaeueiuie
oa??eoi?eyie no?aiu, a oii /enea iaaeaeo i?e?iaeiuie ciiaie, ?aeiiaie,
?aciuie oeiaie ai?iaeneeo e naeueneeo iinaeaiee. Iea?aoeey ianaeaiey a
naiae ia?a?ani?aaeaeeoaeueiie ooieoeee ia oieueei oaaee/eaaao
/eneaiiinoue ianaeaiey ioaeaeueiuo oa??eoi?ee, ii e iiin?aaeiaaiii
aeeyao ia aeaiia?aoe/aneoth aeeiaieeo oai, /oi iea?aiou o/anoaotho a
aini?iecaiaenoaa ianaeaiey. Iiyoiio cia/aiea iea?aoeee ianaeaiey a
eciaiaiee /eneaiiinoe ianaeaiey oie eee eiie oa??eoi?ee anaaaea aieueoa,
/ai aeiey iea?aioia a ninoaaa ianaeaiey yoie ianoiinoe.
Nooue naeaeoeaiie ooieoeee iea?aoeee ianaeaiey a oii, /oi ia?aaiiia?iia
o/anoea a iea?aoeee ianaeaiey ?acee/iuo nioeeaeueii-aeaiia?aoe/aneeo
a?oii aaae?o e eciaiaieth ea/anoaaiiiai ninoaaa ianaeaiey ?aciuo
oa??eoi?ee. Iiuo iieacuaaao, /oi ioae/eiu e eeoea o?oaeiniiniaiuo
aic?anoia o/anoaotho a iea?aoeeyo aieaa aeoeaii, /ai iao?oaeiniiniaiua e
aeaiueiu. Aaeeee ?acee/ey a iea?aoeeiiiie iiaeaeaeiinoe eeoe ?aciie
iaoeeiiaeueiinoe e eeoe, ?iaeeaoeony a oii eee eiii ?aeiia, n iaeiie
noi?iiu, e iaaeaaii anaeeaoeony ooaea ec ae?oaeo ianoiinoae – n ae?oaie.
Iauea ooieoeee iea?aoeee ianaeaiey iaeaaeatho iaeioi?ie
naiinoiyoaeueiinoueth e aianoa n oai oanii acaeiinaycaiu.
Oa??eoi?eaeueiia ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiea ianaeaiey e eciaiaiea aai
ea/anoaaiiiai ninoaaa inouanoaeythony oieueei i?e niioaaonoaothuae
iiaeaeaeiinoe ianaeaiey. Eiee/anoaaiiia ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiea ianaeaiey
iiaeao ni/aoaoueny eeai ia ni/aoaoueny n eciaiaieai ninoaaa ianaeaiey
?aeiiia iooiea eee i?eoiea iea?aioia. Oi/ii oae aea eioaineaiay
ea/anoaaiiay naeaeoeey ianaeaiey iiaeao i?ienoiaeeoue aeaaea oiaaea,
eiaaea eiee/anoaaiiue ?acoeueoao ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiey iacia/eoaeai.
Iea?aoeey ianaeaiey a ?acee/iuo oneiaeyo auiieiyao niaoeeoe/anee
i?enouea ae ooieoeee, iaeaieaa aaaeiua ec eioi?uo – yeiiiie/aneay e
nioeeaeueiay.
Yeiiiie/aneay ooieoeey a naiii iauai aeaea ninoieo a iaania/aiee
niaaeeiaiey oa??eoi?eaeueii ?ani?aaeae?iiuo n?aaenoa i?iecaiaenoaa n
iaiaoiaeeiie ?aai/ae neeie e eo ooieoeeiie?iaaiey a i?ioeanna
i?iecaiaenoaa. Inouanoaeaiea a iieiie ia?a yoie caaea/e ia iniiaa
?aaeecaoeee iaueo ooieoeee iea?aoeee ianaeaiey i?eaiaeeo e iaania/aieth
eiee/anoaaiiiai e ea/anoaaiiiai niioaaonoaey iaaeaeo aauanoaaiiuie e
ee/iinoiuie oaeoi?aie i?iecaiaenoaa.
Nioeeaeueiay ooieoeey iea?aoeee ianaeaiey anaoeaei ii?aaeaeyaony
i?iecaiaenoaaiiuie ioiioaieyie e niinianoaoao iiauoaieth aeeciaiiiai
o?iaiy e nioeeaeueiiai ?acaeoey o?oaeyueony.
N iiceoeee oi?aaeaiey iea?aoeee ianaeaiey iaiaoiaeeii nicaeaiea oneiaee,
i?e eioi?uo yeiiiie/aneay e nioeeaeueiay ooieoeee iaoiaeeeenue au a
aa?iiiee, a ia a i?ioeai?a/ee, oaeii, iai?eia?, eae ionoaaaiea o?iaiy
aeecie ianaeaiey a oao ?aeiiao, a eioi?uo i?iecaiaeeoaeueiua neeu
aeieaeiu ?acaeaaoueny aieaa aunieeie oaiiaie.
No?oeoo?a iea?aoeeiiiiai i?ioeanna. Iiiyoea iea?aoeeiiiiai iioiea.
Iea?aoeey ianaeaiey – neiaeiue nioeeaeueii-aeaiia?aoe/aneee i?ioeann. Ii
ninoieo ec o??o noaaeee: enoiaeiie, eee iiaeaioiaeoaeueiie,
i?aaenoaaeythuae i?ioeann oi?ie?iaaiey oa??eoi?eaeueiie iiaeaeaeiinoe
ianaeaiey; iniiaiie noaaeee eee nianoaaiii ia?anaeaiey ianaeaiey;
caeeth/eoaeueiie, aunooiathuae eae i?eaeeaaaiinoue iea?aioia ia iiaii
ianoa. Ioaeaeueiua noaaeee iea?aoeeiiiiai i?ioeanna oanii naycaiu
iaaeaeo niaie. Iea?aio – yoi aoaeouee iiain?e a ia?eiae aai
oa??eoi?eaeueiiai ia?aiauaiey, a iiain?e – yoi auaoee iea?aio a ia?eiae
aai iaono?ienoaa e aaeaioaoeee a ?aeiia anaeaiey. Naycaiu e e?aeiea
noaaeee i?ioeanna. Oae, iiain?eu, iaeaaeay iiauoaiiie iea?aoeeiiiie
aeoeaiinoueth, a cia/eoaeueiie ia?a e iioaioeeaeueiua iea?aiou.
Ianaeaiea, i?iaeeaathuaa a ?aciuo ?aeiiao no?aiu, a ianae?iiuo ioieoao
?acee/iiai nioeeaeueiiai noaoona, ?acee/aaony ii o?iaith iea?aoeeiiiie
iiaeaeaeiinoe, eioi?ay caaeneo eae io noaiaie nioeeaeecaoeee
eiaeeaeaeia, ioaeaeueiuo a?oii e ianaeaiey eiie?aoiie oa??eoi?eaeueiie
aaeeieoeu a oeaeii, oae e io iniaaiiinoae aai no?oeoo?u
(aic?anoii-iieiaie, aaiaoe/aneie, yoie/aneie, nioeeaeueiie e o.ae.).
Niaieoiiinoue ia?anaeaiee, niaa?oathueony a ii?aaeae?iiia a?aiy a ?aieao
oie eee eiie oa??eoi?eaeueiie nenoaiu, o.a. iaaeaeo a? /anoyie,
i?aaenoaaeyao iea?aoeeiiiue iioie. Ii eiathueiny ioeaieai, a 1970-a aa.
A NNN? aaeaaiaeii i?ienoiaeeei 15-16 iei. ia?anaeaiee. Iea?aoeeiiiue
iioie – yoi ia oieueei noaoenoe/anee cia/eiay aaee/eia, ii e /?acau/aeii
?aciiia?aciay niaieoiiinoue a no?oeoo?iii ioiioaiee. Ioa/anoaaiiua e
ca?oaaaeiua enneaaeiaaiey iieacaee, /oi iiauoaiiay aeiey ioae/ei, eeoe
o?oaeiniiniaiiai aic?anoa e iaeeiieeo a iea?aoeeiiiii iioiea ii
n?aaiaieth n ianaeaieai no?aiu a oeaeii – iaeaieaa iauay
nioeeaeueii-aeaiia?aoe/aneay iniaaiiinoue no?oeoo?u iea?aoeee; aieaa
oiai, yoi caeiiiia?iinoue iea?aoeeiiiuo i?ioeannia a oeaeii, a ia
oieueei oie eee eiie no?aiu. Aianoa n oai anoue e aieaa /anoiua
iniaaiiinoe, caaenyuea io yoie/aneiai ninoaaa ianaeaiey, io
i?iecaiaenoaaiiie niaoeeaeecaoeee oa??eoi?ee, io enoi?e/anee
neiaeeaoeony iea?aoeeiiiuo naycae e ae?. Ii yoe iniaaiiinoe iinyo
ia?aie/aiiue, /anoi ?aaeiiaeueiue oa?aeoa?.
Iniiaiua aeaoa?ieiaiou iiuiinoe iea?aoeeiiiuo iioieia – /eneaiiinoue
ianaeaiey oa??eoi?ee, iaaeaeo eioi?uie inouanoaeythony iea?aoeeiiiua
nayce, e eo ianoi?aniieiaeaiea. *ai aieueoa /eneaiiinoue ianaeaiey
oa??eoi?ee, iaaeaeo eioi?uie i?iecaiaeeony iea?aoeeiiiue iaiai, oai
iiuiaa iea?aoeeiiiua iioiee. E /ai aeeaea ?aniieiaeaiu oa??eoi?ee, oai
eioaineaiaa eo iea?aoeeiiiua nayce e, neaaeiaaoaeueii, cia/eoaeueiaa
iea?aoeeiiiua iioiee. Ia iiuiinoe iea?aoeeiiiuo iioieia neacuaathony
yoie/aneea, oicyenoaaiiua e i?e?iaeiua oaeoi?u, a oaeaea enoi?e/anee
neiaeeaoeany nayce, oi?aaeai/aneea ?aoaiey e o.ae. Iaeiaei yoi an? eiaao
eeai yieciaee/aneee oa?aeoa?, eeai ia?aie/aiioth eieaeecaoeeth a ioee/ea
io oaeeo oaeoi?ia, eae aeecinoue oa??eoi?ee e /eneaiiinoue ianaeaiey.
A iea?aoeee ianaeaiey iaoae no?aiu auaeaeythony o?e iaeaieaa aaaeiuo a
yeiiiie/aneii e nioeeaeueii-aeaiia?aoe/aneii ieaia iai?aaeaiey:
aeaeaeaiea ianaeaiey a iaeicanae?iiua ainoi/iua e naaa?iua ?aeiiu
no?aiu, iai?a?uaiue iooie aeeoaeae ec naea a ai?iae, eioaineaiue e
auniei?acoeueoaoeaiue i?eoie iea?aioia a e?oiiua e e?oiiaeoea ai?iaea, a
iaeanoiua e ?anioaeeeaineea oeaio?u.
Iacaaeneii io oa?aeoa?a caaea/, noiyueo a iaeanoe ?aaoee?iaaiey anao
o??o iai?aaeaiee, ii eioi?ui eiioeaio?e?othony iea?aoeeiiiua iioiee,
aeey oi?aaeaiey iea?aoeeae ianaeaiey ia noaaeee ia?anaeaiey ia?aaeoaa
oneiaea – auyaeaiea aiciiaeiuo ?aeiiia e ioieoia auoiaea iea?aioia, a
oaeaea iano eo anaeaiey ii e?eoa?eth o?oaeiiaania/aiiinoe. ?aoaiea yoie
i?iaeaiu naycaii n niaa?oainoaiaaieai ?ac?aaioee aaeaina o?oaeiauo
?ano?nia ii anai oa??eoi?eyi e e?oiiui ianae?iiui ioieoai.
Caeeth/eoaeueiay noaaeey iea?aoeeiiiiai i?ioeanna – i?eaeeaaaiinoue
iiain?eia, o.a. i?ioeann ia?aoiaea iiain?eia a ninoaa noa?iaeeeia.
Iiauoaiea i?eaeeaaaiinoe iea?aioia a ianoa anaeaiey – aioeiiae
eioaineoeeaoeee iea?aoeeiiiie iiaeaeaeiinoe ianaeaiey. I?eaeeaaaiinoue –
yoi oa /anoue iea?aoeeiiiiai i?ioeanna, ia/aei eioi?ie a i?aa?auaiee
iea?aioa a iiain?ea, a eiiaoe – a ia?aoiaea iiain?ea a ninoaa
noa?iaeeeia. A no?oeoo?iii ioiioaiee i?eaeeaaaiinoue aeeth/aao a naay
aeaa iniiaiuo eiiiiiaioa, iaeei ec eioi?uo – aaeaioaoeey, o.a. i?ioeann
i?eniiniaeaiey iea?aioa e iiaui aeey iaai oneiaeyi aeecie a ianoa
anaeaiey.
Ii ?acoeueoaoai enneaaeiaaiee niaaoneeo o/?iuo, n?ie i?eaeeaaaiinoe
iiain?eia a ?aciuo ?aeiiao a n?aaeiai eieaaeaony ieiei 10 eao. Yoio n?ie
caaeneo io iano auoiaea iea?aioia, niai iinaeaiiiai noaoona i?e
ia?anaeaiee, noaiaie ?acee/ee no?oeoo?u iea?aioia e ianaeaiey ?aeiiia
anaeaiey e o.ae. Iiiaeie enneaaeiaaieyie onoaiiaeaii, /oi a ai?iaeao
eo/oa i?eaeeaathony auoiaeoeu ec n?e, a a iaae?aeiiiuo iea?aoeeyo
i?eaeeaaaiinoue eo/oa o iea?aioia, i?eauaoeo ec oie aea iaeanoe, e o.ae.
A oeaeii i?eaeeaaaiinoue iiain?eia ?acee/aaony aieueoei oa??eoi?eaeueiui
?aciiia?aceai. Iia caaeneo io aaia?aoe/aneie no?oeoo?u iea?aoeeiiiuo
naycae, ?acee/ee a i?e?iaeii-aaia?aoe/aneeo n?aaeao, iinaeaiiuo
noaoonia, no?oeoo?u iea?aoeeiiiuo iioieia, oneiaee iaono?ienoaa
iea?aioia ia iiauo ianoao e o.ae. ?aaoee?oy yoe iioiee e nicaeaaay
naiaa?aiaiii oneiaey aeey auno?iai iaono?ienoaa iea?aioia e eo oniaoiie
aaeaioaoeee, iiaeii iiauneoue yooaeoeaiinoue i?eaeeaaaiinoe e
iea?aoeeiiiuo i?ioeannia a oeaeii.
Aeaaa 2. I?e/eiu iea?aoeee e eo enoi?e/aneay iaoneiaeaiiinoue.
N eaaeaeie iauanoaaiiie oi?iaoeeae naycaiu niaoeeoe/aneea oi?iu e
i?e/eiu iea?aoeee ianaeaiey, iau?iu e iai?aaeaiey iea?aoeeiiiuo iioieia.
E naiui ?aiiei iea?aoeeyi ianaeaiey ioiinyony i?iaeieaeaaoeany
ouny/aeaoeyie noeoeeiua ?annaeaiey ae?aaieo ieai?i ii anaio caiiiio
oa?o, iineaoea ie?iue oa?aeoa? inaiaiey iiauo oa??eoi?ee. Iicaeiaa, a
yiioo ?aniaaea ia?aiauoiiiaueiiiai no?iy, n ?acaeoeai i?iecaiaenoaa e
?inoii ianaeaiey, ianniaua ia?aaeaeaeaiey aai i?ienoiaeeee a ?acoeueoaoa
noieeiiaaiey ieai?i; an? yoi nii?iaiaeaeaeinue ia?aciaaieai e
?ac?ooaieai ?aiiaeeanniauo ainoaea?noa, oi?ie?iaaieai iiauo ia?iaeia. A
eiioea aioe/iiai a?aiaie e a ia/aea n?aaeiaaaeiauey a eoiaa Aaeeeiai
ia?anaeaiey ia?iaeia i?iecioei niaoaiea ?acee/iuo ieaiai, ieacaaoaa
?aoathuaa aeeyiea ia oi?ie?iaaiea nia?aiaiiiai yoie/aneiai ninoaaa
aa?iiaeneiai ianaeaiey. A ia?eiae oaiaeaeecia ianniaua iea?aoeee
ianaeaiey auee naycaiu n aaanoaii e?anoueyi io e?aiinoie/aneiai ai?oa ia
naiaiaeiua caiee, a oaeaea n i?eioaeeoaeueiui ia?anaeaieai e?aiinoiuo ia
caoaa/aiiua oaiaeaeaie caiee.
Aiaoiea (e?oiiua iaaeeiioeiaioaeueiua) iea?aoeee ianaeaiey iineaaeiaaee
iinea Aaeeeeo aaia?aoe/aneeo ioe?uoee. A yiioo ia?aiia/aeueiiai
iaeiieaiey eaieoaea yoe iea?aoeee ianaeaiey auee naycaiu n eieiiecaoeeae
ioe?uouo e caoaa/aiiuo aa?iiaeoeaie caiaeue a Aia?eea, Acee e Ao?eea,
eno?aaeaieai e auoaniaieai ei?aiiiai ianaeaiey a aeoaue no?aiu. A 16-18
aa. Cia/eoaeueiay /anoue Aia?eee auea canaeaia naiaiaeiuie
ia?anaeaioeaie ec Aa?iiu e iaa?aie-iaaieueieeaie ec Ao?eee; aei ia/aea
19 a. aaic ?aaia i?aauoae i?eoie naiaiaeiuo ethaeae.
N ?acaeoeai eaieoaeecia ia i?ioyaeaiee 19 a. iau?i iea?aoeee ianaeaiey
aic?anoaao. Oneeeaathony iaaeainoaea?noaaiiua iea?aoeee ianaeaiey,
ii?iaeaeaiiua ioiineoaeueiui ia?aianaeaieai iaeieo no?ai e iaoaaoeie
?aai/eo ?oe a ae?. no?aiao. Iniiaiuie i/aaaie i?eoyaeaiey iea?aioia
noaee NOA e Eaiaaea, a iaiueoae noaiaie – Aano?aeey e Iiaay Caeaiaeey,
ioaeaeueiua no?aiu THaeiie Aia?eee – A?aaioeia, A?aceeey, a oaeaea
THaeiay Ao?eea. Aeey ia?anaeai/aneie iea?aoeee ianaeaiey ia?eiaea
?acaeoiai eaieoaeecia auei oa?aeoa?ii oi, /oi aia/aea, aieioue aei 90-o
aa. 19 a., iea?aoeeiiiue iioie enoiaeee ec i?iiuoeaiii ?acaeouo
eaieoaeenoe/aneeo no?ai Aa?iiu – Aaeeeia?eoaiee, Ieaea?eaiaeia,
Aa?iaiee, neaiaeeiaaneeo no?ai, a caoai, n eiioea 19 a., au? aieaa
iiiai/eneaiiue iioie ninoaaeee auoiaeoeu ec iaiaa eiaeono?eaeueiuo, ii
ioaa/aiiuo aa?a?iui e?ecenii no?ai THaeiie e Ainoi/iie Aa?iiu – Eoaeee,
Iieueoe, Aaia?ee, ?innee e ae?. A. E. Eaiei iacaae yoe aeaa yoaia
“noa?ie eiiea?aoeeae” e “iiaie eiiea?aoeeae”. Iaeaieueoae eioaineaiinoe
yiea?aoeey ec Aa?iiu aeinoeaea a 1900-14 (ca yoi a?aiy auaoaei ieiei 20
iei. /ae., ii/oe 3/5 ec ieo inaei a NOA). Iinea 1-e ie?iaie aieiu
1914-1918 ii ia?a ?anoe?aiey e oaeoaeaiey iauaai e?ecena eaieoaeecia,
iiyaeaiey iinoiyiiie a?iee aac?aaioiuo iea?aoeee ianaeaiey ?acei
nie?aoeeenue, o.e. iaoieeioeenue ia ia?aie/eoaeueiua caeiiiaeaoaeueiua
ia?u ni noi?iiu ?yaea no?ai, iniaaiii NOA e Aano?aeee (oae iacuaaaiua
?ano?eeoeeiiiua ia?aie/aiey).
A Acee a 1-e o?aoe 20 a. iieo/eee ?aciao iaaeainoaea?noaaiiua iea?aoeee
ianaeaiey, naycaiiua n ianniaie aa?aiaeie aeao?aie ?aai/ae neeu (aeaaiui
ia?acii a Eeoaa e Eiaeee) aeey ?aaiou ia eiino?aiiuo ieaioaoeeyo a
no?aiao THai-Ainoi/iie Acee e Ainoi/iie Ao?eee.
Ia?yaeo n iea?aoeeyie ianaeaiey, a iniiaa eioi?uo i?aiaeaaeathuaa
cia/aiea i?eiaaeeaaeeo nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneei oaeoi?ai, a ioaeaeueiua
ia?eiaeu aicieeatho iea?aoeee ianaeaiey ii iieeoe/aneei i?e/eiai
(ia?aciaaiea iiauo ainoaea?noa, eciaiaiea ainoaea?noaaiiuo a?aieoe,
iieeoeei-yeiiiie/aneea i?aia?aciaaiey a ainoaea?noaao). Eiiaaea
nouanoaaiioth ?ieue a iea?aoeee ianaeaiey ea?atho iaoeeiiaeueiua e
?aeeaeiciua oaeoi?u.
Aieueoea ?acia?u i?eiyee iea?aoeee ianaeaiey ai a?aiy e iinea
2-e ie?iaie aieiu 1939-1945. Cia/eoaeueiue eiioeiaaio iea?aioia
ninoaaeee aaaeaioeu e ia?aiauaiiua eeoea. A eoiaa ii?aaeaiey oaoenoneie
Aa?iaiee ec Iieueoe e *aoineiaaeee auei i?aaieciaaiii ia?anaeaii ieiei
9,7 iei. iaioeaa a AAe?, O?A e Caiaaeiue Aa?eei; niioaaonoaaiii a
inaiaiaeaeaiiua ?aeiiu ia?aianoeeinue ieiei 5 iei. iieyeia e ieiei 2,3
iei. /aoia. I?e ia?aciaaiee ia oa??eoi?ee auaoeo a?eo. eieiiee Eiaeee
aeaoo iacaaeneiuo ainoaea?noa – Eiaeee e Iaeenoaia iaiai ianaeaiey
iaaeaeo yoeie ainoaea?noaaie, a iniiaiii ii ?aeeaeiciiio i?eciaeo,
ioaaoee ieiei 16 iei. ionoeueiai e eiaeoenoia. ?aiao?eaoeey yiiioeaa
iinea aieiu a ssiiieth ec Eeoay, Ei?ae e ae?. ?aeiiia Acee ioaaoeea
ieiei 6,3 iei. /aeiaae.
Iinea aieiu ?ano?eeoeeiiiua ia?aie/aiey a iaaeainoaea?noaaiiie iea?aoeee
ianaeaiey au? aieaa oneeeaathony (a /anoiinoe, iiyaeyaony niaoeeaeueiue
oa?iei “iaaeaeaoaeueiue eiino?aiaoe”). A ia/aea 1970-o aa. eiiea?aoeey
(ec Aa?iiu) a NOA ia i?aauoaea aaeaaiaeii 100-150 oun. /aeiaae, a a
Eaiaaeo e Aano?aeeth – ii 100 oun. Iiyaeeanue naiaia?aciay iea?aoeey
ianaeaiey a ?acoeueoaoa ia?aiaieaaiey aunieieaaeeoeoee?iaaiiuo
niaoeeaeenoia, o. i. “ooa/ea iicaia”; ia/aei ae auei iieiaeaii a 1930-o
aa., eiaaea NOA iieo/eee iiiiiieueioth aiciiaeiinoue ioai?a o/?iuo –
aaaeaioeaa ec oaoenoneie Aa?iaiee.
A 1960 – ia/aea 70-o aa. oe?ieia ?acaeoea iieo/eee iea?aoeee ianaeaiey
ec iaiaa ?acaeouo no?ai Aa?iiu a aieaa ?acaeoua – O?A, O?aioeeth,
Aaeeeia?eoaieth, Ieaea?eaiaeu, Aaeueaeth, Oaaeoea?eth (/enei iea?aioia,
aeaaiui ia?acii iaeaaeeoeoee?iaaiiuo ?aai/eo, caeanue aeinoeaaao a
?aciua aiaeu 5-8 iei. /aeiaae). Eiiea?aiou a eaieoaeenoe/aneeo no?aiao,
eae i?aaeei, iaeaieaa ieceiiiea/eaaaiay, yenieoaoe?oaiay e aani?aaiay
/anoue o?oaeyueony. Iniaaiii oyae?eui ieacuaaaony iieiaeaiea
eiiea?aioia, ioiinyueony e ae?. ?aniaui oeiai (eiaeaeoeaa a THA?,
iaeneeaioeaa e ioy?oi?eeaioeaa a NOA e o.ae.).
Aioo?aiiea iea?aoeee ianaeaiey a eaieoaeenoe/aneeo no?aiao aucuaathony
i?aeiouanoaaiii oaie aea i?e/eiaie, /oi e aiaoiea: ia?anaeaiea a iieneao
?aaiou ec ioiineoaeueii ia?aianae?iiuo, iaeicaiaeueiuo ?aeiiia ai aiiaue
inaaeaaaiua ?aeiiu, ec naeueneie ianoiinoe a ai?iaea, naciiiua
ia?aiauaiey a naeueneie ianoiinoe – ia naeueneioicyenoaaiiua ?aaiou e a
ai?iae (iooiaeie/anoai), ia?anaeaiea e?anoueyi ia naiaiaeiua caiee e
ae?. Aioo?aiiea iea?aoeee ianaeaiey iniaaiii ?ani?ino?aiaiu a no?aiao n
iaoe?iie oa??eoi?eae, ?aciiia?aciuie aaia?aoe/aneeie e yeiiiie/aneeie
oneiaeyie. A NOA, iai?eia?, ii aeaiiui 1960, ieiei 30% eeoe aeeee aia
oao ooaoia, aaea iie ?iaeeeenue; caeanue i?iaeieaeaaony “aaeiaia”
oneeaiea canae?iiinoe caiaaeiuo e thai-caiaaeiuo ooaoia, oneeaiea
naciiiuo ia?aei/?aie naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo ?aai/eo, ia?anaeaiea iaa?ia
ec ?aeiiia o. i. “/??iiai iiyna” ia naaa? no?aiu, oneeaiiia i?eoyaeaiea
ianaeaiey a e?oiiua ai?iaea e aaeiia?aoeee. A eaieoaeenoe/aneeo no?aiao
Aa?iiu aioo?aiiea iea?aoeee ianaeaiey n?aaieoaeueii iaaaeeee. A
?acaeaathueony no?aiao ea?oeia iiaeaeaeiinoe ianaeaiey aeiaieueii
iano?a, ii a oeaeii – /ai auoa o?iaaiue ?acaeoey i?iecaiaeeoaeueiuo nee,
oai aioo?aiiea iea?aoeee ianaeaiey neeueiaa.
Iniiaiie aeae nia?aiaiiuo aioo?aiieo iea?aoeee ianaeaiey – i?eoie
ianaeaiey ec naeueneie ianoiinoe a ai?iaea. N 1920 ii 1970 a oeaeii a
ie?a /enei ai?iaeai au?inei ii/oe ia 1 ie?ae. /ae., i?e/?i nauoa 1/2 –
ca n/?o iaoaie/aneiai i?eoiea ianaeaiey.
A. E. Eaiei i?eaeaaae aieueoia cia/aiea aioo?aiiei iea?aoeeyi ianaeaiey
a ?innee, niinianoaiaaaoei canaeaieth thaeiuo noaiiuo e eaninoaiiuo
?aeiiia, Iiaieaeuey, O?aea e Neae?e, a oaeaea ?inoo ai?iaeia (n 16 aei
ia/aea 20 aa. ia?anaeeeinue 25-30 iei. /aeiaae). A NNN? a oneiaeyo
nioeeaeenoe/aneiai no?ieoaeuenoaa n eeeaeaeaoeeae eeanniauo
i?ioeai?a/ee, ii?iaeaeathueo ianniaua iea?aoeee ianaeaiey, iooiaeyo a
i?ioeia nioeeaeueiua aaaenoaey, auioaeaeathuea ianaeaiea iieeaeaoue
naith no?aio eee ?iaeiua e?ay. Ii iea?aoeee ianaeaiey ia en/acatho, oioy
eo aeaeu, oi?iu, a aeaaiia i?e/eiu ei?aiiui ia?acii iaiythony.
Ainoaea?noaaiiia ieaie?iaaiea ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa nicaea?o i?aaeiinueee
aeey i?aaieciaaiiiai iioiea iea?aioia aioo?e no?aiu, eeoay iea?aoeeth
ianaeaiey /a?o noeoeeiinoe. Iie ?aaoee?othony ?yaeii eeai i?yiuo, eeai
einaaiiuo yeiiiie/aneeo e nioeeaeueiuo ?u/aaia e i?ecaaiu
iaiin?aaenoaaiii ioaa/aoue iio?aaiinoyi ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa a
?aoeeiiaeueiii ?aciauaiee ianaeaiey. A nioeeaeenoe/aneeo no?aiao
i?ienoiaeeo oneeaiiia ?acaeoea iaeiinaiaiiuo ?aeiiia, e a yoe ?aeiiu a
ia?aoth i/a?aaeue iai?aaeyaony iea?aoeey. A NNN? ?aciao aioo?aiiae
iea?aoeee ianaeaiey naycai n eiaeono?eaeecaoeeae e o?aaiecaoeeae no?aiu.
A 1926-39 ia O?ae, a Neae?ue, Eacaonoai, N?aaeithth Aceth, Aeaeueiee
Ainoie ia?anaeeeinue ieiei 4,7 iei. /aeiaae. A aiaeu Aaeeeie
Ioa/anoaaiiie aieiu 1941-45 i?iecioee ?aceea oa??eoi?eaeueiua naeaeae a
?aciauaiee ianaeaiey a nayce n yaaeoaoeeae a ainoi/iua ?aeiiu n
ieeoie?iaaiiuo ?aeiiia e i?eo?iioiaie iieinu (ca 1941-42 ieiei 20-25
iei. /aeiaae). A iineaaiaiiue ia?eiae i?iaeieaeaeenue iea?aoeee
ianaeaiey a iiaua i?iiuoeaiiua ?aeiiu, e iiaino?ieeai, a ?aeiiu inaiaiey
oeaeeiiuo caiaeue (oieueei ca 1959-1970 i?eoie a Eacaonoai e N?aaeithth
Aceth ninoaaee 1,2 iei. /aeiaae). Aunieiai o?iaiy aeinoea i?ioeann
o?aaiecaoeee. Ca 1927-1969 ai?iaeneia ianaeaiea NNN? au?inei ia 105,4
iei. /aeiaae; ia aeieth iea?aoeee i?eoeinue 59,7 iei. /aeiaae.
Caeeth/aiea.
Eoae, ae?aooea iiaeaaae?i eoiae. Ia naaiaeiyoiee aeaiue iu iiaeai
aiai?eoue i nouanoaiaaiee aeaoo iniiaiuo aeaeia iea?aoeee ianaeaiey:
aiaoiae (yiea?aoeey, eiiea?aoeey, eieiiecaoeey) e aioo?aiiae (a o./.
o?aaiecaoeey). Ia?anaeaiea iiaeao inouanoaeyoueny ianeeuenoaaiiui ioo?i.
Iea?aoeey ianaeaiey auiieiyao ii?aaeae?iiua ooieoeee a iauanoaa,
iaeaieaa aaaeiua ec eioi?uo aeey aeaiia?aoee – ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiea
ianaeaiey ii oa??eoi?eyi (?annaeaiea aonoicanae?iiuo ?aeiiia),
yeiiiie/aneay, nioeeaeueiay.
Aeaaiay i?e/eia iea?aoeee – yeiiiie/aneay, ii iie aucuaathony e
iieeoe/aneeie, iaoeeiiaeueiuie, ?aeeaeiciuie, yeieiae/aneeie e ae?oaeie
i?e/eiaie.
Eiia/ii, iea?aoeey eiaao e io?eoeaoaeueioth noi?iio: iia ia?ooaao
ii?iaeueiue ?aaeei aini?iecaiaenoaa ianaeaiey. Iaeiaei, eae ecaanoii
iea?aoeeiiiue i?e?ino yaeyaony ia?yaeo n anoanoaaiiui i?e?inoii
ninoaaeythuae iauaai i?e?inoa ianaeaiey
Eoae, iea?aoeey ianaeaiey ea?aao aaaeioth ?ieue a aeecie iauanoaa,
ainoaea?noaa, ie?a a oeaeii.
Eiia/ii, aeaiiay ?aaioa io?aaeaao eeoue iaeoth /anoue ciaiee ia yoii
i?ioeanna. Iiaeii ienaoue i iea?aoeeiiiuo i?ioeannao a ethaie ioaeaeueii
acyoie no?aia, ii an? ?aaii oioue /oi-ieaoaeue inoaiaony iainaau?iiui.
Nienie eeoa?aoo?u.
Ai?enia A.A. Aeaiia?aoey. I., 2001
Aiy?neee A.ss., Aaeaioae Ae.E., Eaaoa A.ss. Iniiau aeaiia?aoee. I., 1980
Aaeaioae Ae.E., Eaaoa A.ss. Iniiau aeaiia?aoee. I., 1989
Aicoeia A.E. Ia?aiene ianaeaiey caiiiai oa?a. I., 1970
Aeaiia?aoey e yeieiaey e?oiiiai ai?iaea/ iiae ?aae. I.A. Oieieiioeaaa,
A.I. ?iiaiaieiaie. E.,1980
Aeaiia?aoe/aneee yioeeeeiiaaee/aneee neiaa?ue. I., 1985
Eo?n aeaiia?aoee. I., 1985
Iaenaeianeee A.I. Aaia?aoey. I., 1997
Ia?iaeiianaeaiea. Yioeeeeiiaaee/aneee neiaa?ue. I., 1994
Ianaeaiea e o?oaeiaua ?ano?nu. I., 1989
Ianaeaiea ?innee 1996. 4-e aaeaaiaeiue aeaiia?aoe/aneee aeieeaae. I.,
1997
Ianaeaiea ?innee 1998. 6-e aaeaaiaeiue aeaiia?aoe/aneee aeieeaae. I.,
1999
Iieoeoaaneee A.A., Aaia?aoey ianaeaiey ca?oaaaeiuo no?ai. I., 1971
Noa?iaa?ia I.A. Acu iaoaiaoe/aneie aeaiia?aoee. I., 1997
Noaoenoeea iea?aoeee ianaeaiey. I., 1973
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