Ainoaea?noaaiiay Aeaaeaiey Noa?u Auoa e Oneoa
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Eaoaae?a
Nioeeieiaee e nioeeaeueiie ?aaiou
EO?NIAAss ?AAIOA
Oaia: Aeaiia?aoe/aneay neooaoeey e nioeeaeueiay iieeoeea
?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee.
A?oiia: NAe 2-1
Iao/iue ?oeiaiaeeoaeue: *enoyeiaa I.A.
Iineaa 1999
Niaea?aeaiea:
TOC \o “1-3” Aaaaeaiea GOTOBUTTON _Toc449978588 PAGEREF
_Toc449978588 3
1. Aeaiiua i /eneaiiinoe ianaeaiey GOTOBUTTON _Toc449978589
PAGEREF _Toc449978589 4
1.1 Ia?aienue ianaeaiey eae eino?oiaio ioeaiee aeaiia?aoe/aneie
neooaoeee GOTOBUTTON _Toc449978590 PAGEREF _Toc449978590 4
1.2 Aeaiia?aoe/aneay iieeoeea GOTOBUTTON _Toc449978591 PAGEREF
_Toc449978591 6
2. Aeaiia?aoe/aneay neooaoeey a ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee GOTOBUTTON
_Toc449978592 PAGEREF _Toc449978592 7
2.1 Aeaiia?aoe/aneay iieeoeea a ?innee: oniaoe e ii?aaeaiey GOTOBUTTON
_Toc449978593 PAGEREF _Toc449978593 9
3. Nioeeaeueiay iieeoeea ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee GOTOBUTTON
_Toc449978594 PAGEREF _Toc449978594 12
3.1 Niaoeeoeea nia?aiaiiiai ?inneeneiai ainoaea?noaa eae iniiaiiai
nioeeaeueiiai einoeoooa iauanoaa GOTOBUTTON _Toc449978595 PAGEREF
_Toc449978595 12
3.2 Nioeeaeueiay iieeoeea ainoaea?noaa GOTOBUTTON _Toc449978596
PAGEREF _Toc449978596 13
Caeeth/aiea GOTOBUTTON _Toc449978597 PAGEREF _Toc449978597 22
Nienie eeoa?aoo?u GOTOBUTTON _Toc449978598 PAGEREF _Toc449978598
23
Aaaaeaiea
Aeey naiae eo?niaie ?aaiou y aua?aea oaio “Aeaiia?aoe/aneay neooaoeey e
nioeeaeueiay iieeoeea a ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee”. Yoa oaia eioa?ania iia
ii ianeieueeei i?e/eiai: ai-ia?auo, neiaeiinoue aeaiia?aoe/aneie
neooaoeee a ?innee i/aaeaeia aeey aieueoeinoaa ianaeaiey ?innee.
N?aaenoaa ianniaie eioi?iaoeee, ia?eiaee/anee iiaeieiay yoo oaio,
eioi?ie?otho ethaeae, i?eaiaey no?aoiua oeeo?u noaoenoeee. Iu yaeyainy
iaaethaeaoaeyie “noa?aiey iaoeee”. Iiyoiio a naiae ?aaioa y iinoa?aeanue
?ane?uoue naii iiiyoea “aeaiia?aoey”, iieacaoue a /eneao noaoenoe/aneeo
enneaaeiaaiee oaiaeaioeee aeaiia?aoe/aneeo i?ioeannia a ?innee,
i?iaiaeece?iaaoue neooaoeeth.
Ai-aoi?uo, aeaiia?aoe/aneay neooaoeey /a?ac aeaiia?aoe/aneoth iieeoeeo
oanii naycaia n nioeeaeueiie iieeoeeie ainoaea?noaa. A aeaaa,
iinayuaiiie nioeeaeueiie iieeoeea, y iinoa?aeanue ?ane?uoue iniiaiua
i?eioeeiu, aniaeou e iniaaiiinoe nioeeaeueiie iieeoeee a ?inneeneie
Oaaea?aoeee, oai aieaa, /oi yoa oaia cao?aaeaaao eioa?anu anao
i?iaeeaathueo ia oa??eoi?ee ?innee.
1. Aeaiiua i /eneaiiinoe ianaeaiey
ss n/eoath, /oi aeaiiay oaia ia aoaeao ?ane?uoa iieiinoueth aac
ooi/iaiey naiiai iiiyoey “aeaiia?aoey”. “Aeaiia?aoey- yoi iaoea i
caeiiao aini?iecaiaenoaa ianaeaiey a eo iauanoaaiii-enoi?e/aneie
iaoneiaeaiiinoe. Aeaiia?aoey eco/aao caeiiiia?iinoe yaeaiee e
i?ioeannia, ec eioi?uo a niaieoiiinoe neeaaeuaaaony i?ioeann
aini?iecaiaenoaa ianaeaiey (?iaeaeaaiinoue, nia?oiinoue, a?a/iinoue),
iieiaic?anoioth e a?a/ii-naiaeioth no?oeoo?u ianaeaiey, eo caaeneiinoue
io oneiaee aeecie, iniaaiiinoae eoeueoo?u, oaeoi?ia i?e?iaeiie n?aaeu e
ae?. Ia yoie iniiaa aeaiia?aoey iiciaao caeiiu (i?e/eiu) o?iaiy e
aeeiaieee aeaiia?aoe/aneeo i?ioeannia, ?ac?aaaouaaao i?iaiicu aoaeouae
/eneaiiinoe e ninoaaa ianaeaiey, a oaeaea ia?u ii oi?aaeaieth
aeaiia?aoe/aneeie i?ioeannaie. Ia naaiaeiyoiee iiiaio a aeaiia?aoee ana
oe?a e /aua eniieuecothony iaoiaeu nioeeieiaee e nioeeaeueiie
ineoieiaee”.
1.1 Ia?aienue ianaeaiey eae eino?oiaio ioeaiee aeaiia?aoe/aneie
neooaoeee
Ia?aay ioeaiea /eneaiiinoe ianaeaiey ie?a auea naeaeaia a 1682 a.
?iaeiia/aeueieeii eeanne/aneie iieeoe/aneie yeiiiiee aiaee/aieiii ny?ii
Oeeueyiii Iaooe. Ii n/eoae, /oi e eiioeo 17 a. /eneaiiinoue
i?iaeeaathueo ia Caiea ethaeae ninoaaeea 320 iei. /aeiaae (ii
nia?aiaiiui aeaiia?aoe/aneei ioeaieai, /eneaiiinoue auea a oi a?aiy
ii/oe a 2 ?aca aieueoa).
Oi/iua aeaiiua i /eneaiiinoe ianaeaiey no?aiu aeatho ia?aiene –
iaeiia?aiaiiue nai? noaoenoe/aneie eioi?iaoeee iai anao aeeoaeyo. *oiau
iaania/eoue ea/anoaaiiia i?iaaaeaiea ia?aiene, iaiaoiaeeii iao/eoue
n/ao/eeia, eioi?ua a iaeei aeaiue aeieaeiu caiieieoue ii?iniua eenou ia
anao a?aaeaeai no?aiu n eioi?iaoeeae i aic?anoa, iiea, eiee/anoaa aeaoae
a naiuea, ia?aciaaiee, iaoeeiiaeueiinoe e i?. ?acoeueoaou ia?aienae
neoaeao iniiaie aeey ainoaea?noaaiiie nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneie
iieeoeee, ieaie?iaaiey yeiiiie/aneiai ?inoa, aeioiaeiuo e ?anoiaeiuo
noaoae athaeaeaoa.
Ia?aiene ianaeaiey – /?acau/aeii aei?iainoiyuaa ia?ii?eyoea, e iiyoiio
i?iaiaeeoue eo ?aaoey?ii – ?ac a 10 eao, eae ?aeiiaiaeoao III, iiaoo
oieueei ainoaea?noaa, eiathuea aeinoaoi/iua oeiainiaua ?ano?nu.
Iiaoaeeoaeueiui iioeaii i?iaaaeaiey ia?auo ia?aienae ianaeaiey auei
oii?yaei/aiea iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey. E na?aaeeia 17 a. ninoiyeenue ia?aiene a
Neaiaeeiaaneeo no?aiao, a Aano?i-Aaia?ee, a 1790 a. – a NOA.
A oa/aiea 19 a. a aieueoeinoaa aa?iiaeneeo (a 1801 a. a A?eoaiee, a 1897
a. a ?inneeneie eiia?ee) e a iaeioi?uo eaoeiiaia?eeaineeo no?aiao
aia?aua auee iieo/aiu ioeoeeaeueiua aeaiiua i /eneaiiinoe ianaeaiey.
A no?aiao Acee aia?aua ia?aiene auee i?iaaaeaiu oieueei iinea aoi?ie
ie?iaie aieiu, ca eneeth/aieai Eiaeee(1867-1872aa.) e ssiiiee (1920a.).
Iniaaiii ino?i noieo i?iaeaia o/aoa ianaeaiey a ?acaeaathueony no?aiao,
aaea iaoaaoea oeiainiauo ?ano?nia, ieioay aeinooiiinoue aioo?aiieo
?aeiiia e iaa?aiioiinoue ianaeaiey ia iicaieytho iieo/eoue ea/anoaaiiuo
?acoeueoaoia. E?iia oiai, i?e i?iaaaeaiee ia?aienae /aoei
i?ineaaeeaathony aeaa i?ioeaiiieiaeiua oaiaeaioeee: caauoaiey
/eneaiiinoe ianaeaiey, ec-ca niia?aaeaiee i?anoeaea e caieaeaiey
/eneaiiinoe ianaeaiey – a iniiaiii aeey nieaeaiey noiiu iiaeooaauo
iaeiaia, i?eoiaeyueony ia iaeio naiueth.
1.2 Aeaiia?aoe/aneay iieeoeea
Iaiaoiaeeiinoue i?iaaaeaiey aeaiia?aoe/aneie iieeoeee, o. a.
aicaeaenoaey ainoaea?noaa ia i?ioeannu ?iaeaeaaiinoe, i?eciaia
i?aeoe/anee anaie no?aiaie ie?a, iacaaeneii io aeaiia?aoe/aneie
neooaoeee e oaiiia ?inoa ianaeaiey. Oeaeueth aeaiia?aoe/aneie iieeoeee
yaeyaony eciaiaiea eee iiaeaea?aeea nouanoaothueo a aeaiiue ia?eiae
a?aiaie aeaiia?aoe/aneeo oaiaeaioeee.
A caaeneiinoe io aeaiia?aoe/aneie neooaoeee nouanoaotho aeaa iniiaiuo
oeia iieeoeee: 1) iai?aaeaiiay ia iiauoaiea ?iaeaeaaiinoe (oeie/ia aeey
yeiiiie/anee ?acaeouo no?ai) e 2) iai?aaeaiiay ia nieaeaiea
?iaeaeaaiinoe (iaiaoiaeeia aeey no?ai ?acaeaathueony). *anoi
i?aeoe/aneia inouanoaeaiea aeaiia?aoe/aneie iieeoeee nii?yaeaii eae n
o?oaeiinoyie ii?aeueii-yoe/aneiai ieaia, oae e n iaoaaoeie oeiainiauo
n?aaenoa.
2. Aeaiia?aoe/aneay neooaoeey a ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee
Any oa??eoi?ey ?innee, ca eneeth/aieai iaeioi?uo a?eoe/aneeo ?aeiiia,
i?aeoe/anee canaeaia, ii canaeaia e?aeia ia?aaiiia?ii. N?aaeiyy
ieioiinoue ianaeaiey – 8.5 /aeiaae ia 1 ea. ei. N?aaeiyy ieioiinoue
ianaeaiey ii aa?iiaeneie /anoe ?innee ninoaaeyao 27 /aeiaae ia ea. ei, a
a aceaoneie – ieiei 2 /aeiaae ia ea. ei. Iaeaieueoay ieioiinoue
ianaeaiey iaaethaeaaony a Oeaio?aeueiie ?innee, eioi?ay oiaiueoaaony
iinoaiaiii e naaa?o, thao e ainoieo.
Aeaiia?aoe/aneea iieacaoaee – iaeaieaa aa?iua (n oi/ee c?aiey
iauaeoeaiinoe io?aaeaiey) eiaeeeaoi?u aeecie iauanoaa. Iie io?aaeatho
iaeaieaa aeoaeiiua oaiaeaioeee i?ienoiaeyueo eciaiaiee a nioeeaeueiie
noa?a aeecie iauanoaa. Neiaeiinoue a i?iaaaeaiee yeiiiie/aneie ?aoi?iu
io?aceeanue a eciaiaiee nioeeaeueiie no?oeoo?u iauanoaa e
aeaiia?aoe/aneie neooaoeee.
*eneaiiinoue ianaeaiey ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee (ii aeaiiui Aineiinoaoa
?innee) ia eiiaoe 1997 aiaea ninoaaeea 149,4 iei. /aeiaae, a oii /enea
109,5 iei. ai?iaeai (73,2%) e 39,9 iei. aeeoaeae naea (26,8%). A 1997
aiaeo noaoon ioeoeeaeueii ca?aaeno?e?iaaiiuo aac?aaioiuo eiaee 1,6%
o?oaeiniiniaiiai ianaeaiey (iauea ?acia?u ne?uoie aac?aaioeoeu
ioeaieaathony a 14-16%). Iaaeaaii?eyoiu oaiaeaioeee ?acaeoey
aeaiia?aoe/aneie ianoaiiaee. Nie?auaiea iauaai /enea ?inneyi ca 1997
aiae i?aauneei 350 oun. /aeiaae (o.a. oiaiueoeeinue ia 0.3%). A 1998 a.
ia 1000 /aeiaae ianaeaiey i?eoiaeeeinue: ?iaeeaoeony-13 e
oia?oeo-11.Oiaiueoaiea /eneaiiinoe ianaeaiey ioia/aaony a 49 ?aaeiiao
no?aiu (ec 89 noauaeoia ?O), aaea i?iaeeaaao 61% anaai ianaeaiey no?aiu.
Iaeaieaa caiaoii oiaiueoeeinue ca iineaaeiee aiae ianaeaiea *oeioee (ia
9%), Iaaaaeaineie (ia 6%), Eai/aoneie (ia 3.7%), Io?iaineie, Naoaeeineie
iaeanoae.
Anoanoaaiiue i?e?ino ianaeaiey nio?aiyaony oieueei a Eaeiueee,
Aeaaanoaia, Aeoaa, Ooaa, Eaaa?aeeii-Aaeea?ee, Ea?a/aaai-*a?eanee, *a/ia,
Ouaa, Naoa, a oaeaea Othiaineie iaeanoe. Iauee eiyooeoeeaio
anoanoaaiiiai i?e?inoa ii ?innee a n?aaeiai ?aaai -0,3.
Aeey nia?aiaiiiai yoaia aeaiia?aoe/aneiai ?acaeoey ?innee oa?aeoa?ii
iianaianoiia nie?auaiea ?iaeaeaaiinoe, iniaaiii eioaineaiia a aieueoeo
ai?iaeao. Iauee eiyooeoeeaio ?iaeaeaaiinoe (/enei ?iaeeaoeony ia 1000
ianaeaiey) – 13. Noieeoea-Iineaa ia yaeyaony eneeth/aieai. O?iaaiue
?iaeaeaaiinoe ninoaaeyao 7.7 i?iieeea (7.7 ia 1000 aeeoaeae). Oaeay
?iaeaeaaiinoue ia iaania/eaaao aeaaea i?inoiai aini?iecaiaenoaa
ianaeaiey. I?e yoii ?anoao iauee eiyooeoeeaio nia?oiinoe (13,3 /aeiaaea
ia 1000 ?iaeeaoeony); a oii /enea ieaaeai/aneay nia?oiinoue, iaeaieaa
iaaeyaeiue eiaeeeaoi? o?iaiy nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneiai aeaaiiieo/ey
ianaeaiey, ea/anoaa aeecie, o?iaiy iaaeeoeeineiai ianeoaeeaaiey. *enei
aeaoae, oia?oeo a aic?anoa aei iaeiiai aiaea, ia 1000 ?iaeeaoeony, –
24,4. Iauea eiyooeoeeaiou a?a/iinoe – 7,9, ?acaiaeeiinoe –
3,7.Iaeeaeaaiay i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoue aeecie i?e ?iaeaeaiee aeey ioae/ei
– 57,7, aeey aeaiuei – 71,3 aiaea.
Ii i?eaaaeaiiui oeeo?ai aeaeii, /oi ainoaea?noao iaiaoiaeeii i?eiyoue e
caionoeoue a aeaenoaea i?ia?aiiu, niinianoaothuea iiauoaieth o?iaiy
?iaeaeaaiinoe, iiauoaieth yooaeoeaiinoe iieiaiai ainieoaiey e ieacuaaoue
iiiiuue iieiaeui naiueyi.
2.1 Aeaiia?aoe/aneay iieeoeea a ?innee: oniaoe e ii?aaeaiey
A 1995 aiaeo ia/aeanue ?aaioa iaae aeiaaeueiui i?iaeoii “Iieiaia
ainieoaiea ?inneeneeo oeieueieeia”, eioi?ue oeiaine?iaae oiiae III ii
ia?iaeiianaeaieth. 22 ai?aey 1997 aiaea i?iaeo aue i?einoaiiaeai
i?eeacii Ieienoa?noaa ia?aciaaiey. Oiiae III ii ia?iaeiianaeaieth
caii?icee oeiaine?iaaiea; ec iaauaiiuo 750 ouny/ aeieea?ia ia auei
ec?anoiaeiaaii e aeaaaeoeaoie /anoe…
Aio aua iaeioi?ua o?aaiaeiua oeeo?u (ii aeaiiui III): a 1997 aiaeo ii/oe
240 ouny/ aeaaooae-iiae?inoeia naeaeaee aai?o. Caaieaaaaiinoue neoeeenii
au?inea n?aaee iiae?inoeia 15-17 eao – a 70 ?ac, aei 14 eao – a 89 ?ac,
io 18 aei 19 eao – a 56 ?ac. Eaaaeeciaaa a 1955 aiaeo aai?ou, Niaaoneay
aeanoue ia iicaaioeeanue i?aaeeiaeeoue naiei a?aaeaeaiai eaeoth-eeai
aeueoa?iaoeao. Eeeiee ieaie?iaaiey naiuee a NNN? ia auei. A 1972 aiaeo
Ieicae?aa NNN? ?acineae niaoeeaeueiia ienueii i a?aaea ai?iiiaeueiuo
oaaeaoie. A ?acoeueoaoa e 1990 aiaeo iaiueoa 19% aeaiuei iieueciaaeenue
ai?iiiaeueiuie eiio?aoeaioeaaie e aioo?eiaoi/iuie nie?aeyie, a ii
naaiaeiyoithth ii?o ec 34 ieeeeiiia ?inneyiie oa?oeeueiiai aic?anoa 5
ieeeeiiia aanieiaeiu – a iniiaiii ec-ca iineaaenoaee aai?oia.
Aeey oiai, /oiau eciaieoue /oi-oi e eo/oaio a ?innee, a 1991 aiaeo
aicieeea ?inneeneay annioeeaoeey ieaie?iaaiey naiuee. Ia/aea ?AIN n
iao/aiey a?a/ae nia?aiaiiie ai?iiiaeueiie eiio?aoeaioeee, a e na?aaeeia
90-o ?AIN i?eiyea o/anoea a ?ac?aaioea i?iaeoa caeiia “I ?ai?iaeoeoeaiuo
i?aaao a?aaeaeai” e a ?aaeecaoeee oaaea?aeueiie i?ia?aiiu “Ieaie?iaaiea
naiuee”.
Ia?aue oaeoe/anee aeieaeai aue noaoue eiinoeoooeeae a iaeanoe
?ai?iaeoeoeaiiai caei?iauey: a iai aia?aua a enoi?ee ?innee
caeiiiaeaoaeueii cae?aieyeenue i?aaa ia aeaoi?iaeaeaiea, ieaie?iaaiea
naiuee, eniieueciaaiea eiio?aoeaioeee, eioi?iaoeeth iai anao aa
niiniaao. Aeieoiaio ?aaiethoeeiiiue aeey iaoae no?aiu: a iai aia?aua
i?icao/aei iiiyoea “?ai?iaeoeoeaiua i?aaa”, eioi?ia iuia i?eiaiyaony ai
anai ie?a. Iaeiaei yoio aeieoiaio oaea iyoue eao eaaeeo iiae noeiii a
Ainaeoia, e oainia ia i?eiyoea o iaai ieeaeeo.
Oaaea?aeueiie i?ia?aiia “Ieaie?iaaiea naiuee” iiaacei aieueoa: n 1994
aiaea iia oea a athaeaeaoa ioaeaeueiie no?ieie. Oii? a iae aeaeaeny a
niioaaonoaee n iacaaieai ia nicaeaiea ii anae no?aia naoe oeaio?ia
ieaie?iaaiey naiuee, aaea e ac?ineua, e iiae?inoee iiaee aiiieiii e
aanieaoii i?ieoe iaaeiniio?, iiaiai?eoue n ineoieiaii, iieo/eoue anth
eioi?iaoeeth i eiio?aoeaioeaao, a aeaaiia – naie eiio?aoeaioeau.
Iaeiiaania/aiiua, iiiaiaeaoiua e nooaeai/aneea naiuee aanieaoii
iaania/eaaee naiuie nia?aiaiiuie ai?iiiaeueiuie oaaeaoeaie, ?acoiaaony,
oieueei ii aeaeaieth e iinea eiinoeueoaoeee n a?a/ii. ?acoeueoaou
ieacaeenue iio?ynathueie: ca 4 aiaea aeaenoaey i?ia?aiiu eiee/anoai
aai?oia a ?innee nieceeinue ii/oe ia 30% – eae o ac?ineuo, oae e o
iiae?inoeia. Aaaeouea niaoeeaeenou- iaaeeee i?eciaee “Ieaie?iaaiea
naiuee” iaeiie ec naiuo yooaeoeaiuo i?ia?aii a iaeanoe cae?aaiio?aiaiey
ca ana aeanyoeeaoea.
A 2 oaa?aey 1998 aiaea a Ainaeoia “Ieaie?iaaiea naiuee” auea eneeth/aia
ec athaeaeaoa aaniethoiui aieueoeinoaii aieinia.
Iaeioi?ia a?aiy oeaio?u ieaie?iaaiey naiuee ?aaioaee ia noa?uo caianao e
aoaeia iaaeayeenue, /oi aeaiooaou iaeoiathony e aa?ioo i?ia?aiio ia
neaaeothuee aiae. Iioii a?yioe e?ecen e i?ia?aiio oae e ia aa?ioee.
Eae aeaeii ec i?eaaaeaiiuo aeaiiuo, aeaiia?aoe/aneay neooaoeey a ?innee
e?aeia iaaeaaii?eyoiay. O/eouaay iuiaoiaa ninoiyiea yeiiiieee,
aac?acoeueoaoioth aeaiia?aoe/aneoth iieeoeeo ainoaea?noaa iiaeii
naeaeaoue auaiae i i?iaeieaeaiee iaaeaaii?eyoiuo oaiaeaioeee a
aeaiia?aoe/aneie noa?a.
3. Nioeeaeueiay iieeoeea ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee
3.1 Niaoeeoeea nia?aiaiiiai ?inneeneiai ainoaea?noaa eae iniiaiiai
nioeeaeueiiai einoeoooa iauanoaa
Niaea?aeaiea nioeeaeueiie iieeoeee caeeth/aaony a aeayoaeueiinoe
ainoaea?noaa e ae?oaeo iieeoe/aneeo einoeoooia ii oi?aaeaieth ?acaeoeai
nioeeaeueiie noa?u iauanoaa. Aaaeii iiae/a?eiooue, /oi nioeeaeueiay
iieeoeea yaeyaony naiaia?aciie eiioeaio?aoeeae anao eiuo aeaeia
iieeoeee, eai iia iai?aaeaia ia niaoeeoe/aneee iauaeo – nioeeaeueiua
ioiioaiey.
ssnii, /oi nioeeaeueiay iieeoeea a nia?aiaiiii ie?a inouanoaeyaony
i?aaeaea anaai ainoaea?noaii. Ainoaea?noai yaeyaony iaeiei ec
iieeoe/aneeo nioeeaeueiuo einoeoooia eae enoi?e/anee neiaeeaoeony oi?i
i?aaiecaoeee niaianoiie aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe ethaeae.
Oa?aeoa?ecoy nioeeaeueioth iieeoeeo nia?aiaiiiai ?inneeneiai
ainoaea?noaa, iaaei eiaoue a aeaeo e oaeie oaeo, eae ?aniaae aaeeiiai
nithciiai ainoaea?noaa e nie?auaiea oa??eoi?ee ?inneeneiai ainoaea?noaa,
ia eioi?oth ?ani?ino?aiyaony aai th?enaeeeoeey.
Neooaoeey ninoieo a oii, /oi ia oa??eoi?eyo iuia noaa?aiiuo ainoaea?noa,
ia?aciaaiiuo ia i?ino?ainoaao ?ac?ooaiiiai NNN?, inoaeenue cia/eoaeueiua
ii /eneaiiinoe ?iaenoaaiiua ?inneyiai a?oiiu (a oii /enea aieaa 25
ieeeeiiia ?onneeo), eioi?ua ia iiaoo iuia iieueciaaoueny iieiie
iiaeaea?aeeie ?inneeneeo aeanoae. Eo nioeeaeueiia iieiaeaiea
onoaoaeyaony iaoeeiiaeenoe/aneie iieeoeeie i?aayueo e?oaia iaeioi?uo
ainoaea?noa. I?eia?aie yoiio iiaeao neoaeeoue ia oieueei iieiaeaiea
?onneeo e ae?oaeo a?oii a I?eaaeoeea. Eeethno?aoeey yoiai – i?eiyoue
ia?eaiaioii Ee?aecee caeii i caiea, eioi?ay ioiuia yaeyaony
iaoeeiiaeueiui aeinoiyieai ee?aecneiai ianaeaiey (iaiiiiei, /oi a
?anioaeeea ee?aecu ninoaaeytho oieueei 52%). A ae?oaeo no?aiao i?eiyo
Caeii i ycuea, ouaieythuee i?aaa ?onneiycu/iiai ianaeaiey e o.ae.
Ionthaea neaaeoao auaiae, /oi nioeeaeueiay iieeoeea ?inneeneiai
ainoaea?noaa aeieaeia auoue iai?aaeaia ia oieueei aioo?ue no?aiu, ii e
ai aia. ?inneeneia ainoaea?noai aeieaeii i?eeiaeeoue iaeneioi oneeee
aeey nioeeaeueiie caueou ia oieueei naieo a?aaeaeai (eiathueo ?inneeneea
ianii?oa) ii e anao ?onneiycu/iuo, i?iaeeaathueo a aeeaeiai ca?oaaaeuea,
aeiaeaaynue aeeieiiaoe/aneeie e eiuie n?aaenoaaie niaethaeaiey i?aa
/aeiaaea a yoeo ainoaea?noaao.
Oaia?ue ei?ioei ia iniiaiuo iai?aaeaieyo nioeeaeueiie iieeoeee
ainoaea?noaa.
3.2 Nioeeaeueiay iieeoeea ainoaea?noaa
Anee aa?ii ooaa?aeaeaiea, /oi iieeoeea aunooiaao eiioeaio?e?iaaiiui
au?aaeaieai anao noi?ii iauanoaaiiie aeecie, oi ia iaiaa aa?iui iiaeao
auoue oieeiaaiea nioeeaeueiie iieeoeee eae niaoeeoe/aneie eiioeaio?aoeee
anao aeaeia iieeoeee, iai?aaeaiiie ia oi?aaeaiea nouanoaiaaieai,
ooieoeeiie?iaaieai e ?acaeoeai nioeeaeueiie noa?u. A nioeeaeueiie noa?a
iiaeii auaeaeeoue o?e aaaeiaeoeo ninoaaeythueo. Ai-ia?auo, yoi
nioeeaeueiay no?oeoo?a iauanoaa eae aeeooa?aioeeaoeey ethaeae ii
iauanoaaiiui e nioeeaeueiui a?oiiai e ioiioaieyi iaaeaeo ieie.
Ai-aoi?uo, yoi nioeeaeueiay eio?ano?oeoo?a eae niaieoiiinoue io?aneae,
ianeoaeeaathueo /aeiaaea, niinianoaothueo aini?iecaiaenoao aai
iaiin?aaenoaaiiie aeecie. A-o?aoueeo, yoi aiciiaeiinoe (aeey eaaeaeiai
eiie?aoiiai /aeiaaea, a?oiiu, neiy) aeinooia e oeaiiinoyi, aeaaai e
oneoaai; aa?aioee e i?aa ee/iinoae, oneiaey o?oaea /aeiaaea, auoa,
aeinoaa, caei?iauey; aiciiaeiinoe ii?aaeaeaiey i?ioannee e ianoa
aeeoaeuenoaa, o/anoey a oi?aaeaiee, nioeeaeueiiai e i?ioanneiiaeueiiai
i?iaeaeaeaiey e ia?aiauaiey.
Eiaiii eiioeaio?aoeey ia oeacaiiuo iai?aaeaieyo aeieaeia noaoue iniiaie
nioeeaeueiie iieeoeee ainoaea?noaa.
I?eaioaoeeth nioeeaeueiie iieeoeee ainoaea?noaa iiaeii eiie?aoece?iaaoue
ii aeaoi eeieyi:
O/ao e yooaeoeaiay ?aaeecaoeey iniiaiuo iai?aaeaiee nioeeaeueiie ?aaiou,
nioeeaeueiie caoeou ethaeae: nioeeaeueiia iaania/aiea, nioeeaeueiia
no?aoiaaiea, nioeeaeueiay iiiiuue, nioeeaeueiay iiaea, nioeeaeueiue
eiio?ieue e o.ae.
Iai?aaeaiiinoe ia iniiaiua nioeeaeueiua iauaeou, ioaeaeathueany a
nioeeaeueiie caueoa: iaineiia?u, aeaoe-ne?iou, aaaeaioeu, eiaaeeaeu,
aac?aaioiua e o.ae.
O/eouaay no?oeoo?iua yeaiaiou nioeeaeueiie noa?u iaiaoiaeeii iniaia
aieiaiea ia?aoeoue ia oaeea aniaeou nioeeaeueiie iieeoeee ainoaea?noaa,
eioi?ua naycaiu n ooieoeeiie?iaaieai nioeeaeueiie no?oeoo?u iauanoaa.
?aaeueii nouanoaothuay iuia a ?innee nioeeaeueiay aeeooa?aioeeaoeey
aeaeaei ia niioaaonoaoao oi?iaeueiiio aeaeaieth ethaeae ia ?aai/eo,
e?anoueyi, eioaeeeaaioeeth, i?aaei?eieiaoaeae e o.ae. Iauyniyaony yoi
ia?ooaieai ii?iaeueiiai ooieoeeiie?iaaiey yeiiiie/aneeo ioiioaiee,
?aaeecaoeeae caeiia ?acaeaeaiey o?oaea n o/aoii aai ea/anoaa e
eiee/anoaa, eaaeeoeeaoeeae e i?ioanneiiaeueiie iiaeaioiaee ?aaioieeia.
Yoi aiciiaeii a e?eceniuo oneiaeyo, ia ia?aoiaeiuo yoaiao, /oi iniaaiii
oa?aeoa?ii a ia?aoiaeiua ia?eiaeu aeecie iauanoaa, ei?aiiuo eciaiaiee
nouanoaothueo iauanoaaiii-iieeoe/aneeo e nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneeo
ioiioaiee eee eo caiaiu ia i?ioeaiiieiaeiua ii naiaio oa?aeoa?o e
niaea?aeaieth. Eiaiii oaeie ia?eiae ia?aaeeaaao iuia iaoa no?aia.
Iuiaoiyy nioeeaeueiay no?oeoo?a ?innee ianiaa?oaiia, a ii?aaeaeaiiii
niunea “aanno?oeoo?ia”, i?ioeai?a/eaa. Aeey iaa oa?aeoa?ii i?aiaeaaeaiea
cia/eoaeueiuo ia?aeiaeueiuo neiaa (aac?aaioiuo, aaaeaioeaa, ieueo), ia
naycaiiuo nianoaaiii n i?iecaiaenoaii. I?aiaeaaeatho e?aeiea a?oiiu a
iaoa?eaeueiii ioiioaiee: naaoaiaaoua e naa?oaaaeiua, i?e/ai a
niioiioaiee ii o?iaith aeioiaeia i?eia?ii 1:20-50 e aieaa ii aeaiiui
?aciuo enoi/ieeia. Naa?oaaaeiua aeeth/atho a naay i?aaenoaaeoaeae
eeanne/aneeo iauanoaaiiuo eeannia, neiaa e a?oii, naeueneia e ai?iaeneia
ianaeaiea, ethaeae oinoaaiiiai (iniaaiii) e oece/aneiai o?oaea,
cia/eoaeueiua iannu nioeeaeueii-yoie/aneeo a?oii, i?aaeaea anaai a
?aeiiao aiaauo, aiaiiuo aeaenoaee, aeeth/ay ?onneiycu/iia ianaeaiea a
auaoeo nithciuo ?anioaeeeao, aaea oi?iaeueii aiaauo aeaenoaee e ia
iaaethaeaaony.
“A naia a?aiy aiaeeeneee nioeeieia *a?euec Aoo (1840-1916 a.)
i?aaeeiaeee iiaoth eeanneoeeaoeeth ianaeaiey Eiiaeiia, ?acaeaeea aai ia
o?e eeanna – “iecoee”, “n?aaeiee” e “aunoee”, ?anniao?eaay a ea/anoaa
e?eoa?ey eiee/anoai eiiiao, caieiaaiuo naiueae, e /enei neoa, iaiyouo
ath. Anee i?aaeeiaeaiiua e?eoa?ee e aucuaatho niiiaiey, oi nai i?eioeei
aeaeaiey ianaeaiey ia o?e eeanna aiieia i?eaieai e ?aaeueii io?aaeaao
nouanoaothuoth no?oeoo?o, anee eiaoue a aeaeo eiee/anoai e ea/anoai
iaoa?eaeueiuo e aeooiaiuo aeaa, aeinooiiuo oai eee eiui neiyi ianaeaiey.
Ia neo/aeii iiyoiio aeaiiay eeanneoeeaoeey oe?iei eniieuecoaony
nioeeieiaaie Caiaaea.”
Neaaeoao ioiaoeoue, /oi niioiioaiea o?ao iacaaiiuo eeannia o ian e ia
Caiaaea yaeyaony niaa?oaiii iaecia?eiui. Anee ia Caiaaea (oi/iaa
neacaoue, a auniei?acaeouo no?aiao) naiui iiiai/eneaiiui yaeyaony
n?aaeiee eeann, eioi?ue iinoaiaiii iiaeiuaao e?aeiea eeannu, oi o ian a
?innee naiui iiiai/eneaiiui yaeyaony iecoee eeann. *oi eanaaony
n?aaeiaai eeanna, oi aai oaeaeueiue aan iiaeao iiauoaoueny i?e oneiaee
ii?iaeecaoeee yeiiiie/aneeo e iieeoe/aneeo i?ioeannia, iiauoaiey
i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe o?oaea, noaaeeecaoeee iauanoaa a oeaeii.
I?aaenoaaeyaony, /oi a nia?aiaiiuo oneiaeyo ?innee nioeeaeueiay
iieeoeea eae ?ac e aeieaeia auoue iai?aaeaia ia nicaeaiea “n?aaeiaai
eeanna”, a oii /enea n oeaeue nicaeaiey nioeeaeueiie aacu oi?aaeai/aneeo
ainoaea?noaaiiuo no?oeoo?, eae oaeoi? noaaeeueiinoe a iauanoaa. Io yoiai
auea?aao e iauanoai a oeaeii, e cia/eoaeueiua neie ianaeaiey. *ai iiuiaa
“n?aaeiee eeann”, oai iaiueoa ia?aeiaeueiuo neiaa. Yoio oaeoi? oaeaea a
cia/eoaeueiie ia?a niinianoaoao ?aoaieth i?iaeaiu nioeeaeueiie caueou,
oaea ia aiai?y i iiauoaiiie nioeeaeueiie noaaeeueiinoe a iauanoaa. A a
oneiaeyo noaaeeueiinoe eaa/a ?aoaoue i?iaeaiu nioeeaeueiiai iaania/aiey,
nioeeaeueiie caueou ethaeae.
Nioeeaeueiay iieeoeea ainoaea?noaa iiaeao eiaoue ?acee/iua ecia?aiey:
yeiiiie/aneia, i?aaiecaoeeiiiia, i?aaiaia, nianoaaiii nioeeaeueiia,
eoeueoo?ieiae/aneia, yeieiae/aneia, ee/iinoiia. Iiyoiio aiciiaeia
eiee/anoaaiiay e ea/anoaaiiay oa?aeoa?enoeea i?iaiaeeiie ainoaea?noaii
nioeeaeueiie iieeoeee. N?aaee yoeo oa?aeoa?enoee iauaeoeaiuo e?eoa?eaa
iaeaieaa aaaeiia cia/aiea eiatho: i?aeoe/aneay ?aaeecaoeey nioeeaeueiie
ni?aaaaeeeainoe a iauanoaa; o/ao nioeeaeueiuo eioa?ania ?acee/iuo a?oii
e neiaa ianaeaiey n oi/ee c?aiey aeaenoaeoaeueiiai oaeiaeaoai?aiey eo
?aoeeiiaeueiuo iio?aaiinoae; e, eiia/ii aea, nioeeaeueiay caueuaiiinoue,
eae oaea ioia/aeinue iaeieioueo neiaa, aeaoae, iaineiia?ia, aac?aaioiuo,
aaaeaioeaa, oyaeaei aieueiuo e o.ae.
Inoaiiaeiny ia iaeiie ec aaaeiaeoeo oa?aeoa?enoee nioeeaeueiie iieeoeee
– nioeeaeueiie ni?aaaaeeeainoe. Nioeeaeueiay ni?aaaaeeeainoue yaeyaony
aeeaeaeoe/aneei iiiyoeai, icia/athuei, n iaeiie noi?iiu, noaiaiue
iainiiaaiiiai ?aaainoaa, a n ae?oaie – nio?aiythuaainy ia?aaainoaa. Yoi
i?iyaeyaony, a /anoiinoe, a oii, /oi a ethaii oeeaeeeciaaiiii iauanoaa
aeanoe noa?athony eiio?iee?iaaoue ?aaeecaoeeth “iio?aaeoaeueneie
ei?ceiu”, iaiaoiaeeiinoue iaania/aiey eaaeaeie naiuea, eaaeaeiio
/aeiaaeo ieieiaeueiiai aeioiaea, aeathuaai aiciiaeiinoue
oeceieiae/aneiai nouanoaiaaiey e iaania/aiey iaeaieaa aaaeiuo
iaoa?eaeueiuo e aeooiaiuo iio?aaiinoae ethaeae. Ianiiniaiinoue eo
?aaeecaoeee iiaeao i?eaiaeeoue e nioeeaeueiui eaoaeeeciai, iaoiaeyuei
naia au?aaeaiea a i?aauoaiee nia?oiinoe iaae ?iaeaeaaiinoueth,
oiaiueoaieai /eneaiiinoe ianaeaiey. Anee yoi ?acoeueoao ia oieueei
iauaeoeaii aeaenoaothueo oneiaee, a e niciaoaeueiie iieeoeee i?aayueo
e?oaia, oi yoio i?ioeann iieo/aao iacaaiea aaiioeeaea ii ioiioaieth e
nianoaaiiiio ia?iaeo.
E?aeiyy noaiaiue ia?aaainoaa niiniaia i?eaanoe e ianoaaeeueiinoe a
iauanoaa, nioeeaeueiui ac?uaai, ?ac?ooaieth i?iecaiaeeoaeueiuo nee.
Iiyoiio a oeeaeeeciaaiiuo iauanoaao iieeoe/aneea no?oeoo?u aaaeoo
iieeoeeo ii niya/aieth nioeeaeueiiai ia?aaainoaa, nicaeaieth oneiaee
aeey oaeiaeaoai?aiey oioy au ieieiaeueiuo iaoa?eaeueiuo e aeooiaiuo
iio?aaiinoae ethaeae, /oi aeinoeaaaony iooai iaeiaiaie iieeoeee,
?anoe?aieai e oaeoaeaieai nioeeaeueiie ?aaiou ii caueoa iaeaieaa
ouaieaiiuo neiaa ianaeaiey.
A oneiaeyo e?eceniiai ninoiyiey ?inneeneiai iauanoaa ie oai?aoe/anee, ie
oai aieaa i?aeoe/anee iaeuecy noaaeoue caaea/o eeeaeaeaoeee ia?aaainoaa.
?a/ue aeieaeia eaeoe i i?aaeioa?auaiee aai e?aeiinoae, o.a. iaaeiiouaiee
aeiaaeueiie iiey?ecaoeee nioeeaeueiuo a?oii, neiaa e eeannia n oeaeueth
ecaaaeaoue nioeeaeueiiai ac?uaa e iaania/eoue noaaeeueiinoue a iauanoaa.
Iieeoeee iiieiatho ac?uaiiianiinoue oaeie neooaoeee. I?aaei?eieiathony
ii?aaeaeaiiua oaae aeey aa i?aaeioa?auaiey. Ii yoe oaae /anoi
iaiineaaeiaaoaeueiu, a i?eieiaaiua ia?u yaeythony aeaeaei ia iieiuie e,
naiia aeaaiia, ieioi ?aaeecothony.
Iao niiiaiey a oii, /oi n?aaieoaeueiue aiaeec niaea?aeaiey nioeeaeueiie
iieeoeee ?aciuo ainoaea?noa iicaieyao cia/eoaeueii iaiaaoeoue oai?eth e
i?aeoeeo yoie aeayoaeueiinoe. A oi aea a?aiy i?e inaiaiee ca?oaaaeiiai
iiuoa a noa?a nioeeaeueiie iiaeaea?aeee ianaeaiey iaiaoiaeeii a iieiie
ia?a o/eouaaoue enoi?e/aneea oneiaey e iaoeeiiaeueiua iniaaiiinoe
?innee. Iaaei eiaoue a aeaeo oaea neiaeeaoothny a iaoae no?aia (e
eiathuoth ianoi a i?ioeii) nenoaio nioeeaeueiiai iaania/aiey ianaeaiey,
a oaeaea, anoanoaaiii, iniaaiiinoe eoeueoo?u, iaioaeeoaoa, ia?aca aeecie
?inneeneiai iauanoaa, ?acoiii aeiiieiyy aa iiaiaaaaeaieyie, enoiaey ec
iiaie iauanoaaiii-iieeoe/aneie neooaoeee. Ia i?aaenoiyuee iaic?eiue
ia?eiae oeaeaniia?acii nio?aiaiea i?aeiouanoaaiii ainoaea?noaaiiie
iiiiue a noa?a cae?aaiio?aiaiey, ?ani?aaeaeaiey aeeeuey e o.ae. a
ia?aoth i/a?aaeue aeey iaeio4ueo e iaania/aiiuo neiaa ianaeaiey.
Ecaanoii, /oi a ?aciuo no?aiao, neiaeeeanue ?aciay nenoaia ieacaiey
nioeeaeueiie iiiiue “neaaui” neiyi ianaeaiey. Anee, e i?eia?o, a NOA
aeaeaaony aeoeaio ia /anoiue naeoi?, iauanoaaiiua i?aaiecaoeee,
aeaaioai?eoaeueiinoue, oi a aieueoeinoaa aa?iiaeneeo no?ai aeaaioth
?ieue a ?aoaiee yoeo i?iaeai ?aoaao ainoaea?noai.
*oi eanaaony ?innee, oi caeanue neaaeoao ioaeaaaoue i?aaeii/oaiea
ainoaea?noao ia oieueei iioiio, /oi /anoiue naeoi?, eiiia?/aneea e
ae?oaea iaainoaea?noaaiiua no?oeoo?u aei iineaaeiaai a?aiaie auee neaau
e ia ?acaeou (nae/an i ieo yoiai ia neaaeaoue), ii e iioiio, /oi iie a
cia/eoaeueiie naiae /anoe iaaeinoaoi/ii oeeaeeeciaaiiu, e?eieiaeueiu.
Iuia a ?innee a ia?eiae e?ecena yeiiiieee, iaoaaoee n?aaenoa i/aiue
aaaeii i?aaieciaaoue aae?anioth iiiiuue iaeaieaa ioaeaeathueiny a?oiiai
ianaeaiey (i?anoa?aeui, eiaaeeaeai, iaeeiieei, iiiaiaeaoiui naiueyi). A
nayce n yoei iaiaoiaeeii ?ac?aaioaoue aaciaue iieacaoaeue o?iaiy
aaaeiinoe. Naaiaeiy yoa i?iaeaia, eae ecaanoii, ?aoaaony a oaiaeo
eaeaieiae/aneie i?eaycaiiinoe oao eee eiuo a?oii ?ac?aaio/eeia.
I?enoaeueiia aieiaiea iaiaoiaeeii ia?aoeoue ia aiciiaeiua iineaaenoaey
ianniaie aac?aaioeoeu, /?aaaoua nioeeaeueiui ac?uaii, iniaaiii iianiui a
?innee naaiaeiy. Ia yoii aiai?yo e ieooo ia oieueei a noaia iiiiceoeee,
ii e a noaiao ainoaea?noaaiiuo no?oeoo? iaeaieaa aeaeueiiaeaeiua
niaoeeaeenou.
Eae iieacuaaao ca?oaaaeiue, a oaia?ue e ioa/anoaaiiue iiuo, iaeii ec
iaeaieaa ia?niaeoeaiuo iai?aaeaiee a ?aoaiee i?iaeai nioeeaeueiie caueou
a iuiaoieo oneiaeyo ?innee – naaeaine?iaaiiia ni/aoaiea aeaiaaeiuo e ia
aeaiaaeiuo aeaeia iiiiue. Yoi i?aaeii?aaeaeyaony a oii /enea
naaiaeiyoiei ninoiyieai oeiainiaie nenoaiu no?aiu eae neaaenoaea
anaiauaai, nenoaiiiai e?ecena.
Iau/ii nioeeaeueioth ?aaioo ?anniao?eaatho eae aeayoaeueiinoue,
iai?aaeaiioth ia ieacaiea iiiiue, iiaeaea?aeee e o.ae. nioeeaeueii
oycaeiui a?oiiai ianaeaiey. Iaeiaei nioeeaeueioth ?aaioo iiaeii e ioaeii
?anniao?eaaoue e eae aeayoaeueiinoue ii i?aaeoi?aaeaeaieth iaaaoeaiuo
iineaaenoaee a iiaaaeaiee, a aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe ioaeaeueiuo ee/iinoae,
a?oii, neiaa, o.a. i?ioeeaeoe/aneay ?aaioa aeieaeia caiyoue a
nioeeaeueiie ?aaioa a oeaeii cia/eoaeueii aieueoaa ianoi, /ai yoi
iaaethaeaaony nae/an. Ia yoi aeieaeia auoue iaoeaeaia nioeeaeueiay
iieeoeea. Iaaei ia oieueei ea/eoue nioeeaeueiua aieacie, ii e
i?aaeioa?auaoue eo. Eo/oa e aeey iauanoaa a oeaeii, e aeey ethaeae ia
ieacuaaoue iiiiuue, e i?eia?o, aac?aaioiui, a aeaeaoue ana aiciiaeiia
aeey i?aaeioa?auaiey aac?aaioeoeu, iao/aiey ethaeae, ?acaeoey
i?iecaiaenoaa, nicaeaiey iiauo ?aai/eo iano, ia?ai?ioeee?iaaiey oao eee
eiuo oeaoia, i?aaei?eyoee, o/?aaeaeaiee e o.ae. Eiaiii a yoii iiaeii
aeaeaoue nouiinoue nioeeaeueiie iieeoeee eae eiioeaio?e?iaaiiiai
au?aaeaiey anao aeaeia iieeoeee. Eiaiii a yoii i?iyaeyaony
aeaenoaeoaeueiay caaioa i ethaeyo, ia oaeiaeaoai?aiee eo ianouiuo
iio?aaiinoae e eioa?ania. Oaeei ia?acii, nioeeaeueiay ?aaioa aeieaeia
iineoue iia?aaeathuee, oi?aaeaeathuee oa?aeoa?.
Nioeeaeueiay iieeoeea e nioeeaeueiay ?aaioa oanii acaeiinaycaiu iaaeaeo
niaie. Iaa oa?aeoa?ecothony aeaoiy acaeiiiaoneiaeaiiuie noi?iiaie:
iao/ii-iiciaaaoaeueiie e i?aeoeei-i?aaiecaoeeiiiie. Nioeeaeueiay ?aaioa
– yoi naiaia?aciay oi?ia, niinia ?aaeecaoeee nioeeaeueiie iieeoeee, a
nioeeaeueiay iieeoeea – noa?aeaiue, i?eaioe? nioeeaeueiie ?aaiou. A yoii
ninoieo eo aaeeinoai e ?acee/ea. Iineaaeiaa i?iyaeyaony, a /anoiinoe, a
oii, /oi nioeeaeueiay iieeoeea – aieaa oe?ieia iiiyoea, ii?aaeaeythuay
noi?iia nioeeaeueiie ?aaiou. Nioeeaeueiay iieeoeea – i?eaioe? ia oieueei
aeey nioeeaeueiie ?aaiou, ii e aeey ?acaeoey nioeeaeueiie noa?u a
oeaeii. Nioeeaeueiay aea ?aaioa aieaa aeeiaie/ia, iiaeaeaeia, aiaaoa ii
naiaio niaea?aeaieth a n?aaiaiee n nioeeaeueiie iieeoeeie. Aianoa n oai
eo aaeeinoai ia?anoi?aeeii. Eaeiaa nioeeaeueiay iieeoeea, oaeiaa e
nioeeaeueiay ?aaioa. ?aaeecaoeey niaea?aeaiey, oi?i e iaoiaeia
iineaaeiae oeaeeeii e iieiinoueth ii?aaeaeyaony nioeeaeueiie iieeoeeie.
A oi aea a?aiy nioeeaeueiay ?aaioa – aeayoaeueiinoue ii nioeeaeueiie
caueoa, iiaeaea?aeea e iiiiue nioeeaeueii oycaeiuo neiaa e a?oii,
ioaeaeueiuo a?aaeaeai, ianaeaiey a oeaeii ia iiaeao ia neacaoueny, a
eiia/iii n/aoa, ia i?eaioe?ao nioeeaeueiie iieeoeee, aa iai?aaeaieyo,
oeaeyo e caaea/ao.
Caeeth/aiea
Eoae, a ?aaioa iiith auee iieacaiu e ?ane?uou aeaiia?aoe/aneea
i?ioeannu, i?ioaeathuea ia oa??eoi?ee ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee. Ii
i?eaaaeaiiui ioeoeeaeueiui oeeo?ai iiaeii naeaeaoue auaiae i e?aeia
iaaeaaii?eyoiie neiaeeaoaeny neooaoeee e iiaeoaa?aeeoue i?iaiic i
“noa?aiee iaoeee”. Oaeaea, ii i?eaaaeaiiui aeieoiaioai e noaoenoeea,
iiith aue naeaeai auaiae i e?aeia iayooaeoeaiie aeaiia?aoe/aneie
iieeoeea.
Yooaeoeaiinoue nioeeaeueiie iieeoeee e?aeia ineaaeaia aneaaenoaea
yeiiiie/aneiai aaaonoianeiai e?ecena i?ioeiai aiaea e ianoaaeeueiinoueth
yeiiiie/aneie noa?u, oioy nouanoaotho e iaeioi?ua iieiaeeoaeueiua
iiiaiou. A /anoiinoe, iiiuoea ainoaea?noaa ieacaoue iiiiuue oe?ieei
neiyi ianaeaiey, y ioiioo eiaiii e oaeei iiiaioai.
Nienie eeoa?aoo?u
Ie? a oeeo?ao. NIA Noao. – I., 1997.
Iniiau nioeeaeueiie ?aaiou: O/aaiee /Ioa. ?aae. Iaaeaiie I.Ae. -I.:
EIO?A-I, 1998.
?iaeeiiiaa E.A. ?inney. Yeiiiieei-aaia?aoe/aneay oa?aeoa?enoeea. O/aa.
iiniaea. – I.: Ecae-ai ?OAeI, 1997.
?inney e no?aiu ie?a. – I.: AOe Aineiinoaoa ?innee, 1997.
No?aiu ie?a. E?aoeee iieeoeei-yeiiiie/aneee ni?aai/iee. – I.:
Eioa?eieaa, 1996.
Oai?ey e iaoiaeeea nioeeaeueiie ?aaiou. Aui.2. /Ioa. ?aae. Iaaeaiie
I.Ae. – I., 1995.
Oieeia A. I. Aaia?aoey /aeiaa/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe: yeiiiieea,
eoeueoo?a, iieeoeea. – I.: I?inaauaiea,1995.
Yioeeeeiiaaee/aneee nioeeieiae/aneee neiaa?ue /Iau. ?aae. Ineiiaa A.A.
– I.: ENIE ?AI, 1995.
Yioeeeeiiaaee/aneee nioeeieiae/aneee neiaa?ue /Iau. ?aae. Ineiiaa A.A.
– I.: ENIE ?AI, 1995, no?.167.
?inney e no?aiu ie?a. – I.: AOe Aineiinoaoa ?innee, 1997.
Ie? a oeeo?ao. NIA Noao. – I., 1997.
Oai?ey e iaoiaeeea nioeeaeueiie ?aaiou. Aui.2. /Ioa. ?aae. Iaaeaiie
I.Ae. – I., 1995, no?. 9.
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