Noeoeeiua aaaenoaey – yoi iianiua i?e?iaeiua yaeaiey aaioece/aneiai,
aaieiae/aneiai, aoiinoa?iiai eee aeinoa?iiai i?ienoiaeaeaiey, eioi?ua
oa?aeoa?ecothony aiacaiiui ia?ooaieai aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe ianaeaiey,
?ac?ooaieyie, oie/oiaeaieai iaoa?eaeueiuo oeaiiinoae, o?aaiaie e
aea?oaaie n?aaee ethaeae. Oaeea yaeaiey iiaoo neoaeeoue i?e/eiie
iiiai/eneaiiuo aaa?ee e eaoano?io, iiyaeaiey aoi?e/iuo ii?aaeathueo
oaeoi?ia. Ia?a/aiue iniiaiuo aeaeia noeoeeiuo aaaenoaee i?aaenoaaeai a
oaae. 1
Oaaeeoea 1 Ia?a/aiue iniiaiuo aeaeia noeoeeiuo aaaenoaee
Noeoeeiia aaaenoaeaIniiaiie e?eoa?eeIi?aaeathuee oaeoi? e
iineaaenoaeyCaieao?ynaieaNeea, eee eioaineaiinoue, aei 12
aaeeiaNio?ynaiea a?oioa, o?aueiu, iiaea?u, ac?uau, ?ac?ooaiey,
/aeiaa/aneea aea?oauNaeue, iiiecaiueIanna, nei?inoue iioieaEaiiaa?ycaaie
iioie, /aeiaa/aneea aea?oau, oie/oiaeaiea iaoa?eaeueiuo oeaiiinoae
•Iiaea?Oaiia?aoo?aOaieiaia aicaeaenoaea, aea?oau, iaoa?eaeueiue
oua?aNeeueiue aaoa? (o?aaai, nia?/)Nei?inoue aao?aNei?inoiie iaii?,
/aeiaa/aneea aea?oau, oie/oiaeaiea iaoa?eaeueiuo oeaiiinoaeIaeaaeaiaiea,
niaaiiaaeEiee/anoai inaaeeia aieaa 20 ii ca 12 /O?iaaiue caiina, ia?uau
i?iaiaeia, ii?aaeaiea ethaeae, /aeiaa/aneea aea?oauIueueiay
ao?yNei?inoue aao?aNei?inoiie iaii?, oie/oiaeaiea iinaaia, ieiaei?iaeiuo
ii/aIaaiaeiaieaIiaeuai o?iaiy aiaeuCaoiieaiea nooe, ?ac?ooaiey,
/aeiaa/aneea aea?oauOeeeeii, oaeooiNei?inoue aao?aCaoiieaiea nooe,
?ac?ooaiey, /aeiaa/aneea aea?oauOeoiaieAunioa e nei?inoue
aieiuCaoiieaiea nooe, ?ac?ooaiey, /aeiaa/aneea aea?oau
Caieao?ynaieyi ii oua?ao, aea?oaai e ?ac?ooeoaeueiiio aeaenoaeth iao
?aaiuo. Iie auaatho oaeoiie/aneea, aoeeaie/aneea, iaaaeueiua, iiaoo
yaeoueny ?acoeueoaoii iaaeaiey iaoai?eoia eee i?ienoiaeeoue iiae oieuae
ii?neeo aiae. A NIA aaeaaiaeii ?aaeno?e?oaony a n?aaeiai 500
caieao?ynaiee, a ssiiiee – 7500. Caieao?ynaiea i?aaenoaaeyao niaie
aiacaiiua iiaecaiiua oie/ee eee eieaaaiey caiiie iiaa?oiinoe, aucaaiiua
i?ienoiaeyueie a oieua caiiie ei?u ?aceiiaie e ia?aiauaieyie, i?e
eioi?uo aunaiaiaeaeaaony yia?aey ia?iiiie neeu. Naenie/aneea aieiu io
oeaio?a caieao?ynaiey ?ani?ino?aiythony ia cia/eoaeueiua ?annoiyiey,
i?iecaiaey ?ac?ooaiey e nicaeaaay i/aae eiiaeie?iaaiiiai ii?aaeaiey.
Iaeanoue aicieeiiaaiey iiaecaiiiai oaea?a iacuaaaony i/aaii
caieao?ynaiey. A oeaio?a i/aaa iaoiaeeony oi/ea (aeiioeaio?), i?iaeoeey
eioi?ie ia iiaa?oiinoue caiee iacuaaaony yieoeaio?ii. I?e neeueiuo
caieao?ynaieyo ia?ooaaony oeaeinoiinoue a?oioa, ?ac?ooathony no?iaiey,
auoiaeyo ec no?iy eiiioieeaoeee, yia?aaoe/aneea iauaeou, aicieeatho
iiaea?u, aiciiaeiu /aeiaa/aneea aea?oau. Caieao?ynaiey iau/ii
nii?iaiaeaeathony oa?aeoa?iuie caoeaie ?acee/iie eioaineaiinoe,
iaiiieiathueie ?aneaou a?iia, ?ieio, aoe ac?uaia. I?e yoii ianeieueei
aeanyoeia ia/aeueiuo naeoiae iiaoo ieacaoueny nianeoaeueiuie aeey
iiaeaioiaeaiiiai /aeiaaea. A aeeeuo ?aeiiao e eaniuo ianneaao aicieeatho
caaaeu, i?iaaeu ii/au ia ia?iiiuo oa??eoi?eyo, aaoiiiaeeueiua e
aeaeaciua aei?iae niauathony eee aeaoi?ie?othony. ?aeii noeoeeiiai
aaaenoaey /anoi ieacuaaaony io?acaiiui io inoaeueiiai ?aaeiia.
Anee caieao?ynaiea i?ienoiaeeo iiae aiaeie, oi aicieeatho ia?iiiua aieiu
– oeoiaie, aucuaathuea neeueiua ?ac?ooaiey e iaaiaeiaiey a i?ea?aaeiuo
?aeiiao. Caieao?ynaiey iiaoo i?eaiaeeoue e ai?iui iaaaeai, iiieciyi,
iaaiaeiaieyi, aucuaaoue noiae eaaei.
Eiee/anoai naieoa?iuo (a?aiaiiuo) e aacaica?aoiuo iioa?ue caaeneo io:
naenie/aneie e aaieiae/aneie aeoeaiinoe ?aaeiia;
eiino?oeoeaiuo iniaaiiinoae cano?ieee;
ieioiinoe ianaeaiey e aai iieiaic?anoiiai ninoaaa;
iniaaiiinoae ?annaeaiey aeeoaeae ianaeaiiiai ioieoa;
a?aiaie nooie i?e aicieeiiaaiee caieao?ynaiey;
ianoiiaoiaeaeaiey a?aaeaeai (a caeaieyo eee aia eo) a iiiaio oaea?ia.
A ea/anoaa i?eia?a iiaeii n?aaieoue ?acoeueoaou caieao?ynaiee a
Ieea?aaoa (Iaiaaoa, 1972 a., 420 oun. aeeoaeae) e a NOA (Nai-Oa?iaiaei,
1971 a., 7 iei aeeoaeae). Neea oie/eia ninoaaeea niioaaonoaaiii 5,6 e
6,6 aaeea ii oeaea ?eooa?a, a i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoue iaieo caieao?ynaiee
– ii?yaeea 10n. Ii anee a Iaiaaoa iiaeaei 6000 e auei ?aiaii 20 oun.
/aeiaae, oi a Nai-Oa?iaiaei iiaeaei 60, a auei ?aiaii 2450 /aeiaae. A
Nai-Oa?iaiaei caieao?ynaiea i?iecioei ?aii oo?ii (eiaaea ia aei?iaao
iaei aaoiiiaeeae), a caeaiey ai?iaea ioaa/aee o?aaiaaieyi
naeniinoieeinoe. A Iaiaaoa caieao?ynaiea i?iecioei ia ?annaaoa,
iino?ieee ia ioaa/aee o?aaiaaieyi naeniinoieeinoe, a oa??eoi?eth ai?iaea
ia?anaeee 5 o?auei, /oi aucaaei ?ac?ooaiea 50 oun. aeeeuo aeiiia (a
Nai-Oa?iaiaei iino?aaeaei 915 aeeeuo caeaiee).
I?e caieao?ynaieyo niioiioaiea iiaeaoeo e ?aiaiuo a n?aaeiai ninoaaeyao
1:3, a oyaeaei- e eaaei?aiaiuo i?eia?ii 1:10, i?e/ai aei 70% ?aiaiuo
iieo/atho o?aaiu iyaeeo oeaiae; aei 21% – ia?aeiiu, aei 37% –
/a?aiii-iicaiaua o?aaiu, a oaeaea o?aaiu iicaiii/ieea (aei 12%), aaca
(aei 8%), a?oaeiie eeaoee (aei 12%). O iiiaeo iino?aaeaaoeo
iaaethaeathony iiiaeanoaaiiua o?aaiu, neiae?ii aeeeoaeueiiai
naeaaeeaaiey, iaeiae, ?aaeoeaiua ineoicu e ineoiiaa?icu. *aua aea?oaaie
caieao?ynaiee noaiiayony aeaiueiu e aeaoe. Iai?eia?:
Aooaaaae (1948 a.), n?aaee iiaeaoeo – 47% aeaiuei, 35% aeaoae;
Oaoeaio (1966 a.), n?aaee naieoa?iuo iioa?ue aeaiuei auei ia 25%
aieueoa, /ai ioae/ei, a n?aaee aacaica?aoiuo iioa?ue i?aiaeaaeaee aeaoe
a aic?anoa io aiaea aei 10 eao;
Oieei (1923 a.), aei 65% iiaeaoeo aeaiuei e aeaoae eiaee iaeiae.
Aeey ioeaiee neeu e oa?aeoa?a caieao?ynaiey eniieuecotho ii?aaeaeaiiua
ia?aiao?u. Eioaineaiinoue – ia?a nio?ynaiey a?oioa. Ii?aaeaeyaony
noaiaiueth ?ac?ooaiey, noaiaiueth eciaiaiey caiiie iiaa?oiinoe e
iuouaieyie ethaeae. Ecia?yaony ii 12-aaeeueiie iaaeaeoia?iaeiie oeaea
ICE-64 (oaae. 2).
Iaaieooaea, eee neea caieao?ynaiey, – ia?a noiia?iiai yooaeoa
caieao?ynaiey ii caienyi naeniia?aoia. Yoi oneiaiay aaee/eia,
oa?aeoa?ecothuay iauoth yia?aeth oi?oaeo eieaaaiee, aucaaiiuo
caieao?ynaieai eee ac?uaii. Iia i?iii?oeeiiaeueia aeanyoe/iiio eiaa?eoio
aiieeooaeu iaeaieaa neeueiie aieiu, caienaiiie naeniia?aoii ia
?annoiyiee 100 ei io yieoeaio?a. Oeaea ecia?aiee io 0 aei 8,8 aaeeieoe
(caieao?ynaiea iaaieooaeie a 6 aaeeieoe – neeueiia). I/aae caieao?ynaiey
a ?aciuo ?aeiiao caeaaatho ia ?acee/iie aeoaeia (io 0 aei 750 ei).
A ianoiinoe n aunieie naenie/aneie aeoeaiinoueth ianaeaiea aeieaeii
auoue aioiai e aeaenoaeyi a oneiaeyo caieao?ynaiey. I?aaeaea anaai,
iaiaoiaeeii i?iaeoiaoue ii?yaeie naieo aeaenoaee aeiia, ia ?aaioa, ia
oeeoea, a iauanoaaiiuo ianoao e ii?aaeaeeoue iaeaieaa aaciianiua a
eaaeaeii ec iacaaiiuo iano. Yoi i?iaiu eaieoaeueiuo noai, oaeu, ianoa o
eieiii e iiae aaeeaie ea?eana caeaiey. Neaaeoao oe?aieoue oeaou, iieee,
noaeeaaee e iaaaeue, /oiau i?e iaaeaiee iie ia caai?aaeeaaee auoiae.
Oyaeaeua aaue e noaeei neaaeoao ?aniieaaaoue oae, /oiau i?e iaaeaiee iie
ia iaianee o?aai, iniaaiii aaeece niaeueiuo iano. Niaeueiua ianoa
aeieaeiu ?aniieaaaoueny eae iiaeii aeaeueoa io aieueoeo ieii e
noaeeyiiuo ia?aai?iaeie. Oeaeaniia?acii eiaoue aioiaua e auiino caian
i?iaeoeoia, aiaeu, aioa/eo iaaeiiiiue, aeieoiaiou e aeaiueae. Iaaei
ciaoue, eae ioeeth/eoue yeaeo?i-, aiaei- e aaciniaaaeaiea. AEaeaoaeueii
iiaeaioiaeoue naaeiaue aeiiee aeey a?aiaiiiai i?iaeeaaiey.
?aaeeio?aineyoeey aeieaeia auoue iinoiyiii aeeth/aia. I?e ia?auo
i?eciaeao caieao?ynaiey neaaeoao auaaaeaoue ec caeaiey ia ioe?uoia
ianoi, ia eniieuecoy eeoo e ia nicaeaaay aeaaeo a aeaa?yo, eee oe?uoueny
a eaa?oe?a a ca?aiaa aua?aiiii ianoa (?aniaoiooue aeaa?ue ia eanoie/ioth
eeaoeo e anoaoue a i?iai, cae?ua eeoei io ineieeia, eee aea ni?yoaoueny
iiae noie). Iinea caieao?ynaiey ieacaoue iiiiuue iino?aaeaaoei
(inoaiiaeoue e?iaioa/aiea, iaania/eoue iaiiaeaeaeiinoue eiia/iinoae i?e
ia?aeiiao, iiii/ue aunaiaiaeeoueny ec caaaea). I?eiyoue ana ia?u ii
ainnoaiiaeaieth ?aaeeio?aineyoeee aeey i?ineooeaaiey niiauaiee i?aaiia
AI*N. I?iaa?eoue ionoonoaea ooa/ae a naoyo eiiioieeaoeee. Ia
iieueciaaoueny ioe?uoui iaiai. Ia caoiaeeoue a iieo?ac?ooaiiua caeaiey.
Iiiieoue, /oi iinea ia?aiai iiaoo iineaaeiaaoue iiaoi?iua oie/ee.
Ia?a/aiue ?yaea e?oiiuo caieao?ynaiee aeai a oaae.3.
Oaaeeoea 2 Oa?aeoa?enoeea iia?aaeaeaiee i?e caieao?ynaiee
Oa?aeoa?enoeea caieao?ynaieyOa?aeoa? iia?aaeaeaiey no?iaieeNeaaia (aei 3
aaeeia),
oia?aiiia (4 aaeea)Aieueoea o?aueiu a noaiao. Ia?ooaiea oooeaoo?ee,
aeuiioiaeia, iia?aaeaeaiea inoaeeaieyNeeueiia (5…6 aaeeia),
i/aiue neeueiia (7 aaeeia)O?aueiu a ia?oaeiuo noaiao ianaeniinoieeeo
caeaiee, ia?ooaiea eiino?oeoeee, caeeeieaaiea aeaa?ae?ac?ooeoaeueiia
(8…10 aaeeia)Naenie/anee noieeea caeaiey iieo/atho neaaua ?ac?ooaiey,
i?i/ea – ?ooaonyEaoano?ioe/aneia
(11…12 aaeeia)Ia?ooaiea ia?oaeiuo eiino?oeoeee e iieiia ?ac?ooaiea
caeaiee
Oaaeeoea.3 Iaeioi?ua e?oiiua caieao?ynaiey
Aiae, ianoi*enei aea?oa, iineaaenoaey1556, Aaiueno, Eeoae800 000
/ae.1737, Eaeueeoooa, Eiaeey300 000 /ae.1783, Eaeaa?ey, Eoaeey60 000
/ae.1896, Nai?eeo, ssiiieyOeoiaie niuei a ii?a 27 000 /ae. e 1060
caeaiee1901, Annai, EiaeeyIa ieiuaaee 23 000 ei2 – iieiua
?ac?ooaiey1908, Neoeeeey, Eoaeey83 000 /ae., ?ac?ooai a. Ianneia1948,
Aooaaaae, NNN?Iiaeaei 27 000, ?aiaii 55 457, aieueiuo aieaa 7000
/ae.1963, Neiiuea, THaineaaey2000, ?aiaii 3383 /ae., ?ac?ooaia aieueoay
/anoue ai?iaea1965, Iaoeei, IaeneeaIiaeaei 15 000, ?aiaii 32 500
/ae.1966, Oaoeaio, NNN?Neeueiua ?ac?ooaiey a oeaio?a ai?iaea1974,
IaeenoaiIiaeaei 4700, ?aiaii 15 000 /ae.1976, Oaioaiue, EeoaeIiaeaei 640
000, ?aiaii 1 iei /ae.1978, E?aiIiaeaei 20 000, ?aiaii 8800 /ae.1980,
EoaeeyIiaeaei 2614, ?aiaii 6800 /ae.1988, Nieoae, A?iaieyIieiua
?ac?ooaiey, 25 000 /ae. iiaeaei, 31 000 /ae. ?aiaii
Ecaa?aeaiey aoeeaiia. A nia?aiaiiii ie?a ian/eouaaaony ieiei 760
aeaenoaothueo aoeeaiia, i?e ecaa?aeaieyo eioi?uo ca iineaaeiea 400 eao
iiaeaei nauoa 300 oun. /aeiaae (oaae. 4).
Oaaeeoea.4 Eiee/anoai /aeiaa/aneeo aea?oa i?e ecaa?aeaiee ?yaea aoeeaiia
Aiae ecaa?aeaiey, no?aia*enei iiaeaoeoAiae ecaa?aeaiey, no?aia*enei
iiaeaoeo1783, Eneaiaeey10 0001815, Eiaeiiacey88 0001883, Eiaeiiacey40
0001902, i. Ia?oeiee29 0001911, Oeeeiieiu1 3001919, Eiaeiiacey5 0001963,
i. Aaee, Eiaeiiacey3 0001985, Eieoiaey23 000
A ?innee ana aoeeaiu ?aniieiaeaiu ia Eai/aoea e Eo?eeueneeo ino?iaao.
Ecaa?aeaiey aoeeaiia i?ienoiaeyo ?aaea, /ai caieao?ynaiey, ii oaeaea
noaiiayony aeaaioneeie eaoaeeeciaie, eiathueie ieaiaoa?iua iineaaenoaey.
Ac?ua aoeeaia ia i. Naioi?ei (Yaaeneia ii?a, 1470 a. aei i.y.) noae
i?e/eiie oiaaeea i?ioeaaoathuae ia Ainoi/iii N?aaeecaiiiii?uea
oeeaeeecaoeee. Ecaa?aeaiea Aacoaey (79 a. i.y.) i?eaae e aeaaee Iiiiae.
Ecaa?aeaiea aoeeaia E?aeaoao (1883 a., Eiaeiiacey) aucaaei oeoiaie –
aieiu aunioie aei 36 i, eioi?ua aeinoeaee aeaaea Ea-Iaioa, ii oaea i?e
aunioa ii?yaeea 90 ni. Caoe ac?uaa aoeeaia aue neuoai ia ?annoiyiee a
5000 ei, ia i. Noiao?a (40 ei io aoeeaia) caaeeai nai?aee nioie ethaeae,
a no?aoinoa?o auei aua?ioaii ieiei 20 ei3 iaiea (aoeeaie/aneay iueue
ii/oe aeaa ?aca iaeaoaea aie?oa Caiee).
Iniiaiuie ii?aaeathueie oaeoi?aie i?e ecaa?aeaiee aoeeaiia yaeythony
OAA, eaoyuea ineieee (eaiie, aea?aauey, /anoe eiino?oeoeee), iaiae,
aoeeaie/aneea aacu (oaeaeeneue, na?ienoue, aiaei?iae, acio, iaoai,
na?iaiaei?iae, eiiaaea ooi?, io?aaeythuee enoi/ieee aiaeu), oaieiaia
eceo/aiea, eaaa, aeaeaeouayny ii neeiio ni nei?inoueth aei 80 ei// i?e
oaiia?aoo?a aei 1000°N e naeeaathuay ana ia naiai iooe. Aoi?e/iua
ii?aaeathuea oaeoi?u – oeoiaie, iiaea?u, ac?uau, caaaeu, iaaiaeiaiey,
iiiecie. Iaeaieaa /anouie i?e/eiaie aeaaee ethaeae e aeeaioiuo a ?aeiiao
ecaa?aeaiey aoeeaiia yaeythony o?aaiu, iaeiae (/anoi aa?oieo
aeuoaoaeueiuo iooae), anoeeney (eenei?iaeiia aieiaeaiea), ii?aaeaiea
aeac. A oa/aiea cia/eoaeueiiai i?iiaaeooea a?aiaie iinea ecaa?aeaiey
aoeeaia n?aaee ianaeaiey iaaethaeaaony iiauoaiea caaieaaaaiinoe
a?iioeaeueiie anoiie, a?iioeoaie, iaino?aiea ?yaea o?iie/aneeo
caaieaaaiee. A ?aeiiao ecaa?aeaiey aoeeaiia onoaiaaeeaaaony
yieaeaieieiae/aneee iaaeci?.
Naeue (ii-a?aanee «ao?iue iioie») – yoi aiacaiii oi?ie?othueeny a ?oneao
ai?iuo ?ae a?aiaiiue a?ycaeaiaiiue iioie. Oaeay nianue aiaeu, a?yce,
eaiiae aanii aei 10 o, aea?aaueaa e ae?oaeo i?aaeiaoia ianaony ni
nei?inoueth aei 15 ei//, niaoay, caeeaay eee oaeaeay n niaie iinou,
iino?ieee, ?ac?ooay aeaiau, ieioeiu, caaaeeaay naeaiey. Iauai
ia?aiauaaiie ii?iaeu – ieeeeiiu eoae/aneeo iao?ia. Aeeeoaeueiinoue
naeaauo iioieia aeinoeaaao 10 /ania i?e aunioa aieiu aei 15 i. Naee
ia?acothony ec-ca i?iaeieaeeoaeueiuo eeaiae, eioaineaiiai oayiey niaaa
(eaaeieeia), i?i?uaa ieioei, iaa?aiioiiai i?iaaaeaiey ac?uaiuo ?aaio. Ii
iiuiinoe naeaaua iioiee aeaeyony ia a?oiiu: iiuiua – n auiinii aieaa 100
oun. i3 niane ii?iae e iaoa?eaeia (n?aaeiyy /anoioa iiaoi?aiey ?ac a
a… 10 eao); n?aaeiae iiuiinoe – n auiinii io 10 oun. aei 100 oun. i3
niane (?ac a 2…3 aiaea); neaaie iiuiinoe – n auiinii iaiaa 10 oun. i3
niane.
Iniiaiua ?aeiiu iiyaeaiey naeae a ?innee iaoiaeyony a Caaaeeaeuea
(ia?eiaee/iinoue iiuiuo naeae 6…12 eao), a ciia AAIa (?ac a 20 eao),
ia Aeaeueiai Ainoiea e O?aea.
I?eia?ii iionoioeoaeueiuo iineaaenoaee iiaeao neoaeeoue ?acoeueoao
i?ioiaeaeaiey naey a Ocaaeenoaia (4 iay 1927 a.), eiaaea /a?ac iieoi?a
/ana iinea eeaiy n a?aaeii a ai?ao iineuoaeny ooi, iaiiieiathuee
a?oeeea?eeneoth eaiiiaaeo. *a?ac 30 iei iinea yoiai a ouaeuea oeuioe
a?ycaeaiaiiue iioie aunioie aei 15i, eioi?ue iiaeioee aieaa 100 a?a n
a?ocaie e iaeiiieeaie, iaoiaeeaoeieny a naeaiee. *a?ac 10 / oaea
ineaaeaiiue naeue aeinoea Oa?aaiu (oiaaea a ai?iaea iiaeaei aieaa 800
aieia neioa).
Naeaaua iioiee a iaa 1998 a. a Oaaeaeeeenoaia ?ac?ooeee 130 oeie e
aeioeieueiuo o/?aaeaeaiee, 12 iieeeeeiee e aieueieoe, 520 ei aaoiaei?ia,
115 iinoia, 60 ei EYI. Iino?aaeaee iinaau oeii/aoieea ia ieiuaaee 112
oun. aa, naeai niaoaiu naaeu, aeiia?aaeieee, iiaeaei cia/eoaeueiia
eiee/anoai neioa.
Iiiecie – yoi io?ua e neieueaeaiea aa?oieo neiaa ii/au aiec ii neeiio
iiae aeaenoaeai neeu oyaeanoe. Iaeaieaa /anoi iiiecie aicieeatho ec-ca
oaaee/aiey e?ooeciu neeiiia ai?, ?a/iuo aeieei, aunieeo aa?aaia ii?ae,
ica?, aiaeio?aieeeu e ?ae i?e eo iiaeiuaa aiaeie. Iniiaiie i?e/eiie
aicieeiiaaiey iiieciae yaeyaony ecauoi/iia ianuuaiea iiaecaiiuie aiaeaie
aeeienouo ii?iae aei oaeo/aai ninoiyiey, aicaeaenoaea naenie/aneeo
oie/eia, ia?acoiiay oicyenoaaiiay aeayoaeueiinoue aac o/aoa ianoiuo
aaieiae/aneeo oneiaee. Niaeanii iaaeaeoia?iaeiie noaoenoeea, aei 80%
iiieciae a ianoiyuaa a?aiy naycaii n aeayoaeueiinoueth /aeiaaea. I?e
yoii ii neeiio niiecatho ia?iiiua iannu a?oioa aianoa n iino?ieeaie,
aea?aaueyie e anai, /oi iaoiaeeony ia iiaa?oiinoe caiee. Iineaaenoaey
iiieciae – aea?oau (oaae. 5.), caaaeu, cai?oaeu, oie/oiaeaiea eania,
iaaiaeiaiey.
Oaaeeoea 5 *enei iiaeaoeo i?e eaaeiao e iiieciyo
Ianoi eaoano?iou, aiaeEaoano?iou*enei iiaeaoeoNOA (oo. Aaoeiaoii),
1910EaaeiaAieaa 100Aano?ey (Oe?ieue), 1916Iiiecaiue e eaaeia10 000?inney
(Oeaeiu), 1931Eaaeia100?inney (Naaa?iay Inaoey), 1932Eaaeia112Ia?o,
1941Eaaeia4 000Eoaeey, 1963Iiiecaiue3 000Ia?o (a. THiaae), 1970Iiiecaiue
e eaaeia20 000
Ii iiuiinoe iiiecie aeaeyo ia a?oiiu: i/aiue e?oiiua – n auiinii aieaa 1
iei i3 niane ii?iae e iaoa?eaeia; e?oiiua – n auiinii io 100 oun. aei 1
iei i3 niane; n?aaeiea – n auiinii io 10 oun. aei 100 oun. i3 niane;
iaeua – n auiinii iaiaa 10 oun. i3 niane.
A ?innee iiiecie aicieeatho ia iiaa?aaeuea *a?iiai ii?y, ii aa?aaai Iee,
Aieae, Aienay, ia Naaa?iii Eaaeaca. Aieueoeinoai iiieciae iiaeii
i?aaeioa?aoeoue, ?aaoee?oy noiee aiae (oaeuo e eeaiaauo), aiaeinoiee e
ae?aiaaee, a oaeaea i?iaiaey icaeaiaiey neeiiia. I?eia?ii ?acoeueoaoia
aeaenoaey iiieciy yaeyaony o?aaaaeey 6 ethiy 1997 a. a aeiai?iiao?ianeii
aeeeii ianneaa. Aiacaiii caiiay oaa?aeue iiaeioeea aeaonaae e 9-yoaaeiue
aeeeie aeii, noiyaoee o e?iiee aeoaieiai ia?aaa. I?eauaoea ii ia?aui
neaiaeai nianaoaee oniaee auaeai?eoue aeeoaeae aeiia a oneiaeyo
noieiioai?aiey e iaieee (yoi iaeuecy auei iacaaoue yaaeoaoeeae).
Ieeeoeeiia?u e nieaeaou ia oea?aiiieeenue – auea?aiiua naeoiaeu nianee
iiiaei aeeciue. Iieo?acaeaouo aeeeueoeia iooanieee io iianiiai ianoa. A
6.40 oo?a iaiaeueiay aeaayoeyoaaeea aci?aaeanue, ?acaaeeeanue ia /anoe e
72 eaa?oe?u ooee iiae caieth. Ia ianoa ?ooioaoaai aeiia ia?aciaaeanue
ai?iiea oe?eiie 150 e aeoaeiie 30 i, ia aeia eioi?ie eeieioaea ianna
iie?ie aee?iie aeeiu aia?aiaoeo n inoaoeaie aeiia. Aiec ooee n?aaeiyy
oeiea, aeaoneee eiiaeiao, iaeeea no?iaiey, aea?aauey, aa?aaee.
I?aaeoi?aaeeoaeueiuie ia?aie ii ai?ueaa n iiieciyie, naeyie e eaaeiaie
yaeythony eiio?ieue ca ninoiyieai neeiiia, auiieiaiea ia ieo
oe?aieoaeueiuo ia?ii?eyoee (caaeaea naae, eaniianaaeaeaiey, aicaaaeaiea
noai, aeaia), no?ieoaeuenoai ae?aiaaeiuo nenoai e ieioei (nii?oaeaiiay
aaeece Aeia-Aou ieioeia aunioie 100 e oe?eiie 400 i i?aaeioa?aoeea
iiaeoiae e ai?iaeo naey a 1973 a., inoaiiaea iioie aunioie 30 i i?e
nei?inoe ieiei 10 i/n. A ?acoeueoaoa /aai iiyaeeinue ica?i Iaaeai
iauaiii 6,5 iei i3).
A?ica – yoi aoiinoa?iia yaeaiea, i?e eioi?ii iaaeaeo iiuiuie
eo/aai-aeiaeaeaauie iaeaeaie e caieae aicieeatho neeueiua yeaeo?e/aneea
?ac?yaeu – iieiee. Oaeea ?ac?yaeu aeinoeaatho iai?yaeaiey a ieeeeiiu
aieueo, a iauay iiuiinoue «a?iciaie iaoeiu» Caiee ninoaaeyao 2 iei
eeeiaaoo (i?e iaeiie a?ica ?anoiaeoaony noieueei yia?aee, /oi aa auei au
aeinoaoi/ii aeey iaania/aiey iio?aaiinoae iaaieueoiai ai?iaea a
yeaeo?iyia?aee a oa/aiea aiaea). Nei?inoue ?ac?yaea aeinoeaaao 100 oun.
ei/n, a neea oiea – 180 oun. aiia?. Oaiia?aoo?a a eaiaea iieiee – ec-ca
i?ioaeathuaai oai ia?iiiiai oiea – a 6 ?ac auoa, /ai ia iiaa?oiinoe
Nieioea, iiyoiio ii/oe eaaeaeue i?aaeiao, i?iiecaiiue iieieae, nai?aao.
Oe?eia ?ac?yaeiiai eaiaea iieiee aeinoeaaao 70 ni. Ec-ca auno?iai
?anoe?aiey aicaeooa, iaa?aaathuaainy a eaiaea, neuoiu ?aneaou a?iia. 33
Aaeaaiaeii ia caiiii oa?a auaaao aei 44 oun. a?ic. I?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoue
eo a i?aaeaeao /ana. Iieiey iau/ii aueao a aicauoaiiua ianoa, ioaeaeueii
noiyuea aea?aauey, oaoieeo. Iianii iaoiaeeoueny a aiaea eee aaeece iaa,
iaeuecy noaaeoue iaeaoee o naiie aiaeu. Eiiaaea iinea neeueiiai ?ac?yaea
eeiaeiie iieiee iiyaeyaony oa?iaay – naaoyueeny oa? aeeaiao?ii io 5 aei
30 ni, iooue aeaeaeaiey eioi?iai iai?aaeneacoai.
I?eia/aoaeueii, /oi oaea a ae?aaiinoe ethaee iuoaeenue caueoeoueny io
iieiee. Ae?aaiea eoaeae ie?oaeeee Ea?onaeeineee o?ai aunieeie ia/oaie,
iaeouie iaaeueth (ca ouny/aeaoithth enoi?eth ii ie ?aco ia aue
iia?aaeaeai iieieae, oioy ?aniieaaaeny a iaeiii ec naiuo a?iciiianiuo
?aeiiia ieaiaou).
A?icu i?eaiaeyo e iaeaieaa iianiui i?iyaeaieyi noeoee – iiaea?ai. Iiaea?
– yoi i?iecaieueiia ?ani?ino?aiaiea ai?aiey, eioi?ia auoei ec-iiae
eiio?iey. Iniai iianiu oi?oyiua e eaniua iiaea?u. I?e yoii aeaioo ethaee
e aeeaioiua, iaiineony ia?iiiue iaoa?eaeueiue oua?a.
Eaniua iiaea?u ii ioaaoo oa??eoi?ee aeaeyony ia ciiu:
ioaeaeueiuo iiaea?ia, aicieeathueo a iacia/eoaeueiuo eiee/anoaao e
?ann?aaeioi/aiiuo ii a?aiaie e ii ieiuaaee;
ianniauo iiaea?ia, oi anoue ioaeaeueiuo iiaea?ia, aicieeathueo
iaeiia?aiaiii;
nieioiuo iiaea?ia, oa?aeoa?ecothueony auno?ui ?acaeoeai e
?ani?ino?aiaieai iaiy, iaee/eai aunieie oaiia?aoo?u, caaeuieaiiinoe e
caaaciaaiiinoe;
iaiaiiiai ooi?ia, eee iniai eioaineaiiai iiaea?a a ciia nieioiiai
iiaea?a, a oeaio?a eioi?iai aicieeaao ainoiaeyuay eieiiia a aeaea
iaiaiiiai aeo?aaiai noieaa, eoaea ono?aieythony neeueiua aao?iaua
iioiee. Iaiaiiue ooi?i iioooeoue i?aeoe/anee iaaiciiaeii.
Eaniua iiaea?u iiaoo auoue ?aciuo aeaeia:
ieciaie, eiaaea ai?eo nooie oi?oyiie iie?ia, eaniay iiaenoeeea,
aaeaaeiee, eonoa?iee, iieiaeie ean;
aa?oiaie, eiaaea ai?eo ean nieco aeiaa?oo eee e?iiu aea?aaueaa. Iaiiue
aeaeaeaony auno?i, ene?u ?aceaoathony aeaeaei. Aa?oiaie iiaea?
?acaeaaaony io ?ac?yaea iieiee eee ieciaiai iiaea?a;
oi?oyiie (iiaeii/aaiiue), eiaaea aanieaiaiii ai?eo oi?o ia aeoaeia. A
?aeiia iiaea?a aicieeatho caaaeu io oiaaoeo aea?aaueaa ec-ca auai?aiey
eo ei?iae e iiyaeaiey ionoio iiae neiai ii/au. A yoe ionoiou
i?iaaeeaathony oaoieea e ethaee, /oi cao?oaeiyao oooaiea iiaea?ia e
aeaeaao eo iniaaiii iianiuie.
Niiniau oooaiey eaniuo iiaea?ia
Caoeanouaaiea e?iiee iiaea?a – naiue i?inoie e aeinoaoi/ii yooaeoeaiue
niinia oooaiey iiaea?ia n?aaeiae eioaineaiinoe. Eniieuecoy naycee
i?iaieie eee i?ooueaa (a aeaea iaoeu), iieiaeua aea?aauey eenoaaiiuo
ii?iae aeeeiie aei 2 i, a?oiia ec /aou?ao /aeiaae niiniaia ca /an naeoue
ieaiy iiaea?a ia e?iiea aei 1 ei.
Caa?anuaaiea e?iiee iiaea?a a?oioii.
Ono?ienoai caa?aaeeoaeueiuo iiein e eaiaa, iooai oaeaeaiey eaniuo
ianaaeaeaiee e ai?th/eo iaoa?eaeia aei ieia?aeueiiai neiy ii/au. I?e
neeueiii aao?a oe?eia iieinu iiaeao i?aauneoue 100 i (nicaeaaony n
iiiiuueth oaoieee, oio?iauo iiae?uaiuo ca?yaeia eee ioaeeaii).
I?e oooaiee iiaea?ia iaeaieaa /anoi i?eiaiytho aiaeo eee ?anoai?u
iaiaoooaueo oeieeaoia. Eiiaaea o?aaoaony i?ieeaaeea a?aiaiiuo
aiaeiaiaeia, aeinoaaea aieinoae n aiaeie aicaeooiui o?ainii?oii e ioaeea
(caaeaaia?aiaiiue ione ano?a/iiai iaiy ii iaaeii/aaiiiio iie?iao).
Ioaeea auiieiytho iiaeaioiaeaiiua iiaea?iua. Iie ia/eiatho io iii?iuo
iiein (?ae, aei?ia, ?o/ueaa) eee eneonnoaaiii nicaeaiiuo
ieia?aeeciaaiiuo iiein.
A?iciaua ?ac?yaeu aoiinoa?iiai yeaeo?e/anoaa iianiu aeey aeecie ethaeae,
a iiiaaeay a caeaiea, iiaoo aai ?ac?ooeoue e aucaaoue iiaea?. Aeey
i?aaeioa?auaiey iiaea?ia e nieaeaiey oua?aa io ieo ia IY i?iaiaeeony:
no?ieoaeuenoai aiaeiaiia, aannaeiia e ae?oaeo aiaeiuo o?aieeeu;
iiaeaea?aeaiea a ii?yaeea iaiacaueoiuo iiein;
iaania/aiea aioiaiinoe nayce, nenoai iiiaauaiey, n?aaenoa ?acaaaeee;
eiio?ieue aioiaiinoe n?aaenoa iiaea?ioooaiey.
Niiniau ono?aiaiey iianiinoe io noaoe/aneiai yeaeo?e/anoaa:
iaaeaaeiia cacaieaiea iai?oaeiaaiey, eiiioieeaoeee, ninoaeia;
nieaeaiea oaeaeueiiai (iauaiiiai) nii?ioeaeaiey n iiiiuueth iiauoaiey
aeaaeiinoe, i?eiaiaiey aioenoaoe/aneeo i?eianae;
eiiecaoeey aicaeooa eee n?aaeu;
iaaeiiouaiea nicaeaiey ac?uaiiianiuo eiioeaio?aoeee, oiaiueoaiea
nei?inoe aeaeaeaiey aeeaeeinoe e aeeeiu i?iaeoeoii?iaiaeia,
eniieueciaaiea iaiaa iiaea?iac?uaiiianiuo aauanoa.
Aeey yeaeo?icaueou iai?oaeiaaiey eniieuecothony:
ieaaeea anoaaee (?anieaaeythony eee ia?aai?atho i?e aaee/eia oiea a
oeaie, auoa aeiionoeiie);
aaoiiaoe/aneea aueeth/aoaee, aaoiiaou caueou yeaeo?iiaaieoiiai,
oaieiaiai eee eiiaeie?iaaiiiai aeaenoaey (iaania/eaatho ?ac?ua
yeaeo?e/aneie oeaie i?e i?aauoaiee aeiionoeiie aaee/eiu i?ioiaeyuaai ii
iae oiea);
oaieiaua ?aea aeey caueou yeaeo?iaeaeaaoaeae (ia iniiaa aeiaoaeee/aneeo
ieanoei).
A ianoiyuaa a?aiy oaea ie o eiai ia aucuaaao niiiaiee a?aaeiia
aicaeaenoaea ia /aeiaaea yeaeo?iiaaieoiuo iieae (YII) aeaaea iaeie
eioaineaiinoe io EYI aunieiai iai?yaeaiey, nenoai ?ani?aaeaeaiey
yeaeo?iyia?aee, eiioaeoiuo naoae aeaeaciiaei?iaeiiai e ai?iaeneiai
yeaeo?io?ainii?oa, iao?i e aeaaea auoiauo yeaeo?ii?eai?ia.
Iineaaenoaeyie oaeeo aicaeaenoaee iiaoo auoue iiauoaiiay ooiieyaiinoue,
iiyaeaiea na?aea/iuo aieae, ia?ooaiea ooieoeeiie?iaaiey eiioiiie,
?ai?iaeoeoeaiie, oeaio?aeueiie ia?aiie e yiaeie?eiiie nenoai, ?ene
?acaeoey ceiea/anoaaiiuo iiooieae (iniaaiii aieiaiiai iicaa, iiei/iie
aeaeacu), eaeeicia e iiyaeaiea ae?oaeo oyaeaeuo caaieaaaiee. Iniaaiii
iianii aicaeaenoaea YII ia aeaoae.
Neacaiiia iiaeoaa?aeaeaaony enneaaeiaaieyie, i?iaaaeaiiuie a NOA e,
aieaa ouaoaeueii, a Oaaoeee (1958-1977 aa.). Ieacaeinue, /oi a ?aaeeona
150 i io iiaenoaioeee, o?ainoi?iaoi?ia, aaeece EYI, eiioaeoiuo naoae
eiaeoeoeey iaaieoiiai iiey i?aauoaao 0,3 ieOe. O ethaeae, aeeaoueo
aaeece iiaeiaiuo nii?oaeaiee, iiooiee e eaeeicu ano?a/athony a aeaa ?aca
/aua (eiaeoeoeey iiae EYI-200 ninoaaeyao 0,2 ieOe). Caoai a Oaaoeee auee
i?iaaaeaiu oaeoaeaiiua enneaaeiaaiey ii yoei aii?inai ia i?eia?a
ianaeaiey, i?iaeeaathuaai a 800-iao?iauo ei?eaei?ao aaeieue o?ann
EYI-200 e EYI-400. Noaoenoe/aneay ia?aaioea iieo/aiiuo ?acoeueoaoia e
1992 a. iiaeoaa?aeeea, /oi i?e iiauoaiee eiaeoeoeaiinoe iaaieoiiai iiey
auoa 0,1 ieOe ?ene caaieaaaiey aic?anoaao a 24 ?aca. Aiaeiae/iua
?acoeueoaou iieo/aiu a Oeieyiaeee e Aeaiee. E 1991 a. a NOA iioaeeeiaaiu
?acoeueoaou ianeaaeiaaiey, auyaeaoaai iiauoaiiue ?ene caaieaaaiey
eaeeicii aeaoae, ?aaoey?ii iieuecothueony aeaeaiea?aie, yeaeo?e/aneeie
iaeayeaie, a?aeeaie e yeaeo?iiaia?aaaoaeyie.
Aaeieue o?annu EYI aeieaeia auoue ioaaaeaia naieoa?ii-caueoiay ciia,
?acia? eioi?ie caaeneo io aeaea enoi/ieea eceo/aiey e iai?yaeaiey EYI
(oaae. 6).
Oaaeeoea 6
Oe?eia ciiu, i10204050Iai?yaeaiea EYI, eA20120400735
Ca i?aaeaeaie naieoa?ii-caoeoiie ciiu o?iaaiue iai?yaeaiiinoe
yeaeo?e/aneiai iiey ia aeieaeai i?aauoaoue A = 0,5 eA/i, a eiaeoeoeee
iaaieoiiai iiey – 0,1 ieOe. ?an/aou iieacuaatho, /oi iaoiaeeoueny iiae
EYI-400 i?e A = 10 eA/i ianeoaeeaathuaio ia?niiaeo ?ac?aoaii ia aieaa 3
/, a i?e A =20 eA/i – ia aieaa 10 iei a aeaiue. Eaii?e?iaaiea iianiinoe
aicaeaenoaey YII iiaeao i?eaanoe e eciaiaieyi a au?aaioea iaeaieia
oeoeiaeaeiie aeaeacie aieiaiiai iicaa, /oi, a naith i/a?aaeue, aucuaaao
iieaeoey?iua eciaiaiey a oeaiyo e iiaeao noaoue i?e/eiie eoaie/aneie
aieacie e aieacie Ia?eeiniia.
Ia iaiaa iianii aicaeaenoaea YII ia aeieiae/aneea iauaeou aaeece
?aaeei-, oaea- e eieaoeeiiiuo noaioeee, yia?aaoe/aneeo onoaiiaie, a
oaeia aicaeaenoaea – aaaea e?oiiuo ai?iaeia. Eiee/anoai iiaeiaiuo
enoi/ieeia eceo/aiey ia?iiii, a eo /anoioiue aeeaiacii ?ani?aaeaeyaony
io aaeeieoe aa?oe aei nioai aeaaaa?oe. Iniaaiii aaeeea aeiey n?aaenoa
nayce (nioiaie, niooieeiaie, iiaeeue-1 iie, ieeeoeaeneeo ?aaea?ia
AAeAe). Enneaaeiaaiey, i?iaaaeaiiua nio?oaeieeaie IEE iaaeeoeeiu o?oaea
?AII (Iineaa, 1992), Oeaio?a yeaeo?iiaaieoiie aaciianiinoe (Iineaa,
1996), Iaoa?ao?aneiai oeeeaea Einoeoooa caiiiai iaaiaoecia iieacaee, /oi
eioaineaiinoue YII a ai?iaeao a aeanyoee ?ac aieueoa, /ai caai?iaeiue
oii (oaae. 7). A a yeaeo?iiiacaeao o?iaaiue YII i?aauoaao anoanoaaiiue
oii a ouny/e ?ac, aeinoeaay aaee/eiu eiaeoeoeee iaaieoiiai iiey aei 10
iOe.
Oaaeeoea.7 Aeiiaoiea enoi/ieee yeaeo?iiaaieoiiai iiey
Enoi/ieee yeaeo?iiaaieoiiai iiey?annoiyiea, ia eioi?ii o?iaaiue YII
ieaea 0,2 ieOeAy?ia?eeue1,4 i io ?aaioathuaai i?eai?aOaeaaeci? «Sony»1,1
i io ye?aia; 1,2 i io noaieeOi?oa? (2 eaiiu)0,03
iYeaeo?iaeooiaea0,4iOieiaeeeueiee «Noeiie-110»1,2 i io aeaa?oeu; 1,5 i
io caaeiae noaieeOieiaeeeueiee «Ieine-11»0,1 i io eiii?anni?aOotha
«Phillips»0,23 iYeaeo?i?aaeeaoi?0,3i
Aeaaea nianoaaiiay eaa?oe?a ia yaeyaony iaaeaaeiui oaaaeeuai io YII.
Caeanue aeinoaoi/ii enoi/ieeia n i?aauoaieai oneiaiiai i?aaeaea
aaciianiinoe 0,2 ieOe, i /ai naeaeaoaeuenoaotho enneaaeiaaiey,
i?iaaaeaiiua ?aaioieeaie Oeaio?a yeaeo?iiaaieoiie aaciianiinoe.
Ieacaeinue, /oi iaoe eaa?oe?u iiooaiu yeaeo?ieaaaeai, niaea?aeeiui
yeaeo?iueoia, eaaaeueiuie eeieyie, nenoaiaie yia?ainiaaaeaiey eeooia e
ae?oaeo i?iaeoeoia oeeaeeecaoeee. Aioo?e eaa?oe?u e enoi/ieeai YII
iiaeii ioianoe ana ?aaioathuea yeaeo?ii?eai?u (a?eee, oothae, auoyaeee,
oieiaeeeueieee, noe?aeueiua iaoeiu, oaeaaeci?u, eiiiuethoa?u).
O?aaai (oeeeeii, oaeooi – io eeo. «aieueoie aaoa?») – yoi aaoa? neeie
aei 12 aaeeia. Aai nei?inoue aeinoeaaao 300 i/n, o?iio o?aaaia
aeinoeaaao aeeeiu aei 500 ei. O?aaai niiniaai i?ieoe iooue a nioie
eeeiiao?ia. Ii iionoioaao ana ia naiai iooe: eiiaao aea?aauey, ?ac?ooaao
no?iaiey, nicaeaao ia iiaa?aaeuea aieiu aunioie aei 30 i, iiaeao auoue
i?e/eiie eeaiae, a iicaeiaa iaoneiaeoue iiyaeaiea yieaeaiee. A 1988 a.
o?aaai a Iaeanneie iaeanoe auaae ec no?iy 6000 ei EYI, inoaaea aac
yia?aee aieaa 130 ianaeaiiuo ioieoia, a oaeaea aiaeicaai? ai?iaea.
O?aaaiu, oeeeeiiu eiatho naciiioth aeeiaieeo.
Ao?y – ?aciiaeaeiinoue o?aaaia, ii eiaao iaiueooth nei?inoue aao?a.
Iniiaiuie i?e/eiaie aea?oa i?e o?aaaiao e ao?yo yaeythony ii?aaeaiea
ethaeae eaoyueie ineieeaie, iaaeathueie aea?aaueyie e yeaiaioaie
no?iaiee. Iaiin?aaenoaaiiie i?e/eiie aeaaee ai iiiaeo neo/ayo yaeyaony
anoeeney io aeaaeaiey, oyaeaeaeoea o?aaiu. N?aaee auaeeaoeo
iaaethaeathony iiiaeanoaaiiua ?aiaiey iyaeeo oeaiae, cae?uoua eee
ioe?uoua ia?aeiiu, /a?aiii-iicaiaua o?aaiu, o?aaiu iicaiii/ieea. A ?aiao
/anoi eiathony aeoaiei i?iieeoea eii?iaeiua oaea (ii/aa, eonee
anoaeueoa, ineieee noaeea), /oi i?eaiaeeo e naioe/aneei ineiaeiaieyi e
aeaaea e aaciaie aaia?aia. Iniaaiii iianiu iueueiua ao?e a thaeiuo
canooeeauo iaeanoyo Neae?e e aa?iiaeneie /anoe no?aiu, oae eae aucuaatho
y?iceth e auaao?eaaiea ii/au, oiin eee canuieo iinaaia, iaieaiea ei?iae.
Nia?/ (oi?iaaei) – aeo?aaia aeaeaeaiea aicaeooa, ?ani?ino?aiythuaainy a
aeaea aeaaioneiai /a?iiai noieaa aeeaiao?ii aei nioai iao?ia, aioo?e
eioi?iai iaaethaeaaony ?ac?aaeaiea aicaeooa, eoaea caoyaeaathony
?acee/iua i?aaeiaou. Nei?inoue a?auaiey aicaeooa a iueaaii noieaa
aeinoeaaao 500 i/n. Aicaeoo a noieaa iiaeieiaaony ii nie?aee e
caoyaeaaao a naay iueue, aiaeo, i?aaeiaou, ethaeae. Nia?/ eiiaaea
oie/oiaeaao oeaeua aea?aaie. Ca a?aiy naiaai nouanoaiaaiey ii iiaeao
i?ieoe iooue aei 600 ei, ia?aiauaynue ni nei?inoueth aei 20 i/n.
Iiiaaoea a nia?/ iino?ieee ec-ca ?ac?aaeaiey a noieaa aicaeooa
?ac?ooathony io iaii?a aicaeooa ecioo?e. Eiiaaea nia?/ aeaeaaaony ni
nei?inoueth, i?aauoathuae nei?inoue caoea. Ii au?uaaao aea?aauey n
ei?iyie, ii?ieeaeuaaao aaoiiiaeee, iiacaea, iiaeieiaao a aicaeoo aeiia
eee eo yeaiaiou (e?uoo, ioaeaeueiua /anoe), ia?aiineo ethaeae ia
ianeieueei eeeiiao?ia. O iiaeaoeo iaaethaeaeinue iionoioaiea i?aaiecia,
?acaeoua ionoua /a?aia, naeaaeaiiua a?oaeiua eeaoee.
Nia?/e auaatho ai iiiaeo iaeanoyo ?innee. Oae, a 1984 a. nia?/ i?iianny
iaae Eaaiianeie, ss?ineaaneie e Eino?iineie iaeanoyie. Oieueei a
Eaaiianeie iaeanoe auei iieiinoueth ?ac?ooaii /aou?a ianaeaiiuo ioieoa,
?yae iauaeoia a iaeanoiii oeaio?a, iiaeaei aieaa 70 /aeiaae e ieiei 300
/aeiaae iieo/eee o?aaiu.
O?aaaiu, ao?e e nia?/e aeinoaoi/ii oi/ii i?iaiice?othony, e i?e
iaania/aiee naiaa?aiaiiiai iiiaauaiey iiaeii ecaaaeaoue na?ueaciuo
iaoa?eaeueiuo e ethaeneeo iioa?ue (oaae. 8).
Oaaeeoea.8 Iineaaenoaey aicaeaenoaey iaeioi?uo o?aaaiia
Ianoi eaoano?iou, aiae*enei iiaeaoeo*enei ?aiaiuoNiioonoa. yaeaieyAaeoe,
19635 000Ia oeene?iaaeinue-NOA, 1967188000-NOA, 1970250Ia
oeene?iaaeinue-Aiiaeo?an, 19746 000Ia oeene?iaaeinue-Aano?aeey,
1974491140-NOA, 1976450200-Iiai, 197710548-O?e-Eaiea, 1978905Ia
oeene?iaaeinue-Aeiieieeaineay ?anioaeeea, 19792 0004000-NOA, 1980272Ia
oeene?iaaeinue-Eiaeieeoae, 1981300 000Ia
oeene?iaaeinueIaaiaeiaieaAaiaeaaeao, 198520 000Ia
oeene?iaaeinueIaaiaeiaiea
Iieo/ea ooi?iiaia i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiea, iaiaoiaeeii iaiaaeeaiii oe?aieoue
iaaeinoaoi/ii i?i/iua eiino?oeoeee e yeaiaiou oaoieee, cae?uoue aeaa?e
caeaiee, /a?aea/iuo iiiauaiee, aaioeeyoeeiiiua ioaa?noey. Aeo?eiu e ieia
iaoeoue aeineaie, ia noaeea iaeeaeoue iieinee aoiaae eee oeaie. N e?uo,
aaeeiiia e eiaeaeee oa?aoue i?aaeiaou, eioi?ua i?e iaaeaiee iiaoo
iaianoe o?aaiu. Neaaeoao iicaaioeoueny ia aaa?eeiuo enoi/ieeao inaauaiey
(oiia?yo, eaiiao), caianao aiaeu, i?iaeoeoia, iaaeeeaiaioia, eiaoue
?aaioiniiniaiua n?aaenoaa aauaiey aeey iieo/aiey eioi?iaoeee io i?aaiia
AI*N.
Neeueiue niaaiiaae, caiinu, iaeaaeaiaiey, eaaeiu – i?eia?u i?iyaeaiey
nee i?e?iaeu a ceiiee ia?eiae. Niaaiiaaeu iiaoo i?iaeieaeaoueny aei
ianeieueeeo nooie, caiiny aei?iae, ianaeaiiua ioieou, i?eaiaey e
aea?oaai e i?ae?auaieth niaaaeaiey. Oeacaiiua yaeaiey i?e?iaeu oi/ii
i?iaiice?othony, e iau/ii naiaa?aiaiii auaeaaony i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiea a
?aeiiu aiciiaeiiai aaaenoaey.
A ai?iuo ianoiinoyo iaeiieaiea niaaa aaaeao e ia?aciaaieth eaaei, noiae
eioi?uo i?eaiaeeo e ia?aiauaieyi cia/eoaeueiuo iann niaaa e eaiiae.
Aeaeaeouayny ianna niaoaao ana ia naiai iooe, /oi i?eaiaeeo e aea?oaai,
ia?uaai EYI, ?ac?ooaieyi eiiioieeaoeee. Caoeene?iaaiu neo/ae, eiaaea
i?inouanoaiaaaoea nioie eao naeaiey auee iia?aaaiu iiae eaaeiaie
(Oaaeoea?ey, Eaaeac). Iauai eaaeiu iiaeao aeinoeaaoue 2,5 iei i3, a
nei?inoue – aei 100 i/n i?e aeaaeaiee a iiiaio oaea?a 60…100 o/i2
(nooay eaaeia) eee aei 20 i/n i?e aeaaeaiee a iiiaio oaea?a aei 200 o/i2
(eaaeia ec ieioiiai, iie?iai niaaa). Aicieeathuay i?e noiaea eaaeiu
oaea?iay aicaeooiay aieia oaeaea i?aaenoaaeyao na?ueacioth iianiinoue
(eiae ianoi neo/ae ia?aa?ina aeaeaciiaei?iaeiiai aaaiia ia ?annoiyiea 80
i, a a ssiiiee a 1938 a. OAA, ia?aciaaaoayny i?e noiaea e?oiiie nooie
eaaeiu, ni?aaea aoi?ie yoaae aeeeiai aeiia, ia?aianea aai ia ?annoiyiea
800 i e ?acaeea i neaeu).
?aceea ia?aiaaeu oaiia?aoo? i?e niaaiiaaea i?eaiaeyo e iiyaeaieth
iaeaaee e iaeeiaiee iie?iai niaaa, /oi iniaaiii iianii aeey EYI e naoe
ai?iaeneiai yeaeo?e/aneiai o?ainii?oa. Aeey eeeaeaeaoeee iineaaenoaee
i?eaeaeaaony iaeneiaeueiia eiee/anoai a?ociaiai o?ainii?oa e n?aaenoa
iia?ocee niaaa. I?eieiathony ia?u ii i/enoea iniiaiuo iaaeno?aeae e
iaeaaeeaaieth aania?aaieiie ?aaiou iniiaiuo i?aaei?eyoee
aeeciaiaania/aiey (oeaaiiaea?ai, aiaeieaiaea, eaiaeecaoeee).
Iaaiaeiaiea – a?aiaiiia caoiieaiea cia/eoaeueiie /anoe nooe aiaeie a
?acoeueoaoa aeaenoaey i?e?iaeiuo nee. A caaeneiinoe io aucuaathueo
i?e/ei eo iiaeii ?acaeaeeoue ia a?oiiu.
Iaaiaeiaiey, aucaaiiua auiaaeaieai iaeeueiuo inaaeeia eee iaeeueiui
oayieai niaaa, eaaeieeia. Yoi aaaeao e ?aceiio iiaeuaio o?iaiy ?ae,
ica?, ia?aciaaieth caoi?ia. I?i?ua caoi?ia e ieioei iiaeao i?eaanoe e
ia?aciaaieth aieiu i?i?uaa, oa?aeoa?ecothuaeny no?aieoaeueiui
ia?aiauaieai ia?iiiuo iann aiaeu e cia/eoaeueiie aunioie. Iaaiaeiaiea a
aaaonoa 1989 a. a I?eii?uea nianei cia/eoaeueiia /enei iinoia e
no?iaiee, i?e yoii iiaeaei ia?iiiia eiee/anoai neioa, auee iia?aaeaeaiu
eeiee yeaeo?iia?aaea/, nayce, ?ac?ooaiu aei?iae, a ouny/e ethaeae
inoaeenue aac e?iaa.
Iaaiaeiaiey, aicieeathuea iiae aicaeaenoaeai iaaiiiiai aao?a. Iie
oa?aeoa?iu aeey i?ea?aaeiuo ?aeiiia, aaea eiathony onouey e?oiiuo ?ae,
aiaaeathueo a ii?a. Iaaiiiue aaoa? caaea?aeeaaao i?iaeaeaeaiea aiaeu a
ii?a, /oi ?acei iiauoaao o?iaaiue aiaeu a ?aea. Iiae iinoiyiiie oa?icie
iiaeiaiiai iaaiaeiaiey iaoiaeyony iiaa?aaeuey Aaeoeeneiai, Eanieeneiai e
Acianeiai ii?ae. Oae, Naieo-Iaoa?ao?a eniuoae ca a?aiy naiaai
nouanoaiaaiey aieaa 240 oaeeo iaaiaeiaiee. I?e yoii ia oeeoeao
iaaethaeaeenue neo/ae iiyaeaiey oyaeaeuo noaeia, /oi aucuaaei ?ac?ooaiey
ai?iaeneeo no?iaiee. A iiya?a 1824 a. o?iaaiue aiaeu a Iaaa iiaeiyeny
auoa ii?iu ia 4 i; a 1924 a. – ia 3,69 i, eiaaea aiaea caoiieea iieiaeio
ai?iaea; a aeaeaa?a 1973 a. – ia 2,29 i; yiaa?a 1984 a. – ia 2,25 i. E
eae neaaenoaey iaaiaeiaiee – ia?iiiua iaoa?eaeueiua iioa?e e aea?oau.
Iaaiaeiaiey, aucaaiiua iiaeaiaeiuie caieao?ynaieyie. Iie
oa?aeoa?ecothony iiyaeaieai aeaaioneeo aiei aieueoie aeeeiu – oeoiaie
(ii-yiiinee – «aieueoay aieia a aaaaie»). Nei?inoue ?ani?ino?aiaiey
oeoiaie aei 1000 ei//. Aunioa aieiu a iaeanoe aa aicieeiiaaiey ia
i?aauoaao 5 i. Ii i?e i?eaeeaeaiee e aa?aao e?ooecia oeoiaie ?acei
?anoao, e aieiu n ia?iiiie neeie ia?ooeaathony ia iiaa?aaeuea. O ieineeo
iiaa?aaeee aunioa aieiu ia i?aauoaao a i, a a oceeo aoooao aeinoeaaao 50
i (ooiiaeueiue yooaeo). I?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoue aeaenoaey oeoiaie aei 3
/ania, a ii?aaeaaiay eie aa?aaiaay eeiey aeinoeaaao aeeeiu 1000 ei. A
1952 a. aieiu ii/oe niuee THaeii-Eo?eeuene.
A no?oeoo?a naieoa?iuo iioa?ue i?e iaaiaeiaieyo i?aiaeaaeatho o?aaiu
(ia?aeiiu, iia?aaeaeaiey nonoaaia, iicaiii/ieea, iyaeeo oeaiae).
Caoeene?iaaiu neo/ae caaieaaaiee a ?acoeueoaoa ia?aioeaaeaeaiey
(iiaaiiiey, I?C, ?aaiaoeci, ooyaeaeaiea oa/aiey o?iie/aneeo aieaciae),
iiyaeaiey aea?oa io iaeiaia (ec-ca ?aceeouo e caai?aaoeony ia
iiaa?oiinoe aiaeu EAAAE). I iineaaenoaeyo iaaiaeiaiee n oi/ee c?aiey
iaaeeoeeiu iiaeii noaeeoue ii aeaiiui oaae. 9.
A no?oeoo?a naieoa?iuo iioa?ue cia/eoaeueiia ianoi caieiatho aeaoe, a
iaeaieaa /anouie iineaaenoaeyie n?aaee ianaeaiey noaiiayony
ineoiiaa?icu, eeoa/iua eioaeoeee, iaey?ey, aeaeoay eeoi?aaeea. Iniaaiii
aaeeee /aeiaa/aneea aea?oau ia iiaa?aaeueyo i?e o?aaaiao e oeoiaie, a
oaeaea i?e ?ac?ooaiee ieioei e aeaia (aieaa 93% ooiioaoeo). A ea/anoaa
i?eia?a iiaeii i?eaanoe iineaaenoaey iaaiaeiaiey 1970 a. a Aaiaeaaeao:
ia aieueoeinoaa i?ea?aaeiuo ino?iaia iiaeaei ana ianaeaiea; ec 72 oun.
?uaaeia a i?ea?aaeiuo aiaeao iiaeaei 46 oun. Aieaa iieiaeiu ec /enea
iiaeaoeo ninoaaeee aeaoe aei 10 eao, oioy ia ieo i?eoiaeeeinue eeoue 30%
ianaeaiey ciiu aaaenoaey. Aunieie ieacaeanue e nia?oiinoue n?aaee
ianaeaiey noa?oa 50 eao, n?aaee aeaiuei e aieueiuo.
*anouie niooieeaie iaaiaeiaiee yaeythony e?oiiiianooaaiua io?aaeaiey.
Ec-ca ?ac?ooaiey i/enoiuo nii?oaeaiee, neeaaeia n AOIA e ae?oaeie
a?aaeiuie aauanoaaie i?ienoiaeeo io?aaeaiea enoi/ieeia ieoueaaie aiaeu.
Ia eneeth/aii ?acaeoea iaoe?iuo iiaea?ia i?e ?aceeoee EAAAE ii
iiaa?oiinoe aiaeu (aaicei e ae?oaea ai?th/ea aeeaeeinoe eaa/a aiaeu).
Iaaiaeiaiey oniaoii i?iaiice?othony, e niioaaonoaothuea neoaeau aeatho
i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiey a iianiua ?aeiiu, /oi nieaeaao oua?a. A ianoao
iaaiaeiaiee no?iyo ieioeiu, aeaiau, aeae?ioaoie/aneea nii?oaeaiey,
?aaoee?othuea noie aiaeu. A ecaeeenouo ianoao ?ae i?iaiaeyo ?aaiou ii
?anoe?aieth e ni?yieaieth eo ?onea. A oa?iaeaaiue ia?eiae i?aaiecoaony
aeaaeo?noai e iiaeaea?aeaiea a aioiaiinoe oi?ie?iaaiee AI. I?iaiaeeony
caaeaaia?aiaiiay yaaeoaoeey ianaeaiey, oaii neioa, auaic oaoieee.
Nianaoaeueiua ?aaiou a ?aeiiao caoiieaiey /anoi i?ienoiaeyo a neiaeiuo
iiaiaeiuo oneiaeyo (eeaiaaua aeiaeaee, ooiaiu, oeaaeenoua aao?u). ?aaioo
ii nianaieth ethaeae ia/eiatho n ?acaaaeee, eniieuecoy ieaan?aaenoaa e
aa?oieaou, niaaaeaiiua n?aaenoaaie nayce.
Onoaiaaeeaathony ianoa neiieaiey ethaeae, e ooaea iai?aaeytho n?aaenoaa
aeey iaania/aiey eo nianaiey. ?aaiou ia aeae?ioaoie/aneeo nii?oaeaieyo
auiieiytho oi?ie?iaaiey eiaeaia?iie e aaa?eeii-oaoie/aneie neoaea AI*N:
yoi oe?aieaiea aeaia, ieioei, ianuiae eee eo iino?ieea.
Oaaeeoea.9 Iineaaenoaey ?yaea iaaiaeiaiee
Ianoi eaoano?iou, aiae*enei iiaeaoeoI?eia/aieaIaaiaeiaiey?inney (?.
Iaaa), 18245694000 aieueiuoEeoae, 1887 (aeaa neo/ay)3 000 000?inney
(Oai?the), 19143000Eeoae, 1931 (aeaa neo/ay)6 700 000Ieaea?eaiaeu,
19531795Aa?iaiey, 1962500Eoaeey, 1963199680 ?aiaiuoA?aceeey,
19672000Ii?ooaaeey, 1967450Eiaeey, 1967…1979300003 ieioeiu
?ac?ooaiuEeoae, 1970200 000Iethn oeeeeiiEiaeey, 1970300 000Iethn
oeeeeiiAaiaeaaeao, 197072000Aaiaeaaeao, 198510000OeoiaieAaiaeaaeao,
1876200 000ssiiiey, 189627 1229247 ?aiaiuoNOA, 190060000Eoaeey,
190816001650 ?aiaiuossiiiey, 192314000Oeeeiieiu, 19765820
Iiaeoiieaiea. Iiaeoaieeaaaony aei 75% anao ai?iaeia, ieiei 9 iei
aaeoa?ia caiaeue oicyenoaaiiiai iacia/aiey. Ieiuaaeue iiaeoiieaiey ca
iineaaeiea 15 eao oaaee/eeanue ia 50%. ?acee/atho aeaa oeia
iiaeoiieaiey: oaoiiaaiiia (eae ?acoeueoao oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe
/aeiaaea) e anoanoaaiiia (i?iyaeaiea i?e?iaeiuo i?ioeannia).
Oaoiiaaiiia iiaeoiieaiea eiaao eaoaioiue (ne?uoue) oa?aeoa? e iiyoiio
iaeaieaa iianii, iiaeao i?eaanoe e aicieeiiaaieth e ?acaeoeth iianiuo
i?ioeannia (iiieciae, ea?noiauo yaeaiee). Aai i?iaioee?oao iaa?aiioiay
aeayoaeueiinoue ethaeae:
ooa/ea ec aiaeiianoueo eiiioieeaoeee, aieinoae, aicaaaeaiiuo aiaeiaiia e
oaoiieiae/aneeo iaeiieoaeae aiaeu;
ia?ooaiea anoanoaaiiuo oneiaee iiaa?oiinoiiai noiea aiaeu i?e ?acaeoee
ai?iaeneiai oicyenoaa, iniaaiii eeaiaaie eaiaeecaoeee;
eeeaeaeaoeey anoanoaaiiuo nenoai ae?aiaaea, ?ac?ooaiea iooae aeaeaeaiey
a?oioiauo aiae caaeoaeaiiuie eiino?oeoeeyie, ye?aie?iaaiea enia?ythuae
iiaa?oiinoe oa??eoi?ee iai?iieoeaaiuie iie?uoeyie;
iiaeii? a?oioiauo aiae ca n/ao iiaeuaia o?iaiy aiaeu a aiaeio?aieeeuao.
Anoanoaaiiia iiaeoiieaiea – ?acoeueoao iaaiaeeia, ?aceeaia, iaaiiiuo
yaeaiee. Iineaaenoaeyie iiaeoiieaiee iiaoo auoue:
oooaeoaiea naieoa?ii-yieaeaieieiae/aneie ianoaiiaee;
caa?yciaiey iiaecaiiuo aiae, enoi/ieea aiaeiniaaaeaiey;
?ac?ooaiea ii/a, oooaeoaiea ea/anoaa caiaeue;
oaiaoaiea e eciaiaiea aeaeiaiai ninoaaa oei?u e oaoiu;
caoiieaiea iiaeaaeia e oaoie/aneeo iiaeiieee, /oi i?eaiaeeo e iiyaeaieth
nu?inoe, eiia?ia e a?eaeiauo ia?aciaaiee a aeeeuo iiiauaieyo,
?ac?ooaieth eiiioieeaoeee e iiauoaiiie caaieaaaaiinoe ethaeae;
aeaoi?iaoeey caeaiee, i?iaaeu, iaaooaiey e i?inaaeee ii/au;
caa?yciaiea iiaeii/aaiiuo aiae oyaeaeuie iaoaeeaie, iaooai?iaeoeoaie e
ae?oaeie oeie/aneeie yeaiaioaie;
?ac?ooaiea aieinoae, i?iaeoeoii?iaiaeia e ae?oaeo caaeoaeaiiuo
eiino?oeoeee ec-ca oneeaiey i?ioeannia ei??icee;
iaaeiionoeiia oaeaaeiaiea, caaiea/eaaiea e canieaiea oa??eoi?ee a ?aeiia
iiaeoiieaiey;
au?iaeaeaiea ?anoeoaeueiinoe e eania ni anaie io?eoeaoaeueiuie
iineaaenoaeyie aeey aeeaioiiai ie?a;
ia?ooaiea aa?iaoe/iinoe neioiiiaeeueieeia, naaeie.
A ?aaeiiao, iiaeaa?aeaiiuo noeoeeiui aaaenoaeyi, ca?aiaa i?iaiaeyony
ia?ii?eyoey, nieaeathuea aa?iyoiua io?eoeaoaeueiua iineaaenoaey. A
?aeiiao aiciiaeiuo caieao?ynaiee no?iyo nii?oaeaiey n iiauoaiiie
naeniinoieeinoueth, nicaeatho caian iaeaoie, i?iaeiaieuenoaey,
iaaeeeaiaioia; io?aaaouaatho yaaeiia?ii?eyoey e nicaeatho
niioaaonoaothuoth a?oiie?iaeo nee AI*N, iaania/eaatho /aoeoth ?aaioo
nenoaiu iiiaauaiey, i?anaeatho aiciiaeiinoue aicieeiiaaiey iaieee e
ia?iaea?noaa.
Nienie eniieuecoaiie eeoa?aoo?u
1. A?eiei A.N., Iiaeeia A.E. Yeieiae/aneay aaciianiinoue, I.:
«OAE?-I?ANN», 2000 a
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