IINEIANEEE AOIAIEOA?II-YEIIIIE*ANEEE EINOEOOO
OAA?NEIE OEEEAE
Eaoaae?a_______________________________________
?aoa?ao
Nooaeaioa A-341 o/aa. a?. III eo?na oaeoeueoaoa Yeiiiieee e
oi?aaeaiey
Eonoiaie E?eiu Aeaenaiae?iaiu
Niaoeeaeueiinoue: Aooaaeoa?neee o/ao, aiaeec e aoaeeo; Eiio?aeo ?
YN-506/07
Ii o/aaiie aeenoeeieeia: Aaciianiinoue aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe»
Oaia: «Oaieiaie aaeain a nenoaia «/aeiaae – n?aaea iaeoaiey»»
?oeiaiaeeoaeue Aueia A. I.
Caueuaia Ioeaiea
« » __________ 200 a. «_________________»
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Oaa?ue 2008
NIAeA?AEAIEA
Aaaaeaiea ………………………………………………………………………3
1. Iiiyoea n?aaeu iaeoaiey, aa yaiethoeey e acaeiiaeaenoaea n
/aeiaaeii…6
2. Oaieiiaiai /aeiaaea n ie?oaeathuae n?aaeie e aeeyiea ia iaai
iee?ieeeiaoa…………………………………………………………………10
3. Oaieiaie aaeain e oaieiaia naii/oanoaea………………………..……..13
Caeeth/aiea ……………………………………………………………………15
Nienie eeoa?aoo?u ………………………………………………………..…16
AAAAeAIEA
Eco/aieai ninoiyiey n?aaeu iaeoaiey e i?ioeannia acaeiiaeaenoaey nouanoa
ni n?aaeie iaeoaiey caieiaaony yeieiaey – iaoea i aeiia. Ii iiaieth A.
A. Iaie?ianeiai, yeieiaey – yoi aeieiae/aneay iaoea, caieiathuayny
«eco/aieai eieeaeoeaiiai ninouanoaiaaiey aeeauo i?aaieciia a iaeiie
eiiioiaeueiie eaa?oe?a iiae iacaaieai «ie?oaeathuay n?aaea»». 1
N eiioea XIX aaea ia/aee i?ienoiaeeoue cia/eoaeueiua eciaiaiey a
ie?oaeathuae /aeiaaea n?aaea iaeoaiey. Aeinoa?a iinoaiaiii oo?a/eaaea
naia ainiiaenoaothuaa cia/aiea e a ianaeaiiuo ethaeueie ?aaeiiao noaea
i?aa?auaoueny a oaoiinoa?o. Aoi?aaynue a i?e?iaeo, caeiiu eioi?ie aua
aeaeaei ia iiciaiu, nicaeaaay iiaua oaoiieiaee, ethaee oi?ie?otho
eneonnoaaiioth n?aaeo iaeoaiey – oaoiinoa?o. Anee o/anoue, /oi
i?aanoaaiiia e iauaeoeueoo?iia ?acaeoea oeeaeeecaoeee ionoaao io oaiiia
iao/ii-oaoie/aneiai i?ia?anna, noaiiaeony i/aaeaeiui oaaee/aiea ?enea
aeey caei?iauey e aeecie nia?aiaiiiai /aeiaaea. A iiauo oaoiinoa?iuo
oneiaeyo ana /aua aeieiae/aneia acaeiiaeaenoaea caiauaaony i?ioeannaie
oece/aneiai e oeie/aneiai acaeiiaeaenoaey, i?e/ai o?iaie oece/aneeo e
oeie/aneeo oaeoi?ia aicaeaenoaey a i?ioeii aaea iai?a?uaii ia?anoaee,
/anoi ieacuaay iaaaoeaiia aeeyiea ia /aeiaaea e i?e?iaeo. Oiaaea a
iauanoaa aicieeea iaiaoiaeeiinoue a caueoa i?e?iaeu e /aeiaaea io
iaaaoeaiiai aeeyiey oaoiinoa?u.
Aio?iiiaaiiua, oi anoue aucaaiiua aeayoaeueiinoueth /aeiaaea, eciaiaiey
ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu i?eia?aee ai aoi?ie iieiaeia XX aaea oaeea ?acia?u,
/oi /aeiaae i?yii eee einaaiii nai noae eo aea?oaie. Aio?iiiaaiiay
aeayoaeueiinoue, ia noiaaoay nicaeaoue oaoiinoa?o iaiaoiaeeiiai ea/anoaa
eae ii ioiioaieth e /aeiaaeo, oae e ii ioiioaieth e i?e?iaea, yaeeanue
ia?aii?e/eiie iiiaeo
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1- Iineianeee eiiniiieaoe,18 iay 1998, n. 7
iaaaoeaiuo i?ioeannia a i?e?iaea e iauanoaa. Oaeei ia?acii, oaoiinoa?o
iaiaoiaeeii ?anniao?eaaoue eae auaoee ?aaeii aeinoa?u, i?aia?aciaaiiue
ethaeueie n iiiiuueth i?yiiai eee einaaiiiai aicaeaenoaey oaoie/aneeo
n?aaenoa a oeaeyo iaeeo/oaai niioaaonoaey naiei iaoa?eaeueiui e
nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneei iio?aaiinoyi.
Eae ioia/aao aeaaeaiee A. E. ssioei (?. 1911), aeaaea aoi?ay ie?iaay
aieia n aa eieinnaeueiuie iaaaoeaiuie iineaaenoaeyie ia ia?ooeea
neiaeeaoaainy a i?e?iaea ?aaiiaaney. Iaeiaei caoai iieiaeaiea a ei?ia
eciaieeinue. Ia/aeny ao?iue ?ino /eneaiiinoe ianaeaiey, i?e/ai ?inei
/enei ai?iaeneeo aeeoaeae. Yoi aucaaei oaaee/aiea o?aaiece?iaaiiuo
ieiuaaeae, aeeth/ay naaeee, aei?iae, i?inaeee e oae aeaeaa, /oi i?eaaei
e aeaa?aaeaoeee i?e?iaeu, ?acei nie?aoeei a?aaeu ?ani?ino?aiaiey iiiaeo
?anoaiee e aeeaioiuo ec-ca au?oaee eania, ?inoa iiaieiauey neioa,
i?eiaiaiey aa?aeoeeaeia, ianoeoeeaeia, oaeia?aiee. Aicieeea i?iaeaia
caoi?iiaiey yaea?iuo iooiaeia e iiiai ae?oaeo i?iaeai.
Aicaeaenoaea /aeiaaea ia n?aaeo, niaeanii caeiiai oeceee, aucuaaao
ioaaoiua i?ioeaiaeaenoaey anao aa eiiiiiaioia. I?aaieci /aeiaaea
aacaieaciaiii ia?aiineo oa eee eiua aicaeaenoaey aei oao ii?, iiea iie
ia i?aauoatho i?aaeaeu aaeaioaoeee. Eioaa?aeueiui iieacaoaeai
aaciianiinoe aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe yaeyaony i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoue aeecie.
Ia ?aiieo yoaiao aio?iiiaaiaca (aeey ia?aiauoiiai /aeiaaea) iia
ninoaaeyea i?eaeeceoaeueii 25 eao.
?acaeoea oeeaeeecaoeee, iiae eioi?ie iiieiaaony i?ia?ann iaoee, oaoieee,
yeiiiieee, naeueneiai oicyenoaa, eniieueciaaiea ?acee/iuo aeaeia
yia?aee, aieioue aei yaea?iie, nicaeaiea iaoei, iaoaieciia, i?eiaiaiea
?acee/iuo aeaeia oaeia?aiee e n?aaenoa aeey ai?ueau n a?aaeeoaeyie,
cia/eoaeueii oaaee/eaatho eiee/anoai a?aaeiuo oaeoi?ia, iaaaoeaii
aicaeaenoaothueo ia /aeiaaea. Nicaeaaay oaoiinoa?o, /aeiaae no?aieeny e
iiauoaieth eiioi?oiinoe n?aaeu iaeoaiey, e ?inoo eiiioieeaaaeueiinoe, e
iaania/aieth caueou io anoanoaaiiuo iaaaoeaiuo aicaeaenoaee.
Ii ?acaeaay yeiiiieeo, /aeiaa/aneay iiioeyoeey nicaeaaaea e
nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneoth nenoaio aaciianiinoe. Aneaaenoaea /aai,
ianiio?y ia oaaee/aiea eiee/anoaa a?aaeiuo aicaeaenoaee, o?iaaiue
aaciianiinoe /aeiaaea aic?anoae. Ana yoi aeaaii?eyoii io?aceeinue ia
oneiaeyo aeecie e a niaieoiiinoe n ae?oaeie oaeoi?aie (oeo/oaiea
iaaeeoeeineiai ianeoaeeaaiey e oiio iiaeiaiia) neacaeinue ia
i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoe aeecie ethaeae. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy n?aaeiyy
i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoue aeecie a iaeaieaa ?acaeouo no?aiao ninoaaeyao
ieiei 77 eao.
Oae, nicaeaiiay ?oeaie e ?acoiii /aeiaaea oaoiinoa?a, i?ecaaiiay
iaeneiaeueii oaeiaeaoai?youe aai iio?aaiinoe a eiioi?oa e aaciianiinoe,
ia ii?aaaeaea ai iiiaii iaaeaaeaeu ethaeae. Iiyaeaoeany
i?iecaiaenoaaiiay e ai?iaeneay n?aaeu iaeoaiey ieacaeenue aeaeaee ii
o?iaith aaciianiinoe io aeiionoeiuo o?aaiaaiee.
1. IIIssOEA N?AAeU IAEOAIEss
Eioa?an e n?aaea naiaai iaeoaiey aue naienoaaiai /aeiaaeo anaaaea. E yoi
iiiyoii, oae eae io ea/anoaa yoie n?aaeu caaenaei ia oieueei
aeaaiiieo/ea naiuee, ?iaea, ieaiaie, ii e naii aai nouanoaiaaiea.
A n?aaeiea aaea ainiiaenoai noieanoeee e aiaineiaey ineaaeei eioa?an e
eco/aieth i?e?iaeu. Iaeiaei a yiioo Aic?iaeaeaiey, ?aiannaina aaeeeea
aaia?aoe/aneea ioe?uoey niiaa aic?iaeeee aeieiae/aneea enneaaeiaaiey
iaoo?aeenoia.
N?aaea iaeoaiey ia?ac?uaii naycaia n iiiyoeai «aeinoa?a». Yoio oa?iei
aaaaeai aano?aeeeneei aaieiaii Cthnnii a 175 aiaeo. Aeinoa?a –
i?e?iaeiay iaeanoue ?ani?ino?aiaiey aeecie ia Caiea, aeeth/athuay
ieaeiee neie aoiinoa?u, aeae?inoa?o, aa?oiee neie eeoinoa?u. N eiaiai
?onneiai o/aiiai A. E. Aa?iaaeneiai naycaii nicaeaiea o/aiey i aeinoa?a
e aa ia?aoiaea a iiinoa?o. Iniiaiui a o/aiee i iiinoa?a yaeyaony
aaeeinoai aeinoa?u e /aeiaa/anoaa. Ii iiaieth Aa?iaaeneiai, a yiioo
iiinoa?u /aeiaae oaea iiaeao e aeieaeai «iuneeoue e aeaenoaiaaoue a
iiaii aniaeoa, ia oieueei a aniaeoa ioaeaeueiie ee/iinoe, naiuee,
ainoaea?noaa, ii e a ieaiaoiii aniaeoa». 1
A aeeciaiiii oeeeea /aeiaae e ie?oaeathuay aai n?aaea iaeoaiey ia?acotho
iinoiyiii aeaenoaothuoth nenoaio «/aeiaae – n?aaea iaeoaiey».
N?aaea iaeoaiey – ie?oaeathuay /aeiaaea n?aaea, iaoneiaeaiiay a aeaiiue
iiiaio niaieoiiinoueth oaeoi?ia (oece/aneeo, oeie/aneeo, aeieiae/aneeo,
nioeeaeueiuo), niiniaiuo ieacuaaoue i?yiia eee einaaiiia, iaiaaeeaiiia
eee ioaeaeaiiia aicaeaenoaea ia aeayoaeueiinoue /aeiaaea, aai caei?iauea
e iioiinoai.
Aeaenoaoy a yoie nenoaia, /aeiaae iai?a?uaii ?aoaao, eae ieieioi, aeaa
iniiaiua caaea/e:
– iaania/eaaao naie iio?aaiinoe a ieua, aiaea e aicaeooa;
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1 Aa?iaaeneee A. E. AEeaia aauanoai. I., 1978
– nicaeaao e eniieuecoao caueoo io iaaaoeaiuo aicaeaenoaee, eae ni
noi?iiu iaeoaiey, oae e naaa iiaeiaiuo.
N?aaea iaeoaiey – yoi /anoue i?e?iaeu, eioi?ay ie?oaeaao aeeaie i?aaieci
e n eioi?ie ii iaiin?aaenoaaiii acaeiiaeaenoaoao. Ninoaaiua /anoe e
naienoaa n?aaeu iiiaiia?aciu e eciai/eau. Ethaia aeeaia nouanoai aeeaao
a neiaeiii e iaiythuainy ie?a, iinoiyiii i?eniinaaeeaaynue e iaio e
?aaoee?oy naith aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoue a niioaaonoaee n aai eciaiaieyie.
Ia iaoae ieaiaoa aeeaua i?aaieciu inaieee /aou?a iniiaiua n?aaeu
iaeoaiey, neeueii ?acee/athueany ii niaoeeoeea oneiaee. Aiaeiay n?aaea
auea ia?aie, a eioi?ie aicieeea e ?ani?ino?aieeanue aeeciue. A
iineaaeothuai aeeaua i?aaieciu iaeaaeaee iacaiii – aicaeooiie n?aaeie,
nicaeaee e canaeeee ii/ao. *aoaa?oie niaoeeoe/aneie n?aaeie aeecie noaee
naie aeeaua i?aaieciu, eaaeaeue ec eioi?uo i?aaenoaaeyao niaie oeaeue
ie? aeey ianaeythueo aai ia?aceoia eee neiaeiiia.
I?eniiniaeaiey i?aaieciia e n?aaea iinyo iacaaiea aaeaioaoeee.
Niiniaiinoue e aaeaioaoeeyi – iaeii ec iniiaiuo naienoa aeecie aiiaua,
oae eae iaania/eaaao naioth aiciiaeiinoue nouanoaiaaiey, aiciiaeiinoue
i?aaieciia auaeeaaoue e ?aciiiaeaoueny. Aaeaioaoeee i?iyaeythony ia
?aciuo o?iaiyo: io aeioeiee eeaoie e iiaaaeaiey ioaeaeueiuo i?aaieciia
aei no?iaiey e ooieoeeiie?iaaiey niiauanoa e yeieiae/aneeo nenoai.
Aaeaioaoeee aicieeatho e eciaiythony a oiaea yaiethoeee aeaeia.
Ioaeaeueiua naienoaa eee yeaiaiou n?aaeu iinyo iacaaiea yeieiae/aneeo
oaeoi?ia. Oaeoi?u n?aaeu iiiaiia?aciu. Iie iiaoo auoue iaiaoiaeeiu eee,
iaiai?io, a?aaeiu aeey aeeauo nouanoa, niinianoaiaaoue eee
i?aiyonoaiaaoue auaeeaaieth e ?aciiiaeaieth. Yeieiae/aneea oaeoi?u
eiatho ?acioth i?e?iaeo e niaoeeoeeo aeaenoaey. Yeieiae/aneea oaeoi?u
aeaeyony ia aaeioe/aneea (ana naienoaa iaaeeaie i?e?iaeu, eioi?ua i?yii
eee einaaiii aeeytho ia aeeaua i?aaieciu) e aeioe/aneea (yoi oi?iu
aicaeaenoaey aeeauo nouanoa ae?oa ia ae?oaa).
Iaaaoeaiua aicaeaenoaey, i?enouea n?aaea iaeoaiey, nouanoaotho noieueei,
neieueei nouanoaoao Ie?. Enoi/ieeaie anoanoaaiiuo iaaaoeaiuo
aicaeaenoaee yaeythony noeoeeiua yaeaiey a aeinoa?a: eciaiaiey eeeiaoa,
a?icu, caieao?ynaiey e oiio iiaeiaiia.
Iinoiyiiay ai?ueaa ca naia nouanoaiaaiea auioaeaeaea /aeiaaea iaoiaeeoue
e niaa?oainoaiaaoue n?aaenoaa caueou io anoanoaaiiuo iaaaoeaiuo
aicaeaenoaee n?aaeu iaeoaiey. E niaeaeaieth, iiyaeaiea aeeeeua, iaiy e
ae?oaeo n?aaenoa caueou, niaa?oainoaiaaiea niiniaia iieo/aiey ieue – ana
yoi ia oieueei caueuaei /aeiaaea io anoanoaaiiuo iaaaoeaiuo
aicaeaenoaee, ii e aeeyei ia n?aaeo iaeoaiey.
Ia i?ioyaeaiee iiiaeo aaeia n?aaea iaeoaiey /aeiaaea iaaeeaiii eciaiyea
naie iaeee e, eae neaaenoaea, iaei iaiyeenue aeaeu e o?iaie iaaaoeaiuo
aicaeaenoaee. Oae, i?iaeieaeaeinue aei na?aaeeiu XIX aaea – ia/aea
aeoeaiiai ?inoa aicaeaenoaey /aeiaaea ia n?aaeo iaeoaiey. A XX aaea ia
Caiea aicieeee ciiu iiauoaiiiai caa?yciaiey aeinoa?u, /oi i?eaaei e
/anoe/iie, a a ?yaeo neo/aaa e e iieiie ?aaeiiaeueiie aeaa?aaeaoeee.
Yoei eciaiaieyi ai iiiaii niinianoaiaaee:
– aunieea oaiiu ?inoa /eneaiiinoe ianaeaiey ia Caiea (aeaiia?aoe/aneee
ac?ua) e aai o?aaiecaoeey;
– ?ino iio?aaeaiey e eiioeaio?aoeee yia?aaoe/aneeo ?ano?nia;
– eioaineaiia ?acaeoea i?iiuoeaiiiai e naeueneioicyenoaaiiiai
i?iecaiaenoaa;
– ianniaia eniieueciaaiea n?aaenoa o?ainii?oa;
– ?ino cao?ao ia aiaiiua oeaee e ?yae ae?oaeo i?ioeannia.
*aeiaae e ie?oaeathuay aai n?aaea (i?e?iaeiay, i?iecaiaenoaaiiay,
ai?iaeneay, auoiaay e ae?oaea) a i?ioeanna aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe
iinoiyiii acaeiiaeaenoaotho ae?oa n ae?oaii. I?e yoii aeeciue iiaeao
nouanoaiaaoue oieueei a i?ioeanna aeaeaeaiey /a?ac aeeaia oaei iioieia
aauanoaa, yia?aee e eioi?iaoeee. *aeiaae e ie?oaeathuay aai n?aaea
aa?iiie/ii acaeiiaeaenoaotho e ?acaeaathony eeoue a oneiaeyo, eiaaea
iioiee yia?aee, aauanoaa e eioi?iaoeee iaoiaeyony a i?aaeaeao,
aeaaii?eyoii aini?eieiaaiuo /aeiaaeii e i?e?iaeiie n?aaeie. Ethaia
i?aauoaiea i?eau/iuo o?iaiae iioieia nii?iaiaeaeaaony iaaaoeaiuie
aicaeaenoaeyie ia /aeiaaea eeee i?e?iaeioth n?aaeo. A anoanoaaiiuo
oneiaeyo oaeea aicaeaenoaey iaaethaeathony i?e eciaiaiee eeeiaoa e
noeoeeiuo yaeaieyo.
A oneiaeyo oaoiinoa?u iaaaoeaiua aicaeaenoaey iaoneiaeaiu aa yeaiaioaie
(iaoeiu, nii?oaeaiey e oiio iiaeiaiia) e aeaenoaeyie /aeiaaea. Eciaiyy
aaee/eio ethaiai iioiea io ieieiaeueii cia/eiie aei iaeneiaeueii
aiciiaeiie, iiaeii i?ieoe ?yae oa?aeoa?iuo ninoiyiee acaeiiaeaenoaey a
nenoaia «/aeiaae – n?aaea iaeoaiey»: eiioi?oiia (iioeiaeueiia),
aeiionoeiia (i?eaiaeyuaa e aeeneiioi?oo aac iaaaoeaiiai aeeyiey ia
caei?iauea /aeiaaea), iianiia (aucuaathuaa i?e aeeeoaeueiii aicaeaenoaee
aeaa?aaeaoeeth i?e?iaeiie n?aaeu) e /?acau/aeii iianiia (eaoaeueiu
enoiae e ?ac?ooaiea i?e?iaeiie n?aaeu).
Ec /aou?ao oa?aeoa?iuo ninoiyiee acaeiiaeaenoaey /aeiaaea ni n?aaeie
iaeoaiey eeoue ia?aua aeaa (eiioi?oiia e aeiionoeiia) niioaaonoaotho
iiceoeaiui oneiaeyi iianaaeiaaiie aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe, a aeaa ae?oaeo
(iianiia e /?acau/aeii iianiia) – iaaeiionoeiu aeey i?ioeannia
aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe /aeiaaea, nio?aiaiey e ?acaeoey i?e?iaeiie n?aaeu.
2. OAIEIIAIAI *AEIAAEA N IE?OAEATHUAE N?AAeIE E AEEssIEA IA IAAI
IEE?IEEEIAOA
Aiai?y i aeinoa?a a oeaeii, iaiaoiaeeii ioiaoeoue, /oi /aeiaae iaeoaao a
naiii ieaeiai, i?eeaaathuai e Caiea neia aoiinoa?u, eioi?ue iacuaaaony
o?iiinoa?ie.
Aoiinoa?a yaeyaony iaiin?aaenoaaiii ie?oaeathuae /aeiaaea n?aaeie e yoei
ii?aaeaeyaony aa ia?ainoaiaiiia cia/aiea aeey inouanoaeaiey i?ioeannia
aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe.
Oanii nii?eeanaynue n aicaeooiie n?aaeie, i?aaieci /aeiaaea iiaea?aaaony
aicaeaenoaeth aa oece/aneeo e oeie/aneeo oaeoi?ia: ninoaa aicaeooa,
oaiia?aoo?u, aeaaeiinoe, nei?inoe aeaeaeaiey aicaeooa, aa?iiao?e/aneiai
aeaaeaiey e ae?oaeo. Iniaia aieiaiea neaaeoao oaeaeeoue ia?aiao?ai
iee?ieeeiaoa iiiauaiee – aoaeeoi?ee, i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo e aeeeuo caeaiee.
Iee?ieeeiao, ieacuaay iaiin?aaenoaaiiia aicaeaenoaea ia iaeei ec
aaaeiaeoeo oeceieiae/aneeo i?ioeannia – oa?ii?aaoeyoeeth, eiaao ia?iiiia
cia/aiea aeey iiaeaea?aeaiey eiioi?oiiai ninoiyiey i?aaiecia.
Oa?ii?aaoeyoeey – yoi niaieoiiinoue i?ioeannia a i?aaiecia,
iaania/eaathueo ?aaiiaanea iaaeaeo oaieii?iaeoeoeeae e oaieiioaea/ae,
aeaaiaea?y eioi?iio oaiia?aoo?a oaea /aeiaaea inoaaony iinoiyiiie.
Oaieii?iaeoeoeey i?aaiecia (i?iecaiaeeiia oaiei) a ninoiyiee iieiy
ninoaaeyao aeey «noaiaea?oiiai /aeiaaea» (ianna 70 ea, ?ino 170 ni,
iiaa?oiinoue oaea 1,8 i ea) aei 283 eAeae a /an. I?e eaaeie oece/aneie
?aaioa – aieaa 283 eAeae a /an, i?e ?aaioa n?aaeiae oyaeanoe – aei 1256
eAeae a /an e i?e oyaeaeie – 1256 e aieaa eAeae a /an. Iaoaaiee/aneia,
eeoiaa oaiei aeieaeii oaeaeyoueny ec i?aaiecia.
AEeciaaeayoaeueiinoue /aeiaaea nii?iaiaeaeaaony iai?a?uaiui auaeaeaieai
oaieiou a ie?oaeathuoth n?aaeo. Aa eiee/anoai caaeneo io noaiaie
oece/aneiai iai?yaeaiey a ii?aaeaeaiiuo eeeiaoe/aneeo oneiaeyo. Aeey
oiai /oiau oeceieiae/aneea i?ioeannu a i?aaiecia i?ioaeaee ii?iaeueii,
auaeaeyaiay i?aaieciii oaieioa aeieaeia iieiinoueth ioaiaeeony a
ie?oaeathuoth n?aaeo. Ia?ooaiea oaieiaiai aaeaina iiaeao i?eaanoe e
ia?aa?aao eeai e ia?aioeaaeaeaieth i?aaiecia e eae neaaenoaea e iioa?a
o?oaeiniiniaiinoe, auno?ie ooiieyaiinoe, iioa?a niciaiey e oaieiaie
nia?oe.
Ii?iaeueiay aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoue inouanoaeyaony a oii neo/aa, anee
oaieiaie aaeain (oaieiaia ?aaiiaanea), oi anoue niioaaonoaea iaaeaeo
oaieii?iaeoeoeeae aianoa n oaieioie, iieo/aaiie ec ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu,
e oaieiioaea/ae aeinoeaaaony aac iai?yaeaiey i?ioeannia oa?ii?aaoeyoeee.
Ioaea/a oaiea i?aaieciii caaeneo io oneiaee iee?ieeeiaoa, eioi?ue
ii?aaeaeyaony eiiieaenii oaeoi?ia, aeeythueo ia oaieiiaiai:
oaiia?aoo?ie, aeaaeiinoueth, nei?inoueth aeaeaeaiey aicaeooa e
?aaeeaoeeiiiie oaiia?aoo?ie ie?oaeathueo /aeiaaea i?aaeiaoia.
Oaiia?aoo?a, nei?inoue, ioiineoaeueiay aeaaeiinoue e aoiinoa?iia
aeaaeaiea ie?oaeathuaai aicaeooa iieo/eee iacaaiea ia?aiao?ia
iee?ieeeiaoa. *oiau iiiyoue aeeyiea oiai eee eiiai iieacaoaey
iee?ieeeiaoa ia oaieiiaiai, ioaeii ciaoue iniiaiua iooe ioaea/e oaiea
i?aaieciii. I?e ii?iaeueiuo oneiaeyo i?aaieci /aeiaaea oa?yao i?eia?ii
85 % oaiea /a?ac eiaeo e 15 % oaiea ?anoiaeoaony ia iaa?aaaiea ieue,
aaeuoaaiiai aicaeooa e enia?aiey aiaeu ec eaaeeo. 85 % oaiea,
ioaeaaaaiiai /a?ac eiaeo, ?ani?aaeaeyaony neaaeothuei ia?acii: 45 %
i?eoiaeeony ia eceo/aiea, 30 % ia i?iaaaeaiea e 10 % ia enia?aiea. Yoe
niioiioaiey iiaoo eciaiyoueny a caaeneiinoe io oneiaee iee?ieeeiaoa.
Iaeiei ec aaaeiuo eioaa?aeueiuo iieacaoaeae oaieiaiai ninoiyiey
i?aaiecia yaeyaony n?aaeiyy oaiia?aoo?a oaea (aioo?aiieo i?aaiia)
ii?yaeea 36,6 a?aaeonia ii Oeaeueneth. Iia caaeneo io noaiaie ia?ooaiey
oaieiaiai aaeaina e o?iaiy yia?aicao?ao i?e auiieiaiee oece/aneie
?aaiou. I?e auiieiaiee ?aaiou n?aaeiae oyaeanoe e oyaeaeie i?e aunieie
oaiia?aoo?a aicaeooa, oaiia?aoo?a oaea iiaeao iiauoaoueny io ianeieueeeo
aeanyouo a?aaeona aei 1…2 a?aaeonia ii Oeaeueneth. Iaeaunoay oaiia?aoo?a
aioo?aiieo i?aaiia, eioi?oth auaea?aeeaaao /aeiaae, ninoaaeyao +43
a?aaeonia ii Oeaeueneth, ieieiaeueiay +25 a?aaeonia ii Oeaeueneth.
Oaiia?aoo?iue ?aaeei eiaee ea?aao iniiaioth ?ieue a oaieiioaea/a. Aa
oaiia?aoo?a iaiyaony a aeiaieueii cia/eoaeueiuo i?aaeaeao e i?e
ii?iaeueiuo oneiaeyo n?aaeiyy oaiia?aoo?a eiaee iiae iaeaaeaeie
ninoaaeyao 30…34 a?aaeonia ii Oeaeueneth. I?e iaaeaaii?eyoiuo
iaoai?ieiae/aneeo oneiaeyo ia ioaeaeueiuo o/anoeao oaea iia iiaeao
iiieaeaoueny aei 20 a?aaeonia ii Oeaeueneth, a eiiaaea e ieaea.
I?e eiioi?oiii iee?ieeeiaoa oeceieiae/aneea i?ioeannu oa?ii?aaoeyoeee ia
iai?yaeaiu, oaieiiuouaiea oi?ioaa, ooieoeeiiaeueiia ninoiyiea ia?aiie
nenoaiu iioeiaeueiia, oece/aneay e oinoaaiiay ?aaioiniiniaiinoue
aunieay, i?aaieci onoie/ea e aicaeaenoaeth iaaaoeaiuo oaeoi?ia n?aaeu.
Aeeneiioi?oiue iee?ieeeiao aucuaaao iai?yaeaiea i?ioeannia
oa?ii?aaoeyoeee, eiaao ianoi ieioia oaieiiuouaiea, oooaeoaaony
oneiaii-?aoeaeoi?iay aeayoaeueiinoue e ooieoeey aiaeecaoi?ia,
iiieaeaaony ?aaioiniiniaiinoue e ea/anoai o?oaea, nieaeaaony
onoie/eainoue i?aaiecia e aicaeaenoaeth iaaeaaii?eyoiuo oaeoi?ia.
I?e aeeneiioi?oiii iee?ieeeiaoa iaaethaeaaony iai?yaeaiea i?ioeannia
oa?ii?aaoeyoeee. I?e eciaiaieyo iee?ieeeiaoa, auoiaeyueo ca a?aieoeu
i?eniiniaeoaeueiuo oeceieiae/aneeo eieaaaiee, aeeneiioi?o i?iyaeyaony a
aeaea eciaiaiey naii/oanoaey. Iiyaeyaony aiaoey, ooi a ooao, ia?oeaiea
ia?aae aeacaie, oioiioa, iii?a/aiea niciaiey, iiauoaiea oaiia?aoo?u
oaea, noaei?iae e ae?oaea neiioiiu.
?aeiiaiaeoaiua ii?iaie ia?aiao?u iee?ieeeiaoa aeieaeiu iaania/eoue a
i?ioeanna oa?ii?aaoeyoeee oaeia niioiioaiea oeceieiae/aneeo e
oeceei-oeie/aneeo i?ioeannia, i?e eioi?ii iiaeaea?aeeaaeinue au
onoie/eaia oaieiaia ninoiyiea a oa/aiea aeeeoaeueiiai a?aiaie, aac
nieaeaiey ?aaioiniiniaiinoe /aeiaaea.
3. OAIEIAIE AAEAIN E OAIEIAIA NAII*OANOAEA
Ii?iaeueiia oaieiaia naii/oanoaea eiaao ianoi, eiaaea oaieiauaeaeaiea
Qoi /aeiaaea iieiinoueth aini?eieiaaony ie?oaeathuae n?aaeie Qoi, oi
anoue eiaaea eiaao ianoi oaieiaie aaeain Qoi = Qoi. A yoii neo/aa
oaiia?aoo?a aioo?aiieo i?aaiia inoaaony iinoiyiiie. Anee
oaieii?iaeoeoeey i?aaiecia ia iiaeao auoue iieiinoueth ia?aaeaia
ie?oaeathuae n?aaea (Qoi > Qoi), i?ienoiaeeo ?ino oaiia?aoo?u aioo?aiieo
i?aaiia e oaeia oaieiaia naii/oanoaea oa?aeoa?ecoaony iiiyoeai aea?ei.
Oaieiecieyoeey /aeiaaea, iaoiaeyuaainy a ninoiyiee iieiy (ioaeuo neaey
eee eaaea), io ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu i?eaaaeao e iiauoaieth oaiia?aoo?u
aioo?aiieo i?aaiia oaea /a?ac 1 /an ia 1,2 a?aaeonia Oeaeueney.
Oaieiecieyoeey /aeiaaea, i?iecaiaeyuaai ?aaioo n?aaeiae oyaeanoe,
auciaao iiauoaiea oaiia?aoo?u oaea ia 5 a?aaeonia e aieioioth
i?eaeeceony e iaeneiaeueii aeiionoeiie. A neo/aa, eiaaea ie?oaeathuay
n?aaea aini?eieiaao aieueoa oaieiou, /ai aa aini?iecaiaeeo /aeiaae (Qoi
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