O?AEUeNEIA IOAeAEAIEA ?INNEENEIE AEAAeAIEE IAOE
EAOAAe?A OEEINIOEE
?AOA?AO
ia oaio:
OAIIIAI ATH?IE?AOEE: NIOeEAEUeIAss E IIEEOE*ANEAss NOUIINOUe.
Auiieiee:
anie?aio Einoeoooa enoi?ee e a?oaieiaee
Ooeenia A.N.
Iao/iue ?oeiaiaeeoaeue:
e.e.i. Iiaa?aaeieeia E.A.
Aeaoa?eiao?a
1997
Aaaaeaiea.
A eeanne/aneie eeoaeneie iiycee anoue ia?ac iiiaaoaai a o?oaeiia
iieiaeaiea naaeiaieea. Aio aai ?anneac. “Iinaaeee i?oeaeath, ii iieuie y
ia naaeae. I?i?inea i?oeaeay, aianoa n iae i?i?inea iieuiue”.
Iiyo-naaeiaiee Ai Oecthee (772-846) ?anneacuaaao caoai, eae nieaeenue
ei?ie e iiaaae aeaai?iaeiiai e ceiai ?anoaiee. Ii ia iiaeao ie auiieioue
iineaaeiaa, ia iia?aaeea i?e yoii ia?aia, ie iieeoue ia?aia, ia iaiiea
iineaaeiaa. A ?acoeueoaoa aianoa n i?oeaeaae ?anoao iieuiue. A
caeeth/aiee ii ni?aoeaaao o ae?oaa-/eoaoaey niaaoa: “Eae a ian/anouea
iiai iia auoue?”
Yoa eeethno?aoeey eae iaeuecy eo/oa iiaeoiaeeo aeey ?anniio?aiey
oaiiiaia, eioi?ue aiciee e yaiethoeeiie?iaae aianoa n aicieeiiaaieai
naiuo ae?aaieo oi?i ainoaea?noaaiiinoe e nioeeaeueiiai oi?aaeaiey.
Niaiyeenue oi?iu ainoaea?noaa, oi?iu nioeeaeueii-iieeoe/aneiai
ono?ienoaa, oi?iu oi?aaeaiey aiiaua, ii iaeciaiiie inoaaaeanue iaeia
/a?oa. Ainoaea?noaaiiinoue iiae?acoiaaaao neiaeiua oi?iu oi?aaeaiey n
?acaaoaeaiiie no?oeoo?ie, e /ai neiaeiaa yoe oi?iu, oai neeueiaa
ae?aieaiey ath?ie?aoe/aneeo eca?auaiee, oai neeueiaa ia?aieaoathony eo
ei?ie. Yoa neooaoeey iaiiieiaao iai caeieaeiaaiiue e?oa, e eiiaaea
eaaeaony, /oi auoiaea ec iaai iao.
N oaiiiaiii ath?ie?aoee noaeeeaathony ana. Iao oaeiai iauanoaa, a
eioi?ii ia i?ieeeiaee ath?ie?aoia, ia eneaee iooae ai?ueau n ieie. Ii
cia/eo ee yoi, /oi iu naie niaa?oaiii naiaiaeiu io ath?ie?aoe/aneeo
noa?aioeiia a naiae aeayoaeueiinoe, iiaaaeaiee e iuoeaiee?
Ia i?ioyaeaiee noieaoee a ?innee ainiiaenoaiaaea
aaoi?eoa?ii-iieeoe/aneay eoeueoo?a, ninoaaiie /anoueth eioi?ie yaeyaony
ath?ie?aoe/aneia oi?aaeaiea. Ionthaea aicieeaao aii?in: a eaeie ia?a
iiaeii aiai?eoue i i?iyaeaiee ath?ie?aoecia eae iauae oaiaeaioeee
?onneie eoeueoo?u? Niaia nioeeaeueii-iieeoe/aneiai ono?ienoaa ia
i?eaiaeeo e iaiaaeeaiiiio eciaiaieth iaioaeueiinoe e aioo?aiiaai iano?iy
ethaeae. Iiyoiio a aaeaaeiaaiuo i?iyaeaieyo ath?ie?aoecia iinoiyiii
oaaaeuaathony oaie i?ioeiai, eioi?ua inoaaeee aeoaieee neaae a
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiii e eieeaeoeaiii niciaiee iauanoaa.
Aiai?y ia enoi?eia?aoee i?iaeaiu, iaiaoiaeeii ioiaoeoue, /oi ianiio?y ia
iinoiyiioth aeooaeueiinoue oaiiiaia ath?ie?aoee, nioeeaeueiua iaoee aua
ia eiatho iaaeaaeiie oai?ee, iauyniythuae i?e?iaeo ath?ie?aoee ia
?acee/iuo yoaiao iauanoaaiiiai ?acaeoey. Yoi iaoaeeaeoaeueii: oaia auea
i?aeoe/anee cae?uoa aeey enneaaeiaaiee. A niaaoneia a?aiy a iniiaiii
?ac?aaaouaaeenue iauea i?iaeaiu nioeeaeueiiai oi?aaeaiey e
e?eoeeiaaeenue caiaaeiua oai?ee a yoie iaeanoe. Naith ioeaieo
ath?ie?aoee, eioi?oth ieeoi ec niaaoneeo nioeeieiaia ia ioaaaeeaaeny
ia?aniio?aoue, aeaaae aua A.E. Eaiei, ioia/ay aa “anaaeanoea”, ii aai
ioeaiea ?ani?ino?aiyeanue ia aei?aaiethoeeiiiua a?aiaia, aaea
ainiiaenoaiaaee eaieoaeenoe/aneea i?iecaiaenoaaiiua ioiioaiey, eioi?ui e
neoaeeea noa?ay ainoaea?noaaiiay iaoeia iiaeaaeaiey e oaiaoaiey. Ii neii
noa?ie iaoeiu ia i?eaae e eeeaeaeaoeee ath?ie?aoee, iia i?eia?aea
ae?oaea oi?iu e nianai ae?oaea aeanoiua aiciiaeiinoe. Aai
iineaaeiaaoaee, o/eouaay iiuue e o?aaeeoeee ath?ie?aoee a ?innee,
iaoiaeeee ii?aaeaeaiioth oi?io eiii?iienna n iath. Iie i?iaiaeeee
ioaeaeueiua aeaeea?aoeaiua eiiiaiee, ia caaeaaaynue oeaeueth aeoaieiai
enneaaeiaaiey. Iinea 1985 aiaea aii?inu, naycaiiua n oaoiieiaeae
oi?aaeaiey i?iaeieaeaee ?ac?aaaouaaoueny. I?iaeaiu ath?ie?aoee
cao?aaeaaeenue ai iiiaeo ?aaioao ia?ano?ia/iiai ia?eiaea, ia/aei eioi?ui
auei iieiaeaii iiiai/eneaiiuie ioaeeeaoeeyie a ia?eiaee/aneie ia/aoe.
Iicaea iiiaea ec ieo eaaee a iniiao ia?auo ecaeaiee ii yoie oaia. Aeey
ieo oa?aeoa?ai ii?aaeaeaiiue yiioeeiiaeueiue iano?ie e
aioeath?ie?aoe/aneay yeoi?ey, a eioi?uo y?ei au?aaeaeinue no?aieaiea
auneacaoueny i iac?aaoeo i?iaeaiao iauanoaa e oaa?aeay oaa?aiiinoue a
aiciiaeiinoe eo auno?iai ?aoaiey. Iao/iay ?ac?aaioea i?iaeaiu
ath?ie?aoee e ath?ie?aoecia ia/aeanue eeoue n 1985 a. A iniiaiii, yoi
auee ?aaiou, ia?auaiiua e aiaeeco iaoaai iaaeaaiaai i?ioeiai. Iiyaeeenue
iao/iua ioaeeeaoeee, a eioi?uo auei iieacaii, /oi ath?ie?aoey inoaaony
cia/eiui oaeoi?ii enoi?ee e iaoaai naaiaeiyoiaai aeiy. Auoee a naao e
?aaiou, a eioi?uo ooaa?aeaeaaony, /oi ia ?oaaaea 20-30-o aa. Noaeei
inouanoaee ainoaea?noaaiiue ia?aai?io e a aeaeueiaeoai naiai ?acaeoee
Niaaoneia ainoaea?noai iie?aeinue ia ia aeeaia oai?/anoai iann, eae
o?aaiaae Eaiei, a ia ia?oeeii-ainoaea?noaaiioth ath?ie?aoeth. Ii iiaeii
ee aiai?eoue i aeeaii oai?/anoaa iann, anee i?aeoe/anee, iii ?aii eee
iicaeii o?ainoi?ie?oaony a aeeaia oai?/anoai ioaeaeueiuo ethaeae,
eioi?ia n oa/aieai a?aiaie i?aa?auaaony a aeeaia aoiaaioai?/anoai.
Nia?aiaiiua caiaaeiua nioeeieiae e iieeoieiae n/eoatho ath?ie?aoecaoeeth
nioeeaeueiuo e iieeoe/aneeo ioiioaiee naiii/aaeaeiui oaeoii. Aua Iaen
Aaaa?, eioi?iai iaeioi?ua ec aai nia?aiaiieeia neeiiiu auee iacuaaoue
“nae?aiui”, a ia/aea aaea aiai?ee, /oi ia ai?eciioa nia?aiaiiie
oeeaeeecaoeee iay/eo ath?ie?aoey ae?aaiaaaeiaoneiai oeia,
oniaa?oainoaiaaiiay ii iineaaeiaio neiao iaoee e oaoieee. Ae?oaei
eioa?aniui enneaaeiaaoaeai oaiiiaia ath?ie?aoee yaeyaony anaie?ii
ecaanoiue aiaeeeneee ioaeeoeeno-naoe?ee, enoi?ee e iieeoieia N.I.
Ia?eeinii. Aai ?aaiou iaienaiu i/aiue aeeaui ycueii ni naienoaaiiui
aiaee/aiai thii?ii, ia aac iiiiue eioi?iai ane?uaathony anaiauea caeiiu
eioia?iie ath?ie?aoe/aneie iaeaieoeu.
Oaeei ia?acii, i?aeoe/anee ana aaoi?u aaeeiiaeooiu a ioeaiea
ath?ie?aoee, ii nouanoaotho ?aciua iiaeoiaeu e ii?aaeaeaieth aai
enoieia, e, enoiaey ec yoiai, e iaoiaeai aai i?aiaeieaiey, a oae aea e e
naiie aiciiaeiinoe oaeiaiai. Iiyoiio caaea/a aeaiiiai ?aoa?aoa aoaeao
caeeth/aoueny a oii, /oiau ii aiciiaeiinoe i?aaenoaaeoue oi/ee c?aiey
?acee/iuo enneaaeiaaoaeae ia oaiiiai ath?ie?aoee, aai nioeeaeueioth e
iieeoe/aneoth nouiinoue, nia?aiaiiua i?iaeaiu, naycaiiua n
ath?ie?aoeciii e aiciiaeiinoe i?aiaeieaiey aai i?iyaeaiee.
I. Ath?ie?aoey: enoi/ieee e nouiinoue.
Neiai “Ath?ie?aoey” a aoeaaeueiii ia?aaiaea icia/aao ainiiaenoai
eaioeaey?ee (io o?. bureau – ath?i, eaioeaey?ey), aeanoue aiia?aoa
oi?aaeaiey. Naii ii naaa yoi neiai ia ianao ieeaeie iaaaoeaiie iaa?ocee.
?acee/iua o/?aaeaeaiey e eiioi?u, eae caaiuey ainoaea?noaaiiiai
aiia?aoa, i?aaiu oi?aaeaiey i?aaei?eyoee e i?aaiecaoeee, nicaeathony
aeey oi?aaeaiey i?ienoiaeyueie a iiaeaaaeiinoaaiiuo no?oeoo?ao
i?ioeannaie, aeey i?aaiecaoeee naycae iaaeaeo o/anoieeaie iauanoaaiiie
aeecie e iaaeaeo ieie e iauanoaii a oeaeii. I?e yoii, aiieia eiae/ii,
/oi yoe i?aaiu iaaeaeaiu ii?aaeaeaiiie aeanoueth a ?aieao naiae
eiiiaoaioeee. Ii, a naith i/a?aaeue, i?aaeiieaaaaony, /oi iie no?aiyony
ia e nianoaaiiui auaiaeai, a aeaenoaotho a eioa?anao i?aaeaea anaai oao,
eoi oiieiiii/ee eo oi?aaeyoue, oaeiaeaoai?ytho iio?aaiinoe naieo
oi?aaeyaiuo.
Enoiaey ec aoeaaeueiiai cia/aiey neiaa “ath?ie?aoey”, aai /anoi
oiio?aaeytho eae neiiiei aaeieieno?aoeaiiai oi?aaeaiey. E?iia oiai,
oa?ieiii “ath?ie?aoey” ia?aaeei iaicia/aaony ?aoeeiiaeueii
i?aaieciaaiiay nenoaia oi?aaeaiey, a eioi?ie ?aaioatho eiiiaoaioiua
neoaeauea ia aeieaeiii i?ioanneiiaeueiii o?iaia. Oaeia iiieiaiea
ath?ie?aoee ai iiiaii naycaii n ?aaioaie iaiaoeeiai nioeeieiaa Iaena
Aaaa?a (1864-1920), inoaaeaoaai caiaoiue neaae a oai?ee oi?aaeaiey. A
oe?ieii aea, e iaeaieaa /anoi oiio?aaeyaiii i?eiaiaiee, a oaeaea a
iieeoe/aneie eaeneea oa?iei “ath?ie?aoey” e ana i?iecaiaeiua io iaai
oiio?aaeythony a y?ei au?aaeaiiii iaaaoeaiii niunea, eae naiaia?aciia
“eiio?oi?aaeaiea”. Oi anoue aeoeaio niauaaony a noi?iio eca?auaiiuo oi?i
oi?aaeaiey (?acaeooinoue e caiooaiiinoue aiia?aoa oi?aaeaiey,
iiiaiienaiea, iiaeiaia caeiiia iiaecaeiiiuie aeoaie, aieieeoa,
eiina?aaoeci, iaaeinooiiinoue, i?ioaeoeeiieci e ae?.). Iiyoiio
iaiaoiaeeii /aoei aeeooa?aioee?iaaoue naii iiieiaiea oa?ieia
“ath?ie?aoey”, oae eae aicieeaao aiciiaeiinoue ieaaee?iaaoue ?acee/ey
naieo i?eioeeiia oi?aaeaiey e io?eoeaoaeueiuo /a?o eo i?iyaeaiey. Oi
anoue “ath?ie?aoeci” iaiaoiaeeii aini?eieiaoue eae a?iaeaeaiiue,
oyaeaeue e o?iie/aneee iaaeoa i?aaiia oi?aaeaiey, eioi?ue naienoaaiai
ethaiio iauanoao, ia ace?ay ia ?acee/ey a nioeeaeueii-iieeoe/aneii
ono?ienoaa. Yoio iaaeoa anaiauaiethu. I?e eciaiaiee oi?i oi?aaeaiey ii
niiniaai e iooaoeee e i?eniiniaeyaiinoe. Oaeay iaiioiieyaiinoue
ath?ie?aoecia iaoneiaeeaaaony i?aaeaea anaai enoi/ieeaie aai iiyaeaiey,
aai nioeeaeueiie, yeiiiie/aneie e iieeoe/aneie aacie.
1.1. Enoi/ieee iiyaeaiey e aaiacen ath?ie?aoee.
A ii?aaeaeaiee enoi/ieeia iiyaeaiey ath?ie?aoee anoue ianeieueei
iiaeoiaeia, eiiaaea aeeaiao?aeueii i?ioeaiiieiaeiuo. Yoi ii?aaeaeyao e
?acee/ea ai acaeyaeao ia aaiacen yoiai yaeaiey e aiciiaeiinoue aai
i?aiaeieaiey. Ec-ca iaaeinoaoi/iiai iauaia aeaiiie ?aaiou,
i?aaenoaaeyaony aiciiaeiui i?aaenoaaeoue oieueei aeaa e?aeiea oi/ee
c?aiey ia yoo i?iaeaio.
Anee e?aoei ii?aaeaeeoue nouiinoue ia?enenoneiai iiaeoiaea, iiaeii
neacaoue: ath?ie?aoey – yoi nioeeaeueiue i?aaieci-ia?aceo ia anai
i?ioyaeaiee naiaai enoi?e/aneiai nouanoaiaaiey, ?acoeueoao
nioeeaeueii-eeanniauo aioaaiieciia e i?ioeai?a/ee e iaoa?eaeecaoeey
iieeoe/aneiai io/oaeaeaiey. Ath?ie?aoey i?aaie/anee naycaia n
yeiiiie/aneeie ioiioaieyie, iieeoe/aneeie no?oeoo?aie e eaeaieiae/aneeie
oi?iaie niciaiey. Ia?enenoneee iiaeoiae eiaao naith nenoaio iiiyoee
(“ath?ie?aoe/aneia ioiioaiea – ainoaea?noaaiiue oi?iaeeci – iieeoe/aneee
?annoaeie”) e eeth/aaua i?eioeeiu aiaeeca (oeaeinoiinoue, eiie?aoiinoue,
iiieci, eeanniainoue e ?aaiethoeeiiiia ioiioaiea e eeanniaiio iauanoao e
ainoaea?noao).
Ath?ie?aoe/aneia ioiioaiea iaoneiaeaii yeiiiie/anee, ia caaeneo io
eioa?ania, niciaiey e aiee eiaeeaeaeia, ii?aaeaeyao eo aeaenoaey, e
iioiio iauaeoeaii. Ath?ie?aoe/aneia ioiioaiea – oi?ia i?iyaeaiey
nioeeaeueiuo i?ioeai?a/ee iaaeaeo ainoaea?noaii e iauanoaii, aiia?aoii
oi?aaeaiey e a?aaeaeaiaie. *eiiaieee, aeeth/aiiua a nenoaio
ainoaea?noaaiiiai aiia?aoa iaeaaeatho naiaai ?iaea iiiiiieeae ia
iieeoe/aneee ?acoi e ii?aeue, e noa?athony niyoue n naay aeio ca
nioeeaeueiua i?ioeai?a/ey e ia?aeiaeeoue aa ia iauanoai e a?aaeaeai.
I?e/ai aunoea o?iaie aeiaa?ytho iiuoo e ?acoio iecoeo, a iecoea
aeaeaae?otho aunoaio ciaiea anaiauaai.
Eeanneee ia?enecia i?eoee e auaiaeo, /oi ath?ie?aoeci i?eia?aoaao oai
aieueoea ianooaau, /ai aaoi?eoa?iaa iieeoe/aneee ?aaeei, a noaiaiue aai
ia?aie/aiey caaeneo io noaiaie aeaiie?aoe/iinoe. A oneiaeyo
aaoi?eoa?iiai ?aaeeia ainoaea?noai naiaeeony e “…auaeaeaiiiio ec
/aeiaa/aneiai iauanoaa aiia?aoo oi?aaeaiey… iniaiai ?ac?yaea ethaeae
niaoeeaeenoia, /oiau oi?aaeyoue…”. A yoeo oneiaeyo ainoaea?noaaiiue
aiia?ao i?eia?aoaao ii?aaeaeaiioth noaiaiue naiinoiyoaeueiinoe ii
ioiioaieth e iauanoao, eioi?ia aeaeaae?oao yoiio aiia?aoo aeanoiua
iieiiii/ey. A yoa naiinoiyoaeueiinoue ieoaao ii/ao aeey i?ioeaaoaiey
ath?ie?aoee. O ath?ie?aoa “ainoaea?noaaiiay oeaeue i?aa?auaaony a aai
ee/ioth oeaeue, a iiaiith ca /eiaie, a aeaeaiea ea?uea?u”, a
oaeiaeaoai?aiea naieo iaoa?eaeueiuo iio?aaiinoae. Oaeia aac?acee/ea e
iauanoaaiiui aeaeai au?aaeaaony a ainoaea?noaaiiii oi?iaeecia, o.a.
i?aa?auaiea iieeoe/aneeo oeaeae a eaioeaey?neea caaea/e, e iaiai?io.
Nioeeaeueiay ii/aa ainoaea?noaaiiiai oi?iaeecia – ioiioaiey
nianoaaiiinoe (/anoiie e ainoaea?noaaiiie), iaoa?eaeueiua eioa?anu e
?acaeaeaiea o?oaea, eioi?ia ii?iaeaeaao ei?ii?aoeaiua eioa?anu.
Iaiaoiaeeiinoue eo caueou eoeueoeae?oao onoie/eaua i?aaiecaoeeiiiua
oi?iu. “Ainoaea?noaaiiue aiia?ao ia iiaeao auoue neeoeii i?inoui.
Eiaeinoue aeoeeeia anaaaea a oii e caeeth/aaony, /oiau oneiaeieoue yoio
aiia?ao e naeaeaoue aai caaaaei/iui”.
Iieeoe/aneee ?annoaeie anoue oi?ia iunee, eioi?ay io?aaeaao
ath?ie?aoe/aneea ioiioaiey e ainoaea?noaaiiue oi?iaeeci. Iieeoe/aneee
?annoaeie ii?aaeaeyaony iaoa?eaeueiui iieiaeaieai eiaeeaeaeia, a?oii e
eeannia. A /ai aieaa iieeoeea aeiaeaao iaae yeiiiieeie, oai
ath?ie?aoe/iaa ainoaea?noai. Ath?ie?aoeci aiciee aua a
?aaiaeaaeaeue/aneii iauanoaa e iniaaiii ?acaeeny a ainoi/iuo aeaniioeyo,
aace?iaaaoeony a niioaaonoaee n oa?ieiieiaeae E. Ia?ena ia “aceaoneii
niiniaa i?iecaiaenoaa” n oa?aeoa?iui aeey iaai aieueoei cia/aieai
oeaio?aeeciaaiii oi?aaeyaiuo e??eaaoeeiiiuo ?aaio. Ath?ie?aoeci
?acaeaaeny ia ii/aa enoi?e/anee caeiiiia?iiai i?ioeanna auaeaeaiey
oi?aaeaiey a iniaue aeae iauanoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe,
i?ioanneiiaeecaoeee aiia?aoa oi?aaeaiey e iaaeaeaiea aai iaiaoiaeeiuie
aeey oi?aaeaiey aeanoiuie iieiiii/eyie. Ii iiaieth ia?enenoia ii aeinoea
iaeaunoaai ?anoeaaoa a ao?aeoaciuo ainoaea?noaao, i?aaeaea anaai a oao,
eioi?ua e ia eaieoaeenoe/aneie noaaeee ?acaeoey nio?aieee iiiaia io
aiia?aoa oi?aaeaiey aaniethoiie iiia?oee. Ia neo/aeii aiaeec E. Ia?enii
i?onneiai ath?ie?aoecia 40-o aa. XIX a. e aiaeec A.E. Eaieiui
?inneeneiai ath?ie?aoecia a eiioea XIX e ia/aea XX a. aeieaia a?aiy
inoaaaeenue aaeeinoaaiiui i?eaieaiui a iaoae no?aia acaeyaeii ia
i?e?iaeo ath?ie?aoee.
Oaeei ia?acii, nioeeaeueii-iieeoe/aneea ei?ie ath?ie?aoecia, n oi/ee
c?aiey ia?enenoneie ia?aaeeaiu, oae eae ii noi?ie?iaaeny a
yenieoaoaoi?neii, aeaaiui ia?acii a ao?aeoaciii iauanoaa, caeeth/athony
a /?acia?iii iainiaeaiee aiia?aoa oi?aaeaiey io iauanoaa, ooaa?aeaeaiee
/eiiaie/ueaai yaioeaio?ecia, eniieueciaaiee ?aaioieeaie aiia?aoa
i?aaeinoaaeaiiuo ei aeanoiuo iieiiii/ee aeey iaania/aiey naieo
nianoaaiiuo a?oiiiauo e eiaeeaeaeoaeueiuo eioa?ania, eioi?ua
ii?aaeaeythony i?aaeaea anaai eo iaoa?eaeueiui iieiaeaieai.
Nianai eiua enoiee i?iyaeaiey ath?ie?aoee a iauanoaaiii-iieeoe/aneie e
oicyenoaaiiie aeecie iienuaaao I. Aaaa? a naiai eoiaiaii, a aoeaaeueiii
niunea yoiai neiaa, o?oaea “Oicyenoai e iauanoai”, eioi?ue e niaeaeaieth
inoaeny iacaaa?oaiiui. Iauei aeey Aaaa?a e ia?enecia aue acaeyae ia
ath?ie?aoeth, eae aiia?ao ainiiaenoaa. Ii anee ia?enenou ?anniao?eaaee
yoio aiia?ao i?aaeaea anaai eae eino?oiaio aiaiii-iieeoe/aneiai
ainiiaenoaa, oi I. Aaaa? aeaeae a yoii i?aaiecaoeeiiiue aniaeo
ainiiaenoaa, iaania/eaathuee oeaeinoiinoue nouanoaiaaiey iauanoaa.
Nioeeaeueiay no?oeoo?e?iaaiiinoue, ii iiaieth I. Aaaa?a, iaiaoiaeeia ia
oieueei aeey nee (nioeeaeueiuo a?oii, nineiaee e o.ae.), iaoiaeyueony
iaiin?aaenoaaiii a nenoaia aiia?aoa oi?aaeaiey e caeioa?aniaaiiuo a aai
eiina?aaoeee, ii e aeey anao /eaiia iauanoaa. A yoii aniaeoa ainiiaenoai
iieo/aao naia ooieoeeiiaeueiia ii?aaaeaiea, aeathuaa i?aai ia i?eiaiaiea
i?yiiai ianeeey oceie a?oiiie eeoe a eioa?anao anaai iauanoaa, a ia oiai
eee eiiai eeanna. Enoi/iee aeaeueiaeoaai ?acaeoey ath?ie?aoee,
i?iiecuaathuae ana noa?u iauanoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe, I. Aaaa? aeaeeo a
i?ioeannao eiioeaio?aoeee (nioeeaeueiie, iieeoe/aneie, yeiiiie/aneie e
ae?.), eioi?ua nii?iaiaeaeathony io/oaeaeaieai iaiin?aaenoaaiiiai
eniieieoaey (“i?iecaiaeeoaey”) io n?aaenoa i?iecaiaenoaa. Yoi i?eaiaeeo
e iaiaoiaeeiinoe a iin?aaeieea, iaania/eaathuai ainnoaiiaeaiea yoie
nayce. Oi anoue, ei?ie ath?ie?aoee ii iiaieth I. Aaaa?a aieaa aeoaieea
e eaaeao ia noieueei a ieineinoe yeiiiie/aneeo ioiioaiee e aii?inia
nianoaaiiinoe, a enoiaeyo ec iioieiae/aneie iio?aaiinoe /aeiaaea a
nioeeaeueiie no?oeoo?e?iaaiiinoe e i?aaiecaoeee aeey iaania/aiey naiae
iianaaeiaaiie aaciianiinoe. Iiyoiio I. Aaaa? n/eoaao, /oi ath?ie?aoey ia
yaeyaony “iaaeno?ieeie” iaae “ioiioaieyie yenieoaoaoeee e /anoiie
nianoaaiiinoe”. Ii aeaeeo aeoaieoth aioo?aiithth naycue i?ioeannia
ath?ie?aoecaoeee, iainoaea?noaeaiey nianoaaiiinoe e iio?aaiinoe a
nioeeaeueiie i?aaiecaoeee iauanoaa aiiaua.
Anee aiai?eoue i iieeoe/aneie enoi?ee ?innee, oi a iae y?ei aeaeiu
aeoaieea ei?ie e o?aaeeoeee ?inneeneie ath?ie?aoee, iaeaaeathuae naieie
niaoeeoe/aneeie iniaaiiinoyie. A?aaeaeaineiai iauanoaa aa?iiaeneiai
ia?acoea a ?innee ieeiaaea ia nouanoaiaaei. Ainoaea?noai anaaaea
ainiiaenoaiaaei iaae iauanoaii. Iiyoiio ath?ie?aoey iaeaaeaea
i?aeiouanoaii ii n?aaiaieth n ae?oaeie, aeaaea i?eaeeaae?iaaiiuie
nineiaeyie. Yeiiiie/aneea i?aia?aciaaiey a cia/eoaeueiie noaiaie
inouanoaeyeenue naa?oo, iooai ainoaea?noaaiiiai i?eioaeaeaiey, i?e/ai
i?aauoa anaai noaaeeenue eioa?anu ainoaea?noaa, iio?aaiinoe iai?iiu e
yeniainee, e yoe eioa?anu ia anaaaea niaiaaeaee n eioa?anaie
i?eaeeaae?iaaiiuo nineiaee. A.I. Iaea?aiei n/eoaao, /oi iaecaaaeiui
neaaenoaeai yoiai i?eioeeia yaeyaony iiiiiieey ainoaea?noaa ia ethaua
nioeeaeueiua eieoeeaoeau. Oi?iu nioeeaeueiie aeecie e i?aaiecaoeee, ia
iaaycaiiua ainoaea?noaii, ?aoeoaeueii i?anaeaeenue. Ia yoie ii/aa
oi?ie?iaaeanue ath?ie?aoe/aneay o?aaeeoeey iieeoe/aneie iunee e
i?aeoeee: a?aaeaeaiei anoue nianoaaiiinoue ainoaea?noaa e ana aai
aeaenoaey eeai ii?aaeaeythony aeanoueth, eeai yaeythony iieooaieai ia
aeanoue. Ainoaea?noai noaiiaeony anaiauaiethuei eino?oiaioii aeey
?aaeecaoeee caaea/, iai?aaeaiiuo ia naia aini?iecaiaenoai. Ana noa?u
iauanoaaiiie aeecie o?aaotho a yoii neo/aa oioaeueiie iiaeeiio?ieueiinoe
ni noi?iiu ainoaea?noaa. Aac yoiai eo nouanoaiaaiea noaiiaeony
iaaiciiaeiui. A naith i/a?aaeue iaiaoiaeeiinoue a iieiii eiio?iea e
niaethaeaiee eioa?ania ainoaea?noaa o?aaotho iinoiyiiiai
aini?iecaiaenoaa aiia?aoa, eioi?ue niiaeao inouanoaeyoue yoio eiio?ieue
e aethnoe yoe eioa?anu.
Eeanneee ia?enecia n/eoaee, /oi i?e ia?aoiaea e nioeeaeecio oo?a/eaaaony
aeaaiay iii?a ath?ie?aoee – nenoaia eaieoaeenoe/aneeo iauanoaaiiuo
ioiioaiee. Ii ?aaeueiinoue iieacaea, /oi ath?ie?aoey iiaeao
nouanoaiaaoue e aac yoie “aeaaiie” iii?u, ieoay naie ei?ie a aieaa
aeaaiaeaoiie e iaiieieaaeiie ii/aa – a naiii ainoaea?noaa. Aeinoaoi/ii
iieiue aiaeec niaaoneie ath?ie?aoee niaea?aeeo ?aaioa eaiaeeaeaoa
yeiiiie/aneeo iaoe Ea?aooaaa A.A. Niaaoneay ath?ie?aoey aiieia oniaoii
i?eniiniaeea iaoiaeu “iaiauanoaeaiey” i?iecaiaenoaa, a oaeaea
eaeaieiae/aneia aaeeiaiea ainoaea?noaa e ainoaea?noaaiiiai aiia?aoa. A
yeiiiie/aneie noa?a, a A.A. Ea?aooaa ?anniao?eaaao iaoiaeu ainiiaenoaa
niaaoneie ath?ie?aoee eiaiii neaicue i?ecio yeiiiie/aneie
aeayoaeueiinoe, ainoaea?noaaiiay ath?ie?aoey niiaea i?iaiaeeoue
eiioeneaoeeiiioth yeiiiie/aneoth iieeoeeo, eioi?ay eneeth/aea
aiciiaeiinoue eiieo?aioeee e ia ia?aia ianoi auaeaeaaea oaoeo “ieaia”,
i?ei?eoaoiinoue auiieiaiey “iieacaoaeae”, iieeiiaiea ?aaeaiaioe?othuei
aeieoiaioai. Oaeay iieeoeea iaania/eea oi?ie?iaaiea aiaiii-iieeoeaeneiai
oa?aeoa?a yeiiiieee, eioi?ue iiae?acoiaaae iaaiciiaeiinoue yeiiiie/aneie
naiaiaeu i?aaei?eyoee, a oaeaea i?inouo a?aaeaeai, eioi?ua auee
i?aeoe/anee eeoaiu enoi/ieeia iacaaeneiiai io ainoaea?noaaiiie neoaeau
nouanoaiaaiey. A oaeie neooaoeee oioaeueiie caaeneiinoe io ainoaea?noaa,
e i?aaeaea anaai io aiia?aoa oi?aaeaiey yoei ainoaea?noaii,
neeaaeuaaeanue aiciiaeiinoue inouanoaeaiey iieiiai eiio?iey,
iaeneiaeueiiai eniieueciaaiey aeanoiuo iieiiii/ee /a?ac iiiiiieecaoeeth,
eiina?aaoeeth e iinoiyiiia aini?iecaiaenoai ath?ie?aoe/aneie iaoeiu,
yeiau a eioa?anao anaai “iauanoaa”.
I/aiue eioa?anii iauyniyaony ia?iaiaioiay ath?ie?aoecaoeey
oi?aaeai/aneiai aiia?aoa a caia/aoaeueiie ?aaioa aiaeeeneiai ioaeeoeenoa
Ne?eea Ii?oeioa Ia?eeiniia “Caeii Ia?eeiniia”. Enoiee yoiai oaiiiaia ii
?anniao?eaaao neaicue i?ecio nioeeaeueii-ineoieiae/aneie i?eaioaoeee
/eiiaieea. Aai Caeii au?aaeaaony a oi?ia aeaoo “ii/oe aeneiiaoe/aneeo
iieiaeaiee”:
/eiiaiee iiiaeeo iiae/eiaiiuo, ii ia niia?ieeia;
/eiiaieee ?aaioatho ae?oa ia ae?oaa.
Anee e?aoei ?anoeo?iaaoue yoe oacenu, oi ia?aae iaie i?aaenoaiao aiieia
?aaeueiay ea?oeia. *eiiaiee, iaoiaeynue ia ii?aaeaeaiiii yoaia naiae
aeecie, aeaeoaony ia ia?aa?oceo, e, eae i?aaeei, i?ineo naaa a iiiiuue
aeaoo iiae/eiaiiuo. I?e/ai iaycaoaeueii aeaoo, ie a eiai neo/aa ia
iaiueoa, “/oiau eaaeaeue i?eaea?aeeaae ae?oaiai, aiynue, eae au oio aai
ia ianeaeae”. N oa/aieai a?aiaie aicieeiao iaiaoiaeeiinoue ?aca?oceoue e
yoeo iiae/eiaiiuo, iacia/ea eaaeaeiio a iiiiuieee aua ii aeaa
eniieieoaey. Oaeei ia?acii, ia?aue /eiiaiee aoaeao eiaoue ii?aaeaeaiiue
aaeieieno?aoeaiue aan, a aai iiae/eiaiiua aoaeoo o?oaeeony a iioa eeoea,
i?e/ai iacaaeneii io oiai, oaaee/eeinue eiee/anoai aeae eee iao. I?e
auiieiaiee ?ac?inoeiny a aaiiao?e/aneie i?ia?annee ooaoii nio?oaeieeia
ii nouanoao oiai aea iauaia ?aaio, /oi ?aiueoa auiieiye ia?aue /eiiaiee,
aanue ooao ieacuaaaony caa?oaeaiiui iieiinoueth, a /eiiaiee-aa?oeia
ie?aieaeu caiyo aieueoa, /ai i?aaeaea.
Ia iaiaa eioa?anai iaci? “aieacie Ia?eeiniia”, eioi?ay iiaeao ii?aceoue
i?aeoe/anee ethaia o/?aaeaeaiea e niiniaii caaoaeoue anyeoth aai
?aaioiniiniaiinoue. Yoa aieaciue i?ioiaeeo noaaeee. Ia?aue i?eciae
caaieaaaiey i?iyaeyaony a oii, /oi n?aaee nio?oaeieeia o/?aaeaeaiey
iiyaeyaony /aeiaae, ni/aoathuee iieioth iai?eaiaeiinoue e naiaio aeaeo n
caaenoueth e /oaeei oniaoai. Iianiinoue oaaee/eaaaony, eiaaea yoio
/aeiaae, ia ni?aaeyynue ni naiae ?aaioie, noaony a /oaeoth e iuoaaony
aieoe a ?oeiaiaenoai. Eiaaea aio yoi a eaeie-oi noaiaie oaeaaony,
ianooiaao aoi?ay noaaeey caaieaaaiey. Ii ia/eiaao auaeeaaoue oao, eoi
niiniaiaa aai, e ia aeaao i?iaeaeiooueny oai, eoi iiaeao caiaieoue aai a
aoaeouai. E a eiia/iii eoiaa ooaou caiieiythony ethaeueie, eioi?ua
aeoiaa ia/aeueieea. Anee ii aoi?iai ni?oa, iie aoaeoo o?aoueaai, a eo
iiae/eiaiiua /aoaa?oiai. A /oiau aeeoue niieieiie aeeciueth a yoii
o/?aaeaeaiee ana i?eieiatho yoe i?aaeea ea?u e iuoathony auaeyaeaoue
aeoiaa, /ai iie anoue. Eiiaoiciiai ninoiyiey o/?aaeaeaiea aeinoeaaao ia
o?aoueae noaaeee, eiaaea a iai nieco aeiaa?oo ia ano?aoeoue e eaiee
?acoia. Ec yoiai ninoiyiey auoiaea i?aeoe/anee oaea iao e o/?aaeaeaiea
ia?a/aii ia aeaaeue eee iaieiaeioai?iia nouanoaiaaiea.
?acee/ey ai acaeyaeao ia enoiee oaiiiaia ath?ie?aoee io?aaeathony ia
eeanneoeeaoeee e oeiieiaee ath?ie?aoee, e ia ii?aaeaeaiee aa nouiinoe.
1.2. Oeiieiaey ath?ie?aoee e aa nouiinoue.
A.I. Eo?aoaeee, eae i?aaenoaaeoaeue ia?enenoneiai iiaeoiaea, ?acee/aao
aeaa oeia ath?ie?aoecia – aeia?iniaanoiue (iaoa?iaeenoneee) e
naiaei?unoiue. Oi?ioea aeia?iniaanoiiai (iaoa?iaeenoneiai)
ath?ie?aoecia: iaeneioi iauanoaaiiie iieuecu i?e iaeneioia caaeaaaaiiai
naa?oo ii?yaeea e ieieioia aeiaa?ey e oi?aaeyaiui, ieieioia eo
naiinoiyoaeueiinoe e eieoeeaoeau a eo nianoaaiiii aeaea e a iauanoaaiiie
aeecie a oeaeii. Oi?ioea naiaei?unoiiai ath?ie?aoecia: iaeneioi ea?uea?u
e ei?unoiiai eniieueciaaiey neoaeaaiiai iieiaeaiey i?e ieieioia caaiou
ia iauanoaaiiie iieueca. Iaaei oaeaea neacaoue, /oi A.I. Eo?aoaeee
ioiaeaeanoaeyao naiaei?unoiue ath?ie?aoeci i?aaeaea anaai n
eaieoaeeciii, a i?e nioeeaeecia ii “nio?aiyaony ai a?aaeaeaaiie aio
n?aaea”, oioy “enoi?e/anee caaiai a oaie”. I?aaenoaaeoaeyie
iaoa?iaeenoneiai (“ioa/aneiai”) ath?ie?aoecia A.I. Eo?aoaeee n/eoaao
aeia?iniaanoiuo e /anoiuo /eiiaieeia, eioi?ua oai ia iaiaa
i?iieouaathony “yaioeaio?enoneei aeooii aiia?aoa, i?ioanneiiaeueiui
niiaeciii, oaoiie?aoe/aneei aunieiia?eai”. A nioeeaeenoe/aneii iauanoaa
iie nouanoaotho oaeaea ia a /enoii aeaea – a aeaea ianoie/anoaa e
aaaeiinoaaiiinoe. Iaeiei ec iainiiaaiee ath?ie?aoe/aneiai io/oaeaeaiey
aiia?aoa oi?aaeaiey io oi?aaeyaiuo A.I. Eo?aoaeee aeaeeo a
iaiaoiaeeiinoe i?ioanneiiaeecia a oi?aaeaiee, eioi?ue ia?aaeei
ii?iaeaeaao o /eiiaieeia /oanoai i?aainoiaenoaa iaae “i?inouie”
ethaeueie. Eae ioia/aao A.I. Aooaiei, iaeii ec eca?auaiee nioeeaeecia
ninoieo a oii, /oi iiaeiaiyaony “iaoaieci aeaonoi?iiiae nayce
oi?aaeythueo e oi?aaeyaiuo… iaoaieciii iaeiinoi?iiiaai eiiaiaeiaaiey
naa?oo”. Yoio iaoaieci iaecaaaeii aucuaaao e aeecie naiaei?unoiia
iainiaeaiea e io/oaeaeaiea aiia?aoa oi?aaeaiey io iauanoaa,
eniieueciaaiea a ei?unoiuo (a?oiiiauo eee eiaeeaeaeoaeueiuo) eioa?anao
i?aaeinoaaeaiiuo ei aeanoiuo iieiiii/ee, yeeoa?ii-eanoiaua oaiaeaioeee a
eo n?aaea, /oi a niaieoiiinoe ninoaaeyao nioeeaeueii-iieeoe/aneoth
nouiinoue ath?ie?aoecia. I?aaiecaoeeiiii-oaoie/aneoth nouiinoue yoiai
yaeaiey A.I. Eo?aoaeee, aiaeee?oy e ?aaioai eeanneeia
ia?enecia-eaieicia, aeaeeo a nieioiie oi?iaeueiie cai?aaieciaaiiinoe
anaai e any, e a no?aieaiee ath?ie?aoee auaeaoue oi?iaeueiia ca
niaea?aeaiea, a niaea?aeaiea – ca oi?iaeueiia, eiaaea aanue i?eioeei
oi?aaeaiey i?eia?aoaao i?ec?a/iue oa?aeoa? e naiaeeony e iaiaeanoaeaieth
“iieacaoaeae” eae eino?oiaio aeey ecia?aiey yooaeoeaiinoe aiia?aoa
oi?aaeaiey. Iaiaeiaaaeai, ii iiaieth noi?iiieeia ia?enenoneie oi/ee
c?aiey, i?e ii?aaeaeaiee nioeeaeueii-iieeoe/aneie nouiinoe ath?ie?aoecia
e aii?in i “i?aaiaie” iniiaa ath?ie?aoee, eioi?ay oaeaeyao
eneeth/eoaeueiia aieiaiea “i?aaiaiio iaania/aieth” naiaai
aini?iecaiaenoaa, nicaeaieth th?eaee/aneie aacu aeey naiaai
nouanoaiaaiey.
Ianeieueei ae?oaoth eeanneoeeaoeeth ath?ie?aoee i?eaiaeeo a naiae ?aaioa
“Oicyenoaaiiay yoeea ie?iauo ?aeeaee” Iaen Aaaa?. Ii ?acee/aao aeaa oeia
ath?ie?aoee: o?aaeeoeeiiioth “iao?eiiieaeueioth”, eioi?ie naienoaaiii
e??aoeeiiaeueiia ia/aei, e nia?aiaiioth ?aoeeiiaeueioth. Ia?aue oei
ca?iaeeeny e ?acaeaaeny, i?iieeay iinoaiaiii ai ana noa?u iauanoaaiiie
aeecie, aianoa n ca?iaeaeaieai e ?acaeoeai ainoaea?noaaiiie iaoeiu. Ii
ioaaouaae i?aaeaea anaai iaeanoue ainoaea?noaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey e
iiaeaea?aeaiey iauanoaaiiiai ii?yaeea. N?aaee o?aaeeoeeiiiie ath?ie?aoee
I. Aaaa? au/eaiyao “ath?ie?aoeth ae?aaiaeeoaeneeo iaiaea?eiia” e
ae?aaiaaaeiaoneeo, iicaeia?eineeo, a oaeaea aecaioeeneeo /eiiaieeia.
Ae?aaiaeeoaeneee iaiaea?ei ioee/aeny io /eiiaieea “aaeiaoneiai,
iicaeia?eineiai e aecaioeeneiai oeia” oai, /oi ii aiiaua ia aue
niaoeeaeenoii oi?aaeaiey, a nei?aa “eeoa?aoo?ii-aoiaieoa?ii ia?aciaaiiui
aeaeaioeueiaiii”. ?aoeeiiaeueiay ath?ie?aoey noi?ie?iaaeanue a yiioo
Iiaiai a?aiaie, ia?aiia/aeueii ioaaouaay noa?o /anoii-oicyenoaaiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe e i?aaeaea anaai noa?o aioo?eoicyenoaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey
iaeaieaa e?oiiuo i?aaei?eyoee. Iinoaiaiii aeeyiea ?aoeeiiaeueiie iiaeaee
ath?ie?aoee ?ani?ino?aieeinue e ia ae?oaea noa?u iauanoaaiiie aeecie,
iinoaiaiii auoaniyy iao?eiiieaeueioth. Ii oai ia iaiaa,
iauaainoaea?noaaiiay ath?ie?aoey, i?eia?aoay /a?ou ?aoeeiiaeueiinoe,
/aoei ioaeaeyeanue I. Aaaa?ii io ath?ie?aoee /anoii-oicyenoaaiiie, o.e.
nouanoaiaae i?eioeei iaaiaoaoaeuenoaa ainoaea?noaa a
/anoii-oicyenoaaiioth iaeanoue e ?aca?aie/aiea yeiiiie/aneie e
ainoaea?noaaiii-iieeoe/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe. Nia?aiaiiue I. Aaaa?o
ath?ie?ao ioee/aaony ii aai iiaieth io iao?eiiieaeueiiai ath?ie?aoa
aoi?iai oeia ai?acaei aieueoae “?aoeeiiaeueiie i?aaeiaoiie
niaoeeaeece?iaaiiinoueth e auoeieaiiinoueth”, o.e. i?iecioei aeeaaiea
?aoeeiiaeueiiai ia/aea /anoii-oicyenoaaiiie ath?ie?aoee.
Nioeeaeueii-iieeoe/aneoth nouiinoue ath?ie?aoee I. Aaaa? ii?aaeaeyao
/a?ac iioieiae/aneoth iio?aaiinoue iauanoaa a nioeeaeueiie i?aaiecaoeee,
no?oeoo?e?iaaiiinoe e oii?yaei/aiey aiiaua e aeaeeo aeoaieoth
aioo?aiithth naycue i?ioeanna ath?ie?aoecaoeee n i?ioeannii
iainoaea?noaeaiey nianoaaiiinoe. Yoe i?ioeannu ii?iaeaeatho iaieioaiia
aicieeiiaaiea oa?icu en/aciiaaiey yeaiaioia naiaiaeu a yeiiiie/aneie e
ae?oaeo noa?ao. Ainoaea?noaaiiay ath?ie?aoey ia/eiaao aiaoeaaoueny ai
aioo?eoicyenoaaiiia oi?aaeaiea i?aaei?eyoee, iiae?uaay aai iaei/iie
iiaeie e anooiay a i?ioeai?a/ea n yeiiiie/aneie ?aoeeiiaeueiinoueth e
?aioaaaeueiinoueth. Oaeay neooaoeey aiaoaoaeuenoaa e oioaeueiiai
eiio?iey n oeaeueth iaania/aiey oeneaeueiuo eioa?ania e oe?aieaiey
aiaiiie iiue ainoaea?noaa auea, e i?eia?o, i/aiue oa?aeoa?ia aeey
nenoaiu i?aaiia oi?aaeaiey ai?iicaaiaeneie i?iiuoeaiiinoueth O?aea
XVIII-XIX aa., eiaaea /anoiua i?aaei?eyoey i?aaieciauaaeenue e
ooieoeeiie?iaaee iiae iaonuiiui iaaeci?ii ainoaea?noaa. Noa?a
aeayoaeueiinoe yoeo i?aaei?eyoee oaeaea no?iai ?aaeaiaioe?iaaeanue e
iai?aaeyeanue a ?onei aiaiiie i?iiuoeaiiinoe. Auiieiaiea caeacia
aiaiiiai aaaeiinoaa iieueciaaeinue iainii?eiie i?ei?eoaoiinoueth, a
aii?inu yeiiiie/aneie oeaeaniia?aciinoe e, oai aieaa, ?aioaaaeueiinoe
aieiiaaei ainoaea?noai a iaiueoae noaiaie.
II. “Ai?ueaa” n ath?ie?aoeae: anoue ee auoiae?
2.1. “Ai?ueaa” eee “i?ioeaiaanu”?
No?aieaiea i?aiaeieaoue ?acee/iua i?iyaeaiey ath?ie?aoecia oaeaea aa/ii,
eae no?aieaiea oniaa?oainoaiaaoue nenoaio oi?aaeaiey a oeaeii, naeaeaoue
aa aieaa yooaeoeaiie, naiaiaeiie io iaaeinoaoeia e ioaa/athuae
iio?aaiinoyi iauanoaa.
Ai a?aiaia ?anoeaaoa ?inneeneie ath?ie?aoee XIX a. ecaeaaaeenue
niaoeeaeueiua iinoaiiaeaiey i iaiaoiaeeiinoe i?aiaeieaiey
ath?ie?aoe/aneee i?iyaeaiee. Oae iai?eia?, ia iniiaaiee auni/aeoa
ooaa?aeaeaiiiai a ethea 1806 a. i?iaeoa ai?iiai iieiaeaiey, iiae?iaii
?aaeaiaioe?othuaai anth nenoaio oi?aaeaiey ai?iui aaaeiinoaii ?inneeneie
eiia?ee, ai?iua /eiiaieee iaycaiu auee “… noa?aoueny, /oia
ienueiiaiaenoai ii aeaeai ai?iui e caaiaeneei auei ia oieueei
oiaiueoaii, ii e eae aiciiaeii ei?ioei, ia ia n/ao iaeiaeiae yniinoe;
…e /oia ai anao aeaeao… auea niaethaeaia iaaeeaaeauay iiniaoiinoue,
oi/iinoue, e?aoeinoue e yniinoue…”. E?iia oiai, iinoiyiii
i?iecaiaeeeenue iiiuoee nie?auaiey ooaoia aiia?aoa oi?aaeaiey, oioy
aeaaiaeoae oeaeueth nie?auaiey auei eiia/ii aea niaethaeaiea auaiaeu
eaciu. A 1828 a. Ieienoa?noai oeiainia ?inneeneie eiia?ee i?iaaei ?yae
?ai?aaiecaoeee a nenoaia oi?aaeaiey ai?iuie caaiaeaie O?aeueneiai
?aaeiia, naycaiiuo ni no?aieaieai ecaea/ue iaeneiaeueioth i?eaueue i?e
nie?auaiee iauaia oeiaine?iaaiey. Yoo i?eaueue ieaie?iaaeinue iieo/eoue
a oii /enea e “… io oiaiueoaiey a aeiaieueiii eiee/anoaa ooaoiuo
?anoiaeia, eioi?ia i?iecioei io eneeth/aiey iaeioi?aai /enea eceeoieo
eeaniuo e ieaeieo /eiia, e iacia/aiey ii iiaiio ooaoo oao e ae?oaeo ii
ia?a naiie e?aeiae iaiaoiaeeiinoe…”. Ii, ii anae aeaeeiinoe, ?aiee
e?aeiae iaiaoiaeeiinoe iinoiyiii ?inee, a aianoa n ieie ?inee e ooaou.
Oi anoue ioaeaeueiua iiiuoee onoaiiaeaiey i?aiyonoaee oe?ieiio
?ani?ino?aiaieth ath?ie?aoecia oea?neie ?innee, ia iiaee i?eaanoe e
aeaeaaiiio ?acoeueoaoo, o.e. yoe iinoaiiaeaiey auee eaieae a ii?a
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa. Iauaeoeaiua aea i?e/eiu iaiai?io niinianoaiaaee ana
aieaa oe?ieiio ?ani?ino?aiaieth ath?ie?aoecia, o.e. aai
nioeeaeueii-iieeoe/aneay aaca iinoiyiii ?inea.
Ia i?iecioei aeaeeiuo eciaiaiee e iinea ?aaiethoeee 1917 a. Ianeieueei
aeaeieciaieeanue nioeeaeueii-iieeoe/aneay e eaeaieiae/aneay iniiaa, ii
ei?ie ath?ie?aoecia inoaeenue iaeciaiiuie. Ia?oey aieueoaaeeia, ai aeaaa
n A.E. Eaieiui, ene?aiia aa?eea, /oi aeaaiay iii?a ath?ie?aoecia –
nenoaia eaieoaeenoe/aneeo ioiioaiee – ?ooioea, e /oi inoaeinue oieueei
auei?/aaaoue ei?ie. Aua N.E. O?aie aiai?ee i i?aanoaaiiie aieacie,
eioi?oth iacuaae ?aaiethoeeiiiinoueth, ii?iaeaeaiioth ?onneie i?eau/eie
aeeoue ia/oaie i naaoeii aoaeouai. Ionthaea e y?ei au?aaeaiiia
iano?iaiea iinoiyiiie “ai?ueau” n oai, /oi iaoaao aeaeaoue naie ia/ou
?aaeueiinoueth. Ionthaea e no?aieaiea neiieoue nii?ioeaeaiea “…
niaath?ie?aoee, ionoaeaathuae ath?ie?aoe/aneoth noa?eio”. Oi?iu
“ai?ueau” n ath?ie?aoeciii auee naiuie ?aciiia?aciuie io eaieineeo
oaieueiaiee aei ai?aa/aaneeo nie?auaiee, io noaeeineeo /enoie aei
aiae?iiianeeo iaeaa. Ii ?acoeueoao yoie “ai?ueau” aue anaaaea iaeei e
oio aea: iao iiaaaeaeaiiuo e ana iiaaaeeoaee, a ?acoeueoaoii
“eaaaea?eeneeo aoae” auei iiaia iiiieiaiea ath?ie?aoee, a oii /enea ec
?yaeia aa y?inoiuo i?ioeaieeia.
Iaen Aaaa?, aeaey enoiee oaiiiaia ath?ie?aoee a iioieiae/aneii ecia?aiee
iauanoaaiiie aeecie e iio?aaiinoe a nioeeaeueiie no?oeoo?e?iaaiiinoe, a
i?eioeeia ia n/eoae aiciiaeiui “ieii/aoaeueiia ?aoaiea” yoie i?iaeaiu ie
yaiethoeeiiiui, ie ?aaiethoeeiiiui niiniaii. E eiaiii oaeie acaeyae
canoaaeye aai iinoiyiii eneaoue “i?ioeaiaanu” iaioa?aoeiui i?ioeannai
ath?ie?aoecaoeee yeiiiieee e iauanoaa a oeaeii. Enoi/ieeii aeey
?anoeaaoa ath?ie?aoee I. Aaaa? n/eoae ainoaea?noaaiiue eaieoaeeci, i?e
eioi?ii aiaoaoaeuenoai ainoaea?noaaiiie ath?ie?aoee a yeiiiie/aneoth e
oicyenoaaiioth aeeciue iauanoaa aiineo e??aoeeiiaeueiia ia/aei,
i?ioeai?a/auaa ?aoeeiiaeueiui iniiaai e ia?ooaaony iniiaiie i?eioeei
eaieoaeenoe/aneie eaaeoeiiinoe, i?eioeei oicyenoaaiiie
naiinoiyoaeueiinoe. I?e yoii /anoiue eaieoaeeci aue au eeeaeaee?iaai, a
“ainoaea?noaaiiay ath?ie?aoey ainiiaenoaiaaea au a iaeeii/eo” e naii
“?oeiaiaenoai iainoaea?noaeaiiuie i?aaei?eyoeyie… noaei au
ath?ie?aoe/aneei”. Yoo oaiaeaioeeth I. Aaaa? iacuaaao “oieaa?naeueiie
ath?ie?aoecaoeeae”, eioi?ie ii i?ioeaiiinoaaeyao “nio?aiaiea
/anoii-oicyenoaaiiiai i?eioeeia”.
2.2. Oae anoue ee auoiae?
Nia?aiaiiua enneaaeiaaoaee ioaa/atho ia yoio aii?in n ?acee/iie
noaiaiueth iioeiecia. ?inneeneea niaoeeaeenou a iaeanoe oai?ee
oi?aaeaiey, iiieiay anth neiaeiinoue yoie i?iaeaiu, oai ia iaiaa
i?aaeeaaatho iniiaiua iai?aaeaiey, ii eioi?ui iiaeii aueoe ec yoiai
ooieea. Neiaeiinoue i?aiaeieaiey caeeth/aaony i?aaeaea anaai a oii, /oi
o ath?ie?aoee i/aiue i?i/iu o?aaeeoeee, eioi?ua ioeiaeeee naie ioia/aoie
ia eaaeaeiai /aeiaaea. ?iaeeaoenue, /aeiaae ia/eiaao neiaeiue iooue
nioeeaeecaoeee, eioi?ay i?iiecaia neiaeiaeoeie ea?a?oe/aneeie nenoaiaie.
A yoeo nenoaiao e iiaenenoaiao /aeiaae i?eo/aaony ea?aoue iiiaeanoai
nioeeaeueiuo ?ieae, ia ana ec eioi?uo eniieiythony ene?aiia. ?anoouee
eiioi?ieci, iiiaaeay a ieoaoaeueioth ii/ao, niiniaai ?acaeoueny a
caei?aiaeue ath?ie?aoeci. Iiyoiio ?acee/iua i?iyaeaiey ath?ie?aoecia
naienoaaiiu iai anai, “yoi – aeoaeiiay /anoue iaoaai “ss” e ia/eiaoue
neiaeiue iooue auoiaea ec yoiai eaae?eioa neaaeoao i?aaeaea anaai n
naiiaiaeeca e naiii?aiaeieaiey.
Iiiaea enneaaeiaaoaee noiaeyony ai iiaiee, /oi nouanoaaiiui
i?ioeaiaeaenoaeai ath?ie?aoe/aneei oaiaeaioeeyi iiaeao noaoue
aeaiie?aoecaoeey iauanoaaiiie aeecie, niaa?oainoaiaaiea nenoaiu
oi?aaeaiey e nicaeaiea i?aaiaiai ainoaea?noaa. Oae Eiinoeoooeey
?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee 1993 a. i?aaeoniao?eaaao i?aai a?aeaeai
iaaeaeiaaoue a noaeaaiii ii?yaeea ?aoaiey e aeaenoaey (eee aacaeaenoaea)
i?aaiia ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe ianoiiai naiioi?aaeaiey e aeieaeiinoiuo
eeoe. Ae?oaeie iaiaeiaaaeiuie i?eioeeiaie, naea?aeeaathueie oioaeueioth
eee “oieaa?naeueioth ath?ie?aoecaoeeth” aeieaeiu noaoue ?acaeoea
/anoii-oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe e aeaoeaio?aeecaoeey a oi?aaeaiee
yeiiiieeie. E?iia oiai, aeieaeia auoue oi?ioi ioeaaeaia nenoaia
acaeiiiai eiio?iey, iniiaaiiay ia aeaiie?aoe/aneii i?eioeeia ?acaeaeaiey
aeanoae, a oaeaea ?ac?aaioaia yooaeoeaiay iieeoeea a ioiioaiee iiaeai?a
e iacia/aiey eaae?ia aiia?aoa oi?aaeaiey. Ia aucuaaao ieeaeeo niiiaiee,
/oi aeey oiai, /oiau ana ia?a/eneaiiua ia?ii?eyoey eiaee iieiaeeoaeueiue
yooaeo, iaiaoiaeeii aeoaieia iao/iia enneaaeiaaiea oaiiiaia ath?ie?aoee,
i?iaeai ath?ie?aoee e nioeeaeueiie i?e?iaeu /aeiaaea, ath?ie?aoee e
aiia?aoa oi?aaeaiey, ath?ie?aoee e ainoaea?noaa.
Oae eae aea ana oaee auoue oiio naaeiaieeo? ssnii iaeii, /oi “ai?ueaa”
ni ceui ?anoaieai i?eaaaeao e aeaaee aeaai?iaeiiai, a anee ie/aai ia
i?aaei?eieiaoue, oiaaea ei?ie ni?iyea auninoo anth aeeciaiioth aeaao, a
i?oeaeay ca/aoiao.
Nienie eniieueciaaiiuo enoi/ieeia e eeoa?aoo?u.
Eiinoeoooeey ?O.
Oaaea?aeueiue caeii “Ia iniiaao ainoaea?noaaiiie neoaeau ?inneeneie
Oaaea?aoeee” io 31 ethey 1995 a. ? 119-OC //Aaaeiiinoe Oaaea?aeueiiai
Nia?aiey ?O. 1995. ? 24.
INC. – NIa., 1830.
INC. – Nia?aiea 2-a. – NIa., 1830.
Eaiei A.E. INN.
Ia?en E., Yiaaeuen O. Ni/. – 2-a ecae.
Aeooaeueiua i?iaeaiu oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa. – I., 1985.
Ai?enia A.E. Aeaiie?aoecaoeey iauanoaa e i?aiaeieaiea ath?ie?aoecia:
Nioeeaeueii-iieeoe/aneee aniaeo. – I., 1990.
Aocaaeei A.A. Aiaoiiey ath?ie?aoecia. – I., 1988.
Ao?eaoeeee O.I., Aaeeei A.A. Nia?aiaiiue Eaaeaoai. – I., 1985.
Aooaiei A.I. I?ioeai?a/ey ?acaeoey nioeeaeecia eae iauanoaaiiiai no?iy.
// Aii?inu oeeinioee. 1982. ? 10.
Aooaiei A.I. Oai?aoe/aneea i?iaeaiu niaa?oainoaiaaiey iiaiai no?iy: i
nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneie i?e?iaea nioeeaeecia. //Aii?inu oeeinioee.
1987. ? 2.
AYN. – I., 1994.
Ath?ie?aoeci e naiioi?aaeaiea. – Nueouaea?, 1990.
Ath?ie?aoey e iauanoai. – I.,1991.
Aaeaeaiei I.I., Aeaauaeia TH.I. I?iaeaiu ath?ie?aoee o Iaena Aaaa?a. //
Aii?inu oeeinioee. 1991. ? 3.
Aaeoeaie Ae.I. I?aaiecaoeey e oi?aaeaiea. Nioeeieiae/aneee aiaeec
ao?aeoaciuo oai?ee. – I., 1970.
A?iieaiei A.A. Ath?ie?aoeci a eieeaeoeaiii i?iecaiaenoaa. – Ai?iiaae,
1989.
Aoeiia A. Yeeoiua a?oiiu, eo aicieeiiaaiea e yaiethoeey. //Ciaiea –
neea. 1988. ? 1.
Eaaineee E.I. Eoeueoo?a oi?aaeaiey: Nouiinoue, aaiacen, iaoaoi?aaeaiea.
– *aaiena?u, 1992.
Eeue/eeia I.C. Oi?aaeaiea: acaeiiaeaenoaea yeiiiieee e iieeoeee. – I.,
1990.
Ea?aooaa A.A. Niaaoneay ath?ie?aoey: Nenoaia iieeoeei-yeiiiie/aneiai
ainiiaenoaa. – Aaeai?iae, 1993.
Eiia?ia A.E. Ath?ie?aoeci – ia noae aeaniinoe! – I., 1989.
Eo?aoaeee A.I. Ai?ueaa n ath?ie?aoeciii. – I., 1988.
Iaea?aiei A.I. Ath?ie?aoey e ainoaea?noai. – ?inoia-ia-Aeiio, 1987.
Iaea?aiei A.I. Ath?ie?aoey e noaeeieci. – ?inoia-ia-Aeiio, 1989.
Ia niaoue eiiaiaeiaaoue!: Io aaeieieno?ioeaii-eiiaiaeiuo e
yeiiiie/aneei iaoiaeai oi?aaeaiey. – I., 1990.
Ia?eeinii N.I. Caeiiu Ia?eeiniia. – I., 1989.
Iiiiia?aa E.I., Oeiea?aiei A.A. Yoi aii?in oeaeie yiioe: Aeaiie?aoey
i?ioea ath?ie?aoee. – I., 1990.
I?eaiaeei A.E. Nia?aiaiiay nioeeieiaey i?aaiecaoeee. – I., 1995.
I?ieiiaiei A.I. Eieeaaeaeueiinoue e aaeeiiia/aeea a ainoaea?noaaiiii
?oeiaiaenoaa e oi?aaeaiee nioeeaeenoe/aneie yeiiiieeie. – Aeia-Aoa,
1989.
Oai?eoe/aneea i?iaeaiu nioeeaeueiiai oi?aaeaiey. – I., 1968.
O?aie N.E. Niune aeecie. // Aii?inu oeeinioee. 1990. ? 6.
Oanaoeaoia ?.E. “Ath?ie?aoey oiaea iao a?aa…: Nioeeaeeci e
ath?ie?aoey. – I., 1989.
Eo?aoaeee A.I. Ai?ueaa n ath?ie?aoeciii. – I., 1988. – N. 3.
Iaea?aiei A.I. Ath?ie?aoey e noaeeieci. – ?inoia-ia-Aeiio, 1989. – N.
12.
Oai?eoe/aneea i?iaeaiu nioeeaeueiiai oi?aaeaiey. – I., 1968.
Aaeoeaie Ae.I. I?aaiecaoeey e oi?aaeaiea. Nioeeieiae/aneee aiaeec
ao?aeoaciuo oai?ee. – I., 1970.
Eaiei A.E. INN. – O. 5. – N. 35.
Aeooaeueiua i?iaeaiu oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa. – I., 1985.;
I?ieiiaiei A.I. Eieeaaeaeueiinoue e aaeeiiia/aeea a ainoaea?noaaiiii
?oeiaiaenoaa e oi?aaeaiee nioeeaeenoe/aneie yeiiiieeie. – Aeia-Aoa,
1989.; Eaaineee E.I. Eoeueoo?a oi?aaeaiey: Nouiinoue, aaiacen,
iaoaoi?aaeaiea. – *aaiena?u, 1992.; Eeue/eeia I.C. Oi?aaeaiea:
acaeiiaeaenoaea yeiiiieee e iieeoeee. – I., 1990.; I?eaiaeei A.E.
Nia?aiaiiay nioeeieiaey i?aaiecaoeee. – I., 1995. e ae?.
Ia niaoue eiiaiaeiaaoue!: Io aaeieieno?ioeaii-eiiaiaeiuo e
yeiiiie/aneei iaoiaeai oi?aaeaiey. – I., 1990.; Iiiiia?aa E.I.,
Oeiea?aiei A.A. Yoi aii?in oeaeie yiioe: Aeaiie?aoey i?ioea ath?ie?aoee.
– I., 1990.; Eiia?ia A.E. Ath?ie?aoeci – ia noae aeaniinoe! – I., 1989.;
Oanaoeaoia ?.E. “Ath?ie?aoey oiaea iao a?aa…: Nioeeaeeci e
ath?ie?aoey. – I., 1989
Ao?eaoeeee O.I., Aaeeei A.A. Nia?aiaiiue Eaaeaoai. – I., 1985.; Aoeiia
A. Yeeoiua a?oiiu, eo aicieeiiaaiea e yaiethoeey. // Ciaiea – neea.
1988. ? 1.; Iaea?aiei A.I. Ath?ie?aoey e ainoaea?noai. –
?inoia-ia-Aeiio, 1987.; Iaea?aiei A.I. Ath?ie?aoey e noaeeieci. –
?inoia-ia-Aeiio, 1989. Ea?aooaa A.A. Niaaoneay ath?ie?aoey: Nenoaia
iieeoeei-yeiiiie/aneiai ainiiaenoaa. – Aaeai?iae, 1993. e ae?.
Eo?aoaeee A.I. Ai?ueaa n ath?ie?aoeciii. – I., 1988.; Aocaaeei A.A.
Aiaoiiey ath?ie?aoecia. – I., 1988. ; A?iieaiei A.A. Ath?ie?aoeci a
eieeaeoeaiii i?iecaiaenoaa. – Ai?iiaae, 1989.; Ai?enia A.E.
Aeaiie?aoecaoeey iauanoaa e i?aiaeieaiea ath?ie?aoecia:
Nioeeaeueii-iieeoe/aneee aniaeo. – I., 1990.; Ath?ie?aoeci e
naiioi?aaeaiea. – Nueouaea?, 1990.; Ath?ie?aoey e iauanoai. – I.,1991. e
ae?.
Aooaiei A.I. Oai?aoe/aneea i?iaeaiu niaa?oainoaiaaiey iiaiai no?iy: i
nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneie i?e?iaea nioeeaeecia. // Aii?inu oeeinioee.
1987. ? 2.
Aaeaeaiei I.I., Aeaauaeia TH.I. I?iaeaiu ath?ie?aoee o Iaena Aaaa?a. //
Aii?inu oeeinioee. 1991. ? 3.
Ia?eeinii N.I. Caeiiu Ia?eeiniia. – I., 1989.
AYN. – I., 1994. – N. 184.
Eo?aoaeee A.I. Ai?ueaa n ath?ie?aoeciii. – I., 1988. – N. 4.
Aaeaeaiei I.I., Aeaauaeia TH.I. I?iaeaiu ath?ie?aoee o Iaena Aaaa?a. //
Aii?inu oeeinioee. 1991. ? 3.
Iaea?aiei A.I. Ath?ie?aoey e noaeeieci. – ?inoia-ia-Aeiio, 1989. – N.
14.
Iaea?aiei A.I. Ath?ie?aoey e noaeeieci. – ?inoia-ia-Aeiio, 1989. – N.
16.
Eaiei A.E. INN. – O. 39. – N. 69.
Ia?en E., Yiaaeuen O. Ni/. – 2-a ecae. – O. 1. – N. 271.
Iaea?aiei A.I. Ath?ie?aoey e noaeeieci. – ?inoia-ia-Aeiio, 1989. – N.
20.
Ia?en E., Yiaaeuen O. Ni/. – 2-a ecae. – O. 7. – N. 529.
Iaea?aiei A.I. Ath?ie?aoey e noaeeieci. – ?inoia-ia-Aeiio, 1989. – N.
25.
Eo?aoaeee A.I. Ai?ueaa n ath?ie?aoeciii. – I., 1988. – N. 7.
Eo?aoaeee A.I. Ai?ueaa n ath?ie?aoeciii. – I., 1988. – N. 8.
Aaeaeaiei I.I., Aeaauaeia TH.I. I?iaeaiu ath?ie?aoee o Iaena Aaaa?a. //
Aii?inu oeeinioee. 1991. ? 3. – N. 175.
Aaeaeaiei I.I., Aeaauaeia TH.I. I?iaeaiu ath?ie?aoee o Iaena Aaaa?a. //
Aii?inu oeeinioee. 1991. ? 3. – N. 177.
Iaea?aiei A.I. Ath?ie?aoey e noaeeieci. – ?inoia-ia-Aeiio, 1989. – N.
30.
Ea?aooaa A.A. Niaaoneay ath?ie?aoey: Nenoaia iieeoeei-yeiiiie/aneiai
ainiiaenoaa. – Aaeai?iae, 1993.
Ia?eeinii N.I. Caeiiu Ia?eeiniia. – I., 1989. – N. 13.
Oai aea.
Ia?eeinii N.I. Caeiiu Ia?eeiniia. – I., 1989. – N. 47.
Eo?aoaeee A.I. Ai?ueaa n ath?ie?aoeciii. – I., 1988. – N. 9.
Oai aea. – N. 10.
Oai aea.
Oai aea. – N. 12.
Aooaiei A.I. I?ioeai?a/ey ?acaeoey nioeeaeecia eae iauanoaaiiiai no?iy.
// Aii?inu oeeinioee. 1982. ? 10. – N. 18.
Eo?aoaeee A.I. Ai?ueaa n ath?ie?aoeciii. – I., 1988. – N. 13.
Oai aea.
Aaeaeaiei I.I., Aeaauaeia TH.I. I?iaeaiu ath?ie?aoee o Iaena Aaaa?a. //
Aii?inu oeeinioee. 1991. ? 3. – N. 178.
Oai aea. – N. 176.
Aaeaeaiei I.I., Aeaauaeia TH.I. I?iaeaiu ath?ie?aoee o Iaena Aaaa?a. //
Aii?inu oeeinioee. 1991. ? 3. – N. 177.
INC. – O. XXIX. – NIa., 1830. – N. 544.
INC. – Nia?aiea 2-a. – O. III. – NIa., 1830. – N. 88.
O?aie N.E. Niune aeecie. // Aii?inu oeeinioee. 1990. ? 6. – N. 73.
Eaiei A.E. INN. – O. 45. – N. 154.
Aaeaeaiei I.I., Aeaauaeia TH.I. I?iaeaiu ath?ie?aoee o Iaena Aaaa?a. //
Aii?inu oeeinioee. 1991. ? 3. – N. 182.
Aaeaeaiei I.I., Aeaauaeia TH.I. I?iaeaiu ath?ie?aoee o Iaena Aaaa?a. //
Aii?inu oeeinioee. 1991. ? 3. – N. 177.
Oai aea. – N. 179.
Iiiiia?aa E.I., Oeiea?aiei A.A. Yoi aii?in oeaeie yiioe: Aeaiie?aoey
i?ioea ath?ie?aoee. – I., 1990. – N. 7.
Oai aea. – N. 8.
Eiinoeoooeey ?O. *. 2. No. 46.
Eo?aoaeee A.I. Ai?ueaa n ath?ie?aoeciii. – I., 1988. – N. 50.
31 ethey 1995 a. aue i?eiyo Oaaea?aeueiue caeii “Ia iniiaao
ainoaea?noaaiiie neoaeau ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee”, eioi?ue ?aaoee?oao
aii?inu iinooieaiey e iaoiaeaeaiey ia ainoaea?noaaiiie neoaeaa,
eaaeeoeeaoeeiiiua o?aaiaaiey e neoaeauei, caiauathuei ainoaea?noaaiiua
aeieaeiinoe e o.ae.
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