Oaaea?aeueiia aaaionoai ii ia?aciaaieth ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee
Neae?neee Oaaea?aeueiue Oieaa?neoao
Einoeooo anoanoaaiiuo e aoiaieoa?iuo iaoe
Yeiiiie/aneee oaeoeueoao
?AOA?AO
ii i?aaeiaoo: Nioeeaeueiie aaciianiinoe ?innee
ia oaio: I?iaeaiu ia?eiiaiee a ?innee
Auiieieea: nooaeaioea a?oiiu y-28,
*a?iiaa O.A.
I?iaa?ee:
Niaea?aeaiea:
1.Iaiiiai enoi?ee
2.?anoe?aiea iio?aaeaiey ia?eioeeia a ?innee
3.I?iaeaia ia?eiiaiee a ?innee: iiceoeey ia?eicaaeneiuo e eo
?iaenoaaiieeia:
a) Eeeieei-ineoieiae/aneay oa?aeoa?enoeea ia?eicaaeneiuo e eo
?iaenoaaiieeia a ?innee;
a) Nioeeieiae/aneay ea?oeia a ?innee. I?eno?anoiay ioeaiea aeinooiiinoe
e yooaeoeaiinoe ea/aiey.
4.I?iaeaia ia?eiiaiee a ?innee: noaoenoe/aneea aeaiiua:
a) Oeeo?u;
a) Aeeiaieea ?inoa
1.Iaiiiai enoi?ee
A ?innee i?iaeaia ia?eioeeia iiea aua /eneeony yaeaieai /oaea?iaeiui e
ia?onneei. E aiai?y i i?iaeaia ia?eioeeia, oioaeinue au aniiiieoue ia
aeeiaiea. N/eoaaony, /oi iao ia?iae eiao ii?ie – aanoaaaoiia,
aacoaea?aeiia iueyinoai. Iauaa oaaaeaeaiea a yoie “o?aaeeoeee ?onneiai
iueyinoaa” oe?aieeinue eae “aeieacaiiue” enoi?e/aneee oaeo. Iaeiaei yoa
oaeiaiay “iueyiay” aa?ney iaoae enoi?ee ieioi ayaeaony ni iiiaeanoaii
ianoiyoaeuenoa e oaeoi?ia, a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue, n eaiiie/aneeie
o?aaeeoeeyie I?aaineaaey. Iiceoeey Oea?eae caeanue /aoei au?aaeaia
neiaii aiinoiea Iaaea: “Ia oieaaeoanue aeiii, a iai aea anoue aeoae”
(Aoan. Y,18).
Ecaanoii, /oi a Ae?aaiae ?one iueyinoaa ia auei: aa ianaeaiea ia
au?aueaaei aeiia?aae, e aeii aeey I?e/anoiiai Oaeinoaa caaiceeinue ec
Aecaioee. I?iaeaia aea iueyinoaa aicieeea iiiai iicaea, ai a?aiaia
iiyaeaiey iieueneiai oa?ieia “aiaeea”. Nio?aieeanue enoi?ey oea?eiaiiai
“Niai?a i eaaaeao” (1652 a.), ia eioi?ii Nayoaeoee iao?ea?o Ieeii
aunooiee i?ioea aiaae?aiiie aua oea?ai Eaaiii IV (A?iciui)
ainoaea?noaaiiie iiiiiieee ia i?aai eaaaoeeie oi?aiaee “oeaaiui aeiii”,
oi anoue i?ioea niaeaaiey i?aaineaaiiai ianaeaiey n oiiaaieai ia eaaeia
iiiieiaiea oea?neie eaciu. Eae nioeeaeueiay ycaa, ?onneia iueyinoai
aicieeei nianai iaaeaaii: iaeiia?aiaiii n “?acaeoeai eaieoaeecia” e
yaeaieai “i?ec?aea eiiioiecia” – ai aoi?ie iieiaeia XIX a. e ia/aea XX
a. Yoi i?iyaeyeinue, i?aaeaea anaai, a ie?aeiiuo aaaeiuo eaa?oaeao
Naieo-Iaoa?ao?aa. *enei iiaecaai?iuo o?aeoe?iuo i?iiieoe e naciiiuo
?aai/eo, i?eacaeeo e?anoueyi, aacaeiiiuo e ieueo ?inei oae
no?aieoaeueii, eae oiiiaeaaony naaiaeiy /enei ia?eiiaiia a ai?iaeneeo
eaae?eioao.
A nineiaiii ?onneii iauanoaa aiai?eee i iueyinoaa, eae i ieuai
aoioa?noaa, oi?ia ia?iaeiiai ieaeeecia, i?iyaeaiee aacaiaeey,
i?anooiiinoe e o. i. Eiaiii a yoo ii?o aacaoiua o?iieee, iueanu, ?iiaiu,
eoai/iua ea?eeaoo?u e i?aaio/eoaeueiua ?anneacu iieiaeeee ia/aei enoi?ee
iaycaoaeueiie e aani?aaeaeueiie “o?aaeeoeee” ?onneiai iueyinoaa. Iaeiaei
ia ana ciatho, /oi auea e ae?oaay enoi?ey yoie i?iaeaiu. ?onneia
iauanoai nii?ioeaeyeinue iueyinoao niciaoaeueii e c?aei. Iiyaeeenue
i?aaiecaoeee e aeaeaeaiey a aeooa i?aanoaaiiiai ainieoaiey
aeaaioai?eoaeueiinoe, i?aaineaaiua a?aonoaa e iauanoaa a iiaeaea?aeeo
o?aaeeoeee aeaai/anoey e ia?iaeiie o?acainoe. *eainoai a yoeo
aeaeaeaieyo ii?ie en/eneyeinue aeanyoeaie ouny/; no?ieeenue o?aiu,
i?ethou, aieueieoeu e aeaeeioaee. Oae, Aeaenaiae?i-Iaaneia a?aonoai
o?acainoe eeoue a Iaoa?ao?aneii naiai ioaeaeaiee, eiaaoai ieiei 70 oun.
/eaiia, iino?ieei Aine?anaineoth oea?eiaue, caeaiea oea?eiaiie oeieu,
i?etho e iiiaia ae?oaia. Iaiaeua noiiu aeey yoeo no?ieoaeuenoa
aea?oaiaae e eiia?aoi? Ieeieae II. E ana yoi aeaaaei naie ?acoeueoaou. E
1913 a. o?iaaiue iueyinoaa caiaoii oaaaeeny.
O/?aaeaeaiea cai?aoia a ioiioaiee ia?eioeeia niaiaei n yaeaieai
aacaeooiaiinoe, naienoaaiiui XX a.. Iii eiaioaony a?a/aneei oa?ieiii
“aiinoaney”, /oi icia/aao – ionooiie/anoai io eniiaaaeaiey Aa?u,
?aeeaeicii-i?aanoaaiiiai ia?aca aeecie e Caeiia Aiaeey. Yoi neiai eae
iaeuecy eo/oa io?aaeaao nouiinoue iaoae iio?aaeoaeueneie e aacaiaeiie
oeeaeeecaoeee. Ouny/o eao ec enoi?ee ainoaea?noaa yoio cai?ao aue
aaeeinoaaiiui. Eaeeo-oi niaoeeaeueiuo caeiiia eee oeacia i ia?eioeeao a
iaoae enoi?ee ia auei aieioue aei XX a.
I i?eno?anoee e ia?eioeeai a ?inneeneii ainoaea?noaa iao eaeeo-eeai
aaaeiuo naeaeaoaeuenoa ie a eaoiienyo, ie a neacaieyo. Ii yoi aiana ia
icia/aao, /oi iaoe i?aaeee ia?einiaea?aeaueo ?anoaiee ia ciaee. Ecaanoiu
o?aaeeoeeiiiua iai?aaeaiey ?onneiai yenii?oa. Ia?yaeo n iaaeii,
iooieiie, eueiii e i?i/ei oea oi?aiaey iaiueeie, eiiiieyiui ianeii,
aeaeooii, eaiaoaie – i?iaeoeoaie aanueia ia?eiaaiiie eoeueoo?u ec
naiaenoaa Cannabis, o.a. eiiiiee. Iaeaieaa y?eie ieacaeanue noaeueaa
iaea. Oi, /oi neacaii ?onneei ia?iaeii i iaea, ieeiaaea ia yaeyeinue
ia?eiiaineei aea?aiiii.
Aeo?iaiiuie naienoaaie yoeo i?eau/iuo ?anoaiee ?onneia ianaeaiea ia
i/aiue-oi eioa?aniaaeinue. Aaoeo e eaeueyi, eae e ae?aaiea noa?oeu a
/aeiao n nioiae aeai, iinoiyiii eo?yuea iieoi, ii/aio-oi oiaea ia
ieacaeenue i?aaeiaoii aeeyiey e iiae?aaeaiey a ?onneii ia?iaea. Eiia/ii,
auaaee ioaeaeueiua neo/ae naiiaeo?noaa iiiaueeia, aeaaonoe?iaaaoeo yoe
aauanoaa. Ii eaeeo-eeai eiie?aoiuo naeaeaoaeuenoa caaeneiinoe eee
i?eno?anoee enoi?ey iai ia inoaaeea. Ai a?a/aaiie i?aeoeea, iniaaiii ai
a?aiy aiaiiuo aeaenoaee, eiia/ii aea, ia iaoiaeeeenue aac ia?eioeeia
(iieoia e aai i?iecaiaeiuo). Ii niiniau eo i?eiaiaiey anaoeaei caaenaee
io oneiaee, a oaeaea oaeaioia a?a/ae e aioaea?ae. I?eaioiaeyeenue ana
aeaeu ianoiy: iiee n aiaeeith e ioaa?u ec noaiie ei?iai/ae iaea, iiee
aunooaiiue, iace e eaiee. I?e yoii a?iiao eiiiieyiuo iieae e iae ia
inoaaeee a iaoae enoi?ee neaaeia ia?eioecia. Aeaaea a io/aieyo eee
aieaciyo a?a/aaiia i?eiaiaiea ia?eioeeia eiaei ia?o e a?aieoeu iieaciiai
niunea e iniciaiiia ioiioaiea. E naaiaeiy ia yoii iaiaoiaeeii iiiieoue.
Ouny/o eao a niciaiee ia?iaea ia iiyaeyeinue e oaie iaiaea ia oaea/aiea
io?aaie. A naiii niciaiee i?aaineaaiiai /aeiaaea niaea?aeaeny aiieia
noi?ie?iaaiiue eiioieoao. Naaiaeiy, eae ieeiaaea ?aiaa, i/aiue iiiaei
iaiaoiaeeiu aianoi iienea ianeaaeaeaiee e eiioi?oa yoe ciaiey e
ioae?inoue, yoa “i?eaeaea io ia?eiiaiee”.
Oiio?aaeaiea ia?eioeeia (eae e eiaaea-oi aeeiaiey) noaei oaeoe/anee
iianaianoiie i?iaeaiie. Aiciiaeii /a?ac eaeia-oi a?aiy aoaeoo aiai?eoue,
/oi e ia?eiiaiey – iaoa “eneiiiia ooaoaiea”. Aeaeeii, eoi-oi, eae e
i?aaeaea, caeioa?aniaai ecuyoue ec enoi?ee neaaeu oiai ie?a, a eioi?ii
noieaoeyie io?aiyeanue e no?ieeanue aeeciue i?aaineaaiiai /aeiaaea.
Iaeiaei iaeaioia e?ooaiey ?inneeneie eiia?ee a niciaiee ?onneiai
iauanoaa ia?eiiaiey aini?eieiaeanue eae /oi-oi neaiaeaeueiia,
yecioe/aneia. A “aunoai naaoa” iieooaiioii ianoaeaeaeinue i?eno?anoea e
ia?eioeeai eiycy O.O. THnoiiaa. A aieueoae noaiaie iaeeiiiinoue e
ia?eioeeai i?iyaeyeanue a aaiaeeoneeo i?eoiiao. Naeaeaoaeuenoaa i
ia?eiiaiao-iaeeii/eao eee iaeueaiueeeo a?oiiao iu iaoiaeei a eeoa?aoo?a
oao eao: iiaanoe “Iieio” Eoi?eia, “?iiai n eieaeiii” Aaaaaa, ?anneac
Aoeaaeiaa “Ii?oee”. Eieaei e ii?oee iiyaeeenue a aiaaiii-ycioa?e/aneeo
naeiiao aaaiaa?aeenoia – eae ao?eaooeea yiaoaaeiie ?aaiethoeeiiiinoe
iiauo eneonnoa. O?aaeeoeeiiiia i?aaineaaiia ie?iaicc?aiea ?onneiai
ia?iaea ia iicaieyei ia?eiiaiee a ?innee i?aa?aoeoueny a iauanoaaiii
cia/eioth i?iaeaio.
Iinea 1917 a., eiaaea ainoaea?noai ?inneeneia, a oi/iaa – ouny/aeaoiee,
aeoaeiiue, eacaaoeeny ia?ooeiui ooiaeaiaio i?aaineaaiiai ainoaea?noaa,
aeae no?aoioth o?aueio, aeeyiea yoiai aaeeinoaaiiiai naea?aeeaathuaai
oaeoi?a auei naaaeaii e ioeth. Aac i?aaineaaiiai iiieiaiey a ?innee
i?iaeaia ia?eioeeia ia?ac?aoeia – yoi iaiaoiaeeii i?eciaoue i/aaeaeiui.
Eiaiii a Oea?eae, a i?aaineaaiuo o?aaeeoeeyo e a iaoae enoi?ee o?aieony
nianeoaeueiue eiiian, iooaaiaeeoaeue, a eo/oa neacaoue – naa/a
iaaeaaeaeu a ie?a iaeanoi/eaoainy, iaaeoai, aaea ia?eiiaiey eeoue
ciaiaioao oece/aneia e aeooiaiia ?aceiaeaiea, aeaaaia?aoeeth e ?aniaae.
2.?anoe?aiea iio?aaeaiey ia?eioeeia a ?innee
Iio?aaeaiea ia?eioeeia a NNN? ia/aei ?anoe?youeny a eiioea 1970-o aa. A
iniiaiii, ia?eioeee ?ani?ino?aiyeenue n?aaee iieiaeaaee, iaoiaeeaoaeny
iiae aeeyieai oa/aiey oeiie. A aeaeueiaeoai a ?innee, eae e a ae?oaeo
?acaeouo no?aiao, iio?aaeaiea ineoiaeoeaiuo ia?eioeeia ?ani?ino?aieeinue
ia aieaa oe?ieea neie iieiaeaaee, ii a ioee/ea io no?ai Caiaaea,
i?ioeann ?ani?ino?aiaiey ia?eioeeia a ?innee i?ioiaeee iaiiiai
iaaeeaiiaa, i?aaeaea anaai ec-ca aeanoeiai eiio?iey ni noi?iiu
ainoaea?noaa.
Ni?in ia ia?eioeee caiaoii au?in ai aoi?ie iieiaeia 1980-o aa., iniaaiii
a aa?iiaeneeo ?anioaeeeao auaoaai Niaaoneiai Nithca. Eiee/anoai
ia?eiiaiia, ca?aaeno?e?iaaiiuo Ieienoa?noaii cae?aaiio?aiaiey NNN?,
ii/oe oaeaieeinue ca ia?eiae 1984-1990 aa., e aic?inei n 35 oun. 254 aei
67 oun. 622.
A ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee oaiiu ?inoa neaaea i?aauoaee n?aaeiea ii NNN?.
A 1984 aiaeo auei ca?aaeno?e?iaaii 14 oun. 324 ia?eiiaiia, e 1990 aiaeo
eo eiee/anoai aic?inei aei 28 oun. 312 (oaaee/aiea ia 97,7 %).
N ia/aeii ia?ano?ieee iinoiyiiia eee yieciaee/aneia iio?aaeaiea
ia?eioeeia noaei ?ani?ino?aiaiiui n?aaee /eaiia iiiaeanoaa iaoi?iaeueiuo
iieiaeaaeiuo a?oii: iaieia, iaioeiie, oaiaoia “iiinu” e “oyaeaeiai
iaoaeea”, a oaeaea oae iacuaaaiuo noeeya, iiae?aaeaaoeo noeeth
?ie-i-?ieea 1950-o aa. Ana iie eniieueciaaee ?acee/iua ia?eioeee aeey
oiai, /oiau iiae/a?eiooue naia ?iaenoai n aiaeiae/iuie iieiaeaaeiuie
oa/aieyie Caiaaea, eioi?ui iie iiae?aaeaee.
Ia?eioeee noaiiaeeenue ana aieaa e aieaa aeinooiiuie iieiaeaaee, ia
?inneeneee ?uiie ai ana aic?anoathuai iauaia aua?anuaaeenue iiaua
ia?eioe/aneea aauanoaa, a oii /enea iiuiiai ?ac?ooathuaai aeaenoaey.
A ?innee aei na?aaeeiu iay 2004 aiaea anao aieueiuo ia?eiiaieae
ioi?aaeyee a oth?ueiu oi/ii oae aea, eae nauo/eeia e ?ani?ino?aieoaeae
ia?eioeeia. Iioii iiyaeeinue Iinoaiiaeaiea i?aaeoaeuenoaa ? 231, eioi?ia
eciaieei Oaieiaiue eiaeaen: ethaee, caaieaaoea ia?eiiaieae, aieueoa
i?anooiieeaie ia n/eoaeenue. Auei aeaaea aaaaeaii iiaia iiiyoea
?ac?aoaiiie aeicu – n?aaeiea ?aciaua aeicu (N?Ae) ia?eioe/aneeo e
ineoio?iiiuo aauanoa. ?ac?aoaiiuie n/eoaeenue aeanyoue aeic. Anee
/aeiaae eo aea?aeae aeey naay, ia caieiaynue nauoii eee ?ani?ino?aiaieai
ia?eioeeia, ii iia iiaeaa?aiooueny aaeieieno?aoeaiie ioaaonoaaiiinoe.
Ioaaonoaaiiinoue aea oaieiaiay ianooiaea oiaaea, eiaaea aeic auei,
iai?eia?, iaeeiiaaeoeaoue. Yoio caeii i?inouanoaiaae anaai aiae. A 2005
N?Ae ioiaieee.
Ia aeaiiue iiiaio iaaeeei-?aaaeeeoaoeeiiiay eio?ano?oeoo?a a no?aia
ionoonoaoao. A iaee/ee anaai ieiei 2 ouny/ ?aciiai aeaea ia?eieiae/aneeo
oeaio?ia, aeeniaina?ia e eaaeiaoia. Yooaeoeaiinoue aeia?iaieueiiai
ea/aiey ia?eiiaiia eeoue 7-15 %. E oieueei a i/aiue oi?ioae eeeieea yoa
oeeo?a iiaeao aeinoeaaoue 25 %. Ii?in a?a/ae ia?eieiaia iieacae, /oi ec
ieo 48% – i?ioea i?eioaeeoaeueiiai ea/aiey ia?eiiaiia e eeoue 24% – ca.
3.I?iaeaia ia?eiiaiee a ?innee: iiceoeey ia?eicaaeneiuo e eo
?iaenoaaiieeia
O?aaeeoeey oaeiaa, /oi iiaeaaeythuaa aieueoeinoai ainoaea?noaaiiuo
?aoaiee a noa?a aioeia?eioe/aneie iieeoeee a ?innee i?eieiaaony aac
o/aoa iiaiey iaeiie ec caeioa?aniaaiiuo noi?ii – aieueiuo ia?eiiaieae e
eo ?iaenoaaiieeia. Aeaeeii, yoi i?ienoiaeeo a neeo eiina?aaoeaiuo
iaoa?iaeenoneeo onoaiiaie iauanoaa, n/eoathuaai, /oi oi/ea c?aiey
aieueiuo yaeyaony aoi?inoaiaiiie e, e oiio aea, i?eno?anoiie.
Ae?oaiai iiaiey i?eaea?aeeaathony naie ia?eicaaeneiua, eo ?iaeeoaee e eo
niiauanoai. Iiiaea i?ioeaaeo?u e i?eioeeiu a noa?a ia?eieiaee,
aioeia?eioe/aneie ?aaiou ?anniao?eaathony eie eae aeene?eieiaoeeiiiua,
iani?aaaaeeeaua, iaaoiaiiua e ia?acoeueoaoeaiua. Eiiaaea any ?aaioa ii
ai?ueaa n ia?eio?aoeeii, ii i?ioeeaeoeea oiio?aaeaiey ineoiaeoeaiuo
aauanoa, ii ea/aieth e ?aaaeeeoaoeee iaoeeaioia aeaeeony eie eae
eieoaoeey.
Anao eeoe, oiio?aaeythueo ia?eioe/aneea aauanoaa, iicaieeoaeueii
?acaeaeeoue ia aeaa a?oiiu: oao, eoi yaeyaony aieueiui ia?eiiaieae, o.a.
o eiai oaea noi?ie?iaaia iaoieiae/aneay caaeneiinoe io ia?eioeea, e oao,
eoi yaeyaony eeoue iio?aaeoaeai aac i?eciaeia iaee/ey ia?eieiae/aneiai
caaieaaaiey. Aeaiiay ianiiiaiii iao/iay aeeooa?aioeeaoeey, e
niaeaeaieth, ia iaoiaeeo naiaai io?aaeaiey a iauanoaaiiii niciaiee.
Iiaeaaeythuaa aieueoeinoai ?inneyi ioiineo e ia?eiiaiai i?aeoe/anee anao
ethaeae, eoi oiio?aaeyao n ?acee/iie ?aaoey?iinoueth ia?eioeee, ia
caaeoiuaaynue i oii, /oi ii ioiioaieth e oiio?aaeythuei aeeiaieue eo
iiceoeey aieaa aeaeay, anee ia neacaoue eiaa?niay.
Ia aucuaaao niiiaiee, /oi iiceoeey ia?eicaaeneiuo a ioiioaiee i?iaeai
ia?eiiaiee i?eno?anoiay e noauaeoeaiay. Iaeiaei iia ia iaiaa
noauaeoeaia, /ai iiceoeey a?a/ae, i?aaiio?aieoaeueiuo i?aaiia, aeanoe e
iauanoaa a oeaeii. Eiaiii ii eeiee ia?eiiaiu (eo ?iaenoaaiieee) –
iauanoai noieeiiaaiea eioa?ania i?iyaeyaony a iaeaieueoae noaiaie.
a) Eeeieei-ineoieiae/aneay oa?aeoa?enoeea ia?eicaaeneiuo e eo
?iaenoaaiieeia a ?innee
Aeey oiai, /oiau iiiyoue nooue e iioeaaoeeth ioeaiie ia?eicaaeneiuie e
eo ?iaenoaaiieeaie i?iaeaiu ia?eiiaiee iaiaoiaeeii ciaoue eo
ineoieiae/aneea iniaaiiinoe. Eioa?anu yoie a?oiiu ethaeae i?ienoaeatho
ec eo ie?iiiieiaiey, ie?iiuouaiey, a oaeaea ec iaeioi?uo ineoieiae/aneeo
e ineoiiaoieiae/aneeo iniia ee/iinoiuo niuneia.
Ia aucuaaao niiiaiee oio oaeo, /oi ethaia iiaaaeaiea, oa?aeoa?ecothuaany
i?eciaeaie caaeneiinoe, eiaao ia aiaoiaa, a aioo?aiiaa i?ienoiaeaeaiea.
Eiaeeaeae noaiiaeony caaeneiui io /aai-eeai eee eiai-eeai ia a neeo
aeaaeaiey eee i?eioaeaeaiey ecaia, a aeaaiaea?y aioiaiinoe
iiae/eiyoueny, a ii?aaeaeaiiii niunea «no?anoe auoue ai aeanoe
ae?oaiai», aeaaeaeu /oiau ei ?oeiaiaeeee e aaee ii aeecie.
Iieecaaeneiinoue – oeie/iay e iniiaiiieaaathuay oa?aeoa?enoeea.
Ni?aaaaeeeainoe ?aaee, neaaeoao i?eciaoue, /oi aiaoiea oaeoi?u ea?atho
ii?aaeaeaiioth ?ieue a oi?ie?iaaiee caaeneiiai iiaaaeaiey. Ii iie
yaeythony oneiaeyie, a ia i?e/eiaie noaiiaeaiey caaeneiinoae.
A yoii ioiioaiee e oeie/aneea caaeneiinoe (aeeiaieeci, ia?eiiaiey,
oieneeiiaiey, ieeioeieci) eae e ianoanoaioeeiiaeueiua (aaiaeeia,
eioa?iao-caaeneiinoue), e naenoaeueiua aeaaeaoeee, e caaeneiinoue io
ieue, e oaiaoeci eae i?iyaeaiea caaeneiinoe io eaeae e aa i?iiiaaaeieeia
eiatho noiaeiua ei?ie. Ana iie aace?othony ia
eiaeeaeaeoaeueii-ee/iinoiuo ea/anoaao /aeiaaea. Oi anoue iiaeii n
aunieie aa?iyoiinoueth i?aaeiieaaaoue, /oi caaeneiay ee/iinoue,
noi?ie?iaaiiay a i?ioeanna nioeeaeecaoeee, naia aeaaea aac aiaoiaai
eieoeee?iaaiey niiniaia eaaei iaeoe naaa a ie?oaeathuai ie?a
«iiaeoiaeyuee» iauaeo eee noauaeo caaeneiinoe. Aaaeue niaeacieoue
(i?aeuenoeoue, i?eaea/ue) iiaeii oieueei oiai, a eii oaea nic?aei
eneooaiea. Niaeaciii iaicia/aaony ia/oi aeaeouaa. A, eae ecaanoii,
aea/aiea – yoi aioo?aiiaa ninoiyiea, canoaaeythuaa aeaenoaiaaoue
ii?aaeaeaiiui i?aaeacyoui ia?acii.
Iiaeaaeythuaa aieueoeinoai niaoeeaeenoia, eco/athueo ia?eiiaieth,
aeeiaieeci, ieeioeieci e eiua oi?iu caaeneiiai iiaaaeaiey noiaeyony ai
iiaiee i oii, /oi a iniiaa iiaeiaiiai iiaaaeaiey eaaeao aeiaieaciaiiua
(i?aaeiaoieiae/aneea) ee/iinoiua iniaaiiinoe, a neeo eioi?uo o
eiaeeaeaea e noi?ie?iaaeanue caaeneiinoue. Iaeiaei, nienie cia/eiuo
ee/iinoiuo iniaaiiinoae ianoieueei oe?ie (a eiiaaea e i?ioeai?a/ea), /oi
cao?oaeieoaeueii auaeaeaiea nouiinoiuo oa?aeoa?enoee iiae?inoea,
neeiiiiai e caaeneiiio iiaaaeaieth.
Iaeaieaa /anoi oiiieiaaony oaeay oa?aeoa?enoeea eae eioaioeeueiinoue eee
ineoe/aneee eioaioeeeci. N/eoaaony, /oi eiaiii yoa iniaaiiinoue iaeaieaa
/anoi eaaeeo a iniiaa oi?ie?iaaiey caaeneiiai iiaaaeaiey. Ai-ia?auo,
iioiio /oi eiaiii a aeaonoaa e thiinoe (a eioaioeeueiinoue e icia/aao –
aeaoneinoue) i?aeiouanoaaiii aicieeatho caaeneiinoe, ai-aoi?uo, iioiio
/oi aa?iiie/iue ac?ineue /aeiaae no?aieony e iacaaeneiinoe e naiaiaea.
A ?aieao ioeaiee i?iaeaiu ia?eiiaiee oaeaea neaaeoao o/eouaaoue oio
oaeo, /oi ia?eicaaeneiua aiaeece?otho aa, iie?aynue ia nianoaaiiua
eioaioeeueiua iaooa?iu iniuneaiey aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe. Yoi iiae?acoiaaaao
oi, /oi ethaay i?iaeaia ?anniao?eaaaony a /a?ii-aaeii iaeneiaeenoneii
naaoa. Ana, /oi aeaeaao ainoaea?noai e iauanoai a noa?a
aioeia?eioe/aneie iieeoeee, iiaeaa?aaaony e?eoeea n iiceoeee
aeiieie?othuae eioaioeeueiinoe, o.a. iaiin?aaenoaaiiinoe aini?eyoey,
iaeneiaeueiie ioe?uoinoe, ino?ie aini?eei/eainoe e iani?aaaaeeeainoe e n
iiauoaiiui o?iaiai yiioeeiiaeueiiai ?aaae?iaaiey. Aneaaenoaea yoiai,
ia?eicaaeneiuo iiaeii iacaaoue naiuie auaaeeeauie iacaoi?iaeeciaaiiuie
e?eoeeaie anao aioeia?eioe/aneeo ia?ii?eyoee.
Iiieii eioaioeeueiinoe (ii e aioo?e iaa) ia?eicaaeneiuo ioee/aao
iiauoaiiue o?iaaiue aiooaaiinoe, /oi oaeaea iiaeao iauynieoue eo ioaaou
a ?aieao nioeeieiae/aneiai enneaaeiaaiey. Iiae aiooaaiinoueth iiieiaaony
eaaeinoue onaiaiey /aeiaaeii aiaoieo ii ioiioaieth e iaio iiaoaeaeaiee,
no?aieaiee, aeaeaiee, onoaiiaie, ioeaiie, oi?i e noeeae iiaaaeaiey,
iiauoaiiay aini?eei/eainoue e ineoe/aneiio aicaeaenoaeth ni noi?iiu
ae?oaiai eeoea (eeoe) aac e?eoe/aneiai iniuneaiey ?aaeueiinoe e
no?aieaiey i?ioeainoiyoue yoiio aicaeaenoaeth. N/eoaaony, /oi i?e yoii
iiiaia ec i?ienoiaeyuaai i?eieiaaony ia aa?o, aeoaiei ia aiaeece?oaony e
ia iiaeaa?aaaony i?eno?anoiiio iniuneaieth. A.I.Aaooa?aa ienae, /oi
aiooaiea aoiaeeo a niciaiea /aeiaaea ia n «ia?aaeiiai aoiaea, a eae au n
caaeiaai e?ueueoea», ieioy noi?iaea – e?eoeeo.
Ia?eicaaeneiay ee/iinoue ieacuaaaony iae?eoe/iie, /anoi eaaeiaa?iie,
iiaeaoeeaie a?oiiiaiio aicaeaenoaeth, aaoi?eoa?iiio oi?aaeaieth. Oaeie
/aeiaae au?aaaouaaao noa?aioei iiaaaeaiey ia a niioaaonoaee n
oaaaeaeaieyie e ?acuyniaieyie ie?oaeathueo, ia enoiaey ec nianoaaiiuo
?aoeeiiaeueiuo noaeaeaiee e oiicaeeth/aiee, a a iaoiae eo. Eae iieacaee
?acoeueoaou nioeeieiae/aneiai enneaaeiaaiey, iiaiea a?oiiu
ia?eicaaeneiuo oa?aeoa?eciaaeinue aieueoae eiinieeaee?iaaiiinoueth e
aaeeiiia?aceai, /ai iiaiey eiuo a?oii. Ec yoiai neaaeoao, /oi iii iineo,
eae i?aaeei, aiooaiiue a?oiiiaie oa?aeoa?. Eeoue ii iaeioi?ui aniaeoai
i?iaeaiu ia?eiiaiee auee auyaeaiu i?eioeeieaeueiua ?anoiaeaeaiey aioo?e
a?oiiu ia?eicaaeneiueao.
Iaoe (Iaiaeaeaae/ A.Ae., Oonaeiiaa E.?., 2001) enneaaeiaaiey 24
ia?eicaaeneiuo ioae/ei ?aciiai aic?anoa (auai?ea 1 – io 27 aei 30 eao,
auai?ea 2 – io 18 aei 22 eao) iicaieeee auyaeoue eiua oeie/iua
ee/iinoiua ea/anoaa ia?eiiaiia n iiauoaiiui o?iaiai aiooaaiinoe. Ia
iniiaaiee eniieueciaaiey 16-oe oaeoi?iiai ii?inieea eco/aiey ee/iinoe
?.Eaooaeea n ioeaieie eioaeeaeooaeueiuo (A, I, Q),
yiioeeiiaeueii-aieaauo (N, G, I, I, Q, Q3,Q4) e eiiioieeaoeaiuo
iniaaiiinoae (A, I, A, N, Q2, L) auee iieo/aiu neaaeothuea ?acoeueoaou
(oaaeeoeu 1 e 2).
Oaaeeoea 1
N?aaeiea iieacaoaee 16-oe oaeoi?iiai ii?inieea ii ia?aie auai?ea
ABCEFGHILMNOQ1Q2Q3Q4M4,85,24,34,27,04,85,95,03,37,55,25,67,54,75,55,84,2
Oaaeeoea 2
N?aaeiea iieacaoaee 16-oe oaeoi?iiai ii?inieea ii aoi?ie auai?ea
ABCEFGHILMNOQ1Q2Q3Q4MD5,15,63,94,75,56,25,95,53,77,34,24,45,84,26,66,45,
A ?acoeueoaoa i?iaaaeaiiiai enneaaeiaaiey a iaaeo auai?eao auaeaeyeenue
ieceea cia/aiey ii oaeoi?o L «aeiaa?/eainoue-iiaeic?eoaeueiinoue», /oi
aeaiiino?e?iaaei oaeea oa?aeoa?enoeee ianeaaeiaaiiuo eae ioe?iaaiiinoue,
aeiaa?/eainoue, aeaaiaeaeaoaeueiinoue ii ioiioaieth e ie?oaeathuei
ethaeyi, ioe?uoinoue e iaiin?aaenoaaiiinoue. Iiieii yoiai a ia?aie
auai?ea auee iaia?oaeaiu aunieea iieacaoaee ii oaeoi?o F –
«naea?aeaiiinoue – yeni?anneaiinoue», /oi io?aaeaei yiioeeiiaeueioth
ie?aoaiiinoue e aeeiaie/iinoue iauaiey. Oi anoue, eniuooaiui io 27-30
eao iaeaieaa i?enouae auea aeoeaiinoue, aiae?inoue, aania/iinoue.
Ioia/aeinue iiauoaiea iieacaoaeae ii oaeoi?o I – «i?aeoe/iinoue –
?acaeoia aiia?aaeaiea», a oaeaea ii oaeoi?o Q1 – «eiina?aaoeci –
?aaeeeaeeci», oa?aeoa?eciaaaoaio eniuooaiuo eae eeoe n iiauoaiiuie
eioaeeaeooaeueiuie eioa?anaie, neeiiiinoueth e yenia?eiaioe?iaaieth.
Ai aoi?ie auai?ea iaia?oaeeaaeenue aunieea cia/aieyie ii oaeoi?o I –
«i?aeoe/iinoue – ?acaeoia aiia?aaeaiea», /oi oeacuaaei ia oaeea i?enouea
ianeaaeiaaiiui ea/anoaa eae ?acaeoia aiia?aaeaiea, i?eaioe?iaaiiinoue ia
aioo?aiiee ie?, iaeaaeaieai aunieei o?iaiai oai?/aneiai iioaioeeaea, a
oaeaea ieceea cia/aiey ii oaeoi?o N – «yiioeeiiaeueiay iaonoie/eainoue –
yiioeeiiaeueiay onoie/eainoue», io?aaeaaoea ieceoth oiea?aioiinoue ii
ioiioaieth e o?ono?aoeee, iiaeaa?aeaiiinoue /oanoaai, ia?aiai/eainoue
eioa?ania, neeiiiinoue e eaaeeueiinoe iano?iaiey.
Iaeiie ec aaaeiuo oa?aeoa?enoee ia?eicaaeneiie ee/iinoe n/eoaaony
ianiiniaiinoue a iieiie ia?a e aaeaeaaoii ieaie?iaaoue e i?iaiice?iaaoue
aoaeouaa. Ecaanoii, /oi aeey oaeeo ethaeae oeie/iui yaeyaony i?yiia
neaaeiaaiea neo/aeii aicieeoae neooaoeee iiae iaiin?aaenoaaiiui aeeyieai
aiaoieo oneiaee aac o/aoa niioaaonoaothuaai aa?iyoiinoiiai i?iaiica. Iie
iau/ii iie?athony ia ei?ioeee ?yae i?aaeoanoaothueo
iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoae (Aoeueaeai A.A., Eaaiieeia A.A.). A ii?aaeaeaiiuo
neooaoeeyo o ieo iiaeao i?iyaeyoueny eioaeeaeooaeueiay iaaeinoaoi/iinoue
a aeaea naiaia?aciie iae?eoe/iinoe, neeiiiinoe eo e iinooieai aac
iiieiaiey iooae e n?aaenoa, aaaeoueo e eo ?acoeueoaoeaiinoe, ionoonoaea,
ianiio?y ia ia/aeueiue aeeciaiiue iiuo, eaeiai-eeai iiieiaiey naiae
iaaeinoaoi/iinoe. Yoa iaaeinoaoi/iinoue i?iyaeyaony ia a nayce n oo?aoie
ciaiee, nieaeaieai niiniaiinoe e onaiaieth iiaiai, a a nayce n
ionoonoaeai aeieaeiiai o/aoa i?ioeiai, iaaeeaaeauaai i?iaiice?iaaiey ia
aoaeouaa, iniuneaiey e i?aaeaeaeaiey iineaaenoaee naeaeaiiiai.
A niioaaonoaee n ?acoeueoaoaie iaoeo enneaaeiaaiee a no?oeoo?o
aa?iiie/iie ee/iinoe aoiaeeo aioeoeeiaoeeiiiay ninoiyoaeueiinoue
(i?iaiinoe/aneay eiiiaoaioiinoue). Iiae yoei naienoaii iiieiaaony
niiniaiinoue i?aaeainoeuaoue aoaeouaa, i?iaiice?iaaoue iiaaaeaiea
ie?oaeathueo e nianoaaiiua ?aaeoeee e iiaaaeaiea. O aa?iiie/iie ee/iinoe
i?aiaeaaeathuei yaeyaony ii?iiaa?eaioue oei aa?iyoiinoiiai
i?iaiice?iaaiey, o caaeneiie – iiiiaa?eaioue. Iineaaeiee oa?aeoa?ecoaony
iaoeaeaiiinoueth eeoue ia iaeei aaeeinoaaiiue noauaeoeaiie cia/eiue
i?iaiic ?acaeoey niauoee i?e eaii?e?iaaiee anao eiuo.
Iiae?inoie n caaeneiuie oi?iaie iiaaaeaiey, eae i?aaeei, eeai ia neeiiai
i?iaiice?iaaoue e ieaie?iaaoue nianoaaiiia aoaeouaa, eeai i?eaioe?iaai
eeoue ia oniao – iieiaeeoaeueiue aeey iaai enoiae niauoee. Oae,
ia?eicaaeneiue aeeaao naaiaeiyoiei aeiai, ieiooie. Aai ia no?aoeo e ia
ioaaao ninoiyiea, eioi?ia iiaeao ?acaeoueny iinea oiio?aaeaiey
ia?eioeea. Aai ie/aio ia o/eo i?ioeue (nianoaaiiue eee /oaeie) iiuo. Ii
ia niiniaai eee ia aeaeaao a iieiii iauaia i?aaenoaaeoue naia aoaeouaa.
Enneaaeiaaiey (Iaiaeaeaae/ A.Ae., A?aaeia A.A., Ocaeaaneay A.Y., Aiaa
E.A., 2001) 63 /aeiaae (31 iiae?inoeia n ia?eioe/aneie e 32 n
aeeiaieueiie caaeneiinoyie) n iiiiuueth iiaeeoeoee?iaaiiiai aa?eaioa
oanoa o?ono?aoeeiiiie oiea?aioiinoe ?icaioeaaeaa e oanoa
aioeoeeiaoeeiiiie ninoiyoaeueiinoe, a oaeaea n oeaeueth ioeaiee
ineoioeceieiae/aneeo iniaaiiinoae eniuooaiuo oanoa ia aiaeec ?aaeoeee ia
aeaeaeoueeny iauaeo – ?AeI (aac i?iiaaeaiey e n i?iiaaeaieai
aeaeaeouaeny iaoee) aeaee neaaeothuea ?acoeueoaou (oaaeeoea 3).
Oaaeeoea 3
On?aaeiaiiua cia/aiey ii oanoo aioeoeeiaoeeiiiie ninoiyoaeueiinoe e ii
iaoiaeeea ?AeI
Aioeoeeiaoeeiiiay
ninoiyoaeueiainoue?AeIEe/iinoii-neooaoeaiayI?ino?ainoaaiiayA?aiaiiay??
%aac i?iiaae. aenin i?iiaae.
aeniIi?ia-eiio?ieue174,153,541,966,545,481,9Eeoea n
ia?eicaaeneiinoueth163,539,535,458,374,5142,2Eeoea n aeeiaieueiie
caaeneiinoueth153,841,636,357,261,3200,6
Eae aeaeii ec i?eaaaeaiiuo a oaaeeoea 3 aeaiiuo, o ianeaaeiaaiiuo n
ia?eioe/aneie e aeeiaieueiie caaeneiinoyie ioia/aeinue nieaeaiea
iieacaoaeae ii anai ninoaaeythuei aioeoeeiaoeeiiiie ninoiyoaeueiinoe
(i?iaiinoe/aneie eiiiaoaioiinoe) ii n?aaiaieth n eiio?ieai. Iaeaieaa
au?aaeaiiua ioee/ey ?aaeno?e?iaaeenue ii ee/iinoii-neooaoeaiie e
i?ino?ainoaaiiie ninoaaeythuei, /oi oeacuaaei ia nieaeaiea niiniaiinoae
caaeneiuo io ineoiaeoeaiuo aauanoa ethaeae i?iaiice?iaaoue iiaaaeaiea
ie?oaeathueo e nianoaaiiua iinooiee, a oaeaea ia?ooaiea
a?aiaiii-i?ino?ainoaaiiiai oi?aaeaeaiey. Iineaaeiee oaeo aue
iiaeoaa?aeaeai n iiiiuueth iaoiaeeee ?AeI.
Aua iaeiie oa?aeoa?enoeeie ia?eicaaeneiie ee/iinoe yaeyaony
?eaeaeiinoue. Iiae ?eaeaeiinoueth iiieiaaony iaaeaeinoue,
ooai-iiaeaeaeiinoue anae ineoe/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe e, a /anoiinoe
onoaiiaie, yeniaeoaoeee (iaeeaeaiee), noeeae iiaaaeaiey, iniuneaiey
aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe. Ii iiaieth A.A.Caeaaneiai, ineoe/aneay ?eaeaeiinoue
aeeth/aao a naay neeiiiinoue e oe?ieiio niaeo?o oeene?iaaiiuo oi?i
iiaaaeaiey e ianiiniaiinoue i?e iauaeoeaiie iaiaoiaeeiinoe eciaieoue
iiaiea, ioiioaiea, onoaiiaeo, iioeau, iiaeon ia?aaeeaaiey e o.i.
?eaeaeiinoue – o?oaeiinoue, n eioi?ie eciaiythony onoaiiaeaoeany iaauee
(habits) ia?aae eeoeii iiauo o?aaiaaiee – ii Eyooaeeo. O.Eiaeeo e
A.Eiaeeu ii?aaeaeytho ?eaeaeiinoue eae i?eaycaiiinoue noaaoaio
iaaaeaeaaoiui niiniao aeaenoaey e aini?eyoey eee ioiineoaeueiay
ianiiniaiinoue eciaieoue aeaenoaea eee ioiioaiea, eiaaea yoiai o?aaotho
iauaeoeaiua oneiaey. Aeaiiia ea/anoai a nioeeieiae/aneii enneaaeiaaiee
i?iyaeei naay a iai?ee?uoie eiio?iioaoeee n oaie o?aaeeoeeyie, eioi?ua
auoiaeyo ca ?aiee au?aaioaiiiai noa?aioeia.
A no?oeoo?o ia?eicaaeneiie ee/iinoe aoiaeyo oa?aeoa?enoeee iaeaiinoe,
i?inoiaeooey, iaiin?aaenoaaiiinoe, eioi?ua yaeythony aacie aeey
oi?ie?iaaiey naienoa aiooaaiinoe. Iiae iaeaiinoueth iiieiaaony
iaiiuoiinoue e iainaaaeiieaiiinoue. Iiae?inoie, neeiiiue e
ia?eicaaeneiinoe, /anoi ia eiaao anae iieiiou i?aaaeeaie eioi?iaoeee i
oii, eaeiau ?aaeueiua iineaaenoaey oiio?aaeaiey ia?eioe/aneeo aauanoa.
Aai i?aaenoaaeaiey a yoii aii?ina iinyo aeaoneee iaiin?aaenoaaiiue
oa?aeoa?. Ii /anoi neeiiai oaeeaeyoueny, iaeaeaoueny e ?aci/a?iauaaoueny
a neeo ionoonoaey oi/iiai i?aaenoaaeaiey i ?aaeueiinoe. I?inoiaeooea –
yoi aanoeo?inoiinoue, iaoi/iia iiieiaiea niunea iinooieia ie?oaeathueo,
eceeoiyy aeiaa?/eainoue. Oaeie /aeiaae /anoi iiiaaeaao ai?inae a neeo
iaiin?aaenoaaiiiai eioaioeeueiiai acaeyaea ia aeeciue. Ana yoe ea/anoaa
i?iyaeytho naay a auai?a ioaaoia ia aii?inu aieaou nioeeieiae/aneiai
enneaaeiaaiey.
Aeey ia?eiiaia oeie/iui yaeyaony iaee/ea oaeiai naienoaa eae
iaeneiaeeci, iiae eioi?ui eiaaony a aeaeo e?aeiinoue a eaeea-eeai
o?aaiaaieyo, acaeyaeao, yiioeeyo. Aeey iiae?inoea, neeiiiiai e
oi?ie?iaaieth caaeneiuo oi?i iiaaaeaiey, oa?aeoa?ia eaoaai?e/iinoue a
noaeaeaieyo. Ii aini?eieiaao ie? aeaoooeaaoiui – /a?ii-aaeui. Ii ia
neeiiai e eiii?iiennai, iniaaiii a noa?a cia/eiuo ioiioaiee. Aeey iaai
nouanoaotho «eeai ana – eeai ie/aai». Iiaeiaiua i?iyaeaiey i?iiecuaatho
ia?eicaaeneioth ee/iinoue aeueoa?iaoeaiinoueth: ethaeoue-iaiaaeaeaoue,
aeaeaoue-ioaa?aaoue, ?aaeiaaoueny-ai?aaaoue. O oaeiai iiae?inoea
ionoonoaotho oiieea yiioeeiiaeueiua ia?aaeeaaiey. Ii neeiiai e
a?ioaneiiio aini?eyoeth e ioeaieaaieth naay e ie?oaeathueo. Aneaaenoaea
yoiai, ea/anoai oia?aiiinoe («?acoiiinoe iio?aaiinoae») o iaai
ionoonoaoao. A auai?a ?aaae?iaaiey ia i?iaeaio ia?eiiaiee ia?eicaaeneiue
oaeaea i?iyaeyao iaeneiaeeci, ii /anoi ia oi/ao o/eouaaoue ?aaeueiinoue
e iiaiea aieueoeinoaa ethaeae, eioi?ua ia oiio?aaeytho ia?eioeee.
Any no?oeoo?a ia?eicaaeneiie ee/iinoe i?iiecaia yaioeaio?eciii –
oeenaoeeae aieiaiey ia naaa, naieo eioa?anao, /oanoaao e i?. Aaaeue
iniiaiay iio?aaiinoue caaeneiie ee/iinoe – aaaeiienoe/aneay (iieo/aiea
oaeiaieuenoaey, ?aaeinoe, oaeiaeaoai?aiey) – ia iiaeao auoue
iayaioeaio?e/aneie.
A neeo aunieie aeoeaiinoe a iienea, iai?aaeaiiie ia iiaua iuouaiey e
aia/aoeaiey, ia?eicaaeneiay ee/iinoue eniuouaaao o.i. «aieiae ii
naini?iie noeioeyoeee». Oaeie /aeiaae no?aieony (e, caiaoei, niiniaai
eniuouaaoue) e iniai y?eei aia/aoeaieyi. Aeey iaai oeie/ia niiniaiinoue
oaioace?iaaoue, ia?aaiieiuaoueny, aeeoue a auaeoiaiiii ie?oaeaiee,
iia?oaeaoueny a ie? a?ac, eaaei io?aoaynue io aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe. Eae
?aaaiie caaeneiay ee/iinoue eaaei niiniaai ia?aoiaeeoue a ie? auiunea e
oaioacee. Eiaiii iiyoiio, ii auno?i e aac iniaiai o?oaea aaeeaaaony a
?ieue /anoiiai e ene?aiiaai /aeiaaea, aoaeo/e ia?aaeei eaeaoeii. Ii nai
aa?eo a naith eiaeue.
Ianiiiaiii aaaeiui ea/anoaii ia?eicaaeneiie ee/iinoe yaeyaony
iaoa?iaeeainoue, ionoonoaea auaea?aeee. Ia?eiiai oi/ao eae iiaeii
auno?aa ?aoeoue ana i?iaeaiu (a oii /enea oa, eioi?ua naycaiu n
ia?eiiaieae a iauanoaa) e aneaaenoaea yoiai i?aaeeaaaao ea?aeeiaeueiua
?aoaiey, ia o/eouaathuea ?aaeueiinoe.
Ii iaoei aeaiiui, auai?ea aieueiuo ia?eiiaieae e eo ?iaenoaaiieeia
ioee/aaony io eiuo auai?ie. A /anoiinoe, o 95% ?iaeeoaeae ia?eicaaeneiuo
ioia/aaony iaee/ea ineoiniiaoe/aneeo caaieaaaiee (ycaaiiay aieaciue
aeaaiaaeoeaoeia?noiie eeoee, a?iioeaeueiay anoia, aeia?oiie/aneay
aieaciue, naoa?iue aeeaaao, ycaaiiue eieeo, iae?iaea?ieo, ?aaiaoieaeiue
a?o?eo), ia?ooaiee yiioeeiiaeueiie noa?u (yiioeeiiaeueiay
iaonoie/eainoue, eia?oiinoue, ayceinoue, «cano?aaaiea» yiioeee,
?acae?aaeeoaeueiinoue, aeenoi?ey, iiaeaaeaiiinoue, o?aaiaeiinoue). E?iia
oiai, o 87% ?iaeeoaeae auyaeaia neeiiiinoue e caaeneiiio iiaaaeaieth: o
79% (67% iooeia e 12% iaoa?ae) – neeiiiinoue e aeeiaieueiie caaeneiinoe;
o 8% iooeia neeiiiinoue e ia?eicaaeneiinoe. Enneaaeiaaiey naiae
ia?eicaaeneiuo iieacuaaao, /oi aaeaeeeoeaiia iiaaaeaiea i?enoua ia
oieueei iaoeeaioai, ii e iaeiiio ec ?iaeeoaeae (/aua anaai iooeo), e
i?iyaeyaony a oaeeo oi?iao, eae: aaiaeeia (12,9% neo/aaa), o?oaeiaieeci
(38,7%), ?aeeaeiciue oaiaoeci (9,7%), naa?ooeaiiua oaea/aiey, a
/anoiinoe ia?aiiey caei?iauey (22,6%).
a) Nioeeieiae/aneay ea?oeia a ?innee. I?eno?anoiay ioeaiea aeinooiiinoe
e yooaeoeaiinoe ea/aiey
?acoeueoaou nioeeieiae/aneiai enneaaeiaaiey ca?aaeno?e?iaaee, /oi ii/oe
iyoay /anoue (19,4%) ?iaeeoaeae ia?eiiaiia eiaao nianoaaiiue iiuo
oiio?aaeaiey ia?eioeeia (n?aaieoaeueiua aeaiiua ia ?enoiea 1). Anee
n?aaieoue aeaiiua ii?ina ia?eiiaiia e eo ?iaeeoaeae, oi ieaaeaony, /oi
ii iaeioi?ui iiceoeeyi eo oi/ee c?aiey noiaeyony, a ii ae?oaei –
i?eioeeieaeueii ?acee/athony.
A oii, /oi i?iaeaia ia?eiiaiee aeey aeaoo yoeo a?oii yaeyaony
aeooaeueiie, niaeaoathony 100% ?iaeeoaeae e 96,9% aieueiuo. Ii iiaiaeo
aea au?aaeaiiinoe eo aieiaiee a nayce n yoie i?iaeaiie iiaiey ianeieueei
?acee/athony. 94,4% ?iaeeoaeae e 84,4% naieo ia?eicaaeneiuo iacaaee
i?iaeaio ia?eiiaiee i/aiue eo aieiothuae (12,5% aieueiuo iin/eoaei, /oi
«anoue aieaa aaaeiua i?iaeaiu»). Yoe aeaiiua nouanoaaiii i?aauoatho
aeaiiua ii?ina eiuo a?oii ianaeaiey, n?aaee eioi?uo iaeaieueooth
icaai/aiiinoue auneacaee iaaeeoeeineea nano?u (81,0%) e ?aai/ea (70%).
Eae auei iieacaii auoa, ioiioaiea iauanoaa e ia?eicaaeneiui
oa?aeoa?ecoaony ?ai?anneaiie ia?aaeeaiie. N /ai, eiia/ii aea, ia
niaeaniu naie ia?eicaaeneiua. A /anoiinoe, ?acioeenue iiaiey iauanoaa e
aieueiuo ii iiaiaeo aeia?iaieueiinoe eee i?eioaeeoaeueiinoe ieacaiey ei
iiiiue ni noi?iiu iauanoaa. Ia?eiiaiu e eo ?iaeeoaee ii/oe a iieoi?a
?aca /aua auae?aee aeia?iaieueiinoue (niioaaonoaaiii 62,5% e 63,9%
i?ioea 47,8%). Eiaeinue aaeaeo ia ea/aiea, a ana iiiaiia?acea iiiiue
(nioeeaeueiay, i?aaiaay, oeiainiaay). Oa aea oaiaeaioeey auea
iaia?oaeaia e i?e ioeaiea aeia?iaieueiinoe eee i?eioaeeoaeueiinoe
ea/aiey. Ia?eicaaeneiua a aeaa, a eo ?iaeeoaee a iieoi?a ?aca /aua
auae?aee i?eioeei aeia?iaieueiinoe ea/aiey (niioaaonoaaiii 78,1 % e
58,3% i?ioea 41,2%). Neaaeoao ioiaoeoue, /oi iiceoeee aieueiuo e eo
?iaenoaaiieeia oaeaea ?acee/aeenue. Ii iniaia i?ioeainoiyiea iiaiee
iaaethaeaeinue iaaeaeo aieueiuie e eo ?iaenoaaiieeaie, n iaeiie noi?iiu,
e i?aaenoaaeoaeyie i?aaiio?aieoaeueiuo i?aaiia, n ae?oaie. Ieeeoeeiia?u
ii/oe a /aou?a ?aca /aua, /ai ia?eicaaeneiua ?aoiaaee ca
i?eioaeeoaeueiinoue ea/aiey. Noiaeiay oaiaeaioeey iaaethaeaeanue i?e
ioeaiea iaiaoiaeeiinoe aaaaeaiey i?eioaeeoaeueiiai ea/aiey a oneiaeyo
ea/aaii-o?oaeiauo i?ioeeaeoi?eaa. A ioiioaiee EOI i?ioeainoiyee oi/ee
c?aiey ia?eiiaiia e eo ?iaenoaaiieeia (?enoiie 2), 56,3% e 47,2% eioi?uo
aunooiaee eaoaai?e/anee i?ioea ea/aiey a yoeo caaaaeaieyo, e anao eiuo
a?oii ianaeaiey (29,4%). Eioa?anai oaeo aiaeaaeaioiiai ioiioaiey
?iaeeoaeae ia?eiiaiia e ea/aieth eo aeaoae a EOI. Ca e i?ioea iiaeiaiiai
ea/aiey auneacaeinue ?aaiia eiee/anoai ii?ioaiiuo ?iaeeoaeae (ii 47,2%).
Iaiiiiei, /oi noiaeioth i?ioeai?a/eainoue i?iyaeee e a?a/e-ia?eieiae,
/anoue ec eioi?uo ?aoiaaea ca EOI (37,9%), a ae?oaay /anoue (44 9%) auea
i?ioea yoiai. Ie a iaeiie eiie a?oiia ?aniiiaeaioia oaeiai ?aca?ina
iiaiee ia iaia?oaeeaaeinue.
Eioth, aieaa eaoaai?e/ioth iiceoeeth ?iaeeoaee ia?eiiaiia caieiatho ii
iiaiaeo oiai, noieo ee i?eioaeeoaeueii ea/eoue ia?eiiaia, anee ii
ieacaeny a ianoao eeoaiey naiaiaeu ca niaa?oaiea eaeiai-eeai
i?anooieaiey. Ca yoi aunooiaao iiaeaaeythuaa aieueoeinoai ?iaeeoaeae
(77,8%). Iiaiea iauaaoaey ii iiaiaeo iaiaoiaeeiinoe i?eioaeeoaeueiiai
ea/aiey i?aeoe/anee ia iaiyaony a caaeneiinoe io eeoaiey eee iaeeoaiey
aieueiiai ia?eiiaieae naiaiaeu (niioaaonoaaiii 51,9% e 59,3%). Naie aea
ia?eiiaiu oaeaea ia eciaiyee naiaai iai?eyoey i?eioaeaeaiey i?e
iacia/aiee oa?aiee. A ?aieao nioeeieiae/aneiai enneaaeiaaiey eco/aeinue
oaeaea ioiioaiea ?aniiiaeaioia e i?eiaiyaiui iaoiaeai oa?aiee
ia?eiiaiee, eioi?ua ii?ioaiiua iacuaaee i?ei?eoaoiuie. Anee aeey
ia?eiiaiia yoio auai? aue aiieia ?aaeueiui, oi aeey anao eiuo
aeiioaoe/aneei. Oaeeaeoaeueii, /oi ii iiiaei ia?aiao?ai eo auai? niaiae.
Eeoue ea/aiea ineoio?iiiuie i?aia?aoaie aieueiua i?aaeii/eoaee /aua, /ai
iauaaoaee (31,3% i?ioea 22,2%) e, /oi oaeeaeoaeueii, noa?aioaene/aneea
iia?aoeee (iia?aoeee ia iicaa). Iyoay /anoue ia?eiiaiia iin/eoaea eo
yooaeoeaiui niiniaii ea/aiey. N ieie ia niaeaneeenue ie eo ?iaeeoaee (ie
iaeei ec eioi?uo ia ioicaaeny ia yoii iaoiaea iieiaeeoaeueii), ie
a?a/e-ia?eieiae (6,9%), ie iauanoai a oeaeii.
Anee n?aaieaaoue iano?ie a ioiioaiee aiciiaeiinoe ecea/aiey io
ia?eiiaiee anao caeioa?aniaaiiuo noi?ii, iaeia ec eioi?uo oaea eiaea
iiuo ia?eieiae/aneiai ea/aiey, a aoi?ay iniiauaaeanue ia iiuoa ae?oaeo
eee eioi?iaoeee ec i?annu, oi aieueiua e eo ?iaenoaaiieee a yoii aii?ina
i?iyaeee au?aaeaiiue iioeieci. Ec yoiai iiaeii naeaeaoue auaiae i oii,
/oi ?aaeueiay i?aeoeea e iiuo oa?aiee aieaa iieiaeeoaeueiu ii n?aaiaieth
n i?aaenoaaeaieai ia yoii. I oii, /oi ecea/aiea aeinoeaeeii a noa
i?ioeaioao neo/aaa oeacaee 15,6% ia?eiiaiia e 16,7% eo ?iaeeoaeae
(n?aaee anao eiuo a?oii ii?ioaiiuo oaeeo ieacaeinue a o?e ?aca iaiueoa –
5,3%, a n?aaee a?a/ae-ia?eieiaia anaai 3,4%). Ia yooaeoeaiinoue auoa 50%
oeacaei 37,5% aieueiuo e 22,2% eo ?iaeeoaeae (a?a/e auee aieaa
inoi?iaeiu a ioeaieao – 10,4%). O/eouaay oio oaeo, /oi ?aaeueii
aeinoeaeeiay yooaeoeaiinoue ninoaaeyao ieiei 30-35% (a caaeneiinoe io
o?iaiy ?acaeoey iaaeeei-ineoieiae/aneie iiiiue), a a ?inneeneeo oneiaeyo
iaeneiaeueii 20% (o.a. io 5 aei 20%), oi iaaacuioa?aniie yaeyeanue
ioeaiea ia yeniaeoaoeee, a niaiaaeaiey n eiathuaeny. A?a/e-ia?eieiae
ieacaeenue naiuie o?acaiiuneyueie a aiaeeca yoiai aii?ina, 44,4% ec ieo
ioeaieei aa?iyoiinoue ecea/aiey a i?eaaaeaiiuo i?aaeaeao (aua 17,3%
iacaaee yooaeoeaiinoue ieaea iyoei?ioeaioiiai o?iaiy e o?aoue
cao?oaeieeenue n auai?ii ioaaoa). I?eaeeceeenue e iei aieueiua
ia?eiiaieae (38,5%). Iauanoai a oeaeii, ieacaeinue, ii iaiiiyoiui
i?e/eiai eceeoia iioeienoe/ii iano?iaiiui, /oi yaii i?ioeai?a/eei
oe?iei?ani?ino?aiaiiiio iiaieth i oii, /oi «auaoeo ia?eiiaiia ia
auaaao». Iiaeii i?aaeiieiaeeoue, /oi yoi naycaii ni no?aieaieai
auaeaaaoue aeaeaaiia ca aeaenoaeoaeueiia e iaiaeaaeaiea anae iieiioie
eioi?iaoeee.
A iauanoaa e n?aaee i?ioanneiiaeia ino?i ianoaeaeaaony aii?in i oii, eae
iiaeao auoue naycaii iiauoaiea yooaeoeaiinoe ea/aiey io ia?eiiaiee ni
no?aoii ia?auo i?ia ia?eioeeia oaie, eoi ia eiae aei yoiai iiaeiaiiai
iiuoa. *anoue ?oeiaiaeeoaeae ioa/anoaaiiie ia?eieiaee aeaeyo yoo naycue
i?yiie – /ai eo/oa ea/aiea, oai aieueoa iiae?inoeia, aioiauo ?eneiooue e
iii?iaiaaoue ineoiaeoeaiua aauanoaa (Iaaeaaeaeei, A.A., 2001). N yoei
iiaieai niaeanii aieueoeinoai ?aniiiaeaioia (50% i?ioea 23,4%, ia
iaia?oaeeaathueo iiaeiaioth naycue e 15,1% oao, eoi aeaeeo aa ia?aoiie).
Eioa?anii, /oi ?iaeeoaee ia?eiiaiia /aua, /ai eiua ii?ioaiiua iiaeiaiie
nayce ia iaia?oaeeaatho, ai?i/ai, oaeaea eae e a?a/e-ia?eieiae.
Eae auei iieacaii auoa, /anoue ia?eiiaiia (43,8%) aunooiaao ca
eaaaeecaoeeth eaaeeo ia?eioeeia, aeaeeii aeaey a yoii iooue ?aoaiey
i?iaeaiu. N ieie niaeaniu eeoue o/aueany n?aaeieo o/aaiuo caaaaeaiee
(38%), ii eaoaai?e/anee ia niaeaniu ie ?iaeeoaee aieueiuo (anaai 2,8% ec
ieo aunooiatho a iiaeaea?aeeo eaaaeecaoeee), ie iauanoai a oeaeii. Oaeei
ia?acii, anee ii iiiaei ia?aiao?ai ia?eicaaeneiua e eo ?iaeeoaee
aunooiatho «aaeeiui o?iioii», oi ii aii?ino eaaaeecaoeee ia?eioeeia eo
iiaiey ia niaiaaeatho. Ni?aaaaeeeainoe ?aaee neaaeoao ioiaoeoue, /oi
ii?ioaiiua ia?eiiaiu ?acaeaeeeenue i?aeoe/anee ii?iaio a ioeaiea yoiai
i?ioeanna (i?ioea auneacaeinue aeaaea /ooue aieueoa ec ieo – 46,9%).
Eioa?an i?aaenoaaeyao aiaeec oiai oaeoa, /oi iiaeaaeythuaa aieueoeinoai
ia?eicaaeneiuo (62,5%) a ioee/ea io anao eiuo a?oii ?aniiiaeaioia
(33,1%) cao?oaeieeenue ioaaoeoue ia aii?in i oii, i?ienoiaeeo ee ooa/ea
ia?eioeeia ia «/a?iue ?uiie» ec iaaeeoeeineeo ea/aaiuo o/?aaeaeaiee.
Iiaeii i?aaeiieaaaoue, /oi no?ao i?aaiio?aieoaeueiuo i?aaiia ii yoiio
iiaiaeo iaiainiiaai e o?aiaiea ia?eioeeia eiio?iee?oaony a aieueieoeao e
aeeniaina?ao aiieia aeinoaoi/ii. Oai aieaa /oi ii iiaiaeo iianiinoe
oiai, /oi eiioeneoaiua ieeeoeeae ia?eioeee iioii iiiaaeatho ia «/a?iue
?uiie» ia?eiiaiu e eo ?iaeeoaee auneacaeenue eaoaai?e/ii: 81,3%
ia?eicaaeneiuo e 80,6% ?iaeeoaeae iin/eoaee oaeoth iianiinoue ?aaeueii
aunieie ii n?aaiaieth n 24% ?aaioieeaie i?aaiio?aieoaeueiuo i?aaiia.
Ca?aaeno?e?iaaiiia e ecaanoiia i?ioeainoiyiea ?iaeeoaeae ia?eicaaeneiuo
e i?aaiio?aieoaeueiuo i?aaiia iaoei naia io?aaeaiea a ioaaoa ia aii?in i
oii, eaeei iooai iiiaaeatho ia?eioeee ia «/a?iue ?uiie» iiieii eo caaica
ec ca?oaaaeuey. ?aaioieee i?aaiio?aieoaeueiuo i?aaiia eaoaai?e/anee
io?eoeatho, /oi yoi iiaeao i?ienoiaeeoue ii eo aeia (6%), oiaaea eae
?iaeeoaee aieueiuo ia?eiiaieae a oanoue ?ac /aua (a 36,1 % neo/aaa)
oeacuaatho eiaiii ia yoio iooue. Ii ioiioaieth e iaaeeeai a yoii aii?ina
iie ia iano?iaiu iaaaoeaii. I?aoaicee aieueiuo e eo ?iaenoaaiieeia e
ia?eieiae/aneie neoaeaa cao?aaeaatho eiua aniaeou. A /anoiinoe,
ioia/aaony ianoiaenoai i?aaenoaaeaiee iaoeeaioia e a?a/ae ii iiaiaeo
iaiaoiaeeiinoe niaethaeaoue «no?iaoth eiioeaeaioeeaeueiinoue» i?e
ieacaiee iiiiue ia?eieiae/aneeo aieueiui. Ca yoi aunooiatho 81,3%
ia?eicaaeneiuo, 64,6% eo ?iaeeoaeae, ii eeoue 44,8% a?a/ae-ia?eieiaia.
Aeaeeii, yoi naycaii n oai, /oi ia?aaeei a?a/ enoiaeeo ia oieueei ec
i?eioeeia io?aiu caei?iauey e aeaaiiieo/ey iaoeeaioa, ii e ec i?eioeeia
a?aaeaeaineie iiceoeee. Oiaaea eae iaoeeaio anaaaea iaeeaeaao, /oi
i?ei?eoao aoaeao ioaeai caueoa aai i?aa.
Noiaenoai iiaiee a?a/ae e iaoeeaioia iaia?oaeeaaaony ii aii?ino i
iaiaoiaeeiinoe ieaoiuo ia?eieiae/aneeo oneoa, ca eioi?ua aunooiatho
68,8% ia?eicaaeneiuo, 63,9% eo ?iaeeoaeae e 89,6% ia?eieiaia. ?acee/ea
?aaeno?e?oaony eeoue a ioeaiea oiai, ii/aio yoe oneoae ioaeiu. N oi/ee
c?aiey iaoeeaioia e eo ?iaenoaaiieeia a /anoiuo (ieaoiuo) no?oeoo?ao
ea/anoai ieacuaaaiie iiiiue auoa, /ai a ainoaea?noaaiiuo (aanieaoiuo).
Oae n/eoatho 31,3% aieueiuo e 38,9% eo ?iaeeoaeae (a?a/ae, ?acaeaeythueo
yoi iiaiea anaai 13,8%). Naie ia?eieiae aeaeatho oii? ia ae?oaii
ia?aiao?a -aiciiaeiinoe iaoeeaioo ?aaeeciaaoue i?aai auai?a
niaoeeaeen-oa.79,3% ec ieo oeacaee eiaiii ia yoo noi?iio ieaoiuo oneoa.
N iiaeiaiie ?annoaiiaeie i?ei?eoaoia niaeaneeenue eeoue 28,1% aieueiuo e
36,1% eo ?iaenoaaiieeia. N?aaee oao, eoi auneacaeny i?ioea /anoiuo
(ieaoiuo) ia?eieiae/aneeo no?oeoo? (e a?a/e, e iaoeeaiou), i?aiaeaaeaei
eiinieeaee?iaaiiia iiaiea i oii, /oi /anoiii?aeoeeothuea ia?eieiae
i?eaioe?iaaiu a iniiaiii ia iieo/aiea i?eauee (20,7% ia?eieiaia, 34,4%
ia?eiiaiia).
Noieeiiaaiea eioa?ania iauanoaa e aieueiuo ia?eiiaieae iaia?oaeeeinue
i?e ioeaiea iaiaoiaeeiinoe ia?aie/aiey i?ioanneiiaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe
aieueiuo. N?aaee ia?eiiaiia, anoanoaaiii, iiaeaea?aeeaathueo oaeoth
eaeath auei iaiueoeinoai (31,3%, i?ioea yoiai auneacaeinue 56,3%), a
n?aaee eiuo a?oii ianaeaiey aieueoeinoai – 64,6%.
3. «Aeinoo/aoueny aei iaaan»
Iniaoth i?iaeaio aeey ia?eiiaiia e eo ?iaenoaaiieeia i?aaenoaaeyao
i?iaeaia aeiianaiey «eo aiee», eo oi/ee c?aiey aei iauanoaa e i?aaiia
ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe, i?eieiathueo ?aoaiey a noa?a aioeia?eioe/aneie
iieeoeee. Ia?eioe/aneia niiauanoai n/eoaao, /oi aai iiaiea ia
o/eouaaaony, eaii?e?oaony e, aneaaenoaea yoiai, iiiaea oi?ioea ia/eiaiey
ia aeinoeaatho naiae oeaee, iineieueeo ia iaoiaeyo iiaeaea?aeee o
iaeaieaa caeioa?aniaaiiie noi?iiu. Oaeoe/anee iiiaea aniaeou i?iaeaiu
ia?eiiaiee ia iiaoo auoue iiiyou aac o/aoa iiaiey ia?eiiaiia e eo
?iaenoaaiieeia. Yoi eanaaony aii?inia ?aaeueiie ?ani?ino?aiaiiinoe
ia?eiiio?aaeaiey e ia?eiiaiee, ?aaeueii i?aaeinoaaeyaiie iaaeeeaie
iiiiue e ioeaiee aa ea/anoaa, niaoeeoeee ioiioaiey i?aaiio?aieoaeueiuo
i?aaiia e iio?aaeoaeyi e niaethaeaieth i?aa ia?eicaaeneiuo e iiiaia
ae?oaia.
Oae, e i?eia?o, ii iiaieth ia?eiiaiia e eo ?iaenoaaiieeia, eioi?iio
iiaeii aeiaa?youe a neeo oi?ioaai ciaiey n?aaeu iio?aaeoaeae ia?eioeeia,
ca iineaaeiea aiae-iieoi?a eiee/anoai oiio?aaeythueo ia?eioeee
eciaieeinue. ?iaeeoaee nieeaea?ece?iaaeenue a naiae ioeaiea n eiuie
a?oiiaie ianaeaiey, ioiaoea oaaee/aiea iio?aaeoaeae ineoiaeoeaiuo
aauanoa, oioy eo ioeaiea i?ioeanna oaaee/aiey iaiaa ianneienoe/ia (63,9%
i?ioea 70,1% a iauanoaa a oeaeii). Eioa?anai oio oaeo, /oi /anoue
ia?eicaaeneiuo (15,6%) ioiaoeea i?ioeaiiieiaeioth oaiaeaioeeth –
oiaiueoaiey /enea iio?aaeoaeae. Aeaiiue iieacaoaeue ieacaeny a o?e ?aca
auoa ii n?aaiaieth n iieacaoaeai ii anae auai?ea. Oaeei ia?acii, iiaeii
i?aaeiieiaeeoue, /oi a ?aciuo nioeeaeueiuo neiyo i?ienoiaeyo ?acee/iua
ii iai?aaeaiiinoe i?ioeannu. Aeaeeii, n?aaee ia?eiiaiia aeaenoaeoaeueii
eiaao ianoi oaiaeaioeey oiaiueoaiey iio?aaeaiey ineoiaeoeaiuo aauanoa
eee ioeac io ieo. Oiaaea eae, a eiuo a?oiiao ianaeaiey iaia?oaeeaaaony
oaiaeaioeey e ?anoe?aieth /enea eeoe, aiaea/aiiue a i?ioeann
ia?eiiio?aaeaiey.
Iniaia iiaiea ia?eicaaeneiua eiatho e ii iiaiaeo cao/aiey i?iaeaiu
ia?eiiaiee a iauanoaa. Anee n?aaee nooaeaioia, ieeeoeee, ?aai/eo e
iniaaiii a?a/ae-ia?eieiaia iiaiea i oii, /oi i?iaeaia ia?eiiaiee
i?aoaaee/aia i?aeoe/anee ia i?aaenoaaeaii, oi n?aaee ia?eiiaiia ia yoi
oeacuaatho 18,8% ?aniiiaeaioia. Eo i?aaenoaaeaiea i «?acaeooinoe
i?iaeaiu» a oanoue ?ac aieueoa, /ai i?aaenoaaeaiea eo ?iaeeoaeae, /oi
eaaei iauynieoue aiiciaii-ceae. Ii iiaieth ?iaeeoaeae iaoeeaioia,
a?a/ae-ia?eieiaia, a oaeaea neoaeaueo aeaiiay i?iaeaia i?aoiaiueoaia ii
n?aaiaieth n ?aaeueiinoueth (oae n/eoatho niioaaonoaaiii 41,7%, 48,3%,
52%).
A aii?ina i aiciiaeiinoe ea?aeeiaeueii ?aoeoue i?iaeaio ia?eiiaiee naie
ia?eicaaeneiua caieiatho iaeaieaa ianneienoe/aneoth iiceoeeth. Ciay
neooaoeeth ecioo?e, iie a ii/oe aeaa ?aca /aua oeacuaatho ia oi, /oi
?ac?aoeoue i?iaeaio iaaiciiaeii (65,6% i?ioea 36,1%). Aeeceia, ii nooe,
iiaiea auneacuaatho ?aai/ea e nooaeaiou. Iniai ?aaeoeeiiii iano?iaiu
ia?eicaaeneiua e eo ?i aeeoaee a ioiioaiee ioeaiee oiai, eoi eee /oi
yaeyaony i?aiyonoaeai ia iooe ?aoaiey i?iaeaiu. E oa, e ae?oaea /aua,
/ai eiua a?oiiu ii?ioaiiuo aeiyo a yoii ainoaea?noai, iacuaay a ea/anoaa
iniiaiie i?e/eiu aacaeaenoaey eee iayooaeoeaiinoe aioeia?eioe/aneie
?aaiou iacaeioa?aniaaiiinoue. N?aaee ia?eiiaiia oaeia iiaiea
?ani?ino?aiaii a 48,9% neo/aaa, a n?aaee eo ?iaeeoaeae – a 72,2%
neo/aaa. Yoe iieacaoaee i?aauoatho n?aaeiea ii auai?ea niioaaonoaaiii a
iieoi?a e aeaa n iieiaeiie ?aca. Eiaiii a yoii aii?ina iiaeii oniio?aoue
iaeei ec iniiaiuo ioieoia i?ioeainoiyiey iauanoaa caei?iauo e niiauanoaa
aieueiuo ia?eiiaieae. Noiaeiua aeaiiua iieo/aiu e ii ioieoo, eioi?ue
i?eienuaaao ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca ia?ac?aoaiiinoue i?iaeaiu ia?eiiaiee
oaeiio yaeaieth eae auaiaea /eiiaieeai. A ea/anoaa iaeiie ec aaaeiuo aa
iacaaee 46,9% ia?eicaaeneiuo e 50,6% eo ?iaeeoaeae (a iauae auai?ea –
28,5%). ?iaeeoaee aieaa eaoaai?e/iu e a ioeaiea auaiaeu e?eieiaeo (75%
i?ioea 51% n?aaee eiuo a?oii). I?e yoii ?iaeeoaee a aeaa ?aca ?aaea
iacaaee a ea/anoaa aaaeiie i?e/eiu iaoaaoeo n?aaenoa (19,4% i?ioea 36,1
% n?aaee eiuo a?oii). A yoii aii?ina aieueiua eo ia iiaeaea?aeaee.
Iieo/aiiua aeaiiua oaaaeeoaeueii oeacuaatho ia oi, /oi iaaeiaieuenoai
?iaeeoaeae ia?eicaaeneiuo iiiiuueth, eioi?oth iie iieo/atho io
ainoaea?noaa, oa?aeoa?ecoaony ?acae?aaeaieai, a?aie/auae ni ceiaie.
Niiauanoai ethaeae, aeeaoueo ?yaeii n aieueiuie ia?eiiaieae, iaoiaeeony
a io/ayiee. Iii ia aa?eo a ene?aiiinoue iuneae e aeaenoaee ainoaea?noaa
e iauanoaa. Iii ia i?aeoeea noaeeeaaaony n iaaeaeaieai ie?oaeathueo
(aeaaea oao, eoi caieiaaony i?iaeaiie aioeia?eioe/aneie ?aaiou
i?ioanneiiaeueii) aieeiooue a nooue eo i?iaeai, iiii/ue eee, ii e?aeiae
ia?a, ia iaoaoue yooaeoeaii ni?aaeyoueny n ieie. Yoi i?ioeainoiyiea
aueeeinue a ioe?uooth ai?ueao a ia?eiae ianoaeaeaiey niaoeeoeee
i?eiaiaiey 228 noaouee OE ?O, eioi?ay iicaieyea eeoaoue aieueiuo
ia?eiiaieae ethaeae naiaiaeu ia aeeeoaeueiua n?iee oieueei ec-ca oiai,
/oi oa oiio?aaeytho ineoiaeoeaiua aauanoaa. I?ioano ?iaeeoaeae aucaaei
oi, /oi iauanoai e i?aaiio?aieoaeueiua i?aaiu ia oioyo iniciaoue oiai,
/oi aieueiie a neeo aeoaeiu naiaai iaoieiae/aneiai ninoiyiey ia niiniaai
iaoiaeeoueny aac ia?eioeeia. Aaaaeaiea a aeaenoaea a iaa 2004 aiaea
iinoaiiaeaieai i?aaeoaeuenoaa ?O iiaiai iiaeoiaea e ioeaiea n?aaeieo
aeic ineoiaeoeaiuo aauanoa ianeieueei naeaaeeei yiioeeiiaeueiue iaeae
i?ioeainoiyiey.
Ioeaiea ia?eieiae/aneei niiauanoaii i?aaei?eieiaaiuo ia? ii i?ioeeaeoeea
oiio?aaeaiey ineoiaeoeaiuo aauanoa ia anaaaea iieiaeeoaeueia.
Anoanoaaiii, /oi i?aaeeiaeaiea ia oaeanoi/aiee eiio?iey ca
?ani?ino?aiaieai ia?eioeeia iiaeaea?aeeaatho iaa noi?iiu. A yoii
ioiioaiee ia?eiiaiu e eo ?iaeeoaee aeaaea aieaa eaoaai?e/iu. Iie
auneacuaatho aeaiiia i?aaeeiaeaiea /aua, /ai eiua neie ianaeaiey
(niioaaonoaaiii 68,8% e 77,8% i?ioea 62,9). Iaeaieaa ?aaeoeeiiii
aieueiua iano?iaiu a ioiioaiee ia?, iai?aaeaiiuo i?ioea oao eeoe, eoi
i?iaeaao ia?eioeee. I?aaeeiaeaiea aaanoe nia?oioth eaciue ii ioiioaieth
e ia?eiaeeea?ai auneacuaaaony ia?eiiaiaie ii/oe a aeaa ?aca /aua, /ai
iaia?eiiaiaie (65,6% i?ioea 36,8%). A a ioiioaiee ?ai?annee i?ioea
iio?aaeoaeae ineoiaeoeaiuo aauanoa niioiioaiea eiaao i?ioeaiiieiaeioth
oaiaeaioeeth. A iauanoaa (n?aaee ?aniiiaeaioia) oi/ea c?aiey i oii, /oi
neaaeoao ia?eiiaia eeoaoue naiaiaeu ia aeeeoaeueiua n?iee ca
oiio?aaeaiea ia?eioeeia ?ani?ino?aiaia oe?a (16,6%) ii n?aaiaieth n
a?oiiie aieueiuo (3,1%).
Oaeei ia?acii, iieo/aiiua aeaiiua nioeeieiae/aneiai enneaaeiaaiey
iieacuaatho, /oi aieueiua ia?eiiaieae e eo ?iaenoaaiieee ia iuouatho
?aaeueiie caeioa?aniaaiiinoe iauanoaa e ainoaea?noaaiiuo einoeoooia a
?aoaiee i?iaeaiu ia?eiiaiee a ?innee. A nayce n yoei, ino?i anoaao
aii?in i i?ioeainoiyiee eioa?ania iauanoaa e niiauanoaa ia?eicaaeneiuo,
aeeth/ay eeoe, aeeaoueo ?yaeii n aieueiuie. A yoii i?ioeainoiyiee
noaeeeaathony /anoi iai?eie?eiua iiceoeee aieueiuo, ?iaeeoaeae, n iaeiie
noi?iiu, e i?aaiio?aieoaeueiuo i?aaiia, iaaeeeia, n ae?oaie. Ia?aay
eeiey i?ioeainoiyiey yaeyaony aieaa iai?eie?eiie e neiaeiie.
4.I?iaeaia ia?eiiaiee a ?innee: noaoenoe/aneea aeaiiua
a)Oeeo?u
*enei eeoe, oiio?aaeythueo eiuaeoeeiiiua ia?eioeee, ai anai ie?a
i?aauneei 13 iei. /aeiaae.
A ?innee, ii aeaiiui ONEI, 6 iei. ia?eiiaiia, 1,8 iei aieueiu
ia?eiiaieae, 350 ouny/ iaoiaeyony ia o/aoa a ia?eieiae/aneeo
aeeniaina?ao.
Io 900 oun. aei 1 iei 100 oun. ia?eicaaeneiuo – yoi iiae?inoee e
iieiaeaaeue a aic?anoa 11 – 24 eao.
Aaeaaiaeii io ia?eioeeia aeaioo 70 ouny/ ?inneyi. A 2006 aiaeo io
ia?eiiaiee oia?ei ieiei 100 oun. /aeiaae.
a)Aeeiaieea ?inoa
Ca iineaaeiea 10 eao iio?aaeaiea ia?eioeeia a ?innee oaaee/eeinue a 9
?ac. A iniiaiii yoi ethaee a aic?anoa aei 30 eao.
E ia/aeo 1994 aiaea a iaaeeoeeineeo o/?aaeaeaieyo auei ca?aaeno?e?iaaii
38,7 oun. /aeiaae n aeeaaiicii “ia?eiiaiey”;
e eiioeo 1994 aiaea – 49,9 oun;
e eiioeo 1995 aiaea – 65 oun;
e ia/aeo 1997 aiaea – 88 oun;
a 1998 aiaeo – 160 oun;
a 1999 aiaeo – 209 oun.
2000
A 2000 aiaeo a ?innee ia?eioe/aneie caaeneiinoueth no?aaeaee aieaa 2
iei /aeiaae /ii iaeioi?ui aeaiiui, ieiei 3 iei/.
Ca 10 eao nia?oiinoue io oiio?aaeaiey ia?eioeeia oaaee/eeanue a 12 ?ac,
a n?aaee aeaoae – a 42 ?aca.
Ecea/eaathony io ia?eiiaiee, o.a. ia oiio?aaeytho ia?eioeee aieaa aiaea,
anaai 5-6%.
Ii aeaiiui ieieno?a cae?aaiio?aiaiey ?O TH.Oaa/aiei:
– eiiaoe ai?aey 2000 aiaea a ?innee ca?aaeno?e?iaaii 909 oun /aeiaae,
aieueiuo ia?eiiaieae.
– ca iineaaeiea 10 eao eiee/anoai aieueiuo ia?eiiaieae oaaee/eeinue a 7
?ac.
– ?aaeueiia eiee/anoai aieueiuo ia?eiiaieae i?eaeeaeaaony e 1 iei.,
/enei i?eieiathueo ia?eioeee ninoaaeyao 3 iei. /aeiaae.
– 31 oun. aieueiuo ia?eiiaieae – aeaiueiu, 8 oun. – iiae?inoee.
– aieueiie ia?eiiaieae n/eoaaony ecea/aiiui, anee ia i?eieiaao ia?eioeee
a oa/aiea 2-2,5 eao iinea ea/aiey. Aeinoe/ue oaeiai ?acoeueoaoa a
oneiaeyo noaoeeiia?a iaaiciiaeii – aeey yoiai ioaeiu niaoeeaeueiua
?aaaeeeoaoeeiiiua oeaio?u. A nayce n yoei Ieicae?aa iiaeaioiaee
caeiiii?iaeo ii ?aaaeeeoaoeee aieueiuo ia?eiiaieae.
Ca iineaaeiea 10 eao /enei ia?eieiae/aneeo o/?aaeaeaiee a ?innee
nie?aoeeinue a 3 ?aca. Eo oeiaine?iaaiea i?ienoiaeeo ia 20-40% io
iaiaoiaeeiie iio?aaiinoe.
A 2000 aiaeo a ?aaeiiao ?innee ooieoeeiie?iaaei 350 oeaio?ia ii
?aaaeeeoaoeee ia?eiiaiia, nicaeaiiuo Aineiiiieiaeaaee ?O.
2001
A 2001 aiaeo a ?innee ia o/aoa noiyei 369 ouny/ aieueiuo ia?eiiaieae. Ii
ioeaieai yenia?oia, ?aaeueiia niioiioaiea auyaeaiiuo e ne?uouo
ia?eiiaiia ninoaaeyao 1:10, oi anoue eo ieiei 3-3,5 iei. Cia/eoaeueii
ooaea ca?oaaaeiie o ian no?oeoo?a iio?aaeaiey: oai io 75 aei 90%
ia?eiiaiia eniieuecotho eaaeea ia?eioeee, o ian 95% iio?aaeytho
iieieaeu, aeaaiui ia?acii aa?iei. Ca iineaaeiea 10 eao /enei
iio?aaeoaeae ia?eioeeia n?aaee ac?ineuo au?inei a 10 ?ac, n?aaee
iiae?inoeia e aeaoae – a 17-19 ?ac. A 2001 aiaeo aia?aua ca yoe aiaeu
iaaethaeaeanue oaiaeaioeey e nieaeaieth caaieaaaaiinoe ia?eiiaieae.
I?iecioei nieaeaiea, ii n?aaiaieth n 2000 aiaeii, eiee/anoaa aieueiuo
ia?eiiaieae ia 14,1 %, a n?aaee iiae?inoeia – ia 36,6 %.
Ia ea/aiee a niioaaonoaothueo iaaeeoeeineeo o/?aaeaeaieyo ?innee
iaoiaeeony 317,2 oun aieueiuo ia?eiiaieae. A eni?aaeoaeueii-o?oaeiauo
o/?aaeaeaieyo – 78,3 oun ia?eiiaiia.
2002
Ii aeaiiui Ieicae?aaa ?O, a 2002 aiaeo ii n?aaiaieth n 2001-i a ?innee a
2 ?aca oiaiueoeeinue /enei iieiaeuo ethaeae aei 18 eao, oiio?aaeythueo
ia?eioeee, e a 3 ?aca nieceeinue eiee/anoai iiae?inoeia, aieueiuo
ia?eiiaieae. *enei iiae?inoeia-ia?eiiaiia a 2002 aiaeo ninoaaeyei 18
/aeiaae ia eaaeaeua 100 ouny/ iiae?inoeiaiai ianaeaiey, 54 /aeiaaea ia
eaaeaeua 100 ouny/ – ia?eicaaeneiua. (aeaiiua ia ieoya?ue 2003 a.).
Oaiiu caaieaaaaiinoe ia?eiiaieae a ?innee nieceeenue a 1,5 ?aca.
*enei ioeoeeaeueii ca?aaeno?e?iaaiiuo aieueiuo ia?eiiaieae a ?innee a
2002 aiaeo ninoaaeyao 450 ouny/ /aeiaae, 70% ec ieo a aic?anoa aei 25
eao. Ii yenia?oiui ioeaieai, ?aaeueiia eiee/anoai ia?eiiaiia a 5-8 ?ac
aieueoa, oi anoue iiaeao aeinoeaaoue 4 iei. /aeiaae. Iiaeaaeythuaa
aieueoeinoai iio?aaeoaeae ia?eioeeia (63,4%) ninoaaeytho iieiaeua ethaee
a aic?anoa aei 30 eao.
Ieiei 60% ia?eiiaiia ieaaea ia ?aaioatho e ia o/aony, o ieo iao
iinoiyiiiai enoi/ieea aeioiaea. Ia?ae/iay ia?auaaiinoue ii iiaiaeo
ia?eiiaiee ca iaeei aiae au?inea ia 21%. *enei aeaiuei, aieueiuo
ia?eiiaieae, au?inei ia 34,4% e ninoaaeei 73300. Aia?aua ia?aoeeenue ca
ea/aieai ii iiaiaeo ia?eiiaiee 12377 aeaiuei.
Iiae iaaethaeaieai iaoiaeyony 9062 iiae?inoea e ii/oe 16 oun.
ceioiio?aaeythueo ia?eioeeaie. O?iaaiue caaieaaaaiinoe ia?eiiaieae o
iiae?inoeia ieacaeny ia 70% auoa, /ai o anaai ianaeaiey.
Ca 10 eao /enei aieueiuo ia?eiiaieae au?inei ii/oe a 9 ?ac, a aieueiuo
iiae?inoeia – a 17 ?ac.
2003
A ?innee oiio?aaeytho ia?eioeee ieiei 4 iei. /aeiaae. Yoa oeeo?a
ninoaaeyao 4% ianaeaiey ?innee. Ca iineaaeiaa aeanyoeeaoea /enei
ia?eiiaiia a ?innee oaaee/eeinue a 9 ?ac. Oieueei ieiei 500 ouny/
/aeiaae ia?aoeeenue a iaaeo/?aaeaeaiey ca iiiiuueth.
A ianoiyuaa a?aiy ia o/aoa a iaaeo/?aaeaeaieyo iaoiaeeony oieueei 15-20%
io /enea ethaeae, oiio?aaeythueo ia?eioeee. 80% oiio?aaeythueo ia?eioeee
– yoi ethaee a aic?anoa 18-39 eao.
2004
A ?innee 4 iei. /aeiaae oiio?aaeytho ia?eioeee, ca aiae ca?aaeno?e?iaaii
ii/oe 139 oun. ia?eii?anooieaiee. A 2004 aiaeo auyaeaii ianeieueei
aieueoa i?aaiia?ooaiee, naycaiiuo n ia?eioe/aneeie n?aaenoaaie e
ineoio?iiiuie aauanoaaie: ca 9 ianyoeaa ca?aaeno?e?iaaii 248 ouny/ (ca
oio aea ia?eiae 2003 aiaea – 220 ouny/). I?e yoii aieaa 60 i?ioeaioia
i?anooieaiee e 80 i?ioeaioia aaeieieno?aoeaiuo i?aaiia?ooaiee auyaeaii
nio?oaeieeaie i?aaiia aioo?aiieo aeae.
2005
2 ia?oa 2006 aiaea a ?innee aue i?acaioiaai aaeaaiaeiue aeieeaae
Iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai eiieoaoa ii eiio?ieth ca ia?eioeeaie (IEEI) i?e III.
Niaeanii aio, iio?aaeoaeae cai?auaiiuo aauanoa a ?innee ioeoeeaeueii
ca?aaeno?e?iaaii 500 oun., iaeiaei, ii aeaiiui IEEI, iauaa eiee/anoai
eeoe, ceioiio?aaeythueo ia?eioeeaie a ?innee, “iiaeao aeinoeaaoue 6 iei
/aeiaae, eee 4% /eneaiiinoe ianaeaiey”.
I?e yoii 2 iei ?inneeneeo ia?eiiaiia – iieiaeua ethaee a aic?anoa aei 24
eao, a 1 iei ?inneeneeo a?aaeaeai oiio?aaeytho ia?eioeee-iieaou, a
iniiaiii aa?iei. Iacaaeneiua yenia?ou n/eoatho aeaiiua III caauoaiiuie e
aiai?yo, /oi ca iineaaeiee aiae eiee/anoai oyaeaeuo ia?eiiaiia a ?innee
iioei ia oaueue.
2006
A 2006 aiaeo Aeaaa Oaaea?aeueiie neoaeau ii eiio?ieth ca iai?ioii
ia?eioeeia (ONEI) Aeeoi? *a?eania cayaee, /oi ca iineaaeiaa a?aiy a
?innee oaeaeinue nieceoue ?ino ia?eiiaiee.
Anee a 90-a aiaeu ?ino /enea eeoe, oiio?aaeyaoeo ia?eioeee, oae n
oaeanathuae nei?inoueth – oaiiu i?e?inoa aieueiuo ia?eiiaieae oee n
aeeiaieeie 21 % a aiae, a ia/aea aaea e oiai ooaea – 26% a aiae, oi
nae/an neooaoeey noaaeeece?iaaeanue, e ninoaaeyao /ooue iaiueoa
i?ioeaioa aaeaaiaeii. Ii neiaai *a?eaniaa, a aeeaeaeoea aiaeu
nia?oiinoue io ia?eiiaiee aoaeao aua i/aiue auniea, oae eae ia/ioo
oie?aoue oa, eoi noae ia?eiiaiaie iyoue eao iacaae.
Ia noieo ia ianoa e “ia?eioe/aneay i?iiuoeaiiinoue” – iiyaeythony
neioaoe/aneea ia?eioeee a ouny/e ?ac neeueiaa ii neea aeaenoaey, /ai
aa?iei. Oae, a 2006 aiaeo ONEI ecuyei ec iai?ioa 160 ea
o?eiaoeeoaioaieea, /oi a aa?ieiiaii yeaeaaeaioa ninoaaeyao 85 o
aauanoaa.
A ?innee 6 iei. /aeiaae, oioy au ?ac a aeecie oiio?aaeyaoeo ia?eioeee.
Ninoiyueo ia iaaeeoeeineii o/aoa – 350 ouny/, ii yoa oeeo?a ieioi
niioiineony n aeaenoaeoaeueiinoueth. Ii i?eaeeceoaeueiui iiaen/aoai, a
no?aia ian/eouaaaony ii?yaeea 2 iei. ia?eiiaiia
2007
19 ethiy 2007 aiaea a Oaaea?aeueiie neoaeaa ii eiio?ieth ca iai?ioii
ia?eioeeia i?ioei canaaeaiea eieeaaee. ?oeiaiaenoai ia?eieiio?iey
niaianoii n i?aaenoaaeoaeyie i?aaiia aeanoe e Aaii?ieo?aoo?u
ianoaeaeaee, eae ?aaeecoaony oaaea?aeueiay oeaeaaay i?ia?aiia ii
i?ioeaiaeaenoaeth ia?eioeeai. Yoa /aou?aoeaoiyy i?ia?aiia ?ann/eoaia
aei 2009 aiaea. Ia iaa ieaie?oaony iio?aoeoue aieaa 3 ie?ae. ?oaeae.
Oieueei a i?ioeii aiaeo athaeaeao auaeaeee 735,5 iei. ?oaeae.
Auei ioia/aii, /oi oaeaeinue ?acei ia?aeiieoue neooaoeeth a no?aia.
Anee a 2002 aiaeo eiee/anoai ia?eicaaeneiuo aieueiuo au?inei ia 26 %, oi
a 2006 aiaeo /enei oao, eoi ia iiaeao aeeoue aac aeicu, au?inei eeoue ia
2 %. A ia/eiathueo ia?eiiaiia, eoi i?iaiaae ia?eioeee oioy au ?ac, ca
iineaaeiea o?e aiaea nie?aoeeinue aei 5,78 iei. /aeiaae.
26 ethiy – Iaaeaeoia?iaeiue aeaiue ai?ueau n ia?eiiaieae e iacaeiiiui
iai?ioii ia?eioeeia. Yoio aeaiue ioia/aaony n 1988 aiaea ii ?aoaieth
Aaia?aeueiie Annaiaeae III.
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