?aoa?ao
Oaia:
I?aaiecaoeey ?aoeeiiaeueiiai ieoaiey a oneiaeyo ?aaeeaoeeiiiiai oaeoi?a
Ieai:
Aaaaeaiea
1. Anoanoaaiiua aa?uea?u aeey ?aaeeiioeeeaeia
2. Niaea?aeaiea aeiee?iai/iuo yeaiaioia a iniiaiuo i?iaeoeoao ieoaiey
3. Niiniau oiaiueoaiey eiioeaio?aoeee ?aaeeiioeeeaeia a iniiaiuo
i?iaeoeoao ieoaiey i?e eoeeia?iie ia?aaioea
4. Aicaeaenoaea ieo?aoia ia i?aaieci /aeiaaea
5. Oaeoi?u, aeeythuea ia niaea?aeaiea ieo?aoia
6. Ia?ii?eyoey ii caieaaeaeeth, ?aaeeio o?oaea e ioaeuoa
Eeoa?aoo?a
I?AAIECAOeEss ?AOeEIIAEUeIIAI IEOAIEss A ONEIAEssO ?AAeEAOeEIIIIAI
OAEOI?A
Eco/aiea ?aaeeaoeeiiiuo aicaeaenoaee ia i?aaieci /aeiaaea iieacuaaao,
ianeieueei iianii aeeyiea ?aaeeaoeee. I?e/ai, eae iieacaee iineaaeiea
enneaaeiaaiey, aeaenoaey iaeuo aeic ?aaeeaoeee ia /aeiaaea a aieueoie
ia?eiae a?aiaie, o.a. oaeoi? *a?iiauey, aieaa iianii ii n?aaiaieth n
aieueoeie e?aoeia?aiaiiuie aeicaie. A nayce n yoei, aaaeiaeoei oaeoi?ii
aeey ianaeaiey, i?iaeeaathuaai ia caa?yciaiiuo ?aaeeiioeeeaeaie
oa??eoi?eyo, yaeyaony niaethaeaiea iniauo ii?i iiaaaeaiey,
caieaiieueciaaiey, ieoaiey, /oiau naanoe ?aaeeaoeeiiiua iineaaenoaey e
ieieioio e oaaee/eoue ?aca?a iaoaai i?aaiecia ii ioiioaieth e
?ac?ooeoaeueiui aicaeaenoaeyi ?aaeeaoeee.
1. ANOANOAAIIUA AA?UeA?U AeEss ?AAeEIIOEEEAeIA
Aeaaioth iianiinoue iinea *a?iiaueueneie eaoano?iou i?aaenoaaeytho
?aaeeaoeeiiii a?yciua i?iaeoeou ieoaiey. Aiciiaeiu ?acee/iua iooe
iiiaaeaiey ?aaeeiioeeeaeia a iao i?aaieci, naiui ?ani?ino?aiaiiui ec
eioi?uo yaeyaony ieuaaay oeaii/ea. ?aaeeiioeeeaeu ec ii/au ia?aoiaeyo a
?anoaiey, eioi?ua nea?ieeaathony aeeaioiui, a iaiue, o?oeou. A eiia/iii
eoiaa iie iiiaaeatho ia iao noie n iieieii, iynii e ae?oaeie i?iaeoeoaie
ieoaiey. A nayce n yoei, n iaeiie noi?iiu, i/aiue aeooaeueiui noaiiaeony
?aaeeieiae/aneee eiio?ieue i?iaeoeoia ieoaiey a niioaaonoaee n
?anioaeeeaineeie eiio?ieueiuie o?iaiyie, n ae?oaie noi?iiu, aaaeii
ciaoue, eae e /ai ieoaoueny a yoie neooaoeee.
Aaaeiaeoei i?eioeeiii aeey i?aaiecaoeee ?aoeeiiaeueiiai ieoaiey neoaeeo
aeieiae/aneia i?aaeei ecae?aoaeueiiai iiaeiuaiey i?aaieciii noiaeeo
yeaiaioia.
I?e?iaea ?anii?yaeeeanue oae, /oi anee a iaoai i?aaiecia ia oaaoaao
eaeiai-ieaoaeue yeaiaioa, oi i?ienoiaeeo eiiiainaoeey aai ca n/ao
ae?oaiai iioiaeaai yeaiaioa. A nayce n yoei aicieeaao aiciiaeiinoue
iinoaaeoue aa?uea? aeey iinooieaiey a i?aaieci ?aaeeiioeeeaeia
*a?iiaueueneiai aua?ina.
?aaeeiaeoeaiua yeaiaiou /anoi aaaeoo naay, eae e iiaeiaiua ei
ia?aaeeiaeoeaiua. I?eioeei ecae?aoaeueiiai iiaeiuaiey iniiaai ia
ecaanoiii aeieiae/aneii oaeoa: eiaaea eeaoee i?aaiecia /aeiaaea
ianuuathony iaiaoiaeeiuie ieoaoaeueiuie aauanoaaie, oi oiaiueoaaony
aa?iyoiinoue iiaeiuaiey ?aaeeiaeoeaiuo noiaeeo yeaiaioia. N ae?oaie
noi?iiu anee iaoe i?aaiu ia iieo/atho aeinoaoi/iuo eiee/anoa
iaiaoiaeeiuo yeaiaioia, oaeeo, eae eaeueoeee e eaeee a oa/aiea
aeeeoaeueiiai a?aiaie, oi i?aaieci ia/eiaao eioaineaii iiaeiuaoue
aeinooiiua a aeaiiue iiiaio ?aaeeiaeoeaiua aauanoaa, iiaeiaiua
iaaeinoathuei.
Iai?eia?, no?iioeee-90 noiae ii oeie/aneei naienoaai n eaeueoeeai.
No?iioeee-90, ?aaeeiioeeeae, iaia?oaeeaaaiue ai anao yaea?iuo aua?inao e
auaeaeaieyo n yaea?iuo onoaiiaie, o/anoaoao a oao aea oeie/aneeo
?aaeoeeyo, /oi e eaeee. *aeiaa/aneee i?aaieci eniieuecoao yoe yeaiaiou
aeey iaeiie oeaee, a eiaiii aeey iino?iaiey einoiie oeaie e coaia.
No?iioeee-90 i?i/ii oeene?oaony a einoiie oeaie, iaaeeaiii auaiaeeony,
i?e/ai, einoiay oeaiue iieiaeiai i?aaiecia iaeaieeaaao aai auno?aa, /ai
ac?ineiai. Aieueoay /anoue no?ii-oeey-90 iaoiaeeony a 5-naioeiao?iaii
neia ii/au, a niaea?aeauai aoion /a?iicaia, e 30-35-naioeiao?iaii neia
ii/au, eiathuai ian/aioth no?oeoo?o. Ii aeoeaii iaeaieeaaaony a oi?oyiuo
e aeeiyiuo ii/aao. Neaaeoao ioiaoeoue, /oi /a?iicaiu neeueiaa naycuaatho
?aaeeiioeeeaeu, /ai oi?oyieee, ianee, iiaecieenoua ii/au.
No?iioeee oi?ioi onaaeaaaony ?anoaieyie, iniaaiii ia iaia?aaaouaaaiuo
ii/aao e eaniuo ianneaao. Iaeneiaeueiia eiee/anoai no?iioeey niaea?aeao
eeoaeieee, ioe, a?eau, aiaiaua eoeueoo?u. No?iioeee eaaei auiuaaaony
aiaeie, iiiaaeay i?e yoii a aiaeiaiu. A nayce n yoei o?iaie niaea?aeaiey
no?iioeey a aiaea a 40 ?ac aeano/a, /ai aeey oeacey.
E n/anoueth, iaoaieciu iiaeiuaiey no?iioeey aeaenoaotho ecae?aoaeueii.
Iau/iua (ia?aaeeiaeoeaiua yeaiaiou) eiatho i?ei?eoao, e eiaaea aeinooiiu
ia?yaeo n iau/iuie e ?aaeeiaeoeaiua yeaiaiou, oi i?aaieci i?ioeaeony eo
iiaeiuaieth. Iai?eia?, anee ana aaeainee caiyou eaeueoeeai, oi yoi
iiiaoaao no?iioeeth iiianoue a i?aaiu /aeiaaea. Aeaoeoeeo iniiaiuo
yeaiaioia e i?eaiaeeo e iiaeiuaieth ?aaeeiaeoeaiuo noiaeeo aauanoa.
Iinea iiiaaeaiey a i?aaieci /aeiaaea ?aaeeiaeoeaiua yeaiaiou
iaeaieeaathony a ?acee/iuo oeaiyo e i?aaiao.
Naaiaeiy a iniiaiii “aaa?eeiui” enoi/ieeii iaeo/aiey ianaeaiey,
i?iaeeaathuaai a ciiao, iino?aaeaaoeo io /a?iiaueueneiai aua?ina,
yaeyaony oeacee-137, eioi?ue ii?aaeaeyao 90-95% noiia?iie aeicu.
A ianoiyuaa a?aiy aeica aioo?aiiaai iaeo/aiey /aeiaaea io ?aaeeioeacey
yaeyaony iniiaiie, iia aea?o aeeaae a noiia?ioth aeico aieaa 50%.
Oeacee oeie/anee aeoeaai e eaaei anooiaao a niaaeeiaiey. A iniiaiii
oeacee ia noaaeeai, a noaaeeueiii ninoiyiee ano?a/aaony i/aiue ?aaeei.
Ec anao ecioiiia *a?iiaueueneiai aua?ina i?aiaeaaeatho oeacee-137 e
oeacee-134 n iaeaieueoei ia?eiaeii iieo?aniaaea 30 eao. Oeacee eaaei
?anoai?eiue yeaiaio, iaeaaeaao aieueoie iiaeaeaeiinoueth,
neaaeiaaoaeueii, iiiaaeay a i?aaieci /aeiaaea n i?iaeoeoaie ieoaiey, ii
oi?ioi ?anoai?yaony a e?iae /aeiaaea e ia?aiineony ii anaio i?aaiecio,
nicaeaaay ?aaiiia?ioth eiioeaio?aoeeth.
A i?e?iaea nouanoaoao oaeaea e noaaeeueiue oeacee, ii a i/aiue iaeuo
eiee/anoaao. Iaeaaeay naienoaaie, iiaeiaiuie eaeeth, oeacee aaae?o naay
a ie?oaeathuae n?aaea e a i?aaiecia /aeiaaea aiaeiae/ii. Eaeee e?aeia
ioaeai ethaie aeeaie no?oeoo?a ia Caiea (?anoaieyi, aeeaioiui,
/aeiaaeo). I?e iaaeinoaoea eaeey ai aioo?aiieo i?aaiao /aeiaaea
iiaeiu?iiue ?aaeeiaeoeaiue oeacee eiioeaio?e?oaony a iuooeao e i?aaiao
aini?iecaiaenoaa, a /anoiinoe a ye/ieeao.
Oae eae ?aaeeiaeoeaiue oeacee eaaei ananuaaaony a oeaie e e?iaue, oi
i?e?iaea o?aaiiaaneea i?ioeannu iiaeiuaiey e auaaaeaiey aai ec
i?aaiecia.
A?aiy, a oa/aiea eioi?iai auaiaeeony iieiaeia iinooieaoaai a i?aaieci n
ieuae Cs—137, caaeneo io aic?anoa /aeiaaea. O aeaoae aei 1 aiaea — ca 9
nooie auaiaeeony iieiaeia eiei?ii?e?iaaiiiai n i?iaeoeoaie ieoaiey
oeacey, aei 9 eao — ca 38 nooie. O ac?ineuo a aic?anoa 30 eao — ca 70
nooie, 70 eao — ca 90 nooie.
Cia/eoaeueii noeioee?oaony auaiae oeacey i?e iaiaauaiee ?aoeeiia ieoaiey
eaeeai, i /?i aoaeao ?anneacaii ieaea.
No?iioeee-90 eiaao ia?eiae iieo?aniaaea 28,1 aiaea, ia?eiae iieiiai
?aniaaea ieiei 560 eao, aaoa-?aaeeiaeoeaai. I?e iiiaaeaiee a i?aaieci n
i?iaeoeoaie ieoaiey e /a?ac eiaeo aeeoioee?oaony, a iniiaiii, a einoiie
oeaie. Aieueoay eiioeaio?aoeey no?iioeey iaaethaeaaony a ca?ia e
ei?iaieiaeao. A ?anoaieyo ii eiioeaio?e?oaony a iaaecaiiie /anoe. A
i?aaiecia /aeiaaea no?iioeee caiauaao eaeueoeee, eae no?ieoaeueiue
iaoa?eae einoiie oeaie, iiyoiio aeiee?iaea no?iioeey a i?aaiecia iiaeao
inouanoaeyoueny ca n/ao eaeueoeeaaie aeeaou.
Eiae — aauanoai, iio?aaeyaiia ueoiaeaeiie aeaeacie i?e ia?aciaaiee
ii?aaeae?iiuo ai?iiiia. Eiaeiniaea?aeauea ai?iiiu aaaeiu aeey ?aaoeyoeee
i?ioeannia a i?aaiecia. Anee a ieua iaaeinoaoi/ii eiaea, i?aaieci
iiaeioeo ?aaeeiaeoeaiue eiae-131, eioi?ue caiieieo ueoiaeaeioth aeaeaco.
?aaeeiaeoeaiue eiae iiaeao iiianoue ec aicaeooa (a aeaea ia?ia) eee
iinooiaoue ai aioo?ue i?aaiecia a aeaea nieae eiaea. A ethaii neo/aa,
iiiaa a ueoiaeaeioth aeaeaco, ii ia/i?o iaeo/aoue ie?oaeathuea eeaoee e,
a caaeneiinoe io eiioeaio?aoeee, iiaeao ia?ooeoue ooieoeeth ueoiaeaeiie
aeaeacu, /oi i?eaiaeeo e caiaaeeaieth ?inoa, ?iaeaeaieth iaaeiiioaiiuo
aeaoae, ?acaeoeth ?aea ueoiaeaeiie aeaeacu.
Ieooiiee-239 eiaao ia?eiae iieo?aniaaea 24360 eao, iaeaaeaao aunieie
aeueoa-?aaeeiaeoeaiinoueth, neaaui aaiia-eceo/aieai. Noiae ii no?oeoo?a
n aeaeacii, iiaeao iiaeiuaoueny a e?iae e ia?aiineoueny e eeaoeai ia/aie
e einoiiai iicaa. Aeaaioth iianiinoue aeey /aeiaaea e aeeaioiuo,
ieooiiee i?aaenoaaeyao i?e aaeuoaiee n aicaeooii. Ii iiiaaeaao a e?aeea,
aaea, ieeneeaoenue, inoa?ony a oa/aiea iiiaeo eao, i?iaeeaay
aeeceaaeauea oeaie.
Ieooiiee, iiiaa a e?iaue, auno?i naycuaaaony n aaeeaie e ia?aiineony, a
iniiaiii, a ia/aiue. Ia?eiae iieoauaaaeaiey ieooiiey — 4000 aeiae.
Iu inoaiiaeeenue eeoue ia iniiaiuo ?aaeeiaeoeaiuo yeaiaioao
*a?iiaueueneiai aua?ina, eioi?ua aiinyo iaeaieueoee aeeaae a noiia?ioth
aeiciaoth iaa?oceo /aeiaaea.
2. NIAeA?AEAIEA AEIEE?IAI*IUO YEAIAIOIA A INIIAIUO I?IAeOEOAO IEOAIEss
Eae iieacaii auoa, i?aaieci iiaeao oiaiueoeoue iinooieaiea
?aaeeiaeoeaiuo yeaiaioia, nicaeaa ?aca?au aeeciaiii aaaeiuo aeey iaai
aauanoa. A oaaeeoea 1. i?eaaaeaiu noaaeeueiua yeaiaiou eioi?ua
aeiee?otho iiaeiuaiea i?aaieciii ?aaeeiaeoeaiuo yeaiaioia.
Oaaeeoea 1. Ecae?aoaeueiia iiaeiuaiea ?aaeeiioeeeaeia
Noaaeeueiue yeaiaio?aaeeiaeoeaiue
yeaiaioEaeueoeeeNo?iioeee-90EiaeEiae-131AEaeaciIeooiiee-238,-239EaeeeOea
cee-137Na?aNa?a-35Aeoaiei A12Eiaaeueo-60OeeieOeeie-65
Ia?a/eneaiiua auoa aeiee?iai/iua yeaiaiou iaoiaeyony a oie eee eiie
eiioeaio?aoeee a iau/iuo i?iaeoeoao ieoaiey. Ninoaaeyy niioaaonoaothuoth
aeeaoo, iiaeii eneeth/eoue aeaoeoeeo iniiaiuo yeaiaioia a i?aaiecia
/aeiaaea, oai naiui aeiee?oy iiaeiuaiea ?aaeeiaeoeaiuo aauanoa e
oiaiueoay aeeyiea ?aaeeioeacey.
Iieiei e iiei/iua i?iaeoeou yaeythony iniiaiuie iinoaaueeaie a i?aaieci
nieae eaeueoeey. A iieiea eaeueoeee naycai n aaeeii eacaeiii e eaaei
onaaeaaaony. I?e iaaeinoaoea eaeueoeey a ?aoeeiia iiauoaaony ananuaaiea
(n 20-30% aei 60-70%) ?aaeeiaeoeaiiai aiaeiaa eaeueoeey — no?iioeey-90.
Iineieueeo no?iioeee ioeeaaeuaaaony a einoiie oeaie e iaeo/aao einoiue
iica, oi neaaeoao any/anee ia?aie/eaaoue aai ananuaaiea a
aeaeoaei/ii-eeoa/iii o?aeoa, iaeiei ec iaoiaeia eioi?iai yaeyaony
iaania/aiea i?aaiecia iieiioeaiiui aaeeii e eaeueoeeai.
Eaeueoeee niaea?aeeony a cae?iuo eenoiauo iaiuao, eaionoa, oaniee, eoea,
oo?iaina, aiaiauo (niaaua aiau, iieiaeie ai?io), naiaiao (ieiaeaeue,
i?ao, naiaia iiaenieia/ieea), iiei/iieeneuo i?iaeoeoao (iieiei, oai?ia,
nu?, yeoea).
Oaaeeoea 2. Iniiaiua ieuaaua enoi/ieee eaeueoeey
I?iaeoeouNiaea?aeaiea eaeueoeey, ia/100 a i?iaeoeoa1.
Iieieii?iaeoeouIieiei ei?iauea120Oai?ia aee?iue150Oai?ia
i/aee?iue164Eaoe? aee?iue120Iieiei nooia oeaeueiia1000Iieiei naou?iiia n
naoa?ii307Nu?u oa??aeua900-1050Nu?u ieaaeaiiua430-7602. Oeaa e
oeaaiaoei/iua i?iaeoeouOeaa ec ?aeaiie ioee18-38Oeaa ec niane ?aeaiie e
ioaie/iie ioee23-42Oeaa ec ioaie/iie ioee18-433. IoeaIoea
?aeaiay19-43Ioea ioaie/iay18-394. E?oiaIaiiay, a?a/iaaay (yae?eoea,
i?iaeae)20-55Ioaii27Oieieii,”Aa?eoean”52-58Ianyiay64Ia?eiaay38ss/iaaay42
Aiaiaua: ai?io eouaiue89oanieue1505. Iaea?iiiua ecaeaeey
19-256. IaiueEaionoa aaeiea/aiiay e eaaoaiiay48Ea?oioaeue10Eoe cae?iue
(ia?i)100Ii?eiaue e?aniay51Naeao77*aniie60Eaionoa ii?neay2200E?iia oiai,
iaiue e o?oeou — aaaeiua iinoaaueee eaeey e iiiaeo iee?iyeaiaioia. I?e
iaaeinoaoea eaeey a ?aoeeiia, i?ienoiaeeo iiauoaiiia iaeiieaiea a
i?aaiecia aai aiaeiaa — ?aaeeiaeoeaiiai oeacey. Oae, anee o ac?ineiai
/aeiaaea ia?eiae iieoauaaaeaiey oeacey-137 ec i?aaiecia ninoaaeyao
i?eia?ii 90 aeiae, oi i?e iaaeinoaoea eaeey — 140—170 aeiae,
neaaeiaaoaeueii aeica iaeo/aiey oaaee/eaaaony. Eaeee i?enoonoaoao a
iaiuao, iniaaiii a naaeea, aiaiauo, o?oeoao (ia?neeao, aa?eeinao,
neeaao, yaeieao, ii iniaaiii a o?thea, /a?iineeaa), yaiaeao (aeiia?aaea,
/??iie nii?iaeeia, a ecthia e eeoieoa), /aa, iaoo?aeueiii eioa, eaeai,
nooii iieiea, ye/iii ii?ioea, oeaaa, io?oayo, ianyiie e?oia, iyna, ?uaa.
Nouanoaaiioth ?ieue a caueoiuo ooieoeeyo i?aaiecia /aeiaaea ea?atho
iee?iyeaiaiou, eioi?ua neoaeao anoanoaaiiui aa?uea?ii aeey iinooieaiey
?aaeeiioeeeaeia. Iee?iyeaiaiou aaaeiu oaeaea aeey noeioeyoeee eioiiie
nenoaiu /aeiaaea, iaiaiiuo i?ioeannia, /oi niinianoaoao auaiaeo
?aaeeiioeeeaeia. Aeeth/aiea iee?iyeaiaioia a ?aoeeii ieoaiey, yaeyaony
iniaaiii aeooaeueiui aeey ?aeiiia, aaea eo anoanoaaiiia niaea?aeaiea a
ii/aao iaaeinoaoi/iia. E oaeei ?aeiiai ioiinyony e ii/au *a?iiaueueneiai
neaaea. Yoi i?eaiaeeo e ?acee/iiai ?iaea caaieaaaieyi:
aeaeaciaeaoeoeeoiuo aiaiee, nieaeaieth eiioieoaoa, i?eaiaeyuaa e oeaeiio
niaeo?o aieaciae, caaea?aeea ?inoa, e ae?oaei ooieoeeiiaeueiui
ia?ooaieyi iaiaia aauanoa. Aaaeiaeoei iee?iyeaiaioii yaeyaony aeaeaci,
aeiee?othuaa iinooieaiea aeueoa-eceo/athueo ?aaeeiioeeeaeia
ieooiiey-238, 239, a oaeaea aia?eoeey a i?aaieci /aeiaaea. AEaeaci
yaeyaony aaaeiaeoei e?iaaoai?iui iee?iyeaiaioii, iniaaiii aeey
ia?aciaaiey y?eo?ioeeoia.
AEaeaci niaea?aeeony a caeaiuo iaiuao: eoea, naeaoa, oe?iia, uaaea,
eaionoa, a?aoeeeo i?aoao, naiaiiuo, aiaiauo eoeueoo?ao; a iyniuo
i?iaeoeoao: ii/eao, iyna, aiayaeueae e naeiie ia/aie; e?oiao: ianyiie
a?a/iaaie, ai?ioa; o?oeoao: yaeieao, neeaao, aa?eeinao, ia?neeao.
Nooi/iay ii?ia aeaeaca a ?aoeeiia ieoaiey /aeiaaea ninoaaeyao ieiei 20
ia. Eiioeaio?aoeey aeaeaca a 100 a. i?ina — 6,8 ia, iaiuao — 2 ia,
ii?neeo iaiuao — 20 ia, naiaiao iiaenieia/ieea — 7 ia.
?aaeeicaueoiuie naienoaaie iaeaaeaao oaeaea naeai, eioi?ue
ainnoaiaaeeaaao eiioiioth nenoaio, i?ioeaiaeaenoaoao naiaiaeiui
?aaeeeaeai, oai naiui nieaeaao /anoioo iiooieae iiei/iie aeaeacu,
ueoiaeaeiie aeaeacu.
Oaaeeoea 3. Iniiaiua ieuaaua enoi/ieee eaeey
I?iaeoeouNiaea?aeaiea eaeey, ia/100 a i?iaeoeoa1.
IaiueEa?oioaeue568Oieiao574Uaaaeue5002. Ca?iiaua i?iaeoeouA?a/iaaay,
ianyiay, oieieii, “Aa?eoean”320-380Aiaiaua: ai?io
eouaiue873Oanieue1100Ioea ?aeaiay100-294Ioaie/iay122-310Iaea?iiiua
ecaeaeey123-2123. O?oeou naaaeeaAa?eeinu, ia?neee305-363Aeoiy, neeaa,
oo?ia, /a?aoiy, yaeiee200-278Oeeo?oniaua155-197ssaiaeu naaaeeaAeiia?aae,
iaeeia, e?uaeiaiee, nii?iaeeia224-350Caieyieea (naaeiaay), eetheaa,
iaeaieoa103-161Nooio?oeouAeiia?aae, a?ooe, yaeiee,
/a?iineea580-872Eo?aaa, o?the1717-20434. ?uaaIieaa290Ieoiue ii?neie,
o?anea296-339I?iaeoeou ii?yIi?neay eaionoa9705. sseoeai?iaeoeousseoea
eo?eiua140sse/iue ii?ioie4886. A?eau nooaiua (aaeua,
iiaeaa?aciaeee)3937-4503A?eau naaaeea310-5607. I?aoe664Naeai
niaea?aeeony a ca?ia, oeaaa ec ioee a?oaiai iiiiea, /aniiea,
iynii?iaeoeoao, iaiuao, ?uaa, iaea?iiiuo ecaeaeeyo.
Niaea?aeaiea naeaia a 100 a?. i?iaeoeoa: iaan — 5-10 iea, y/iaiue — 35
iea, ?en — 40 iea, ?uaa — 20—40 iea.
Eaeee — aeiee?iai/iue yeaiaio ?aaeeiaeoeaiiai oeacey, noeioee?oao
na?aea/ioth iuooeo, oeo/oaao iaiaiiua a i?ioeannu e ?aaioo ia/aie.
Eaeeai aiaaou iaiue, aiaiaua a eoeueoo?u, ii?neay eaionoa. Iioeiaeueiay
aaeaaeiaaiay iio?aaiinoue a eaeea 1—2 a?.
Iaaiee — niinianoaoao iaiaiiui i?ioeannai, ?aaoee?oao …eeneioiinoue.
Niaea?aeeony a eoea, naeaoa, oieiaoa, uaaea, i?aoao. Aaeaaeiaaiay
iio?aaiinoue — 300-350 ia.
Eiae — aeiee?iai/iue yeaiaio ?aaeeiaeoeaiiai eiaea, o/anoaoao a ooieoeee
ueoiaeaeiie aeaeacu, iaiaiiuo i?ioeannao, iiauoaao onoie/eainoue
eiioiiie nenoaiu i?aaiecia.
Caiicaeaeay eiaeiay i?ioeeaeoeea a ia?aua aeie *a?iiaueueneie eaoano?iou
i?eaaea e eioaineaiiio iiaeiuaieth ?aaeeieiaea-131, /oi i?eaaei e ?inoo
caaieaaaiee ueoiaeaeiie aeaeacu e, eae neaaenoaea, ?aeo ueoiaeaeiie
aeaeacu, iniaaiii o aeaoae. Aaeaaeiaaiay ?aeiiaiaeoaiay aeica
iio?aaeaiey eiaea — 150 ia. a. I/aiue aaaeii oaeaea a ?aoeeiia ieoaiey
i?enoonoaea aeoaieiia a?oiiu A (ea?ioei), A (A — oeaiei, Aa —
?eaioeaaei, Be — ie?eaeienei, A2 — oeeaiieiaaeaiei), N (anei?aeiiaay
eeneioa), A (oieoioa?ie), ? (aioeoeeaiiaua ieaiaiou, eaoaoeiu, oeaaiiu).
Aeoaieiu, eae e ieia?aeueiua yeaiaiou, a aeinoaoi/iii eiee/anoaa
iaoiaeyony a iaoo?aeueiuo i?iaeoeoao ieoaiey.
Enoi/ieeii aeoaieia A yaeyaony: aeaeoua e caeaiua iaiue, aiaiaua,
aiayaeuey ia/aiue, neeai/iia ianei, ia?aa?ei, niaoaia.
Aeoaiei N — oeiiaiee, iaeaieoa, /a?iay nii?iaeeia, caeaiua iaiue,
o?oeou, oeeo?oniaua, e?aniue neaaeeee ia?aoe, ea?oioaeue, eaionoa.
Aaeaaeiaaiay iio?aaiinoue 50-70 ia.
Aeoaiei ? — /a?iiieiaeiay ?yaeia, /a?iay nii?iaeeia, aiy?uoiee, eetheaa,
a?onieea, caeaiue /ae, /ae aaeoiaue.
Aeoaiei A — ca?iiaua, iaiue, i?aoe, ?anoeoaeueiia ianei, iiaenieia/iia e
eiiiieyiia ianei, ia/aiue.
A ceiiee ia?eiae ec-ca ionoonoaey anoanoaaiiuo aeoaieiia oeaeaniia?acii
caiaiyoue aeoaieiu, iaoiaeyueany a iaoo?aeueiuo i?iaeoeoao,
iieeaeoaieiaie (“?aaeo”, “Oiaeaaeo” e o.ae.). I/aiue aaaeiie
iniaaiiinoueth ?aoeeiiaeueiiai ieoaiey a oneiaeyo i?iaeeaaiey ia
caa?yciaiiuo oa??eoi?eyo yaeyaony aeeth/aiea a ?aoeeii a?oauo,
iaia?aaioaiiuo i?iaeoeoia, eioi?ua a aieueoii eiee/anoaa niaea?aeao
eeao/aoeo eee ieuaaua aieieia. Iiiaaeay a aeaeoaei/ii-eeoa/iue o?aeo,
yoe aauanoaa niiniaiu ia?aciauaaoue niaaeeiaiey n ?aaeeiaeoeaiuie
aauanoaaie, a oaeaea n oiene/iuie iaoaeeaie, niinianoaoy eo auaiaeo ec
i?aaiecia.
Oaaeeoea .4. Iniiaiua ieuaaua enoi/ieee eiaea
I?iaeoeouNiaea?aeaiea eiaea, iea/100 a i?iaeoeoa1. Ii?ai?iaeoeouIi?neay
eaionoa nooay200000-300000Ii?neie
ieoiue57Iioioaiey19O?anea135Oae33E?aaaoee (iyni)1102. sseoei
eo?eiia20sse/iue ii?ioie703. Iieiei nooia oeaeueiia346Iieiei
noa?eeeciaaiiia154. Iynii?iaeoeouAiayaeeia7,2Naeieia6,6Iyni
e?ieeea5,0Noai?iaeoeouIa/aiue aiayaeuey6,3Na?aeoea aiayaeuea7,3Ia/aiue
naeiay13,1AEe? naeiie oiieaiue9,75. E?oiuE?oia ioaie/iay7,8Ioaii4,5E?oia
“Aa?eoean”6,06. Ioea ?aeaiay9,3Ioea ioaie/iay a/n1,57.
IaiueEa?oioaeue5,0Ii?eiaue e?aniay5,0?aaeen8,9Naeao8,0*aniie9,08.
O?oeouNeeaa4,0Aeiia?aae8,09. A?eauOaiieiueiiu18,0
Eeao/aoea e ieuaaua aieieia a aieueoeo eiee/anoaao niaea?aeaony a
aaeeiai-io?oaiii oeaaa, ia?eiaie e?oia, ioaieoea, ieiaeaea, eoeo?oca,
yaeieao, a?ooao, neeaao, /a/aaeoea, iana, a yaiaeao: /a?iie e e?aniie
nii?iaeeia, iaeeia, eeoaieea. Aeey ?aoeeiiaeueiiai ieoaiey /aeiaaeo
iaiaoiaeeii a aeaiue oiio?aaeyoue ieiei 20 a ieuaauo aieieii.
Ieaea i?aaenoaaeaii niaea?aeaiea ieuaaiai aieieia a a?aiiao ia 100
a?aiiia iniiaiiai i?iaeoeoa ieoaiey.
Oaaeeoea .5. Niaea?aeaiea eeao/aoee a i?iaeoeoao
I?iaeoeouNiaea?aeaiea ieuaaiai aieieia, a ia 100 a iniiaiiai
i?iaeoeoaIeiaeaeue5,1Eoeo?oca3,9ssaeiee3,9*a/aaeoea3,7Iaan iethuaiue2,8
Iaeiei ec aeaeia ieuaaiai aieieia yaeythony iaeoeiu, eioi?ua a
cia/eoaeueiuo eiee/anoaao niaea?aeaony a o?oeoao, yaiaeao. Iaeoeiu
oi?ioi naycuaatho niee oyaeaeuo iaoaeeia, iaaca?aaeuaatho yaiaeu,
oieanoa?ei, a oaeaea aaeni?ae?otho e niinianoaotho auaaaeaieth oiene/iuo
aauanoa ec i?aaiecia.
A ianoiyuaa a?aiy niaoeeaeueiua aauanoaa, iaeaaeathuea
?aaeeii?ioaeoi?ieie naienoaaie ecaioiaeytho ec iaoo?aeueiiai niea aeiy.
Onei?aiiiio auaiaeo ec i?aaiecia ?aaeeiioeeeaeia niinianoaotho oaeaea
o?oeoiai-yaiaeiua niee.
Iaeaieueooth iieueco i?eiinyo niee n iyeioueth — ia?neeiaue, yaei/iue,
aa?eeiniaue, a?ooaaue e o.ae., oae eae iyeioue oi?ioi naycuaaao
oiene/iua e eaioea?iaaiiua aauanoaa. N ae?oaie noi?iiu,
o?oeoiai-yaiaeiua niee — yoi iaaeaaeiue enoi/iee iinooieaiey a i?aaieci
iaoo?aeueiuo aeoaieiia.
I?aaiecaoeey ?aoeeiiaeueiiai ieoaiey n o/aoii auoa ia?a/eneaiiuo niaaoia
iiaeao aeaoue iieiaeeoaeueiue yooaeo eeoue a oii neo/aa, eiaaea
i?iaeoeou ieoaiey, eioi?ua i?aaeiacia/aiu aeey aeiee?iaee eee naycuaaiey
?aaeeiioeeeaeia, aoaeoo naie ?aaeeaoeeiiii /enouie. Iioeiaeueiui
aa?eaioii a i?aaiecaoeee ieoaiey yaeyaony iaania/aiea ianaeaiey,
i?iaeeaathuaai ia caa?yciaiiuo oa??eoi??eyo, i?eaiciuie i?iaeoeoaie
ieoaiey. A yoi a iaoae neiaeiie nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneie neooaoeee
naeaeaoue i/aiue o?oaeii e ianaeaiea, iniaaiii a naeueneie ianoiinoe,
ieoaaony a iniiaiii oai, /oi i?iecaiaeeo naii. Iaeiaei nouanoaotho
i?inoua niiniau oiaiueoaiey eiioeaio?aoeee ?aaeeiioeeeaeia a iniiaiuo
i?iaeoeoao ieoaiey, eioi?ua i/aiue i?inoi inouanoaeoue aeaaea ia auoiaii
o?iaia.
4. NIINIAU OIAIUeOAIEss EIIOeAIO?AOeEE ?AAeEIIOEEEAeIA A INIIAIUO
I?IAeOEOAO IEOAIEss I?E EOEEIA?IIE IA?AAIOEA
Ia oa??eoi?eyo, caa?yciaiiuo ?aaeeiioeeeaeaie, iniaaiii n ieioiinoueth
caa?yciaiey nauoa 10 Ee/ea. ei, i?iaeoeoeey aeeaioiiaiaenoaa,
caieaaeaeey, eae a ainoaea?noaaiiii, oae e a /anoiii naeoi?a ca/anooth
i?aauoaao ?anioaeeeaineea eiio?ieueiua o?iaie. Ana ia?ii?eyoey ii
aeacaeoeaaoeee, i?iaaaeaiea niaoeeaeueiuo aa?ioeie/aneeo ?aaio,
i?aaeiacia/aiiuo aeey nieaeaiey ia?aoiaea ?aaeeiioeeeaeia a i?iaeoeou
caieaaeaeey e aeeaioiiaiaenoaa, yaeythony ia anaaaea auiieieiuie,
iniaaiii aeey /anoiuo naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo oaiaeee.
Cia/eoaeueiiio nieaeaieth eiioeaio?aoeee ?aaeeiioeeeaeia a iniiaiuo
i?iaeoeoao ieoaiey niinianoaoao oaoiieiae/aneay e eoeeia?iay ia?aaioea
i?e iieo/aiee aioiaiai e oiio?aaeaieth i?iaeoeoa.
I?aaeeiaeaiiua ieaea niiniau oiaiueoaiey eiioeaio?aoeee ?aaeeiioeeeaeia
a iniiaiuo i?iaeoeoao naeueneioicyenoaaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa iicaieytho
nouanoaaiii oiaiueoeoue iinooieaiea ?aaeeiioeeeaeia n ieuae a i?aaieci
/aeiaaea, e, eae neaaenoaea, oiaiueoeoue iaeiieyaioth aioo?aiithth aeico
iaeo/aiey. Yoio oaeoi? aeey aeeoaeae ciiu *a?iiaueueneiai neaaea ia
naaiaeiy yaeyaony ii?aaeaeythuei aeey aeeciaiaania/aiey.
E?iia ?aoeeiiaeueiie oaoiieiaee i?eaioiaeaiey ieue a aeaiiie aeaaa
aoaeoo i?aaenoaaeaiu oaaeeoeu oaeaeueiie aeoeaiinoe niaea?aeaiey
?aaeeiioeeeaeia a iniiaiuo i?iaeoeoao ieoaiey ia oa??eoi?eyo Aaei?oneiai
Iieanuey ca 1994 aiae, /oi iicaieeo iieo/eoue eioi?iaoeeth e eo/oa
i?eaioe?iaaoueny a neiaeeaoaeny neooaoeee ianaeaieth.
Eaaeaeue ?acoeueoao i?aaenoaaeyao niaie n?aaeithth aaee/eio ec aieaa /ai
20 ecia?aiee ii?aaeaeaiiiai i?iaeoeoa ieoaiey a oii eee eiii ianaeaiiii
ioieoa. Ecia?aiey i?iaiaeeeenue ia i?eai?ao Aaeea?aeue-Iiieoi? n
oi/iinoueth 5-10 Ae/ea, a oaeaea ia aaoiiaoece?iaaiiii aaoa-aaiia
niaeo?ia?aoa, aaiia-?aaeeiiao?a.
Iyniua i?iaeoeou
A iyna e iyniuo i?iaeoeoao a iniiaiii iaeaieeaathony ?aaeeiioeeeaeu
oeacey e no?iioeey. ?aaeeiaeoeaiue oeacee iaeaieeaaaony iuoa/iie
oeaiueth aeeaioiuo, aioo?aiieie i?aaiaie, ii/eaie, eaaeeie, ia/aiueth,
na?aeoeai. No?iioeee iaeaieeaaaony einoiie oeaiueth, i?e/ai a ?anoouai
iieiaeii aeeaioiii ii iiaeiuaaony einoyie eioaineaiaa, oae eae neoaeeo
no?ieoaeueiui iaoa?eaeii aeey einoiie oeaie. A nayce n yoei ;
?aeiiaiaeoaony aa?eoue iyniua aoeueiiu, i?aaeaa?eoaeueii ioaeaeea iyni
io einoae. Iniaaiii yoi eanaaony iyna iieiaeuo aeeaioiuo e eo?. Ia?aae
eoeeia?iie ia?aaioeie iyniuo i?iaeoeoia neaaeoao oaeaeeoue ec iyniiai
nu?uey caa?yciaiiua o/anoee niaaeeieoaeueiie oeaie, ouaoaeueii auiuoue
iiae i?ioi/iie aiaeie. Oaeaea ?aeiiaiaeoaony auia/eaaoue iyni a oa/aiea
2 /ania a iiaenieaiiie oieiaeiie aiaea, eo/oa i?ioi/iie, a oae aea
neeaaoue ioaa? iinea 10-ieiooiiai eeiy/aiey. Yoi iicaieyao oiaiueoeoue
eiioeaio?aoeeth ?aaeeiioeeeaeia a aioiauo i?iaeoeoao ia 50-80%. AEa?aiea
iyniuo i?iaeoeoia ia niioaaonoaothueo ?EO ia ?aeiiaiaeoaony, oae eae
yoio i?ioeann iiaeao oieueei oaaee/eoue eiioeaio?aoeeth ?aaeeiioeeeaeia
a aioiaii aethaea ec-ca auia?eaaiey aeeaeeinoe. Niaea?aeaiea iyna a
ii?iceeueiuo eaia?ao oae aea ia aaaeao e oiaiueoaieth eiioeaio?aoeee
aeieaiaeeaoueo ?aaeeiioeeeaeia, oaeeo eae oeacee e no?iioeee.
Ia ?aeiiaiaeoaony oaeaea ayeaiea e eii/aiea iyniuo i?iaeoeoia,
i?aauoathueo ?EO. E oiio aea i?e yoii iiaoo auoue aeiiieieoaeueiua
enoi/ieee iinooieaiey ?aaeeiioeeeaeia a aioiaue i?iaeoeo, a caaeneiinoe
io enoi/ieea oa?ie/aneiai iaa?aaa.
Iniaaiii iianii iio?aaeaiea iyna aeeeeo aeeaioiuo, oae eae iie ieoathony
e aeeaoo a eaniuo ianneaao, eioi?ua eiatho aieueooth ieioiinoue
caa?yciaiey ?aaeeiioeeeaeaie. Iaeaieueooth iianiinoue n?aaee i?iiuneiauo
aeeaioiuo i?aaenoaaeyao iyni eaaaia, einy. Oaeaeueiay aeoeaiinoue
?aaeeiaeoeaiiai oeacey o ieo aeinoeaaao 30 eAe/ea, /oi i?aauoaao
i?aaeaeueii aeiionoeiua o?iaie (IAeO) a 50 ?ac. A nayce n yoei aua ?ac
iiae/a?eiai: eaoaai?e/anee cai?auaaony oiio?aaeaiea iyna aeeeeo
aeeaioiuo aac ?aaeeieiae/aneiai eiio?iey e niaoeeaeueiuo auoaiienaiiuo
ia?ii?eyoee.
?uaa
Iaeaieueoaa niaea?aeaiea ?aaeeiioeeeaeia o ?uau iaoiaeeony a aieiaa e ai
aioo?aiiinoyo. Naaaeoth ?uao neaaeoao i/enoeoue io /aooe, oaeaeeoue
aioo?aiiinoe, o aeiiiuo ?ua, oaeeo eae nii, eeiue, uoea oaeaeeoue
o?aaao. Iniaaiii aaaeii oaeaeeoue aeaa?u, a o e?oiiuo e aeiiiuo ?ua —
aieiao. Caoai ?uao ?ac?acaoue ia eonee e auii/eoue a oa/aiea 10-15
/ania, niaiyy i?e yoii aiaeo. Yoio niinia aeaao yooaeo oiaiueoaiey
?aaeeiioeeeaeia oeacey ia 70-75%.
Iaeaieaa aeoeaii aeeoioee?oao ?aaeeioeacee aeiiiay ?uaa eeiue, ea?anue,
nii, ieoiue, uoea. Inoaeueiua aeaeu ?ua a aeaaoi?ee ?aee I?eiyoue aaeece
a. Iicu?y oaeea eae eau, ieioaa a iniiaiii niioaaonoaotho ?AeO-92 e
i?eaiaeiu e oiio?aaeaieth.
Aieaa no?iaiio ?aaeeieiae/aneiio eiio?ieth iiaeeaaeeo ?uaa ec ica? e
aiaeiaiia ia oa??eoi?ee *a?iiaueueneiai neaaea. Aiaea a oaeeo aiaeiaiao
ia iaiiaeyaony, eae ?a/iay, e caeanue iiaeao auoue iiauoaiiay
eiioeaio?aoeey ?aaeeioeacey iniaaiii o aeoaieiaiaeiuo, aeiiiuo ?ua.
Neaaeoao ioiaoeoue, /oi eiioeaio?aoeey eaeey a aiaea a 1000 ?ac iaiueoa,
/ai a ?uaa, a, eae iieacaiii auoa, eaeee caiauaaony noiaeei yeaiaioii
oeaceai. Neaaeiaaoaeueii eiioeaio?aoeey ?aaeeioeacey a ?uaa ec aiaeiaiia
aoaeao a 1000 ?ac aieueoa, /ai a aiaea. Oaeei ia?acii iio?aaeaiea ?uau
ec ica? ia caa?yciaiiuo ?aaeeiioeeeaeaie oa??eoi?eyo, aac
?aaeeieiae/aneiai eiio?iey iaaaciianii.
Iaiue e o?oeou
Ia?aaioeo iaiuae, o?oeoia e ieuaaiai nu?uey oeaeaniia?acii ia/eiaoue n
iaoaie/aneie i/enoee io caa?yciaiey eo iiaa?oiinoe io caiee. Ana
i?iaeoeou aeieaeiu auoue ouaoaeueii i?iiuou o?ieie i?ioi/iie aiaeie.
Ia?aae iuoue?i eaionou, eoea, /aniiea iaiaoiaeeii oaeaeeoue
aa?oiea,iaeaieaa caa?yci?iiua eenouey.
Ii noaiaie iaeiieaiey ?aaeeiaeoeaiuo aauanoa, eae oeacey, no?iioeey, oae
e ae?oaeo ?aaeeiioeeeaeia, iaiue e o?oeou ?aciauatho a neaaeothuae
iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoe: eaionoa, iao?oeu, oiiaou, eoe, /aniie, ea?oioea,
ii?eiaue, naaeea, ?aaeen, oanieue, ai?io, aiaiaua, uaaaeue. Iniaaiii
naycuaatho ?aaeeiioeeeaeu a ii/aa uaaaeue e aiaiaua.
N?aaee yaiae e o?oeoia iaiaa ?aaeeaoeeiiii aini?eei/eau yaeiee e a?ooe,
aieaa e?aniay e /a?iay nii?iaeeia. Ia?aae oiio?aaeaieai iai?iaeiua
eoeueoo?u, ia o?aaothuea eoeeia?iie ia?aaioee, neaaeoao ouaoaeueii iuoue
iiae i?ioi/iie aiaeie, nieiay eiaeo?o 3—5 ii.
Ouaoaeueii aeieaeiu auoue i/euaiu o/anoee iiaa?oiinoe iaiuae e o?oeoia,
eiathuea ia?iaiinoe, o?aueiu, a eioi?uo iiaoo iaeaieeaaoueny
?aaeeiaeoeaiua /anoeoeu.
Iaoaie/aneay i/enoea iicaieyao oaeaeeoue 50% ?aaeeiaeoeaiuo aauanoa,
iaoiaeyueony ia iiaa?oiinoe e a ia?oaeiuo neiyo i?iaeoeoa.
Canieea iaiuae e o?oeoia oiaiueoaao eiee/anoai ?aaeeioeacey ia 30—40%,
oae eae iineaaeiee ia?aoiaeeo a ?annie, eioi?ue iio?aaeyoue iaeuecy.
Nooeo o?oeoia neaaeoao i?iaiaeeoue iinea iuouey, a ianoao, caueuaiiuo io
iuee. Ia?aae oiio?aaeaieai nooio?oeou oaeaea oeaeaniia?acii ouaoaeueii
auiuoue.
Iiei/iua i?iaeoeou
Iniiaiie ?aaeeiioeeeae, aeeoioee?othueeny a iiei/iuo i?iaeoeoao, —
oeacee-137. Niaea?aeaiea ?aaeeioeacey a iieiea nouanoaaiii caaeneo io
ei?iia aeeaioiuo.
Ianaeaieth, i?iaeeaathuaio ia caa?yciaiiuo ?aaeeiioeeeaeaie oa??eoi?eyo,
e eiathueo a ee/iuo oicyenoaao neio, ?aeiiaiaeoaony ia iaiaa o?ao ?ac a
aiae i?iaiaeeoue ?aaeeiiao?e/aneee eiio?ieue iiei/iie i?iaeoeoeee.
Oeaeaniia?acii oaeaea i?iaiaeeoue ?aaeeiiao?e/aneee eiio?ieue ei?iia
aeeaioiuo.
Anee iaaiciiaeii ia?aaanoe aeeaioiia ia /enoua ei?ia, e iieo/eoue
/enooth i?iaeoeoeeth, oi iieiei iaiaoiaeeii ia?a?aaaouaaoue ia iiei/iua
i?iaeoeou. A i?ioeanna naia?e?iaaiey iieiea aei 90% anao ?aaeeiioeeeaeia
inoathony a nuai?ioea e ia?aoa. Eae aeaeii ec aeeaa?aiiu, iiei/iua
i?iaeoeou i?e ia?a?aaioea iieiea — neeaee, oai?ia, nu?, ianei aoaeoo
i?eaiaeiu e oiio?aaeaieth, aeaaea anee iieiei i?aauoaao ?EO a 5 ?ac
I/aiue aaaeii i?iaiaeeoue ?aaeeieiae/aneee eiio?ieue iiei/iie
i?iaeoeoeee, eiaaea aeeaioiua noaayony ia noieeiaia niaea?aeaiea. Anee
iieiei niioaaonoaoao ii?iai ?EO oi anoue ii?aaeaeaiiay aa?aioey, /oi
caaioiaeaiiua ei?ia /enoua, e iieiei a ceiiee noieeiaue ia?eiae aoaeao
niioaaonoaiaaoue ?EO. Anee aea a iieiea o aeeaioiiai niaea?aeaiea
?aaeeiioeeeaeia i?aauoaao ii?iu, oi iaycaoaeueii iaaei i?iaa?eoue e i?e
iaiaoiaeeiinoe caiaieoue ei?ia eee ia?a?aaioaoue iieiei ia iiei/iua
i?iaeoeou.
sseoea
I?e oiio?aaeaiee eo?eiuo yeoe neaaeoao ciaoue, /oi ii/oe ana
?aaeeiioeeeaeu niaea?aeaony a nei?eoia. A nayce n yoei ia ?aeiiaiaeoaony
aa?eoue yeoei, oae eae aiciiaeai ia?aoiae ai aioo?aiithth /anoue yeoea.
Ia?aae oiio?aaeaieai yeoea iaiaoiaeeii oi?ioi auiuoue.
Ea?oioaeue
O?aaeeoeeiiiui i?iaeoeoii ieoaiey aeey ianaeaiey ?anioaeeee Aaea?onue
yaeyaony ea?oioaeue, eioi?ue caieiaao a ?aoeeiia ieoaiey iaeii ec
iniiaiuo iano. Oioy ea?oioaeue ia yaeyaony oi?ioei iaeiieoaeai
?aaeeiioeeeaeia, ii, o/eouaay aieueooth aeieth aai a iauai ?aoeeiia
ieoaiey, neaaeoao auiieiyoue i?inoua ?aeiiaiaeaoeee: ia?aae i/enoeie
ea?oioaeue auiuoue io caiee, niyoue eiaeo?o ia 3-5 ii, ouaoaeueii
auiuoue i/euaiiue ea?oioaeue, iiiaiyoue aiaeo, e iiaoi?eoue caiaio aiaeu
/a?ac 10-15 ieioo aa?ee. Yoi iicaieeo oiaiueoeoue eiioeaio?aoeeth
?aaeeiioeeeaeia aaeaia, /oi i/aiue aaaeii n o/aoii aieueoiai iio?aaeaiey
ea?oioaey .
Neaaeoao ioiaoeoue, /oi iaeaieueoaa niaea?aeaiea ?aaeeiioeeeaeia
niaea?aeeony:
– o ea?oioaey — a iiaa?oiinoiii neia e na?aeoeaaeia,
– o eaionou — a ei/a?uaeea, caeaiuo eenoueyo,
– o ii?eiae — a aa?oooea ei?iaieiaea e na?aeoeaaeia,
– o iao?oea — a eiaeo?a e caaeiae /anoe ieiaea,
– o naaeeu — a aa?oiai neia e aa?oooea ei?iaieiaea.
A?eau e yaiaeu
Neaaeoao auoue i/aiue inoi?iaeiui n aeeth/aieai a ?aoeeii ieoaiey aea?ia
eana: a?eaia e yaiae. Ia oa??eoi?eyo Aiiaeueneie e Iiaeeaaneie iaeanoae
a?eau, eae i?aaeei, ?aaeeioeeiiii a?yciua. Iniaaiii yoi eanaaony ianeyo,
caeaiie, iioiaeeia e anao a?eaia a nooaiii aeaea. Ei?iaaay nenoaia,
a?eaieoea, i?iec?anoathueo a eano yaiae e a?eaia iaoiaeeony a
iiaa?oiinoiii neia ii/au e iiaenoeeea. A oi aea a?aiy ieiei 90% io
iauaai eiee/anoaa oeacey-137, eae ?ac nin?aaeioi/aii a eaniie iiaenoeeea
e aa?oiai ieia?aeueiii neia ii/au. A nayce n yoei a?eau e aeeei?anoouea
yaiaeu oa?aeoa?ecothony iaeaieueoei iaeiieaieai ?aaeeiioeeeaeia n?aaee
eaniie oei?u.
?acee/iua aeaeu eaniuo yaiae nouanoaaiii ?acee/athony ii niiniaiinoe
iaeaieeaaoue ?aaeeiioeeeaeu. Iaeaieueoei iaeiieoaeai ?aaeeaoeee
yaeythony ianeyoa, iaoiaeee, iieueneee a?ea, caeaiee, a?ocaee, aieiooee.
A iaiueoae noaiaie iaeaieeaatho ?aaeeiioeeeaeu aaeue a?ea, eene/ee,
iiaeaa?aciaeee, iiaeineiiaeee, nu?iaaeee, iiyoa. Iaeiieaiea
?aaeeiioeeeaeia nouanoaaiii caaeneo io ieioiinoe caa?yciaiey e ninoaaa
ii/au, io aeaaeiinoe. Eae iieacaii auoa, oeacee-137 oi?ioi ?anoai?yaony
a aiaea, a nayce n yoei ia oaeaaeiaiiuo ii/aao, aieioao ia?aoiae oeacey
a ei?iaaoth nenoaio a?eaia, yaiae aieaa eioaineaai. ?acee/iua /anoe
a?eaia oaeaea ia?aaiiia?ii iiaeiuatho ?aaeeiioeeeaeu, oae iai?eia? a
oeyieao iieueneiai a?eaa, iiaeaa?aciaeea, ai?iaeea, ai?iaeea
iaaethaeaaony aieueoay eiioeaio?aoeey ?aaeeiioeeeaeia. Anoanoaaiii, /oi
iaeaieueoay eiioeaio?aoeey ?aaeeiioeeeaeia aoaeao o noa?uo ia?a?inoeo
a?eaia, o eioi?uo oaeaea iaoiaeyony a?aaeiua oeie/aneea niaaeeiaiey.
A aeaenoaothueo nae/an ?anioaeeeaineeo aeiionoeiuo o?iaiyo niaea?aeaiey
?aaeeiioeeeaeia (?AeO-92) aeey oeacey anoue ii?iaoea oieueei aeey a?eaia
nooaiuo (3700 Ae/ea). Aeey naaaeania?aiiuo a?eaia neaaeoao
?oeiaiaenoaiaaoueny ii?iaoeaii a 10 ?ac iaiueoa (370 Ae/ea), oae eae
naaaeee a?ea niaea?aeeo ieiei 90-95% aeaae.
N?aaee yaiae iniaaiii naycuaatho ?aaeeaoeeth /a?ieea, eetheaa. A nayce n
yoei oiio?aaeaiea a?eaia e yaiae, nia?aiiuo ia caa?yci?iiuo oa??eoi?eyo,
aac ?aaeeieiae/aneiai eiio?iey cai?auaii.
Iniiaiay /anoue ?aaeeiioeeeaeia iaoiaeeony a iiaenoeeea e aa?oiai
ai?eciioa ii/au eana, oae eae ean neoaeeo anoanoaaiiui oeeueo?ii
?aaeeaoeee. Iniaaiii aieueoay ieioiinoue caa?yciaiey a oaieiii eano, a
ioe, eeoaeieee, oaieiay eaea -anoanoaaiiua iiaeioeoaee ?aaeeiioeeeaeia.
Ia oa??eoi?eyo, ?aniieiaeaiiuo iaaeaeaei io 30-eeeiiao?iaie ciiu, iiaeii
iaaethaeaoue oae iacuaaaiua “?uaeea eana”, caeanue aeicu ?aaeeaoeeiiiuo
aicaeaenoaee aeinoeaatho aei 25 i?//an, /oi i?eaaei e onuoaieth oaie. Ia
aieaa ioaeaeaiiie oa??eoi?ee iaaethaeaaony o oaieiuo ii?iae ?ino
iiaaaia, /oi niioaaonoaoao yeniiceoeeiiiie aeica io 1 aei 3 i?//an.
Anee a?eau ia i?eauoatho ?EO aieaa, /ai a 2 ?aca, oi aiciiaeia eo
eoeeia?iay ia?aaioea e aeaeueiaeoaa oiio?aaeaiea. Naaaeea a?eau
iaiaoiaeeii ouaoaeueii i/enoeoue, i?iiuoue a i?ioi/iie aiaea eee a
aieueoii eiee/anoaa, iiaenieaiiie aiaeu. Caoai a?eau iiaeaa?aatho
oa?ie/aneie ia?aaioea — aa?ea a oa/aiea 25—60 ieioo n i?iiaaeooi/iui
neeaii ioaa?a. Oaeei ia?acii, iiaeii nieceoue niaea?aeaiea
?aaeeiioeeeaeia a 10 ?ac.
Aeey nooee a?eau aeaeaoaeueii i?aaeaa?eoaeueii i/enoeoue e auiuoue, yoi
nieceo eo o?iaaiue caa?yciaiiinoe. Ia?aae oiio?aaeaieai nooeo a?eaia eo
ia?aaaouaatho ii iienaiiie auoa oaoiieiaee.
Aeeth/aiea yaiae a ?aoeeii ieoaiey, i?aauoathueo aeiionoeiua o?iaie
oaeaea e?aeia iianii, oae eae nieaeaiea ?aaeeiaeoeaiinoe iooai
niaoeeaeueiie ia?aaioee a ?yaea neo/aaa ia i?aaenoaaeyaony aiciiaeiui.
I?eaioiaeaiea eiiiioia ec eaniuo yaiae iiaeao nieceoue oaeaeueioth
aeoeaiinoue ca n/ao oiaiueoaiey eiioeaio?aoeee ?aaeeiioeeeaeia a aiaeiii
?anoai?a. Iaeiaei i?eaioiaeaiea aa?aiuey, aeaeaiia, i?aeoe/anee ia
eciaiyao eiioeaio?aoeee ?aaeeiioeeeaeia.
Nooea yaiae, iniaaiii /a?ieee, iaoeaeaniia?acia, oae eae a i?ioeanna
nooee aiaea ec yaiaeu enia?yaony e eiioeaio?aoeey ?aaeeiioeeeaeia
aic?anoaao a 5-7 ?ac. Oiio?aaeaiea /a?ieee aac ?aaeeieiae/aneiai
eiio?iey e?aeia iianii, oae eae n iaeiie noi?iiu, yoa yaiaea ia
oa??eoi?eyo *a?iiaueueneiai aua?ina iaeaieaa ca?aaeaia, a n ae?oaie
noi?iiu, eiioeaio?aoeey aiaeu a iae oaeaea aaeeea e i?e nooea
?aaeeiaeoeaiinoue cia/eoaeueii oaaee/eaaaony.
Aua ?ac iaiiieiaai, /oi aea?u eana, a?eau, yaiaeu o?aaotho
noii?ioeaioiiai ?aaeeieiae/aneiai eiio?iey.
5. AICAeAENOAEA IEO?AOIA IA I?AAIECI *AEIAAEA
Ieo?aou — niee acioiie eeneiou, iaeciaiiue ao?eaoo e?oaiai?ioa acioa a
i?e?iaea, aac eioi?uo iaaiciiaeiu neiaeiua aeieiae/aneea i?ioeannu
neioaca aaeea e ae?oaeo aeeciaiii-aaaeiuo aauanoa, iaiaoiaeeiuo aeey
/aeiaaea e aeeaioiuo. Niaea?aeaiea iieaciuo aauanoa a ?anoaieyo iiaeii
iiauneoue n iiiiuueth i?aaie/aneeo e ieia?aeueiuo oaeia?aiee, iai?eia?,
acioiuo. Iaeiaei, i?e iiauoaiiii niaea?aeaiee nieae acioiie eeneiou a
ii/aa oieueei /anoue ieo?aoia ia?a?aaaouaaaony ?anoaieyie a aaeie, a
inoaeueiay iinooiaao a i?aaieci /aeiaaea ii ieuaaie oeaii/ea a “/enoii”
aeaea. Aeaeueiaeoay noaeueaa ieo?aoia caaeneo io iiiaeo oaeoi?ia, a oii
/enea e io ninoiyiey iaoaai caei?iauey. Ii/oe iieiaeia io iauaai
niaea?aeaiey ieo?aoia auaiaeeony ec i?aaiecia /a?ac ii/ee. Iaeioi?ia
eiee/anoai ieo?aoia auaeaeyaony n iioii, a o ei?iyueo iaoa?ae e n
a?oaeiui iieieii, /oi io?eoeaoaeueii aeeyao ia ?acaeoea ?aaaiea.
A aeaeoaeea, eeoa/ieea e iaiin?aaenoaaiii a iieinoe ?oa ieo?aou n
iiiiuueth oa?iaioia i?aa?auathony a ieo?eou. Iiiaaeay a e?iaue, iie
ieeneytho iieaeoeu aaiiaeiaeia, i?aa?auay aai a iaoaaiiaeiaei, eioi?ue
ia niiniaai ia?aiineoue eenei?iae e i?aaiai e oeaiyi. A ?acoeueoaoa
ia?ooaaony iaiai aauanoa, nieaeaaony niiniaiinoue i?aaiecia
nii?ioeaeyoueny ?acee/iui aieaciyi, no?aaeatho ia?aiay e
na?aea/ii-ninoaeenoay nenoaiu. Ii eiathueiny aeaiiui ?acee/iuo aaoi?ia,
ieo?eou ec i?aaiecia ia auaiaeyony. Aa?iyoii, iniiaiia eo eiee/anoai
eaeao ia ieeneaiea aaiiaeiaeia. I?e niaea?aeaiee 10% iaoaaiiaeiaeia io
iauaai eiee/anoaa aaiiaeiaeia ia?ooathony ooieoeee oeaio?aeueiie ia?aiie
nenoaiu, nieaeaaony o?oaeiniiniaiinoue.
I?e i?iaeieaeeoaeueiii aicaeaenoaee ieo?aoia iaaethaeaaony ia?ooaiea
ooieoeee ioaeneeo iieiauo i?aaiia, aic?anoaao niaea?aeaiea oieanoa?eia a
e?iae, oaaee/eaaaony eiee/anoai eaeeioeeoia (aaeuo e?iayiuo eeaoie).
I/aiue aini?eei/eau e niaaeeiaieyi acioa aeaoe a?oaeiiai aic?anoa.
I?e/eiie yaeyaony oi, /oi o ieo a e?iae niaea?aeeony iiiai
yia?eiiaeueiiai aaiiaeiaeia, eioi?ue niiniaai i/aiue auno?i ieeneyoueny.
Oae aea aieaa aini?eei/eau e ieo?aoai ethaee n caaieaaaieyie
na?aea/ii-ninoaeenoie e aeuoaoaeueiie nenoai, aa?aiaiiua aeaiueiu.
Neaaeoao ioiaoeoue, /oi oiio?aaeaiea nie?oiuo iaieoeia oaaee/eaaao
oiene/iinoue ieo?aoia.
Caaeneiinoue iieieiae/aneeo caaieaaaiee io aeic acioa a ?anioaeeea ia
auyaeaia.
Aaciianiay aeica ieo?aoia aeey /aeiaaea aanii 50 ea ninoaaeyao 0,25 a
(eee 5 ia/ea). Nooi/iay aeica ieo?aoia aeey ac?ineiai /aeiaaea
ninoaaeyao 0,32 a. Oaeoe/aneay aaee/eia yoiai iieacaoaey aeinoeaaao
500-800 ia, i?e/ai iniiaiia eo eiee/anoai iinooiaao n ieoueaaie aiaeie.
Aieaa /enouie enoi/ieeaie ieoueaaie aiaeu, yaeythony a?oaceaineea
neaaaeeiu, o.a. iiaecaiiua aiaeu. Iniiaiui enoi/ieeii aiaeu a naeueneie
ianoiinoe yaeythony eieiaeoeu, eioi?ua ?aciauaiu iaaeaeaei io
oicyenoaaiiuo iino?iae. Iiyoiio auoiaua noiee oaaee/eaatho
eiioeaio?aoeeth acioiuo niaaeeiaiee a aiaea, /oi i?eaiaeeo e ieo?aoiiio
caa?yciaieth.
Ioeai/iui yaeyaony iiaiea i oii, /oi aiaeo io nieae iiaeii i/enoeoue
eeiy/aieai. Iai?ioea, eiioeaio?aoeey ieo?aoia i?e yoii aic?anoaao, oae
eae aiaea enia?yaony. Iiyoiio eeiyoeoue aa ioaeii ieieiaeueiia a?aiy.
Iianii niaianoiia aeaenoaea ieo?aoia e ?aaeeiioeeeaeia. Eiiaeie?iaaiiia
aicaeaenoaea ieo?aoia e ?aaeeaoeee oaaee/eaaao oiene/iinoue ieo?aoia
ii/oe a 8 ?ac. A yoeo oneiaeyo i?iaeaia yeieiae/anee /enouo i?iaeoeoia
ieoaiey e ieoueaaie aiaeu noaiiaeony iniai aeooaeueiie aeey iaoae
?anioaeeee. A nayce n yoei, iaiaoiaeeii auiieiyoue ?yae o?aaiaaiee i?e
i?eaioiaeaiee e oiio?aaeaiee i?iaeoeoia ieoaiey. Iniiaiua ec ieo
caeeth/athony a neaaeothuai.
Iaoaie/aneay /enoea iaiuae oiaiueoaao eiee/anoai ieo?aoia a n?aaeiai ia
10%. Oaeaeaiea ec ei?iaieiaeia na?aeoeaaeiu aeaao i?eia?ii oaeie aea
yooaeo. Aua aieaa nieaeaao eiioeaio?aoeeth ieo?aoia auia/eaaiea iaiuae,
oioy i?e yoii auiuaathony e ae?oaea iieaciua eiiiiiaiou. Iiyoiio oaeay
ia?aaioea ?aeiiaiaeoaony oieueei aeey ea?oioaey, eioi?ue niaea?aeeo
iaeaieueooth eiioeaio?aoeeth ieo?aoia. Eiaao cia/aiea e a?aiy aa?ee
iaiuae. Ieo?aou ia?aoiaeyo a ioaa?, i?e/ai niaoeee e nieue cao?oaeiytho
yoio i?ioeann, iiyoiio eo neaaeoao aeiaaaeyoue a eiioea aa?ee. Aeey
i?eaioiaeaiey iaiuae eo/oa eniieueciaaoue yiaee?iaaiioth iinoaeo, a ia
aethieieaaoth. Canie, eaaoaiea e ia?eiiaaiea oae aea nieaeatho
niaea?aeaiea ieo?aoia. Iaiueoa anaai nieae acioiie eeneiou a
iaeinieueiuo iao?oeao. Neaaeoao i?iyaeyoue inoi?iaeiinoue i?e
oiio?aaeaiee ?anniea eaaoaiie eaionou, nieaiuo oiiaoia, aaea eiee/anoai
ieo?aoia iiaeao auoue i/aiue aunieei. Oiio?aaeaiea aeoaieia N /anoe/ii
iaeo?aeecotho eceeoae ieo?aoia a i?aaiecia. Oaeie aea niiniaiinoueth
iaeaaeaao e eeao/aoea, eioi?ay iaoiaeeony a ?anoeoaeueiuo i?iaeoeoao.
Iiiai ieo?aoia a i?aaieci /aeiaaea iinooiaao n eii/aiinoyie e eieaanaie.
Yoi iaoneiaeaii oai, /oi iinea oa?ie/aneie ia?aaioee iyniua i?iaeoeou
noaiiayony na?iai oeaaoa, a aeiaaaee nieae acioiie eeneiou i?eaeatho ei
e?anii-ei?e/iaaue iooaiie. Iiiaaeatho ieo?aou a i?aaieci /aeiaaea e
aianoa n aicaeooii. Iaiaoiaeeii n/eoaoueny n oaeei enoi/ieeii ieo?aoia,
eae eaea?noaaiiua ?anoaiey. Iaeaieueoaa eo eiee/anoai iaoiaeeony a
e?aieaa, iyoa, iiaei?iaeieea. Iaiueoa a yaiaeao eetheau, a?onieee,
/a?ieee. Ii oiio?aaeaiea yoeo yaiae a ?aeiiao, caa?yciaiiuo
?aaeeiioeeeaeaie, aeiioneaaony oieueei i?e no?iaii ?aaeeiiao?e/aneii
eiio?iea. Aeiiieieoaeueiui enoi/ieeii ieo?aoia yaeythony neaa?aou. I?e
aueo?eaaiee 20 neaa?ao a aeaiue eiee/anoai eo a nethia iiauoaaony aei 10
ia/e.
6. OAEOI?U, AEEssTHUEA IA NIAeA?AEAIEA IEO?AOIA
Iiauoaiiia eiee/anoai ieo?aoia niaea?aeao iaiue, au?auaiiua a cae?uoii
a?oioa. Oaiee/iua eoeueoo?u ii aic?anoaieth eiioeaio?aoeee ieo?aoia
?ani?aaeaeythony a neaaeothuai ii?yaeea: oiiaou, iao?oeu, eoe ia?ueaaie,
?aaeen, naeao. A a ioe?uoii a?oioa — ?aaeen, oieiao, naeao. N?aaeiaa
iieiaeaiea caieiatho aaeeaaeaiu, ii?eiaue, oanieue, /aniie, iao?oeu.
Iaiueoa anaai iaeaieeaatho niee acioiie eeneiou iiieaei?u, caeaiue
ai?ioae, ia?aoe, eoe. Niaea?aeaiea ieo?aoia caaeneo oae aea io ie?anee
iaiuae. Iai?eia?, caeaiua aiau oaniee iaeaieeaatho ieo?aoia aieueoa, /ai
aeaeoua. Oaeay caeiiiia?iinoue iaaethaeaaony e a ia?oea.
Ia niaea?aeaiea ieo?aoia aeeyao e inaauaiea; i?e aai iaaeinoaoea ii, oi
i?e yoii oi?iiceony neioac i?aaie/aneeo aauanoa, yoi i?eaiaeeo e
nieaeaieth yooaeoeaiinoe acioiuo oaeia?aiee e aieueoiio iaeiieaieth
ieo?aoia a ?anoaieyo. Oaiia?aoo?iue ?aaeei a oaieeoeao oae aea ieacuaaao
aeeyiea ia iaeiieaiea ieo?aoia. Oia?aiiay oaiia?aoo?a (15-20 N0)
iaeaieaa aeaaii?eyoia a yoii ieaia.
Ia?aaiiia?ii niaea?aeaiea ieo?aoia a ?acee/iuo /anoyo ?anoaiee. A
eenoiauo iaiuao ieo?aoia aieueoa a noaaaeyo, aeeeeao eenoueaa. O
iniiaaiey ieiaea iao?oeia e eaaa/eia ieo?aoia aieueoa, /ai a eo aa?oiae
/anoe, a a eiaeo?a aieueoa, /ai a iyeioe. Eiaeo?a e na?aeoeaaeia
ea?oioaey iaeaieeaatho ieo?aoia aieueoa, /ai inoaeueiay /anoue. Aieaa
aunieoth eiioeaio?aoeeth eiatho eiioeu ei?iaieiaeia ii?eiae, ?aiu,
?aaeueee. Ia?aaiiia?ii ?aciauathony ieo?aou e a eaionoa. Iaiueoa eo ai
aioo?aiieo eenoueyo ei/aia, aieueoa a na?aeoeaaeia.
Eiaao cia/aiea e n?ie oai?ee o?iaeay. *ai niaeaa ieiae, oai iaiueoa
niaea?aeaiea ieo?aoia. Eenoiaua iaiue eo/oa niae?aoue ai aoi?ie iieiaeia
aeiy, eiaaea ieo?aoia a ?anoaieyo ia o?aoue iaiueoa, /ai a ia?aie
iieiaeia.
Oaeei ia?acii, niaea?aeaiea ieo?aoia a ?anoaieyo caaeneo io ii/au,
oaeia?aiee, aeieiae/aneeo iniaaiiinoae, niiniaa i?eaioiaeaiey e ae?oaeo
i?e/ei. O/eouaay yoe oaeoi?u iiaeii ?aaoee?iaaoue eiioeaio?aoeeth
ieo?aoia a ?anoeoaeueiuo i?iaeoeoao, /oi iniaaiii aaaeii a oneiaeyo
?aaeeaoeeiiiuo aicaeaenoaee.
N?aaeiyy aeiionoeiay nooi/iay ii?ia iio?aaeaiey ieo?aoia — 300 ia/ea.
Oaaeeoea 6. Aeiionoeiua o?iaie niaea?aeaiey ieo?aoia a i?iaeoeoeee
naeueneiai oicyenoaa.
I?iaeoeoNiaea?aeaiea ieo?aoia a i?iaeoeoa,
ia/eaEa?oioaeue150Eaionoa400Ii?eiaue200Oiiaou100Iao?oeu150Ia?aoe
neaaeeee200Naaeea1400Eoe ?ai/aoue80ssaeiee, a?ooe60Eaaa/ee400Eenoiaua
iaiuee1500Aeiia?aae60Aeaoneia ieoaiea507. IA?II?EssOEss II CAIEAAeAEETH,
?AAEEIO O?OAeA E IOAeUOA
Nouanoaoao ?yae yooaeoeaiuo niiniaia nieceoue iinooieaiea
?aaeeiioeeeaeia a ?anoaiey e, a iineaaeothuai, ii ieuaaie oeaii/ea — a
i?aaieci /aeiaaea n ieuae.
Aeaayoeeaoiee iiuo caieaiieueciaaiey ia caa?yciaiiuo oa??eoi?eyo
iieacae, /oi naeueneioicyenoaaiiia i?iecaiaenoai ia caiea n ieioiinoueth
caa?yciaiey aei 15 Ee/ea. ei ii oeaceth e 1,5 Ee/ea. ei ii no?iioeeth
aiciiaeii n o/aoii niaoeeaeueiuo ia?ii?eyoee.
?aeiiaiaeoaony ieia?aeecaoeey ii/a eaeeai, oinoi?ii, acioii.
Neaaeoao auoue inoi?iaeiui n nai?iiaeyie, eniieuecoaiuie a ea/anoaa
oaeia?aiee. Nai?iiaee aeiauaathony ni aeia ica? aiaeiaiia, a eioi?uo
iiaeao auoue iiauoaii niaea?aeaiea ?aaeeiioeeeaeia no?iioeey, oeacey e
ae?. Aianaiea oaeeo nai?iiaeae a ii/ao, iiaeao iiauneoue iauoth
ieioiinoue caa?yciaiey. ?aoaiea aii?ina ia eniieueciaaiee nai?iiaeae
neaaeoao i?iaiaeeoue n o/aoii ?aaeeieiae/aneiai eiio?iey.
Aeey oeo/oaiey no?oeoo?u ii/a ia ?aeiiaiaeoaony eniieueciaaoue cieo ec
oiiie, oae eae a iae niaea?aeeony aieueoia eiee/anoai ?aaeeiioeeeaeia a
?acoeueoaoa naeeaaiey ?aaeeaoeeiiiuo ae?ia, oaey, oi?oa. Cieo
iaiaoiaeeii ooeeece?iaaoue a niaoeeaeueiii ianoa ia ie?aeia ai?iaea eee
a eano, caeaiuaay ia aeoaeio ia iaiaa 30 ni.
Iiaeaaeythuaa /enei aeeaoueo a naeueneie ianoiinoe ia caa?yciaiiuo
?aaeeiioeeeaeaie oa??eoi?eyo eniieuecotho a ea/anoaa ioiieoaeueiiai
iaoa?eaea ae?iaa. A nayce n yoei aua ?ac iiae/a?eiai, /oi ia/ue yaeyaony
“ieie-?aaeoi?ii”, ni anaie auoaeathueie iineaaenoaeyie.
I?e caaioiaea ae?aaaneiu aeey ae?ia, a oaeaea aeey i?iiuoeaiiuo e
no?ieoaeueiuo oeaeae, neaaeoao o/eouaaoue, /oi a aieueoae noaiaie
aeeoioee?oao a naaa ?aaeeiioeeeaeu oeacey aeoa. Aeaeaa ii iaeiieaieth
oeacey-137 eaeoo aa?aca, ninia, ieueoa, ineia. Iaiaoiaeeii o/eouaaoue
i?e caaioiaea ae?ia, /oi iaeaieueoaa niaea?aeaiea ?aaeei- . oeacey
iaoiaeeony a ei?a, iieiaeuo iiaaaao, iiyoiio oeaeaniia?acii oaeaeyoue eo
n iiaa?oiinoe ae?aaaneiu (?en. 3.13).
A eanao n ieioiinoueth caa?yciaiey ii oeaceth auoa 50 Ee/ea. ei
i?iiuoeaiiay caaioiaea ae?aaaneiu o?aaoao no?iaiai ?aaeeiiao?e/aneiai
eiio?iey. Neaaeoao auoue i/aiue inoi?iaeiui a eano, iaoiaeeony oai
iai?iaeieaeeoaeueiia a?aiy, i?iaiaeeoue iinea i?aauaaiey a eano /enoeo
aa?oiae iaeaaeaeu eee aeacaeoeaaoeeth.
Aeey aeacaeoeaaoeee eniieuecotho iiaa?oiinoii-aeoeaiua aauanoaa —
iau/iia iuei, iithuea ii?ioee e iiiaea ae?oaea n?aaenoaa, i?eiaiyaiua a
auoo.
I?e niaea?aeaiee e ei?ieaiee aeiiaoiaai neioa, iaiaoiaeeii ii?aaeaeeoue
iaeaieaa /enoua o/anoee aeey auiana ii iiaa?oiinoiiio caa?yciaieth
?aaeeiioeeeaeaie. Ia oa??eoi?eyo n ieioiinoueth caa?yciaiey aieaa 15
Ee/ea. ei neaaeoao ia?aie/eoue niaea?aeaiea neioa.
Aeey auiana neioa eaoaai?e/anee cai?auaaony eniieueciaaoue eaniua
ianneau, oae eae ean ia caa?yciaiiuo ?aaeeiioeeeaeaie oa??eoi?eyo
iniaaiii iianai e eiaao aieueooth ?aaeeaoeeiiioth ieioiinoue
caa?yciaiey.
I?e naeueneioicyenoaaiiii i?iecaiaenoaa neaaeoao o/eouaaoue, /oi
?aaeeiioeeeaeu niaea?aeaueany a aa?oiai 5-naioeiao?iaii neia ii/au,
iaeaaeatho neaaie iea?aoeeae aioo?e ii/au. I?e ia?aaioea iaoioiuo
caiaeue ?aaeeiioeeeaeu ?ani?aaeaeythony a 20-30-naioeiao?iaii neia
iaoie.
I?e aicaeaeuaaiee naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo eoeueoo? n iaeie ei?iaaie
nenoaiie, ?aeiiaiaeoaony niaoeeaeueiay caiaoea aa?oiaai neiy ii/au ia
aeoaeio, i?aauoathuoth ?acia?u ei?iaaie nenoaiu ?anoaiey. Ia
ieiaei?iaeiuo ii/aao ?aaeeiioeeeaeu iaiaa naycuaathony ?anoaieyie, /ai
ia ian/aiuo, iaaaeiaiiuo aoionii. A nayce n yoei ?aeiiaiaeoaony
eiiieaeniia iiauoaiea ieiaei?iaeey ii/a, a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue
iee?iyeaiaioaie, aeiee?othueie ?aaeeioeacee, no?iioeee, e eioi?ui
ioiinyony eaeee, iaaiee, eaeueoeee. Iauaaeinooiiui niiniaii aeiee?iaee
iinooieaiey ?aaeeiioeeeaeia a ?anoaiey yaeyaony ecaanoeiaaiea ii/a.
Ia?a/eneaiiua ia?ii?eyoey iicaieytho nieceoue iinooieaiey ?aaeeioeacey a
o?iaeae ea?oioaey, ca?iiauo, ei?iaieiaeia, ceaeiauo o?aa a 23 ?aca.
I?eiaiaiea acioiuo oaeia?aiee neaaeoao i?iaiaeeoue no?iai aeice?iaaii,
eae aoaeao iieacaii ieaea, yoi iiaeao i?eaanoe e oaaee/aieth
eiioeaio?aoeee ieo?aoia. Iinooieaiea ?aaeeiioeeeaeia a o?iaeae caaeneo
io eeeiaoe/aneeo oneiaee. Oae eae ?aaeeioeacee eaaei ?anoai?ei a aiaea,
oi, a caaeneiinoe io aeaaeiinoe ii/au, iinooieaiea aai a ?anoaiey iiaeao
oaaee/eoueny ia 20—30%. A nayce n yoei auai? niiniaa ia?aaioee ii/a
aoaeao nouanoaaiii aeeyoue ia aa?iiiie/aneea, oece/aneea naienoaa e, eae
neaaenoaea, ia ia?aoiae ?aaeeiioeeeaeia a o?iaeae e, ii ieuaaie
oeaii/ea, a i?aaieci /aeiaaea.
I?e auiana aeeaioiuo ia eoaao, ianoaeuao o?aaa aeieaeia auoue ia iaiaa
10 ni, /oiau aeeaioiua iaiueoa nii?eeanaeenue n ii/aie. ?aeiiaiaeoaony
oaeaea i?iaa?youe ei?ia ia ?aaeeaoeeiiioth /enoioo, iniaaiii a neo/ayo,
anee i?iecaiaeeony a?yciay aeeaioiiaiae/aneay i?iaeoeoeey.
Aeey iieo/aiey naeueneioicyenoaaiiie i?iaeoeoeee, ioaa/athuae
o?aaiaaieyi ?anioaeeeaineeo eiio?ieueiuo o?iaiae, eiioeaio?aoeey
?aaeeiioeeeaeia a ei?iao aeeaioiuo ia aeieaeia i?aauoaoue: naii, naiaae
— 1110 Ae/ea, neein — 1850 Ae/ea, ei?iaieiaeu — 555 Ae/ea, eiiaeei?i —
370 Ae/ea, caeaiay ianna — 2926 Ae/ea.
Nieaeaieth iinooieaiey ?aaeeiioeeeaeia a naeueneioicyenoaaiiua ?anoaiey
neoaeao oaeaea i?iaaaeaiea oai?ee eoeueoo?u ia iiauoaiiii n?aca, i?yiia
eiiaaeie?iaaiea. ?aeiiaiaeoaony oaeaea i?iaiaeeoue aeiioei?i aeeaioiuo
aeey iieo/aiey /enoie aeeaioiiaiae/aneie i?iaeoeoeee ia /enouo ei?iao. N
o/aoii ia?eiaea iieoauaaaeaiey ?aaeeiioeeeaeia a aeieiae/aneii oeeeea
aeeaioiiai, ioei?i aeaao yooaeo oaea /a?ac 2 iaaeaee. Noeioee?otho
auaaaeaiea ?aaeeiioeeeaeia niaoeeaeueiua aeiaaaee.
Aaaeiui aeey iaania/aiey aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe ia caa?yciaiiuo
oa??eoi?eyo yaeyaony niaea?aeaiea eieiaeoeaa, oae eae ieoueaaay aiaea
aeieaeia auoue eae iiaeii /eua. Ieoueaaay aiaea niaea?aeeo iiiaeanoai
a?aaeiuo oeie/aneeo niaaeeiaiee, ii ia?yaeo n ieie iiaoo auoue e
?aaeeiioeeeaeu. Aa?iyoiaa anaai, ?aaeeiaeoeaiua aauanoaa iiaoo iiianoue
a eieiaeaoe n iueueth, aeiaeaeai, aao?ii, iiaaoae eenoaie. A nayce n
yoei ?aeiiaiaeoaony iaaeaaeii caueoeoue enoi/ieee aiaeu io iiiaaeaiey
ooaea iuee, aeiaeaey, noi/iuo aiae, iinoi?iiieo i?aaeiaoia. Ia ?aaea
o?ao ?ac a aiae o?aaoaony caiaia aiaeu a eieiaeoeao, i?e/ai n eaaeaeie
caiaiie aiaeu, aeaeaoaeueii i/euaoue noaiee eieiaeoea iaoaie/aneei
niiniaii io a?yce, ia?inoia, nieiaoue ia iaiaa 30 ni a?oioa ia aeia.
Nouanoaotho iaeioi?ua niiniau aeey i/enoee aiaeu, iaeiei ec eioi?uo
yaeyaony eeiy/aiea e oeeueo?iaaiea. Eeiy/aiea aiaeu iicaieyao
ecaaaeoueny io ?aaeeiaeoeaiiai ?aaeiia, a oeeueo?iaaiea /a?ac oeeueo?u,
niaea?aeauea aeoeae?iaaiiue oaieue e ae?oaea ni?aaiou, iicaieeo
i/enoeoue aiaeo, oioy e iacia/eoaeueii, io /anoe ?aaeeiioeeeaeia, e
oeie/aneeo aauanoa. ?aeiiaiaeoaony ia ?aaea o?ao ?ac a aiae i?iaiaeeoue
?aaeeiiao?e/aneee eiio?ieue aiaeu, iniaaiii aeey eiaeeaeaeoaeueiuo
enoi/ieeia.
Aaaeiui aeey aeeciaiaania/aiey ia caa?yciaiiuo oa??eoi?eyo yaeyaony
niaethaeaiea i?inouo ?aeiiaiaeaoeee ii i?aaiecaoeee o?oaea e ioaeuoa, a
aeey naeueneeo aeeoaeae e ii naeueneioicyenoaaiiui ?aaioai.
Aieueoie iianiinoueth aeey /aeiaaea yaeyaony iiiaaeaiea ?aaeeiioeeeaeia
a i?aaieci ?anie?aoi?iui iooai n aaeuoaaiui aicaeooii. Iniaoth
iianiinoue i?aaenoaaeyao aeueoa-niaea?aeauea ?aaeeiioeeeaeu ieooiiey,
aia?eoeey.
?aiiae aaniie iiyaeyaony iianiinoue ia?aoiaea ?aaeeiaeoeaiuo aauanoa a
ieaeiea neie aoiinoa?u. Yoiio niinianoaoao naeueneioicyenoaaiiay
ia?aaioea ii/au. Iiyoiio i?e i?iaaaeaiee naeueoic?aaio, naycaiiuo n
iueaia?aciaaieai, iaiaoiaeeii iieueciaaoueny n?aaenoaaie io?aiu i?aaiia
aeuoaiey (?anie?aoi?aie, aaoii-ia?eaauie iiayceaie).
Iaiaoiaeeii oaeaea i?aaeioa?aoeoue iiiaaeaiea iuee a aeeeua iiiauaiey,
aeey /aai oeaeaniia?acii anoaeueoe?iaaiea oa??eoi?ee ianaeaiiuo ioieoia.
A oi?oi/eao iaiaoiaeeii iiiauaoue ia?eaaua oeeueo?u, eioi?ua ioaeii
ia?eiaee/anee nia/eaaoue aiaeie. Iaeuecy aoiaeeoue a aeii a ?aai/ae
iaeaaeaea e iaoae.
Iaiaoiaeeii aaeaaeiaaii i?iaiaeeoue a iiiauaieyo aeaaeioth oai?eo,
iyaeoth iaaaeue e eia?u /enoeoue i?e iiiiue iueanina e aeaaeiie o?yiee.
Oeaeaniia?acii i?iaao?eaaoue /aua eaa?oe?u, i?iecaiaenoaaiiua iiiauaiey
ia ieaeieo yoaaeao a aeaeo iiauoaiiie eiioeaio?aoeee ?aaeeiaeoeaiiai
?aaeiia. Yoi iniaaiii aeooaeueii aeey aaiiuo iiiauaiee e eooiiue, aaea
?aaeii iiaeao iaeaieeaaoueny a aieueoii eiee/anoaa.
Naiiio /aeiaaeo iinea naeueoic?aaio oeaeaniia?acii i?eieiaoue aeoo,
/oiau oiaiueoeoue aiaoiaa iaeo/aiea io ?aaeeiaeoeaiie iuee, a oaeaea
iiiaaeaiea ?aaeeiioeeeaeia a i?aaieci /a?ac eiaeo.
Ii ieii/aiee ?aaio iaiaoiaeeii ?aai/oth iaeaaeaeo auaeoue io iuee,
iaoaue i?ioa?aoue aeaaeiie o?yieie. O?aieoue ?aai/oth niaoeiaeaaeaeo a
iaaeeeuo iiiauaiee.
Neaaeoao oaeaea no?iai niaethaeaoue i?aaeea ee/iie aeaeaiu — aaeaaeiaaii
i?iaiaeeoue i/enoeo iieinoe ?oa e iina, iaiueoa iieueciaaoueny
einiaoeeie.
Neaaeoao ia?aie/eoue naay io /?acia?iiai iaoiaeaeaiey iiae nieia/iuie
eo/aie, ai a?aiy i?eiyoey nieia/iuo aaii. Nieia/iay ?aaeeaoeey aeano
eeoue aeiiieieoaeueioth eo/aaoth iaa?oceo ia i?aaieci, /oi a oneiaeyo
*a?iiaueueneie neooaoeee iaaeaeaoaeueii.
I?e eoiaiee neaaeoao ecaaaaoue o/anoeia n eeenoui aeiii, a oaeaea
aiaeiaiia n iai?ioi/iie aiaeie.
Iaeiei ec oaeoi?ia aeey nieaeaiey ii?aaeathuaai aeaenoaey ?aaeeaoeee
yaeyaony niaethaeaiea ?aaeeia o?oaea e ioaeuoa, auoiauo i?eaee
iiaaaeaiey.
Ia neaaeoao oaeaeaoueny i?iniio?ii oaeaaeceiiiuo ia?aaea/, o.e. yoi
i?aaenoaaeyao aeiiieieoaeueioth eo/aaoth iaa?oceo. Oaeaaeci? iaiaoiaeeii
niio?aoue ia ?annoiyiee ia aeeaea 2 iao?ia io ye?aia. Iauay aeiaaiay
i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoue i?iniio?a ia aieaa 3 /ania, a aeey aeaoae — 1-2
/ana.
Neaaeoao ia?aie/eoue iaoiaeaeaiea aeaoae ia?aae aeenieaai eiiiuethoa?a,
o.e. yoi oiaea aeiiieieoaeueiia eceo/aiea. Oeaeaniia?acii eniieueciaaoue
eiiiuethoa?u ni niaoeeaeueiuie caueoiuie ye?aiaie.
?aeiiaiaeoaony ioeacaoueny io eo?aiey, o.e. a oaaa/iii aeuia iaoiaeeony
iiiai oiene/iuo a oii /enea e ?aaeeiaeoeaiuo aauanoa. Eo?aiea, a
oneiaeyo ?aaeeaoeeiiiuo aicaeaenoaee ia /aeiaaea, iiaeao noaoue iianiui
eaoaeecaoi?ii aeey iaaaoeaiuo i?ioeannia a i?aaiecia iiae aeaenoaeai
?aaeeaoeee.
Ianaeaieth, aeeaouaio ia caa?yciaiiuo oa??eoi?eyo, iniaaiii n aieueoie
ieioiinoueth caa?yciaiey, ?aeiiaiaeoaony eaaeaeue aiae auacaeaoue a
/enoua ?aeiiu ia 3-4 iaaeaee aeey i/euaiey i?aaiecia io iiauoaiiiai
niaea?aeaiey ?aaeeiioeeeaeia. Eae iieacaii auoa, o/eouaay ia?eiaeu
auaaaeaiey ?aaeeiioeeeaeia ec i?aaiecia /aeiaaea (aeey oeacey ia?eiae
iieoauaaaeaiey 1,5 ianyoea) iiaeii nouanoaaiii nieceoue iiaeiuaiioth
aeico, i?aaieciaaa ieoaiea /enouie i?iaeoeoaie. Aeey aeaoae oaeia
icaei?iaeaiea yaeyaony aeeciaiii iaiaoiaeeiui oaeoi?ii.
Iiiaea ethaee n/eoatho, /oi aeeiaieue iaeaaeaao i?ioeai?aaeeaoeeiiiuie,
?aaeeii?ioaeoi?iuie naienoaaie. Yoe i?aaenoaaeaiey ioeai/iu.
Ii iiaieth ?yaea aaoi?ia, oiio?aaeaiea aeeiaiey a eiee/anoaa aieaa 1
a?aiia aeey ioae/eiu e 0,5 a?aiia aeey aeaiueiu ia 1 eeeia?aii aana,
i?eaiaeeo e noeioee?iaaieth ananuaaiey e iaeiieaiey ?aaeeiioeeeaeia, e e
caiaaeeaieth iaiaiiuo i?ioeannia a i?aaiecia, /oi caiaaeeyao eo auaiae.
Oaaeeoea 7. ?anioaeeeaineea aeiionoeiua o?iaie niaea?aeaiey
?aaeeiioeeeaeia oeacey e no?iioeey a ieuaauo i?iaeoeoao e ieoueaaie
aiaea (?AeO-92)
Iaeiaiiaaiea i?iaeoeoaAeiionoeiua o?iaie niaea?aeaiey ?aaeeiioeeeaeia
(?AeO-92), Ae/ea, Ae/eaeey oeaceyaeey no?iioeey1. Aiaea
ieoueaaay18,50,3722. Iieiei e iieieii?iaeoeou _1113,733. Iieiei
nooia740—4. Iyni e iyniua i?iaeoeou600—5. Ea?oioaeue e
ei?iaieiaeu3703,756. Oeaa e oeaaii?iaeoeou1853,747. Ioea, e?oiu, naoa?,
iaae370—8. AEe?u ?anoeoaeueiua e aeeaioiua, ia?aa?ei185—9. Iaiue
naaeiaua, o?oeou e yaiaeu185—10. Eiina?ae?iaaiiua i?iaeoeou ec iaiuae
o?oeoia185—11. A?eau nooaiua3700—12. Aeaoneia ieoaiea371,8513. I?i/ea
i?iaeoeou ieoaiey a aioiaii aeey oiio?aaeaiey aeaea370—
Eeoa?aoo?a:
1. Naaaiei A.N. ?aaeeiyeieiaey. — Ii.: Aeecaei I?I, 1997.
2. I.I. Oea/aiei, “?aae?ieia?y (i?iiaiaaa ae?aaiinoeea oa i?iiaiaaa
oa?ai?y)”
3. A.A. OOIAEIA E?aoeia iiniaea ii ?aaeeaoeeiiiie iaaeeoeeiaEoaaine
-2006
4. Aaeiai E.I. Eaeoeee ii yaea?iie iaaeeoeeia
5. E.Ae. Eeiaeaia?aoai, E.A. Iaoiia Iaaeeoeeineay ?aioaaiieiaey. I.
Iaaeeoeeia 1984
6. I.Ae. Oacia, I.TH. Iao?iaa. Iniiau iaaeeoeeineie ?aaeeieiaee.
?ycaiue,2005
7. I.Ae. Oacia. Eo/aaay aeeaaiinoeea. Oeeee eaeoeee. ?ycaiue. 2006
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