?aoa?ao ia oaio:
«Naienoaa aauanoa, oa?aeoa?ecothuea eo iiaea?ioth iianiinoue»
Naienoaa aauanoa, oa?aeoa?ecothuea eo iiaea?ioth iianiinoue
Iiaea?u – auno?i?acaeaathueany i?ioeannu ai?aiey, i?e eioi?uo ieaiy
oie/oiaeaao an?, /oi ano?a/aaony ia aai iooe. Iniiaiuie aeieoiaioaie,
?aaoee?othueie iiaea?ioth aaciianiinoue, yaeythony Caeii Oe?aeiu “I
iiaea?iie aaciianiinoe”, “I?aaeea iiaea?iie aaciianiinoe a Oe?aeia”,
AINO 12.1004-91, AINO 12.1044-89, AINO 19433-88, NO NYA 383-87 e ae?.
I?e/eiaie iiaea?ia iiaoo auoue ia?ooaiey ?aaeaiaioia oaoiieiae/aneeo
i?ioeannia, iaa?aaeiia e iaaieiaoaeueiia ia?auaiea n iai?i e
yeaeo?iiaa?aaaoaeueiuie i?eai?aie, ianiaethaeaiea eino?oeoeee (ii?i)
iiaea?iie aaciianiinoe, naiiiaa?aaaiea e naiiaicai?aiea eaaeiieeneyaiuo
aauanoa e iaoa?eaeia ec-ca iai?aaeeueiiai o?aiaiey e ?aciauaiey ai?th/eo
aauanoa e iaoa?eaeia e o.ae.
Aicieeoee a 99% ii aeia /aeiaaea iiaea? yaeyaony, naiaai ?iaea,
noeoeeiui ia eiio?iee?oaiui /aeiaaeii i?ioeannii, ?acaeaathueiny ii
aaiiao?e/aneie i?ia?annee. Ethaia i?iiaaeeaiea a aai iiaeaaeaiee a?iceo
iai?aaeneacoaiuie iineaaenoaeyie.
Iai?aaieciaaiiua i?ioeannu ai?aiey aauanoa, i?eaiaeyuea e iioa?a
iaoa?eaeueiuo oeaiiinoae, o?aaiaoecio e aeaaee ethaeae, iacuaatho
iiaea?aie. A iaia iiaea?a ia ioe?uoii aicaeooa oaiia?aoo?a aeinoeaaao
700-9000N, a cae?uouo iiiauaieyo aei 1200-13000N.
Ii i?ienoiaeaeaieth iiaea?u aeaeyony ia: yeciaaiiua, aicieeathuea io
aiaoiaai oaieiaiai enoi/ieea (ioe?uoiai ac?uaa, ei?ioeiai caiueaiey);
yiaeiaaiiua, aicieeathuea io naiiiaa?aaaiey, naiiaicai?aiey (oaey,
ca?iiauo).
Ai?aiea aauanoa iiaeao i?ienoiaeeoue a oa??aeii, aeeaeeii eee
aaciia?aciii (ia?iiiaeiaiii) ninoiyiee.
Iiaea?u eiatho nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneia cia/aiea, oae eae, ai- ia?auo,
i?eaiaeyo e aeaaee ethaeae (nioeeaeueiue oaeoi?); ai-aoi?uo, nouanoaaiii
aeeytho ia yeiiiie/aneea iieacaoaee (oua?a io iiaea?ia ianoieueei aaeee,
/oi neacuaaaony ia athaeaeaoa no?aiu); a-o?aoueeo, iaiinyo oua?a
i?e?iaea, ieacuaay aeeyiea ia yeieiae/aneia ?aaiiaanea a i?e?iaea.
Iiaea?u nii?iaiaeaeathony iianiuie e a?aaeiuie yaeaieyie, eioi?ua
iaiaoiaeeii o/eouaaoue i?e i?iaeoe?iaaiee e no?ieoaeuenoaa caeaiee e
nii?oaeaiee. N oi/ee c?aiey iiaea?iie aaciianiinoe i/aiue aaaeii
i?eiyoue i?aaeeueiia ieaie?iai/iia ?aoaiea, i?aaeeiaeeoue caueoo
no?ieoaeueiuo eiino?oeoeee, i?aaeoniio?aoue iaiaoiaeeiua iooe yaaeoaoeee
e iaania/eoue eo aaciianiinoue, ni?iaeoe?iaaoue aaoiiaoe/aneea n?aaenoaa
oooaiey iiaea?ia.
Iiaeii auaeaeeoue ianeieueei iniiaiuo naienoa iiaea?ia:
Aunieay oaiia?aoo?a ieaiaie, aeinoeaathuay a iaeaieaa ai?y/ae /anoe
1200-14000N, ia?aaea/a oaiea oaieieceo/aieai, eiiaaeoeee. Iai?eia?, i?e
iiaea?a a iiiauaiee n cae?uoie aeaa?ueth ieiei 40% oaiea ia?aaea?ony
iin?aaenoaii eceo/aiey ieaiaie ia noaiu, 5% – /a?ac i?i?iu ia?oaeo e
50-55% oiineony eiiaaeoeaiuie iioieaie oaeaea ia?oaeo /a?ac aa?oithth
/anoue ieii.
Eceo/aiea ieaiaie aucuaaao iaeiae e aieaaua iuouaiey o ethaeae,
iaoiaeyueony a ciia iiaea?a. Ieieiaeueiia ?annoiyiea io i/aaa iiaea?a,
ia eioi?ii iiaeao iaoiaeeoueny /aeiaae, i: R=1,6H, aaea H – n?aaeiyy
aunioa oaeaea ieaiaie. Yoo oi?ioeo ioaeii ciaoue e a neo/aa
iaiaoiaeeiinoe oiaoue i?eiaieoue. Ethaee a aicaoaeae?iiii ninoiyiee
iiaoo ia caiaoeoue, /oi iaiaeaeenue, eee caiaoeoue yoi neeoeii iicaeii.
Iaee/ea aeuia ?acei nieaeaao aeaeeiinoue aioo?e caeaiee e nii?oaeaiee.
Caaeuieaiea nicaea?o oa?ico aeey aeecie ethaeae, cao?oaeiyao nianaiea
iino?aaeaaoeo.
Iaee/ea oiene/iuo aacia a aeuia (ieneae oaea?iaea, ieneae acioa,
na?ienoue aac, oinaai) iiaeao i?eaanoe e io?aaeaieth e nia?oe.
Oaiia?aoo?a aeuia oaeaea i?aaenoaaeyao niaie aieueooth iianiinoue aeey
aeecie ethaeae. Yoio oaeo /anoi ia o/eouaatho. Oae, i?e oaiia?aoo?a
aaeuoaaiiai aeuia 600N (i?e ionoonoaee oiene/iuo aauanoa) iiaeao
ianooieoue nia?oue.
Ia?aiin iaiy ia niaaeiua caeaiey e nii?oaeaiey ene?aie, eceo/aieai,
eiiaaeoeeae.
Aiciiaeiinoue ac?uaa iai?oaeiaaiey, aiia?aoo?u ia i?iiuoeaiiuo
i?aaei?eyoeyo.
I?eaioe?iai/ii i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoue iiaea?a iiaeii ii?aaeaeeoue ec
o?aaiaiey: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 (4.2.1.)
aaea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 –
oaeaeueiia eiee/anoai oaieiou iiaea?a, Aeae/i2 ? /;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 –
i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoue iiaea?a, /;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 – ieiuaaeue iiaa?oiinoe ai?aiey, i2;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 –
eiee/anoai oaieiou nai?aiey, Aeae/ea;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 – iau?i ai?th/eo aauanoa, i3;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 –
ieioiinoue ai?th/eo aauanoa, ea/i3.
Anee ieiuaaeue iiea ?aaia ieiuaaee iiaa?oiinoe ai?aiey, oi: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 (4.2.2.)
?acaeaeea iau?i ai?th/eo iaoa?eaeia ia ieiuaaeue iiea, iieo/ei
oaeaeueioth caa?oceo iiiauaiey, ea/i2: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 (4.2.3.)
Oiaaea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(4.2.4.)
Ia iniiaaiee iiuoiuo aeaiiuo, a oaeaea n o/?oii oiai, /oi nai?aaioth
iaa?oceo aeeeuo e aieueoae /anoe iauanoaaiiuo caeaiee a iniiaiii
ninoaaeytho ecaeaeey ec aea?aaa, oaeaeueioth nai?aaioth iaa?oceo aeey
yoeo caeaiee i?eieiatho 56 ea/i2, aeey eaa?oe?, caiieiaiiuo iaaaeueth –
50 ea/i2, aeey eeaaeiauo, neeaaeia, eieaio?aieeeu – 100…800 ea/i2.
Oaeaeueiay oaieioa iiaea?a: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 (4.2.5.)
aaea z – eiyooeoeeaio oeie/aneiai iaaeiae?aa;
n – aaniaay nei?inoue nai?aiey, ea/i2.
Eiyooeoeeaio oeie/aneiai iaaeiae?aa z aeey i?aeoe/aneeo ?an/?oia
i?eieiaaony 0,9 i?e ai?aiee aeeaeeeo oaea?iaeia; 0,95…0,99 – i?e ai?aiee
oa??aeuo ai?th/eo aauanoa.
Ii ia?a ?acaeoey iiaea?a nei?inoue ai?aiey eciaiyaony e caaeneo io
ieiuaaee i?i?iia Fie, eioi?ua iaoneaaeeaatho i?eoie eenei?iaea.
Eciaiaiea nei?inoe nai?aiey o/eouaaaony eiyooeoeeaioii a.
Oiaaea oi?ioea (4.2.4) i?eieiaao aeae: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 (4.2.6.)
Eiyooeoeeaio a iiaeii onoaiiaeoue ii oaaeeoeai eee ii?aaeaeeoue ii
yiie?e/aneei oi?ioeai: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 (4.2.7.)
aaea Fn – ieiuaaeue iiea.
Oaeei ia?acii, ia iauaeoa iiaeii ioeaieoue oaeaeueioth caa?oceo
eaaeaeiai iiiauaiey, ?ann/eoaoue a?aiy aiciiaeiiai ai?aiey n o/?oii
yoiai ?ac?aaioaoue ia?u ii i?aaeoi?aaeaeaieth iiaea?ia. Yoe ia?u
caeeth/athony a iaania/aiee iaiaoiaeeiui eiee/anoaii n?aaenoa oooaiey e
i?aaeeueiii eo ?aniieiaeaiee. A iiiauaieyo n aunieie oaeaeueiie
caa?oceie iaiaoiaeeii iniaia aieiaiea e eiio?ieue iaae niaethaeaieai
yoeo ia?.
A neo/aa iiaea?a, aei i?eauoey iiaea?iuo eiiaiae, ?oeiaiaeeoaeue
i?iecaiaenoaa iaycai ii?aaeaeeoue ieieiaeueiia ?annoiyiea io i/aaa
iiaea?a, ia eioi?ii iiaoo iaoiaeeoueny ethaee; aunoaaeoue io?aio,
eioi?ay aeieaeia ia ioneaoue a iianioth ciio ethaeae; i?aaieciaaoue
i?aaeeueiia oooaiea (a iniiaiii n iaaao?aiiie noi?iiu); onoaiiaeoue
eiio?ieue iaae aeeceaaeaueie caeaieyie e ioeaieoue aiciiaeiinoue eo
caai?aiey io iiaea?a n o/?oii eioaineaiinoe ai?aiey e iaoai?ieiae/aneeo
oneiaee; auyaeoue ianoa, aaea iiaeao i?iecieoe ac?ua, e i?eiyoue
niioaaonoaothuea ia?u.
Ai?aieai iacuaatho neiaeiue oeceei-oeie/aneee i?ioeann acaeiiaeaenoaey
ai?th/aai aauanoaa e ieeneeoaey, oa?aeoa?ecothueeny naiionei?ythueiny
oeie/aneei i?aauoaieai e nii?iaiaeaeathueeny auaeaeaieai aieueoiai
eiee/anoaa oaieiou e eo/enoie yia?aee.
Aeey aicieeiiaaiey e ?acaeoey i?ioeanna ai?aiey iaiaoiaeeiu ai?th/aa
aauanoai, ieeneeoaeue e enoi/iee ainieaiaiaiey, eieoeee?othuee ?aaeoeeth
iaaeaeo ai?th/ei e ieeneeoaeai. Ai?aiea ioee/aaony iiiaiia?aceai aeaeia
e iniaaiiinoae. A caaeneiinoe io aa?aaaoiiai ninoiyiey ai?th/eo aauanoa
ai?aiea iiaeao auoue aiiiaaiiui e aaoa?iaaiiui. I?e aiiiaaiiii ai?aiee
eiiiiiaiou ai?th/ae niane iaoiaeyony a iaeeiaeiaii aa?aaaoiii ninoiyiee
(/aua a aaciia?aciii). I?e/?i anee ?aaae?othuea eiiiiiaiou ia?aiaoaiu,
oi i?ienoiaeeo ai?aiea i?aaeaa?eoaeueii ia?aiaoaiiie niane, eioi?ia
eiiaaea iacuaatho eeiaoe/aneei (iineieueeo nei?inoue ai?aiey a yoii
neo/aa caaeneo oieueei io eeiaoeee oeie/aneeo i?aa?auaiee). Anee
aaciia?aciua eiiiiiaiou ia ia?aiaoaiu, oi i?ienoiaeeo aeeooociia ai?aiea
(iai?eia?, i?e iinooieaiee iioiea ai?th/eo ia?ia a aicaeoo). I?ioeann
ai?aiey eeieoe?oaony aeeoooceae ieeneeoaey. Ai?aiea, oa?aeoa?ecothuaany
iaee/eai ?acaeaea oac a ai?th/ae nenoaia (iai?eia?, ai?aiea aeeaeeinoe e
oa??aeuo iaoa?eaeia), yaeyaony aaoa?iaaiiui. Ai?aiea aeeooa?aioee?oaony
oaeaea ii nei?inoe ?ani?ino?aiaiey ieaiaie, e a caaeneiinoe io yoiai
oaeoi?a iii iiaeao auoue aeaoeaa?aoeeiiiui (a i?aaeaeao ianeieueeeo
i/n), ac?uaiui (aeanyoee e nioie i/n) e aeaoiiaoeeiiiui (ouny/e i/n).
E?iia oiai, ai?aiea auaaao eaieia?iui (iineieiia ?ani?ino?aiaiea o?iioa
ieaiaie ii naaaeae ai?th/ae niane) e oo?aoeaioiui (ia?aiaoeaaiea nei?a
iioiea n iiauoaiiie nei?inoueth auai?aiey).
Eae i?aaeei, iiaea?u oa?aeoa?ecothony aaoa?iaaiiui aeeooociui ai?aieai,
a nei?inoue ai?aiey caaeneo io aeeooocee eenei?iaea aicaeooa a n?aaea.
Aicieeiiaaiea e ?acaeoea iiaea?ia nouanoaaiii caaeneo io noaiaie
iiaea?iie iianiinoe aauanoa. Iaeiei ec e?eoa?eaa iiaea?iie iianiinoe
oa??aeuo, aeeaeeeo e aaciia?aciuo aauanoa yaeyaony oaiia?aoo?a
naiiainieaiaiaiey, o.a. niiniaiinoue aauanoaa naiiainieaiaiyoueny.
Aeey ca?iaeaeaiey yiaeiaaiiiai iiaea?a iaiaoiaeeii iaee/ea aauanoaa,
niiniaiiai auno?i ieeneyony i?e ieceeo oaiia?aoo?ao, a ?acoeueoaoa /aai
iiaeao i?iecieoe naiiaicai?aiea. Yoi naienoai aauanoaa iieo/eei iacaaiea
oeie/aneie aeoeaiinoe e naiiaicai?aieth. A ?acoeueoaoa ieeneaiey e
iaeiieaiey oaiea naiiiaa?aaaiea ia?aoiaeeo a ainieaiaiaiea.
Ainieaiaiaiea – yoi ea/anoaaiii iiaue e ioee/iue io naiiiaa?aaaiey
i?ioeann, ioee/athueeny aieueoeie nei?inoyie ieeneaiey, auaeaeaieai
oaieiou e eceo/aieai naaoa. Naiiiaa?aaaiea e naiiainieaiaiaiea
ca?iaeaeaaony ioaeaeueiuie iaaieueoeie ai?caeaie, a nayce n /ai,
iaia?oaeeoue aai i/aiue o?oaeii.
Naiiaicai?aiea i?ienoiaeeo aneaaenoaea iaeiieaiey oaiea aioo?e aauanoaa
e ia caaeneo io aicaeaenoaey aiaoiaai enoi/ieea oaiea.
Ana aauanoaa ii eo iianiinoe a ioiioaiee naiiaicai?aiey iiaeii
?acaeaeeoue ia /aou?a a?oiiu:
aauanoaa, niiniaiua naiiaicai?aoueny i?e eiioaeoa n aicaeooii i?e
iau/iie oaiia?aoo?a (?anoeoaeueiua ianea, ieeoa, ianeyiua e?anee,
a?oioiaee, ao?ua e eaiaiiua oaee, aaeue oinoi?, aethieieaaay e iaaieaaay
ioae?a, naaea e o.ae.);
aauanoaa, niiniaiua naiiaicai?aoueny i?e iiauoaiiuo oaiia?aoo?ao
ie?oaeathuaai aicaeooa (50°N e auoa) e a ?acoeueoaoa aiaoiaai iaa?aaa
aei oaiia?aoo?, aeeceeo e oaiia?aoo?ai eo ainieaiaiaiey e
naiiainieaiaiaiey (ieaiee ieo?ieaeia ie?ieneeeiiaua e ieo?iaeeoea?eiiaua
ii?ioa, ?anoeoaeueiua iieoaunuoathuea ianea e i?eaioiaeaiiua ec ieo
ieeou, neeieaea? e o.ae.);
aauanoaa, eiioaeo eioi?uo n aiaeie aucuaaao i?ioeann ai?aiey (uaei/iua
iaoaeeu, ea?aeaeu uaei/iuo iaoaeeia, ea?aeae eaeueoeey, aethieiey e
o.ae.);
aauanoaa, aucuaathuea naiiaicai?aiea ai?th/eo aauanoa i?e eiioaeoa n
ieie (acioiay, iaaieaaay, oei?iiaaoenoay, oei?enoay e ae?oaea eeneiou,
eo aiaeae?eaeu e niee; ia?aeene iao?ey, eaeey, aiaei?iaea e ae?.; aacu –
ieeneeoaee – eenei?iae, oei? e ae?.).
Aaaeiaeoae oa?aeoa?enoeeie oaa?aeuo nuio/eo iaoa?eaeia yaeyaony noaiaiue
eo aicai?aaiinoe.
Ana iaoa?eaeu, iacaaeneii io iaeanoe i?eiaiaiey aeaeyony ia o?e a?oiiu:
Ianai?aaiua iaoa?eaeu, eioi?ua iiae aicaeaenoaeai iaiy eee aunieie
oaiia?aoo?u ia ainieaiaiythony, ia oeatho e ia iaoaeeaathony.
O?oaeiinai?aaiua iaoa?eaeu, eioi?ua iiae aicaeaenoaeai iaiy eee aunieie
oaiia?aoo?u ainieaiaiythony, oeatho eee iaoaeeaathony e i?iaeieaeatho
ai?aoue eee oeaoue i?e iaee/ee enoi/ieea iaiy, a iinea oaeaeaiey
enoi/ieea iaiy ai?aiea e oeaiea i?ae?auaaony.
Nai?aaiua iaoa?eaeu, eioi?ua iiae aicaeaenoaeai iaiy eee aunieie
oaiia?aoo?u ainieaiaiythony eee oeatho e i?iaeieaeatho ai?aoue eee
oeaoue iinea oaeaeaiey enoi/ieea iaiy.
Iaeioi?ua oeie/aneea aauanoaa, ai?th/ea e niaci/iua iaoa?eaeu a
ii?aaeaeaiiuo eiioeaio?aoeeyo e oneiaeyo niiniaiu ia oieueei e
aicai?aieth io enoi/ieeia oaiea, ii e e ac?uao.
Iiaea?iay iianiinoue aauanoa (aaciia?aciuo, aeeaeeeo, oaa?aeuo)
ii?aaeaeyaony ?yaeii iieacaoaeae, oa?aeoa?enoeea e eiee/anoai eioi?uo
caaenyo io aa?aaaoiiai ninoiyiey aeaiiiai aauanoaa.
E?eoa?eyie iiaea?iie iianiinoe oaa?aeuo, aeeaeeeo e aaciia?aciuo aauanoa
yaeythony: oaiia?aoo?a aniuoee, oaiia?aoo?a ainieaiaiaiey e
naiiainieaiaiaiey, eiaeaen ?ani?ino?aiaiey ieaiaie, eenei?iaeiue
eiaeaen, eiyooeoeeaio aeuiiia?aciaaiey, iieacaoaeue oiene/iinoe
i?iaeoeoia ai?aiey e o.ae.
Aeey ioianaiey no?ieoaeueiuo iaoa?eaeia e a?oiia iaai?th/eo eee
ai?th/eo, eniuoaiey i?iaiaeyo niaeanii AeNOO A A.2.7.19-95 (AINO 30244 –
94) «Iaoa?eaeu no?ieoaeueiua. Iaoiaeu eniuoaiee ia ai?th/anoue».
Iaoiae I. Aeey eniuoaiey aioiayo iyoue ia?acoeia oeeeeiae?e/aneie oi?iu:
aeeaiao? (45 ± 0,2) ii, aunioa (50 ± 3) ii. Eniuoaiey i?iaiaeyo a ia/e
i?e 835°N a oa/aiea 30 iei.
Anee auiieiythony neaaeothuea aeaenoaey:
– i?e?ino oaiia?aoo?u a ia/e ia i?aauoaao 50°С;
– iioa?y iannu ia?acoea ia aieaa 50%;
– i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoue noieeiai ieaiaiiiai ai?aiey ia aieaa 10 n,
oi iaoa?eae ioiineony e iaai?th/ei. I?e iaauiieiaiee yoiai oneiaey
eniuoaiey i?iaeieaeatho ii iaoiaeo II aeaiiiai noaiaea?oa aeey
ii?aaeaeaiey a?oiiu ai?th/anoe iaoa?eaeia: A1, A2, A3, A4.
I?e ii?aaeaeaiee a?oiiu ai?th/anoe ioeaieo i?iecaiaeyo ii /aou?ai
e?eoa?eyi (oaae.4.2.1.).
A?oiio ai?th/eo e o?oaeiiai?th/eo oa??aeuo iaoa?eaeia ii?aaeaeytho ii
AINO 12.1.044-98, i. 4.3. ia i?eai?a IOI – “Ea?aie/aneee ei?ia”.
Eniuoaoaee iiaeaa?aatho ia?acoeu 150 o 60 o 30 a oa/aiea 5iei. Anee
auiieiythony oneiaey (iioa?y iannu ?m
85? 50? 300A 4> 450> 85> 50> 300
Iaeiei ec e?eoa?eaa iiaea?iie iianiinoe ai?th/eo aeeaeeinoae yaeyaony
oaiia?aoo?a aniuoee.
Oaiia?aoo?ie aniuoee ia?ia ai?th/ae aeeaeeinoe iacuaaaony oa
ieieiaeueiay oaiia?aoo?a aeeaeeinoe, i?e eioi?ie a oneiaeyo ii?iaeueiiai
aeaaeaiey aeeaeeinoue auaeaeyao iaae naiae naiaiaeiie iiaa?oiinoueth
ia?u a eiee/anoaa, aeinoaoi/iii aeey ia?aciaaiey n ie?oaeathuei
aicaeooii niane, aniuoeaathuae i?e iiaeianaiee e iae ioe?uoiai iaiy.
A?oiio ainieaiaiaiey no?ieoaeueiuo iaoa?eaeia ii?aaeaeytho niaeanii
AeNOO A.A.1.1. – 2 – 97 (AINO 3042). Ia?aiao?ii ainieaiaiyaiinoe
iaoa?eaeia yaeyaony e?eoe/aneay iiaa?oiinoiay ieioiinoue oaieiaiai
iioiea (EIIOI).
A caaeneiinoe io EIIOI iaoa?eaeu iiae?acaeaeythony ia o?e a?oiiu: A1,
A2, A3 (oaae.4.2.2.).
Oaaeeoea 4.2.2.
Eeanneoeeaoeey no?ieoaeueiuo iaoa?eaeia ii a?oiiai ainieaiaiyaiinoe
A?oiia ainieaiaiyaiinoe iaoa?eaeaEIIOI, eAo/i2A 135 ? EIIOIA 220 ? EIIOI
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