Aicaeaenoaea ia /aeiaaea noaoe/aneeo yeaeo?e/aneeo e iaaieoiuo iieae
Nouanoaiaaiea /aeiaaea a ethaie n?aaea naycaii n aicaeaenoaeai ia iaai e
n?aaeo iaeoaiey yeaeo?iiaaieoiuo iieae. A neo/ayo iaiiaeaeaeiuo
yeaeo?e/aneeo ca?yaeia iu eiaai aeaei n yeaeo?inoaoe/aneeie iieyie. I?e
o?aiee aeeyeaeo?eeia ia eo iiaa?oiinoe iiyaeythony ecauoi/iua ca?yaeu,
ia nooeo ?oeao iaeaieeaathony yeaeo?e/aneea ca?yaeu, nicaeathuea
iioaioeeae aei 500A. Caiiie oa? ca?yaeai io?eoeaoaeueii oae, iaaeaeo
iiaa?oiinoueth Caiee e aa?oieie neiyie aoiinoa?u ?aciinoue iioaioeeaeia
ninoaaeyao 400000A. Yoi yeaeo?e/aneia iiea nicaeaao iaaeaeo aeaoiy
o?iaiyie, ionoiyueie ia ?ino /aeiaaea, ?aciinoue iioaioeeaeia ii?yaeea
200A, iaeiaei /aeiaae yoiai ia iuouaao, oae eae oi?ioi i?iaiaeeo
yeaeo?e/aneeo oie e ana oi/ee aai oaea iaoiaeyony iiae iaeiei
iioaioeeaeii.
I?e naiai aeaeaeaiee iaeaea ca?yaeathony a ?acoeueoaoa o?aiey. ?aciua
/anoe a?iciaiai iaeaea ianoo ca?yaeu ?acee/iuo ciaeia. *aua anaai
ieaeiyy /anoue iaeaea ca?yaeaia io?eoeaoaeueii, a aa?oiyy –
iieiaeeoaeueii. Anee iaeaea naeeaeathony ?aciieiaiii ca?yaeaiiuie
/anoeoeaie, iaaeaeo ieie i?ineaeeaaao iieiey – yeaeo?e/aneee ca?yae.
I?ioiaey iaae Caieae, a?iciaia iaeaei nicaeaao ia aa iiaa?oiinoe
aieueoea iaaaaeaiiua ca?yaeu. ?aciinoue iioaioeeaeia iaaeaeo iaeaeii e
Caieae aeinoeaaao ia?iiiuo cia/aiee, ecia?yaiuo nioiyie ieeeeiiia
aieueo, e a aicaeooa aicieeaao neeueiia yeaeo?e/aneia iiea. I?e
aeaaii?eyoiuo oneiaeyo aicieeaao i?iaie. Iieiey eiiaaea ii?aaeaao
ethaeae e aucuaaao iiaea?u.
Ca?yaeu eiatho naienoai a aieueoae noaiaie iaeaieeaaoueny ia ino?eyo eee
oaeao, aeeceeo ii oi?ia e ino?eyi. Aaeece oaeeo i?aaeiaoia nicaeathony
aunieea yeaeo?e/aneea iai?yaeaiey. Iiyoiio /aua anaai iieiee iiiaaeatho
a aunieea ioaeaeueii noiyuea iauaeou (aea?aauey, aaoie e ae?.), e ii
yoie i?e/eia /aeiaaeo iianii iaoiaeeony ia ioe?uoii i?ino?ainoaa ai
a?aiy a?icu eee aaeece ioaeaeueiuo aea?aaueaa, iaoaeee/aneeo i?aaeiaoia.
Iieiee yaeythony oaeaea i?e/eiie ieiei iieiaeiu anao aaa?ee a e?oiiuo
eeieyo yeaeo?iia?aaea/e. Aeey caueou caeaiee e ?acee/iuo nii?oaeaiee io
noaoe/aneiai aoiinoa?iiai yeaeo?e/anoaa i?eiaiythony iieieaioaiaeu. Yoi
aunieee iaoaeee/aneee noa?aeaiue n caino?aiiui eiioeii eee a aeaea
iaoaeee oiiaiueeeo iaoaeee/aneeo i?ooueaa. Noa?aeaiue aeieaeai
i?ioiaeeoue aaeieue noaiu caeaiey, aieco e iaio i?eiaeaaaony iaaeiay
ieanoeia, eioi?ay caeaiuaaaony a caieth. Anee ia caeaiea a?iciaui
iaeaeii iaaiaeeony ca?yae, ii noaeaao /a?ac ino?ea iieieaioaiaea (ca
n/ao eiiecaoeee aicaeooa a yeaeo?e/aneii iiea o ino?ey), oiaiueoay
iianiinoue iiiaaeaiey iieiee. Anee aea ?ac?yae i?iecieaeao, oi iieiey
iiiaaeao a iieieaioaiae e oeaeao a caieth, ia iia?aaeea caeaiea.
Ia?yaeo n anoanoaaiiuie noaoe/aneeie yeaeo?e/aneeie iieyie a oneiaeyo
oaoiinoa?u e a auoo /aeiaae iiaeaa?aaaony aicaeaenoaeth eneonnoaaiiuo
noaoe/aneeo yeaeo?e/aneeo iieae.
Eneonnoaaiiua noaoe/aneea yeaeo?e/aneea iiey iaoneiaeaiu aic?anoathuei
i?eiaiaieai aeey ecaioiaeaiey i?aaeiaoia aeiiaoiaai iaeoiaea, ea?ooae,
iaoae, iaeaaeaeu, aeey ioaeaeee eioa?uea?ia, aeeeuo e iauanoaaiiuo
caeaiee, aeey ecaioiaeaiey no?ieoaeueiuo aeaoaeae, i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai
iai?oaeiaaiey, aiia?aoo?u, eino?oiaioia, aeaoaeae iaoei ?acee/iuo
neioaoe/aneeo iaoa?eaeia, yaeythueony aeeyeaeo?eeaie.
I?e o?aiee aeeyeaeo?eeia, a ?acoeueoaoa ?acaeaeaiey ca?yaeia, ia eo
iiaa?oiinoe iiaoo iiyaeyoueny cia/eoaeueiua iaeiiiaine?iaaiiua
iieiaeeoaeueiua eee io?eoeaoaeueiua ca?yaeu. Aaee/eia ca?yaea
ii?aaeaeyaony aeaeii aeeyeaeo?eea. Iniaaiii neeueii, iai?eia?,
yeaeo?ecoaony iieeyoeeai.
Yeaeo?e/aneea iiey io ecauoi/iuo ca?yaeia ia i?aaeiaoao, iaeaaeaea, oaea
/aeiaaea, ieacuaatho aieueooth iaa?oceo ia ia?aioth nenoaio /aeiaaea.
Enneaaeiaaiey iieacuaatho, /oi iaeaieaa /oanoaeoaeueiu e
yeaeo?inoaoe/aneei iieyi oeaio?aeueiay ia?aiay nenoaia e
na?aea/ii-ninoaeenoay nenoaia i?aaiecia. Onoaiiaeaii oaeaea aeaaioai?iia
aeeyiea ia naii/oanoaea niyoea ecauoi/iiai yeaeo?inoaoe/aneiai ca?yaea n
oaea /aeiaaea (cacaieaiea, oiaeaeaiea aineeii).
I?e ooieoeeiiaeueiuo caaieaaaieyo ia?aiie nenoaiu i?eiaiytho ea/aiea
iinoiyiiui yeaeo?e/aneei iieai. Iiae aeaenoaeai aiaoiaai no?iaiai
aeice?iaaiiiai yeaeo?e/aneiai iiey i?ienoiaeeo ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiea
ca?yaeia a oeaiyo i?aaiecia, /oi oeo/oaao
ieeneeoaeueii-ainnoaiiaeoaeueiua i?ioeannu, eo/oa eniieuecoaony
eenei?iae, caaeeaatho ?aiu.
Iinoiyiiua iaaieoiua iiey a iau/iuo oneiaeyo ia i?aaenoaaeytho iianiinoe
e iaoiaeyo i?eiaiaiea a ?acee/iuo i?eai?ao iaaieoioa?aiee.
Aicaeaenoaea ia /aeiaaea yeaeo?iiaaieoiuo iieae i?iiuoeaiiie /anoiou e
?aaeei/anoio
Eeiee yeaeo?iia?aaea/e, yeaeo?iiai?oaeiaaiea, ?acee/iua yeaeo?ii?eai?u –
ana oaoie/aneea nenoaiu, aaia?e?othuea, ia?aaeathuea e eniieuecothuea
yeaeo?iiaaieoioth yia?aeth, nicaeatho a ie?oaeathuae n?aaea
yeaeo?iiaaieoiua iiey (ia?aiaiiua yeaeo?e/aneea e ia?ac?uaii naycaiiua n
ieie ia?aiaiiua iaaieoiua iiey).
Aeaenoaea ia i?aaieci /aeiaaea yeaeo?iiaaieoiuo iieae ii?aaeaeyaony
/anoioie eceo/aiey, aai eioaineaiinoueth, i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoueth e
oa?aeoa?ii aeaenoaey, eiaeeaeaeoaeueiuie iniaaiiinoyie i?aaiecia. Niaeo?
yeaeo?iiaaieoiuo iieae aeeth/aao ieceea /anoiou aei 3 Aoe, i?iiuoeaiiua
/anoiou – io 3 Aoe aei 300 Aoe, ?aaeei/anoiou – io 30 Aoe aei 300 IAoe,
a oaeaea ioiinyueany e ?aaeei/anoioai oeueo?aaunieea /anoiou (OA*) – io
300 IAoe aei 300 AAoe.
Yeaeo?iiaaieoiia eceo/aiea ?aaeei/anoio oe?iei eniieuecoaony a nayce,
oaea?aaeeiaauaiee, a iaaeeoeeia, ?aaeeieieaoeee, ?aaeeiiaaeaaoeee e
o.ae.
Yeaeo?iiaaieoiua iiey ieacuaatho ia i?aaieci /aeiaaea oaieiaia e
aeieiae/aneia aicaeaenoaea. Ia?aiaiiia yeaeo?e/aneia iiea aucuaaao
iaa?aa aeeyeaeo?eeia (o?yuae, nooiaeeeee e ae?.) ca n/ao oieia
i?iaiaeeiinoe e ca n/ao ia?aiaiiie iiey?ecaoeee. Auaeaeaiea oaieiou
iiaeao i?eaiaeeoue e ia?aa?aaaieth, iniaaiii oao i?aaiia e oeaiae,
eioi?ua iaaeinoaoi/ii oi?ioi niaaaeaiu e?iaaiiniuie ninoaeaie (o?onoaeee
aeaca, aeae/iue iocu?ue, ii/aaie iocu?ue). Iaeaieaa /oanoaeoaeueiu e
aeieiae/aneiio aicaeaenoaeth ?aaeeiaiei oeaio?aeueiay ia?aiay e
na?aea/ii-ninoaeenoay nenoaiu. I?e aeeeoaeueiii aeaenoaee ?aaeeiaiei ia
neeoeii aieueoie eioaineaiinoe (ii?yaeea 10 Ao/i2) iiyaeythony aieiaiua
aiee, auno?ay ooiieyaiinoue, eciaiaiea aeaaeaiey e ioeuena,
ia?aii-ineoe/aneea ?anno?ienoaa. Iiaeao iaaethaeaoueny iiooaeaiea,
auiaaeaiea aiein, eciaiaiea a ninoaaa e?iae.
Aicaeaenoaea NA*-eceo/aiey eioaineaiinoueth aieaa 100 Ao/i2 iiaeao
i?eaanoe e iiiooiaieth o?onoaeeea aeaca e iioa?a c?aiey, oio aea
?acoeueoao iiaeao aeaoue aeeeoaeueiia iaeo/aiea oia?aiiie eioaineaiinoe
(ii?yaeea 10 Ao/i2), i?e yoii aiciiaeiu ia?ooaiey ni noi?iiu
yiaeie?eiiie nenoaiu, eciaiaiey oaeaaiaeiiai e aee?iaiai iaiaia,
nii?iaiaeaeathueany iiooaeaieai, iiauoaiea aicaoaeeiinoe, eciaiaiea
?eoia na?aea/iie aeayoaeueiinoe, eciaiaiey a e?iae (oiaiueoaiea
eiee/anoaa eaeeioeeoia).
Aeaenoaeth yeaeo?iiaaieoiuo iieae i?iiuoeaiiie /anoiou /aeiaae
iiaeaa?aaaony a i?iecaiaenoaaiiie, ai?iaeneie e auoiaie ciiao.
Naieoa?iuie ii?iaie onoaiiaeaiu i?aaeaeueii aeiionoeiua o?iaie
iai?yaeaiiinoe yeaeo?e/aneiai iiey aioo?e aeeeuo caeaiee, ia oa??eoi?ee
aeeeie ciiu. Ethaee, no?aaeathuea io ia?ooaiee nia e aieiaiuo aieae,
aeieaeiu ia?aae niii oae?aoue eee ioeeth/aoue yeaeo?e/aneea i?eai?u,
aaia?e?othuea yeaeo?e/aneea iiey.
Aicaeaenoaea yeaeo?iiaaieoiuo iieae iiaeao auoue eciee?iaaiiui – io
iaeiiai enoi/ieea, ni/aoaiiui – io aeaoo e aieaa enoi/ieeia iaeiiai
/anoioiiai aeeaiaciia, niaoaiiui – io aeaoo e aieaa enoi/ieeia
yeaeo?iiaaieoiuo iieae ?acee/iuo /anoioiuo aeeaiaciiia, e
eiiaeie?iaaiiui – a neo/aa iaeiia?aiaiiiai aeaenoaey eaeiai-eeai
ae?oaiai iaaeaaii?eyoiiai oaeoi?a.
Aicaeaenoaea iiaeao auoue iinoiyiiui eee i?a?uaenoui, iauei (iaeo/aaony
ana oaei) eee ianoiui (iaeo/aaony /anoue oaea). A caaeneiinoe io ianoa
iaoiaeaeaiey /aeiaaea ioiineoaeueii enoi/ieea eceo/aiey ii iiaeao
iiaeaa?aaoueny aicaeaenoaeth yeaeo?e/aneie eee iaaieoiie ninoaaeythueo
iiey eee eo ni/aoaieth, a a neo/aa i?aauaaiey a aieiiaie ciia –
aicaeaenoaeth noi?ie?iaaiiie yeaeo?iiaaieoiie aieiu. Eiio?ieue o?iaiae
yeaeo?e/aneiai iiey inouanoaeyaony ii cia/aieth iai?yaeaiiinoe
yeaeo?e/aneiai iiey, au?aaeaiiie a A/i. Eiio?ieue o?iaiae iaaieoiiai
iiey inouanoaeyaony ii cia/aieth iai?yaeaiiinoe iaaieoiiai iiey,
au?aaeaiiie a A/i.
Yia?aaoe/aneei iieacaoaeai aeey aieiiaie ciiu eceo/aiey yaeyaony
ieioiinoue iioiea yia?aee, eee eioaineaiinoue, – yia?aey, i?ioiaeyuay
/a?ac aaeeieoeo iiaa?oiinoe, ia?iaiaeeeoey?iie e iai?aaeaieth,
?ani?ino?aiaiey yeaeo?iiaaieoiie aieiu ca iaeio naeoiaeo. Ecia?yaony a
Ao/i2. Ii?ie?iaaiea o?iaiae a niioaaonoaee n AINO 12.1.006-84.
Aeeeoaeueiia aeaenoaea yeaeo?e/aneeo iieae iiaeao aucuaaoue aieiaioth
aieue a aeni/iie e caouei/iie iaeanoe, iuouaiea ayeinoe, ?anno?ienoai
nia, oooaeoaiea iaiyoe, aeai?anneth, aiaoeth, ?acae?aaeeoaeueiinoue,
aiee a iaeanoe na?aeoea. Aeey ia?niiaea ia?aie/eaaaony a?aiy i?aauaaiey
a yeaeo?e/aneii iiea a caaeneiinoe io iai?yaeaiiinoe iiey (180 ieioo a
nooee i?e iai?yaeaiiinoe 10 eA/i, 10 ieioo a nooee i?e iai?yaeaiiinoe 20
eA/i).
Aicaeaenoaea yeaeo?iiaaieoiiai eceo/aiey iioe/aneiai aeeaiaciia
Yeaeo?iiaaieoiua aieiu a aeeaiaciia io 400 aei 760 ii iacuaathony
naaoiauie. Iie aeaenoaotho iaiin?aaenoaaiii ia /aeiaa/aneee aeac,
i?iecaiaey niaoeeoe/aneia ?acae?aaeaiea aai nao/aoee, aaaeouaa e
naaoiaiio aini?eyoeth. Oanii i?eiueatho e aeaeeiiio niaeo?o
yeaeo?iiaaieoiua aieiu n aeeiie aieiu iaiaa 400 iaiiiao?ia (ii) –
oeueo?aoeieaoiaia eceo/aiea, e n aeeeiie aieiu aieaa 800 ii –
eio?ae?aniia eceo/aiea. Ana yoe aeaeu eceo/aiey ia eiatho
i?eioeeieaeueiiai ?acee/ey ii naiei oece/aneei naienoaai e ioiinyony e
iioe/aneiio aeeaiaciio yeaeo?iiaaieoiuo aiei. *aeiaa/aneee i?aaieci
i?eniiniaeeny e aini?eyoeth anoanoaaiiiai naaoiaiai eceo/aiey e
au?aaioae n?aaenoaa caueou i?e i?aauoaiee eioaineaiinoe eceo/aiey
aeiionoeiiai o?iaiy: noaeaiea c?a/ea, oiaiueoaiea /oanoaeoaeueiinoe, ca
n/ao ia?ano?ieee aini?eyoey.
Nia?aiaiiua oaoie/aneea n?aaenoaa iicaieytho oneeeaaoue iioe/aneia
eceo/aiea, o?iaaiue eioi?iai iiaeao cia/eoaeueii i?aauoaoue
aaeaioaoeeiiiua aiciiaeiinoe /aeiaaea. N 60-o aiaeia a iaoo aeeciue
aioee iioe/aneea eaaioiaua aaia?aoi?u, eee eaca?u.
Eaca? – ono?ienoai, aaia?e?othuaa iai?aaeaiiue io/ie yeaeo?iiaaieoiia
eceo/aiey iioe/aneiai aeeaiaciia. Oe?ieia i?eiaiaiea eaca?ia iaoneiaeaii
aiciiaeiinoueth iieo/eoue aieueooth iiuiinoue ca n/ao iiiio?iiaoe/iinoe
eceo/aiey, iaeie ?anoiaeeiinoe eo/a i?e inaauaiee eaca?ii n caiee
niooieea ia aunioa 1000 ei ia?acoaony iyoii naaoa aeeaiao?ii anaai 1,2
i). Eaca?u i?eiaiythony a nenoaiao nayce, iaaeaaoeee, a oaoiieiaee
ia?aaioee iaoa?eaeia, a iaaeeoeeia, a eiio?ieueii-ecia?eoaeueiie oaoieea
e aiaiiie oaoieea e iiiaeo ae?oaeo iaeanoyo. A caaeneiinoe io
eniieuecoaiiai aeoeaiiai yeaiaioa eaca?u iioe/aneiai aeeaiaciia
aaia?e?otho eceo/aiea io oeueo?aoeieaoiaie aei aeaeueiae eio?ae?aniie
iaeanoe. Oae, acioiue eaca? aaia?e?oao eceo/aiea a oeueo?aoeieaoiaie
iaeanoe, a?aiiiaue – a neia-caeaiie iaeanoe niaeo?a, ?oaeiiaue –
e?aniie, eaca? ia aeaoieene oaea?iaea – a eio?ae?aniie iaeanoe.
*ai ioee/athony aaa?ey e eaoano?ioa?
Aaa?ey – auoiae ec no?iy, iia?aaeaeaiea eaeiai-eeai iaoaiecia, iaoeiu e
o.i. ai a?aiy ?aaiou, aeaeaeaiey.
Aaa?ey – /?acau/aeiia i?ienoanoaea, eae iai?eia?, iiuiue aua?in iianiuo
aauanoa, iiaea? eee ac?ua, aneaaenoaea ia?ooaiey yenieoaoaoeee
i?aaei?eyoey (iauaeoa), eioi?ay i?eaiaeeo e iaaaoeaiie e/eee ca aai
i?aaeaeaie.
I?iecaiaenoai, o?ainii?oe?iaea, o?aiaiea e eniieueciaaiea ?aaeeiaeoeaiuo
iaoa?eaeia no?iai ?aaeaiaioe?iaaii niaoeeaeueiuie i?aaeeaie oaoiieiaee,
oaoieee aaciianiinoe e eiio?iey ca eo i?eiaiaieai. Iaeiaei i?e aaa?eyo
ia aoiiiuo ?aaeoi?ao iiaoo aicieeiooue ?ac?ooaiey eiino?oeoeee,
oaoiieiae/aneeo eeiee, iiaea?, auoiae a ie?oaeathuoth n?aaeo ?A
(?aaeeiioeeeaeia), a oaeaea iaeo/aiea ethaeae aaiia-iaeo?iiiui iioieii e
iinooieaiea ?A a i?aaiu aeuoaiey, ieuaaa?eoaeueiue eaiae, iiiaaeaiea eo
ia eiaeiua iie?iau e neecenou iaiei/ee.
O?ainii?oiua aaa?ee (eaoano?iou)
Aaeaaiaeii a Oe?aeia iauanoaaiiui o?ainii?oii ia?aaiceony ieiei 900 iei.
a?ocia (a oii /enea aieueoia eiee/anoai iianiuo) e aieaa 3 ie?ae.
iannaaee?ia. Ia aeaeaciiaei?iaeiue o?ainii?o i?eoiaeeony ieiei 60 %
a?ociauo ia?aaicie, aaoiiiaeeueiue – 26 %, ?a/iie e ii?neie – 14 %.
Ec-ca oiai, /oi o?ainii?o ia?aaiceo e iioaioeeaeueii iianiua a?ocu
(ac?uaiiianiua, iaiaiianiua, oeie/aneea e ae?oaea aauanoaa – 15 %, io
iauaai eiee/anoaa a?ocia), oa?ica aeecie e caei?iaueth ethaeae
aic?anoaao. Nie?aoeeinue iaiiaeaiea iniiaiuo oiiaeia anao aeaeia
o?ainii?oa. O?iaaiue eciioaiiinoe o?ainii?oiuo n?aaenoa ninoaaeyao ieiei
50 %, a ia iaeioi?uo i?aaei?eyoeyo e cia/eoaeueii aieueoa, aieueoia
eiee/anoai o?ainii?oiuo n?aaenoa iiaeeaaeeo nienaieth.
Iaeaieueoaa eiee/anoai /?acau/aeiuo neooaoeee, iniaaiii n aeaaeueth
ethaeae, i?eoiaeeony ia o?ainii?o, /oi naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i aunieie
iioaioeeaeueiie iianiinoe o?ainii?oa eae io?aneue oicyenoaa. A 1998 a.
i?iecioei 109 aaa?ee e /?acau/aeiuo neooaoeee ia o?ainii?oa, aneaaenoaea
eioi?uo iiaeaei 64 e iino?aaeaei 80 ethaeae.
Eaoano?ioa – aiacaiiia ia?ooaiea oaoiieiae/aneeo i?ioeannia eee
iaiau/iia i?e?iaeiia yaeaiea, iiaeaeoaa ca niaie /aeiaa/aneea aea?oau
eee iaianoaa oua?a caei?iaueth a?oiia ethaeae, iaeiia?aiaiii
ioaeaeathueony a yeno?aiiie iaaeeoeeineie iiiiue eee caueoa io a?aaeiuo
oaeoi?ia aiaoiae n?aaeu. E iniiaiui iaaeeoeeineei iineaaenoaeyi
eaoano?io ioiinyo auno?ioa/iia iiyaeaiea cia/eoaeueiiai /enea
iino?aaeaaoeo, aicieeiiaaiea ia?ooaiee ineoeee o ethaeae a ciia
aaaenoaey, ethaeneea e iaoa?eaeueiua iioa?e.
I?iaeaiu eaoano?io oe?iei ianoaeaeathony a Eiieoaoao Anaie?iie
I?aaiecaoeee cae?aaiio?aiaiey, ia iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo eiia?annao, a oaeaea
ia annaiaeayo, iao/iuo eiioa?aioeeyo e o.ae. A ?acoeueoaoa
nenoaiaoe/aneiai e aeoaieiai eco/aiey aeaiiie i?iaeaiu oi?ie?othony
acaeyaeu ia oai?eth e i?aeoeeo eaoano?io, ooi/iythony ii?aaeaeaiiua
iiiyoey «eaoano?ioa» e «/?acau/aeiay neooaoeey», a oaeaea eo
eeanneoeeaoeey.
Iauei e?eoa?eai aeey ii?aaeaeaiey iiiyoey eaoano?iou a aieueoeinoaa
no?ai i?eiyoi n/eoaoue yaeaiea i?e?iaeu eee aeoeeth /aeiaaea,
i?aaenoaaeythuea ?aaeueioth oa?ico aeecie ethaeae. I?e yoii e
eaoano?ioai noaee ioiineoue i?ienoanoaey, eiaaea iaeiiiiiaioii aicieeaei
10 e aieaa ii?aaeaiiuo (?aeiiaiaeaoeee AIC), io 10 aei 25 /aeiaae – n
o?aaiaie e io 15 aei 50 e aieaa aieueiuo (?aeiiaiaeaoeee IC ?NON?, 1990
a.)
Iioa?e ianaeaiey i?e eaoano?ioao ia?aaeei i?eia?aoatho ianniaue
oa?aeoa?. Eaoano?iou a yoii neo/aa i?iyaeythony eae ino?aeoay oi?ia
nioeeaeueiie iaoieiaee aiiaua e iaaeeei-naieoa?iie i?iaeaiu a
iniaaiiinoe. Iie iaicia/atho iiai?io a niunea eciaiaiey nouanoaaiiuo
oneiaee aeecie a ?aeiia, ?aaeiia, a eiiaaea e a no?aia a oeaeii (i?e
caieao?ynaiee, iaaiaeiaiee e ae?.).
Ianeo/aeii aeiaieueii /anoi eaoano?iou ii?aaeaeythony eae /?acau/aeiua
niauoey a aeecie /aeiaaea e iauanoaa, a i?e?iaea, ?acei iaiythuaa
ninoiyiea aeaaiiieo/ey, iianaaeiaaiie aeayoaeueiinoe, iau/iiai oa/aiey
aeecie, nii?iaiaeaeathueany ianniaie aeaaeueth ethaeae e aicieeiiaaieai
ia?iaeiuo aaaenoaee.
I?eaioe?oynue ia iniiaiua e?eoa?ee i?eaaaeaiiuo auoa ii?aaeaeaiee, iiae
eaoano?ioie neaaeoao iiieiaoue iianiia i?e?iaeiia yaeaiea eee aeaenoaea
/aeiaaea, iiaeaeoaa ca niaie iiiai/eneaiiua /aeiaa/aneea aea?oau,
cia/eoaeueiue iaoa?eaeueiue oua?a, ia?ooaiea oneiaee
aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe aneaaenoaea /aai iiaeao aicieeiooue /?acau/aeiay
neooaoeey.
Iniiaiuie ii?aaeathueie oaeoi?aie eae i?e?iaeiuie, oae e oaoiiaaiiuo
eaoano?io yaeythony:
– aeeiaie/aneea (iaoaie/aneea). Ii?aaeaiea oaea?iiai aieiie ac?uaa ca
n/ao ecauoi/iiai aeaaeaiey ai o?iioa oaea?iie aieiu – iaiin?aaenoaaiiia
aicaeaenoaea iaoaie/aneie neeu ia oaei /aeiaaea; nei?inoiiai iaii?a –
ioa?anuaaiea /aeiaaea n iineaaeothuei aai iaaeaieai; aoi?e/iuo
nia?yaeia, ia?acothueony a ?acoeueoaoa ?ac?ooathuaai aeaenoaey oaea?iie
aieiu ia iauaeoa aiaoiae n?aaeu.
Ii?aaeathuea oaeoi?u eaoano?io iiaoo aicaeaenoaiaaoue ia ?acee/iua
i?aaiu eee nenoaiu iaiiaaiii e ?anoyiooue ai a?aiaie. I?e yoii aa?iyoiu
ni/aoaiiua, iiiaeanoaaiiua e eiiaeie?iaaiiua ii?aaeaiey.
Iioa?e i?e eaoano?ioao auaatho aacaica?aoiuie (iiaeaoea e i?iiaaoea aac
aanoe) e naieoa?iuie (ii?aaeaiiua e aieueiua, iioa?yaoea
o?oaeiniiniaiinoue).
Caaea/a ? 4
Ianaeaiea ai?iaea – 150 000 /aeiaae. Ca aiae ia?aaieaei a?eiiii 15 %
ianaeaiey. Eiee/anoai caaieaaoeo ca aiae ae?oaeie eioaeoeeiiiuie
caaieaaaieyie i?eaaaeaia a oaaeeoea. Iaeoe ?ene ca?aceoueny eaaeaeie ec
eioaeoeee ia i?ioyaeaiee 5 eao, a oaeaea iauee ?ene caaieaoue eaeei-eeai
eioaeoeeiiiui caaieaaaieai ca yoio ia?eiae.
I?AEAaiaoeoOoaa?eoe?cEeo.eio.Eiae.caaie.NIEAe e
aaia?.caaie.85001202044018701287
?aoaiea
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R=n/N
RI?AE=8500/150000=0.056 Reeo.eio.=0.003 Raaiaoeo=0.0008
Rooaa?.=1.3*10-4 Reiae.eio=0.012 RNIEAe=0.0086 Ra?eii=0.15
Rx=1-(1-Rooaa?)5=1-(1-1.3*10-4)5=0.001 Rx=1-(1-RI?AE)5=0.25
Rx=1-(1-Raaiao)5=0.004 Rx=1-(1-Reeo.eio.)5=0.02 Rx=1-(1-RNIEAe)5=0.04
Rx=1-(1-Reiae.caa.)5=0.06 Rx=1-(1-Ra?eii)5=0.56
Riau=1-I(1-Ri)
Riau=1-(1-0.056)(1-0.008)(1-0.003)(1-1.3*10-4)(1-0.012)(1-0.0086)(1-0.15
)=0.22
Caaea/a ? 5
Ii?aaeaeeoue aa?iyoiinoue aaa?ee ia i?ioyaeaiee aiaea a oeaoo, a eioi?ii
?aniieiaeaiu 3 iaoeiu, anee aiaeiaia a?aiy ?aaiou iai?oaeiaaiey
ninoaaeyao 8000 /ania.
Ei?ionIooouI?oaeeiuOanoa?aieeOa?ie?ue*106/an-1
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00009001000000020002001053796d626f6c0000d80f0a9b40f11200d89ff377e19ff377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Qi=ei*o
Qei?ion ?1.1*10-6*8000?0.0088 Qioo?0.00048 Qi?oae?0.0009
Qoano?0.0024 Qoa?ie??0.02
Qiaoeiu?1-(1-0.0088)(1-0.00048)2(1-0.0009)4(1-0.0024)2(1-0.02)=0.04=4%
Qo=1-(1-0.04)3=0.1153=11.53%
Caaea/a ? 9
Aeey eioaineaiinoe caoea ieaeiee aaniethoiue ii?ia /oanoaeoaeueiinoe
aiaeecaoi?a 10-12 Ao/i2 e eiaa?eoie/aneee aeeaiacii 140 aeA, a eioi?ii
aiaeecaoi? ?aaioaao aaeaeaaoii. Iaeoe aa?oiee aaniethoiue ii?ia
/oanoaeoaeueiinoe.
?aoaiea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picscalex1140100090000033702000003001c0000000000050000000902000000000500
0000020101000000050000000102ffffff00050000002e0118000000050000000b020000
0000050000000c02c002c0101200000026060f001a00ffffffff000010000000c0ffffff
a6ffffff80100000660200000b00000026060f000c004d61746854797065000060000800
0000fa0200000800000000000000040000002d0100000500000014025a00860605000000
13026c012f061c000000fb0220ff0000000000009001000000000402001054696d657320
4e657720526f6d616e00d89ff377e19ff3772020f577f805668c040000002d0101000800
0000320a5401021001000000327908000000320a38017f0602000000313008000000320a
60023b050100000030301c000000fb0280fe000000000000900100000000040200105469
6d6573204e657720526f6d616e00d89ff377e19ff3772020f577f805668c040000002d01
020004000000f001010008000000320a0002300e010000002f3008000000320a0002480b
01000000313008000000320a0002e80a010000002e3008000000320a0002280a01000000
303008000000320a00024d020200000031301c000000fb0260ff00000000000090010000
00000402001054696d6573204e657720526f6d616e00d89ff377e19ff3772020f577f805
668c040000002d01010004000000f001020008000000320ad400bf070200000031321c00
0000fb0280fe0000000000009001010000cc0402001054696d6573204e657720526f6d61
6e00d89ff377e19ff3772020f577f805668c040000002d01020004000000f00101000800
0000320a0002ef0e01000000ec3208000000320a0002fc0b02000000c2f21c000000fb02
80fe0000000000009001010000000402001054696d6573204e657720526f6d616e00d89f
f377e19ff3772020f577f805668c040000002d01010004000000f001020008000000320a
00029b040100000049f208000000320a000246000100000049f21c000000fb0220ff0000
000000009001010000000402001054696d6573204e657720526f6d616e00d89ff377e19f
f3772020f577f805668c040000002d01020004000000f001010008000000320a3801cf05
0100000049f21c000000fb0280fe0000000000009001000000020002001053796d626f6c
0000910f0a9d40f11200d89ff377e19ff3772020f577f805668c040000002d0101000400
0000f001020008000000320a00020109010000003df208000000320a0002fb0301000000
d7f208000000320a00024a01010000003df21c000000fb0260ff00000000000090010000
00020002001053796d626f6c0000c20f0ad340f11200d89ff377e19ff3772020f577f805
668c040000002d01020004000000f001010008000000320ad4006807010000002df20a00
000026060f000a00ffffffff0100000000001c000000fb021000070000000000bc020000
00cc0102022253797374656d008cf805668c00000a0021008a0100000000010000005cf3
1200040000002d01010004000000f0010200030000000000
L=10 lg I/I0 I=10*I0I/10-12=0.1Ao/i2
Nienie eeoa?aoo?u
1. Eaiei A.I. Aaciianiinoue aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe /aeiaaea. 1999a.
2. E?eeoiia A.I., Aaeeeia A.N., Caeoiei A.O. Aaciianiinoue
aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe. 1992a.
3. AEaeeai A.A., Caaa?iooa E.I., Caoea?iue A.A. Aaciianiinoue
aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe. 2002a.
4. Aae/aiei A.A., Eiaaeue A.I., Ao?aaeaa A.I. Iniiau aaciianiinoe
aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe. 2006a.
5. ?onae I.I. Aaciianiinoue aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe e?aoeee eiiniaeo
eaeoeee. 1992a.
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