Ieienoa?noai ia?aciaaiey e iaoee Oe?aeiu
EIIO?IEUeIAss ?AAIOA
ii aeenoeeieeia «Io?aia o?oaea a io?anee»
Oa?ueeia, 2008 a.
AACIIANIINOUe AAOIIAOECE?IAAIIUO E ?IAIOECE?IAAIIUO I?IECAIAeNOA
Iao/ii-oaoie/aneee i?ia?ann, iaeaa/ay o?oae, iiauoay aai
i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue e aaciianiinoue, ia eneeth/aao iieiinoueth
i?iaeaiu io?aiu o?oaea e caueou ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu. Yoi iaoneiaeaii
iaee/eai iauaeoeaiuo e noauaeoeaiuo oaeoi?ia:
– nicaeaieai nia?aiaiiuo i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo aaeeieoe aieueoie iiuiinoe,
?inoii iauaiia i?iecaiaenoa e, neaaeiaaoaeueii, eiee/anoa a?aaeiuo
aauanoa, iinooiathueo a i?iecaiaenoaaiioth n?aaeo;
– eioaineoeeaoeeae i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo i?ioeannia e, neaaeiaaoaeueii,
oauno?aieai ?eoia i?iecaiaenoaa;
– iiauoaieai neiaeiinoe iai?oaeiaaiey;
– iiyaeaieai iiauo a?aaeiuo e iianiuo i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo oaeoi?ia;
– oaaee/aieai iauaia eioi?iaoeee, iinooiathuae aeey aini?eyoey a
aaeeieoeo a?aiaie;
– ionoaaaieai oaiiia iiauoaiey eaaeeoeeaoeee ia?niiaea io oaiiia
aiaae?aiey iiaie oaoieee;
– ionoaaaieai n?ieia aiaae?aiey iiauo i?aaee oaoieee aaciianiinoe io
n?ieia aiaae?aiey iiaiai iai?oaeiaaiey;
– iaaeinoaoi/iie eioi?iaoeeae ia iianiuo e a?aaeiuo oaeoi?ao e iaoiaeao
i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiey eo aicieeiiaaiey;
– iiiioiiiinoueth o?oaea e aic?anoaieai aeiiaeeiaie/aneeo iaa?ocie.
Noaiaiue aeeyiey iaoaiecaoeee e aaoiiaoecaoeee o?oaea ia
i?iecaiaenoaaiiue o?aaiaoeci ioeaieaatho ii iaoiaeeea, ?ani?aaeaeythuae
ian/anoiua neo/ae a caaeneiinoe io aeaeia ?aaio (iia?aoeee), i?e eioi?uo
iie eiaee ianoi, a oaeaea ii a?oiiai ?aai/eo, auiieiythueo ?aaioo
iaoaiece?iaaiiui niiniaii e a?o/ioth.
I?eiaiaiea a i?iiuoeaiiinoe aaoiiaoia e ?iaioia eciaiyao niaea?aeaiea
?aaiou /aeiaaea, nie?auaao ?o/iie iaeaaeeoeoee?iaaiiue o?oae, oeo/oaao
oneiaey o?oaea e iicaieyao aunaiaiaeaeaoue e iai?aaeyoue ia aieaa
i?anoeaeiua ?aaiou cia/eoaeueiia eiee/anoai ?aai/eo. Aaoiiaou e ?iaiou
nieaeatho o?aaiaoeci ia i?aaei?eyoeyo. Ii i?e eo ?aaioa aiciiaeii
aicaeaenoaea ia ?aaioathueo oece/anee iianiuo i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo
oaeoi?ia: iiaeaeaeiuo ono?ienoa aaoiiaoia e ?iaioia e ia?aaeaeaathuaainy
(aeaeaathuaainy) iaoa?eaea (ecaeaeee, caaioiaie, eino?oiaioa e o.i.).
Iniiaiuie i?e/eiaie aicaeaenoaey ia ?aaioathueo iianiuo
i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo oaeoi?ia i?e eniieueciaaiee i?iiuoeaiiuo ?iaioia,
?iaioece?iaaiiuo oaoiieiae/aneeo eiiieaenia e o/anoeia iiaoo auoue:
– iai?aaeoniio?aiiua aeaeaeaiey eniieieoaeueiuo ono?ienoa ?iaioa ai
a?aiy iao/aiey eee i?e iaeaaeea, ?aaoee?iaaiee, ?aiiioa;
– aaa?ey ia ianeoaeeaaaiii ?iaioii o/anoea (ioeac ?iaioa eee
oaoiieiae/aneiai iai?oaeiaaiey, niaianoii n eioi?ui ii ?aaioaao);
– ioeai/iua (iai?aaeiaia?aiiua) aeaenoaey iia?aoi?a i?e iaeaaeea,
?aiiioa eee ai a?aiy ?aaiou ?iaioa a aaoiiaoe/aneii ?aaeeia;
– aoiae /aeiaaea a ?aai/aa i?ino?ainoai e ?aai/oth ciio ?iaioa;
– ia?ooaiea oneiaee yenieoaoaoeee ?iaioa e (eee) ?iaioece?iaaiiiai
oaoiieiae/aneiai eiiieaena e, a /anoiinoe, eniieueciaaiea ?iaioa ia ii
iacia/aieth e ia a niioaaonoaee n aai oaoie/aneeie aeaiiuie;
– ia?ooaiea o?aaiaaiee y?aiiiieee e aaciianiinoe o?oaea i?e i?aaiecaoeee
?iaioece?iaaiiiai o/anoea, a /anoiinoe, iai?aaeeueiia ?aniieiaeaiea
iai?oaeiaaiey, o?ainii?oiuo n?aaenoa, oa?u, ioeueoia oi?aaeaiey,
caa?oci/iuo e ?aca?oci/iuo ono?ienoa, iaeiieoaeae.
Iaoaiece?iaaiiua e aaoiiaoece?iaaiiua oaoiieiae/aneea eeiee aeieaeiu
oaeiaeaoai?youe o?aaiaaieyi io?aiu o?oaea, eceiaeaiiui ieaea.
?aniieiaeaiea. Aaoiiaoe/aneea eeiee (o/anoee) ?aniieaaathony a
niaoeeaeueii ni?iaeoe?iaaiiuo oeaoao (caeaieyo) e ioaeaeythony io
ninaaeieo eeiee (o/anoeia), noai, iiaeuacaeiuo iooae i?ioiaeaie.
Iai?eia?, aaoiiaoece?iaaiiua e?oiiua oeaoe iaoaeeiiie?uoee
?aniieaaathony a aeaa yoaaea, i?e/ai ia ia?aii yoaaea ono?iaiu
aniiiiaaoaeueiua o/anoee i?eaioiaeaiey ?anoai?ia, iaeo?aeecaoeee noi/iuo
aiae, a oaeaea iai?oaeiaaiea aaioeeyoeee, enoi/ieee ieoaiey, oeeueo?u.
?acia?u i?ioiaeia aeaiu ia ?en. 1 (INO 22-1424-80). I?ioiaeu
iioi/ii-iaoaiece?iaaiiuo naa?i/iuo eeiee ?aniieaaathony ia ?annoiyiee ia
iaiaa 5 i io iano naa?ee.
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?enoiie 1. – Noaia ?aniieiaeaiey iaoaiece?iaaiiuo eeiee: ?acia?u, ii: a
– 800-1000; a – 1200-1500; a – 40-50; a – 90-100; ae – 40-50; a –
800-1000.
Aaoiiaoe/aneea eeiee, ianeoaeeaaaiua n aeaoo noi?ii, i?e ionoonoaee a
ieo aaciianiuo i?ioiaeia iai?oaeotho ia?aoiaeaie (iinoeeaie), eioi?ua
?aniieaaatho ia ?annoiyiee, ia i?aauoathuai 25 i. Niioaaonoaaiii, eeiee,
eiathuea ia aeinooiiua n iiea yeaiaiou (eioi?ua iaiaoiaeeii
ia?eiaee/anee ianeoaeeaaoue), niaaaeatho noaoeeiia?iuie ieiuaaeeaie eee
aaea?ayie. Iinoeee, ieiuaaeee, aaea?ae aeieaeiu eiaoue aeaonoi?iiiea
ia?eea. Aunioa ia?ee e oe?eia ianoeea ia iaiaa 800—1000 ii; ianoee ia
aeieaeai auoue neieueceei.
A aaoiiaoe/aneeo eeieyo iaoaeeiia?aaaouaathueo noaieia eiiaaea? a ianoao
i?ioiaea ethaeae aeieaeai iaoiaeeoueny ia aunioa ia iaiaa 2200 ii io
iiea.
I?aaiu oi?aaeaiey. ?aniieiaeaiea i?aaiia oi?aaeaiey aaoiiaoe/aneeo eeiee
eneeth/aao aiciiaeiinoue eo neo/aeiiai aeeth/aiey e aueeth/aiey. I?aaiu
oi?aaeaiey aeieaeiu eiaoue /aoei auiieiaiiua iaaeiene eee neiaieu,
iiyniythuea iacia/aiea eaaeaeiai ec ieo. Ia eeieyo n aieueoei o?iioii
ianeoaeeaaiey i?aaiu oi?aaeaiey aeoaee?othony. Oi?aaeaiea iai?oaeiaaieai
ia iaeiioeiiuo eeieyo oieoeoee?iaaii, o.a. iaeeiaeiai ?aniieiaeaiu
?oeiyoee, iaaeaee, eiiiee, aeaenoaotho iaeie e oa aea i?aaeea
oi?aaeaiey, e o. ae.
Ciiu ?aciauaiey i?aaiia oi?aaeaiey ia ioeueoao e n?aaenoaa ioia?aaeaiey
eioi?iaoeee (NIE) niioaaonoaotho o?aaiaaieyi AINO 22269-76, 12.2.033-78,
AINO 12.4.040-78*, AINO 23000-78. A /anoiinoe, ia i?aaiu oi?aaeaiey e
eiio?iey eee ia yeaiaiou eiino?oeoeee i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai iai?oaeiaaiey
(ioeueou, iaiaee, ueoee e o. i.) iaiinyo neiaieu, i?eia?u eioi?uo aeaiu
ia ?en 2. Ia i?ioyaeaiee eeiee onoaiaaeeaatho eiiiee yeno?aiiie
inoaiiaee iaoaieciia.
Ia iioi/ii-iaoaiece?iaaiiuo naa?i/iuo eeieyo ioeueo oi?aaeaiey
o?ainii?oii-iiaeuaiiuie ono?ienoaaie iauaaeeiai n ioeueoii oi?aaeaiey
naa?i/iui iai?oaeiaaieai e i?aaeoniio?aia nenoaia ?acaeaeueiiai
oi?aaeaiey naa?i/iuie e iiaeuaiii-o?ainii?oiuie iia?aoeeyie a aaa?eeiuo
neooaoeeyo.
?aniieiaeaiea ioeueoa oi?aaeaiey eeieae aeieaeii iaania/eaaoue
aiciiaeiinoue aecoaeueiiai eiio?iey ca auiieiaieai ?aai/eo e
o?ainii?oiuo iia?aoeee. ?aai/aa ianoi iia?aoi?a ioeueoa iai?oaeoaony
e?aneii-neaeaiueai, eiino?oeoeey eioi?iai niioaaonoaoao AINO 21889—76*.
A iaeioi?uo neo/ayo ?aai/aa ianoi iia?aoi?a iaoiaeeony a cae?uoie
eaaeia, iaania/eaathuae caueoo io aicaeaenoaey a?aaeiuo
i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo oaeoi?ia aeaiiiai oaoiieiae/aneiai eiiieaena.
?aeiiaiaeothony neaaeothuea ieieiaeueiua ?acia?u eaaeiu: aunioa 2100 ii,
oe?eia aeaa?iiai i?iaia 600 ii, ieiuaaeue 1700o2000 ii2. A eaaeio
iiaeaaony aicaeoo a eiee/anoaao ia iaiaa 30 i3// ia /aeiaaea (NI
245-71), i?e yoii ia?aiao?u iee?ieeeiaoa e ea/anoaaiiue ninoaa
aicaeooiie n?aaeu ioaa/aao o?aaiaaieyi AINO 12.1.005-76; eioaineaiinoue
oaieiaiai iioiea /a?ac niio?iaua noaeea eaaeiu ia i?aauoaao 350 Ao/i2,
o?iaaiue caoea a eaaeia – ia aieaa 80 aeA(A) (AINO 12.1.003-83),
inaauaiiinoue ia ioeueoa oi?aaeaiey – ia iaiaa 400 ee.
Ia?aaeaeaiea. Ia?aaeaeaieth iiaeeaaeao:
– ana iioaioeeaeueii iianiua a?auathueany eee aeaeaeoueany yeaiaiou
iaoaiece?iaaiiuo e aaoiiaoece?iaaiiuo eiiieaenia (eneeth/aiey
ninoaaeytho yeaiaiou, ia?aaeaeaiey eioi?uo ia aeiioneaaony eo
ooieoeeiiaeueiui iacia/aieai);
– ciiu aiciiaeiiai aua?ina ?aai/aai iaoa?eaea e eino?oiaioa;
– ciiu oaeoi?ia iiauoaiiie iianiinoe (aunieeo oaiia?aoo?, iai?yaeaiee,
eceo/aiee e o. ae.).
Aeey iaaethaeaiey ca ?aaioie iaoaieciia aaoiiaoe/aneeo eeiee eee n
oeaeueth oiaiueoaiey iannu eiino?oeoeee ia?aaeaeaiey iiaoo eiaoue
ioaa?noey eee ecaioaaeeaaoueny ec ?aoaoee eee naoee. Iau/ii ?acia? y/aae
naoee ia i?aauoaao 10o10 ii. Anee ia?aaeaeaiea ecaioiaeaii ec ?aoaoee
(naoee), oi ?annoiyiea io aeaeaeoueony yeaiaioia aei iiaa?oiinoe
ia?aaeaeaiey aeieaeii niioaaonoaiaaoue neaaeothuei aaee/eiai (AINO
12.2.009-80*):
Ia?aaeaeaiea (caueoiia ono?ienoai) ciiu ia?aaioee auiieiyaony eeai ec
eenoiaie noaee oieueiie ia iaiaa 0.8 ii, eeai eenoiaiai aethieiey
oieueiie ia iaiaa 2 ii, eeai ec i?i/iie ieanoiannu oieueiie ia iaiaa 4
ii. I?e iaiaoiaeeiinoe ia?aaeaeaiey iiaoo eiaoue niio?iaua ieia ec
aaciianiiai noaeea oieueiie ia iaiaa 4 ii.
Ia iioi/ii-iaoaiece?iaaiiuo naa?i/iuo eeieyo ninaaeiea naa?i/iua o/anoee
eiatho ianai?aaiua ia?aaeaeaiey (ia?aai?iaeee), i?aaeio?aiythuea
?aaioathueo io aicaeaenoaey a?aaeiuo e iianiuo oaeoi?ia naa?ee.
A aaoiiaoe/aneeo eeieyo iaoaeeiia?aaaouaathueo noaieia iianiay ciia
eiaao ia?aaeaeaiea, anee ?annoiyiea iaaeaeo iaeaieaa aunooiathueie
/anoyie ninaaeieo noaieia a ciia iaiaa 500 ii.
Aeiee?iaee. Aaoiiaoe/aneea eeiee e iai?oaeiaaiea aeieaeiu eiaoue
aeiee?iaee:
– eneeth/athuea aiciiaeiinoue aaaeaiey ?aai/eo iia?aoeee i?e
iacaoeene?iaaiiii ?aai/ai iaoa?eaea eee i?e aai iai?aaeeueiii iieiaeaiee
(onoaiiaea);
– ia aeiioneathuea naiii?iecaieueiuo ia?aiauaiee ?aai/eo ono?ienoa,
o?ainii?oiuo n?aaenoa, iaoaieciia iiaeuaia, iiai?ioa e ae?oaeo
iiaeaeaeiuo yeaiaioia eeiee e iai?oaeiaaiey;
– ia aeiioneathuea auiieiaiey neaaeothuaai oeeeea aei ieii/aiey
i?aaeuaeouaai;
– iaania/eaathuea inoaiiaeo eeiee i?e niyoee eee ioe?uaaiee ia?aaeaeaiee
e i?e aoiaea /aeiaaea a ciio ia?aaeaeaiey;
– iaania/eaathuea iaaiciiaeiinoue ionea eeiee i?e niyouo eee ioe?uouo
ia?aaeaeaieyo eee iaoiaeaeaiee /aeiaaea a ciia ia?aaeaeaiey;
– eneeth/athuea aiciiaeiinoue iaeiia?aiaiiiai eniieueciaaiey
aeoaee?iaaiiuo i?aaiia eee ioeueoia oi?aaeaiey;
– iaania/eaathuea inoaiiaeo i?e auoiaea eniieieoaeueiuo ono?ienoa
iai?oaeiaaiey ca i?aaeaeu cai?ia?aiie?iaaiiiai i?ino?ainoaa, i?e ioeaca
iai?oaeiaaiey eee auoiaea ia?aiao?ia yia?aiiineoaeae ca aeiionoeiua
i?aaeaeu;
– iaania/eaathuea oaea?aeaiea caaioiaee e eino?oiaioa a neo/aa
iaiaeeaeaiiiai i?ae?auaiey iiaea/e yeaeo?iyia?aee, aicaeooa, ianea e o.
ae.
Yeaeo?iaaciianiinoue. Yeaeo?iaaciianiinoue aaoiiaoe/aneeo eeiee
iaania/eaaaony:
– ?aciauaieai a oaeiaiii ianoa aaiaeiiai aiia?aoa ?o/iiai eee
aeenoaioeeiiiiai aeaenoaey, eioi?ue iicaieyao iiaeeeth/aoue e ieoathuae
naoe ana yeaeo?iiai?oaeiaaiea eeiee e ioeeth/eoue aai ai a?aiy ia?a?uaa
a ?aaioa eee a aaa?eeiuo neo/ayo;
– iaee/eai aaa?eeiie eiiiee «Noii» (iauee) n aunooiathuei a?eaiaeaeiui
oieeaoaeai e?aniiai oeaaoa, eioi?ay iaania/eaaao ioeeth/aiea
yeaeo?iiai?oaeiaaiey iacaaeneii io ?aaeeia ?aaiou eeiee;
– caueoie yeaeo?ii?eaiaeia io naiiaeeth/aiey (iacaaeneii io iieiaeaiey
i?aaiia oi?aaeaiey) i?e aiacaiiii ainnoaiiaeaiee en/acioaoaai
iai?yaeaiey;
– aeiee?iaaieai aeaa?aoe oeaoia (ieo) aeey yeaeo?iaiia?aoo?u n
aeaenoaeai aaiaeiiai aueeth/aoaey, /oiau eneeth/eoue aiciiaeiinoue eo
ioe?uaaiey i?e aeeth/aiiii aaiaeiii aiia?aoa e inoaaeoue aiciiaeiinoue
aeeth/aiey iineaaeiaai i?e ioe?uoie aeaa?oea ai a?aiy iniio?a e iaeaaeee
aiia?aoo?u; iinea cae?uoey aeaa?aoe aeiee?iaea aeieaeia aaoiiaoe/anee
ainnoaiaaeeaaoueny. Aeiioneathony ae?oaea niiniau caueou: i?eiaiaiea
aeey cae?uoey aeaa?ae, e?uoae oeaoia eee ieo oi?aaeaiey niaoeeaeueiuo
caii?ia, ioe?uoue eioi?ua iiaeii oieueei niaoeeaeueiui eeth/ii;
– caueoiui cacaieaieai, caioeaieai, i?aaiecaoeeae caueoiiai ioeeth/aiey
iaoaie/aneeo ono?ienoa e onoaiiaie, eioi?ua iiaoo neo/aeii ieacaoueny
iiae iai?yaeaieai;
– caeeth/aieai ia?oaeiie yeaeo?ii?iaiaeee (e?iia ioaeaeueiuo ei?ioeeo
o/anoeia) e aioo?aiiae (a ianoao aiciiaeiuo iia?aaeaeaiee, iiiaaeaiee
ianea, aeaae e o. ae.) a o?oau, iaoaeei?oeaaa, ?aceiiaua oeaiae e o. i.
Yeaeo?e/aneea i?iaiaea aeieaeiu eiaoue oeaaoiaoth ecieyoeeth (eee
oeaaoiua ecieyoeeiiiua o?oaee ia eiioeao iaeiioeaaoiuo i?iaiaeia),
iicaieythuoth ?acee/aoue iacia/aiea i?iaiaeee e ?iae yeaeo?e/aneiai
oiea: neeiaua oeaie iinoiyiiiai e ia?aiaiiiai oieia – /a?ioth; oeaie
oi?aaeaiey ia?aiaiiiai oiea – e?anioth; oeaie oi?aaeaiey iinoiyiiiai
oiea – neithth, oeaie cacaieaiey – aeaeoi-caeaioth.
A o?oaii?iaiaeao oeaiae oi?aaeaiey i?aaeoniao?eaathony caianiua i?iaiaea
(caianiua i?iaiaea iiaeii ia i?ieeaaeuaaoue ia o/anoeao aeeeiie iaiaa
iao?a) a niioaaonoaee n ?aeiiaiaeaoeeae INO 3-2980-75.
Iauaa /enei i?iaiaeia a iaeiie o?oaa …………………… 4-7 8-12 13-21
*enei caianiuo i?iaiaeia ………………………………… 1 2 3
Anee i?iaiaeia aieaa 21, oi aeiaaaeyaony ii iaeiiio i?iaiaeo ia eaaeaeua
aeanyoue.
A oeaoao iie?uoee iooai iaa?aaa eee ?aniueaiey iaoaeea enoi/ieee
iinoiyiiiai oiea – aui?yieoaeueiua aa?aaaou – ?aniieaaatho
iaiin?aaenoaaiii aicea aaii eee ia ieiuaaeeao, aicaaaeaiiuo iaaeaeo
aaoiiaoe/aneeie eeieyie (?en. 3, INO 22-1424 – 80).
Neaiaeecaoeey. I?e auai?a i?aaeoi?aaeeoaeueiuo eee aaa?eeiuo neaiaeia
i?aaeii/oaiea ioaeaaony caoeiaui, eiaaea ooi a oeaoa niioaaonoaoao AINO
12.1.003–83. A i?ioeaiii neo/aa oeaeaniia?acii eniieueciaaoue aeey
neaiaeecaoeee y?eee ieaathuee naao. O?iaaiue caoeiaiai aeaaeaiey neaiaea
iau/ii 90-100 aeA a iieina /anoio 125-500 Aoe, i?iaeoe?iaaiea ii AINO
21786-76. Neaiaeueii-i?aaeoi?aaeeoaeueiay ie?anea e ciaee aaciianiinoe
aaoiiaoe/aneeo eeiee ioaa/atho o?aaiaaieyi AINO 12.4.026-76*,
OO-024-5471-80A.
N?aaenoaa neaiaeecaoeey iniauathony naaoioeeueo?aie e?aniiai, aeaeoiai,
caeaiiai, neiaai e aaeiai oeaaoia. E?aniue oeaao cai?auaao ?aaioo,
oeacuaaao ia iaiaoiaeeiinoue iaiaaeeaiiiai aiaoaoaeuenoaa a ?aai/ee
i?ioeann. AEaeoue oeaao i?aaeoi?aaeaeaao i ia?aoiaea e aaoiiaoe/aneiio
oeeeeo ?aaiou eee i i?eaeeaeaiee eaeiai-eeai ia?aiao?a e i?aaeaeueiiio
cia/aieth. Caeaiue oeaao naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i iaoiaeaeaiee nenoaiu eee
iai?oaeiaaiey a iiaeaioiaeoaeueiii ninoiyiee e ?aaioa eee ecaauaao i
ii?iaeueiuo ia?aiao?ao e ?aaeeiao ?aaiou. Neiee oeaao i?eiaiyaony aeey
iiaea/e eioi?iaoeee a niaoeeaeueiuo neo/ayo, eiaaea ia iiaoo auoue
i?eiaiaiu i?aaeuaeouea oeaaoa. Aaeue (iiei/iue) oeaao neaiaeece?oao i
aniiiiaaoaeueiuo aeaenoaeyo, eioi?ua ia iiaoo inouanoaeyoueny a
aaoiiaoe/aneii oeeeea, a oaeaea iiaeoaa?aeaeaao iaee/ea iai?yaeaiey,
aua?aiiiai iai?aaeaiey aeaeaeaiey, caaeaiiie nei?inoe.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?enoiie 3. – Noaia ?aniieiaeaiey aui?yieoaeae aicea iaoaiece?iaaiiuo
eeiee:
?acia?u, ii: a = 800-900; a = 600-700; a = 1200-1500
Ooi. Ooiiaua e aea?aoeeiiiua oa?aeoa?enoeee aaoiiaoe/aneeo eeiee
aeieaeiu niioaaonoaiaaoue AINO 12.1.003-83, 12.1.012-78*, AINO
12.2.030-78, AINO 13731-68.
Ii?iu ooia, iaoiaeu aai ii?aaeaeaiey e ia?eiaee/iinoue eiio?iey aeey
aaoiiaoe/aneeo eeiee ec aa?aaaoiuo e niaoeeaeueiuo noaieia,
i?aaeiacia/aiiuo aeey iaoaie/aneie ia?aaioee e /anoe/iie nai?ee aeaoaeae
iaoei e iai?oaeiaaiey, i?eaaaeaiu a OO2-024-5471-80A, aeey eeiee
aaoiiaoe/aneiai oeeieiaaiey (iiaeaeue AOeI-5I) – a OO2-055-34–77.
Inaauaiea. Aaoiiaoe/aneea eeiee aeieaeiu auoue niaaaeaiu ono?ienoaaie
ianoiiai inaauaiey ?aai/ae ciiu a niioaaonoaee n o?aaiaaieyie AINO
12.2.017–76. Aaee/eia inaauaiiinoe onoaiaaeeaaaony NIeI II-4–79.
Io?aneaaua ii?iu (INO 5.9854-80) iioi/ii-iaoaiece?iaaiiuo naa?i/iuo
eeiee onoaiaaeeaatho iauoth inaauaiiinoue ia ?aai/eo ianoao 300 ee i?e
aaci?ac?yaeiuo eaiiao e 200 ee i?e eaiiao iaeaeeaaiey. Iaoaiece?iaaiiua
eiiieaenu aeey ia?aaioee ioeeaie (OO2-043-862–81) eiatho inaauaiiinoue
ieiuaaeie ianeoaeeaaiey 400 ee.
Aicaeoo ?aai/ae ciiu. Ninoiyiea aicaeooiie n?aaeu a ?aai/ae ciia
i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo iiiauaiee aeieaeii niioaaonoaiaaoue o?aaiaaieyi AINO
12.1.004–76*, AINO 12.1.005–76. Eeiee, ia?acothuea a?aaeiua aacu,
ay?iciee, eceo/aiey, eniieuecothuea oaoiieiae/aneea aeeaeeinoe n
a?aaeiui yooaeoii eee ?aaioathuea n eaeie?ani/iuie iaoa?eaeaie,
iaiaoiaeeii niaaaeaoue ono?ienoaaie, iicaieythueie aa?aioe?iaaoue
niaethaeaiea naieoa?iuo ii?i. A /anoiinoe, aaoiiaoe/aneea eeiee, eioi?ua
a i?ioeanna ?aaiou ia?acotho iueue, iaeeoth no?oaeeo, a?aaeiua
aeeaeeinoe (aacu), eiatho ono?ienoaa aeey ionina ec ciiu ia?aaioee
caa?yciaiiiai aicaeooa e aai i/enoee. Eiino?oeoeey
iueano?oaeeiaacii?eaiieeia e ?aeiiaiaeaoeee ii eo i?eiaiaieth aeaiu a
i?eeiaeaiee e AINO 12.2.009–80*. A oeaoao n aaoiiaoe/aneeie eeieyie
i?aaiecoaony aaioeeyoeey.
I?ioeannu, a eioi?uo eiioeaio?aoeey a?aaeiuo aauanoa i?aauoaao IAeE,
aeieaeiu auoue iai?oaeiaaiu aeenoaioeeiiiui oi?aaeaieai.
Eniuoaiey. Aaoiiaoe/anee eeiee i?ioiaeyo i?aaeaa?eoaeueioth i?iaa?eo,
eniuoaiey ia oieinoii oiaeo e eniuoaiey a ?aaeeia ?aaiou. I?eia?
eniuoaiey aaoiiaoe/aneie eeiee ec niaoeeaeueiuo noaieia ia oieinoii
oiaeo i?eaaaeai a oaae. 1 (OO-024-5471-80A).
?iaioece?iaaiiua o/anoee. E ?iaioece?iaaiiui o/anoeai i?aaeuyaeyaony
?yae niaoeeoe/aneeo o?aaiaaiee aaciianiinoe. I?e i?aaiecaoeee
?iaioece?iaaiiuo o/anoeia iaiaoiaeeii i?aaeoniio?aoue eiiieaenioth
iaoaiecaoeeth e aaoiiaoecaoeeth i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai i?ioeanna (a oii
/enea aniiiiaaoaeueiuo ?aaio), inoaaea ca iia?aoi?ii ooieoeee oi?aaeaiey
e eiio?iey. Ieaie?iaea ?iaioece?iaaiiuo o/anoeia i?iecaiaeeony n o/aoii
aaiiao?e/aneeo oa?aeoa?enoee ?aai/ae ciiu, eiino?oeoeaiuo iniaaiiinoae
i?eiaiyaiuo ?iaioia e aeaenoaothueo ii?i oaoiieiae/aneiai i?iaeoe?iaaiey
niioaaonoaothueo i?iecaiaenoa. A /anoiinoe, i?e ieaie?iaea iaiaoiaeeii
eneeth/eoue ia?ana/aiea iooae neaaeiaaiey ianeoaeeaathuaai ia?niiaea n
aeaeaeaieai eniieieoaeueiuo i?aaiia ?iaioa.
O/anoee n ?iaioaie ia?aaeaeathony e auaeaeythony neaiaeueiuie oeaaoaie e
ciaeaie aaciianiinoe a niioaaonoaee n AINO 12.4.026-76*, AINO
12.2.072-82. ?aai/aa i?ino?ainoai ?iaioa iaicia/aaony nieioiuie eeieyie
oe?eiie 50 – 100 ii, iaiineiuie ia iie e?aneie aeaeoiai oeaaoa, noieeie
e noe?aieth. Ia?aaeaeaiey ie?aoeaatho /a?aaeothueieny /a?iuie e aeaeouie
iieinaie iaeeiaeiaie oe?eiu (150 – 200 ii) n iaeeiiii 45-60?.
?aeiiaiaeoaiay aunioa ia?aaeaeaiey 1300 ii (ii INO3-12.002-80 iianiay
ciia ia?aaeaeaaony eaaeinuaiiuie iaoaeee/aneeie ia?aaeaeaieyie aunioie
ia iaiaa 500 ii). I?e ?an/aoa ?acia?ia ciiu ia?aaeaeaiey neaaeoao
o/eouaaoue nenoaio eii?aeeiao ?iaioa, aio?iiiiao?e/aneea aeaiiua,
?aai/oth iico iia?aoi?a e ae?oaea oaeoi?u a niioaaonoaee n
«Iaaeio?aneaauie o?aaiaaieyie IIO i?e i?iaeoe?iaaiee» (I., IEEo?oaea,
1979). Aoiae a ciio ia?aaeaeaiey aeieaeai auoue naeiee?iaai n nenoaiie
oi?aaeaiey e iaania/eaaoue inoaiiaeo ?iaioa i?e iiiaaeaiee a iaa
/aeiaaea. A oaoie/anee iainiiaaiiuo neo/ayo aeiioneaaony eniieueciaaoue
aoiaeioth aeaa?ue, iai?oaeiaaiioth oeeo?iaui caieii. Ia aeaa?e
onoaiaaeeaaaony ciae «Aoiae aini?auai!» (AINO 12.4.026–76*).
Ioeueo oi?aaeaiey ?iaioece?iaaiiui o/anoeii, eae i?aaeei, ?aciauaaony ca
i?aaeaeaie ciiu ia?aaeaeaiey. I?e yoii iia?aoi?o aeieaeia auoue
iaania/aia aiciiaeiinoue iaci?a ?aai/aai ono?ienoaa ?iaioa e
i?ino?ainoaa ca aai i?aaeaeaie ii AINO 22269–76. ?iaioece?iaaiiua
oaoiieiae/aneea o/anoee aieueoie i?ioyaeaiiinoe iniauathony
aeiiieieoaeueiuie i?aaiaie aaa?eeiiai ioeeth/aiey, ?aniieiaeaiiuie ia
?annoiyiea ia aieaa 4 i ae?oa io ae?oaa.
Aeey ia?niiaea, ianeoaeeaathuaai ?iaio, iaiaoiaeeii ?ac?aaaouaaoue
eino?oeoeeth ii yenieoaoaoeee (ni. AINO 12.2.072–82 e INOC–12.002–80), a
eioi?oth ?aeiiaiaeoaony aeeth/aoue neaaeothuea oeiiaua ?acaeaeu.
1. Iauea iieiaeaiey. Oeacuaathony iacia/aiea e oaoie/aneea
oa?aeoa?enoeee ?iaioa, iniaaiiinoe aai i?eaiaea, eeoea, eioi?ua
aeiioneathony e ?aaioa.
2. Iaycaiiinoe ianeoaeeaathuaai ia?niiaea ia?aae ia/aeii ?aaiou. A
/anoiinoe, oeacuaaaony ia oi, /oi iia?aoi? aeieaeai i?iaa?eoue
eni?aaiinoue neaiaeecaoeee, aeiee?iaie e ae?oaeo caueoiuo n?aaenoa, a
oaeaea iaee/ea aeo?iaea yenieoaoaoeee; i?iecaanoe i?iaiue oeeee ?aaiou
ia oieinoii oiaeo.
3. Iaycaiiinoe ia?niiaea ai a?aiy ?aaiou. A /anoiinoe, oeacuaaaony ia
oi, /oi iia?aoi? i?e iaia?oaeaiee iaeni?aaiinoae aeieaeai ioeeth/eoue
?iaio aaa?eeiie eiiieie «Noii», naeaeaoue caienue a aeo?iae e
aeieiaeeoue ?oeiaiaeeoaeth ia iaia?oaeaiiuo iaeni?aaiinoyo.
4. Iaycaiiinoe ia?niiaea iinea ieii/aiey ?aaiou. Iaiaoiaeeii ia?aoeoue
aieiaiea ia oi, /oi iia?aoi? aeieaeai inoaiiaeoue ?iaio eiiieie «Noii»
ia ioeueoa oi?aaeaiey, ia?aeeth/eoue ia ?o/iie ?aaeei, naeaeaoue caienue
a aeo?iaea i oaoie/aneii ninoiyiee ?iaioa.
5. O?aaiaaiey aaciianiinoe e aaciianiua i?eaiu e iaoiaeu ?aaiou i?e
i?iaaaeaiee iaeaaei/iuo, ?aiiioiuo e i?ioeeaeoe/aneeo ?aaio. A
/anoiinoe, i?e auiieiaiee ?aaio a ?aai/ai i?ino?ainoaa ?iaioa a ianoa
aeeth/aiey ieoaiey auaaoeaaaony ieaeao n i?aaeoi?aaeaeathuae iaaeienueth
«Ia aeeth/aoue. A ?aai/ai i?ino?ainoaa i?iaiaeeony ?aaioa», a nei?inoue
ia?aiauaiey eniieieoaeueiuo ono?ienoa ?iaioa ia?aie/eaaaony 0,3 i/n.
6. I?aaiecaoeey eiio?iey ca aaciianiie ?aaioie. Ii?yaeie eiio?iey e
ioaaonoaaiiua eeoea.
Oaaeeoea 1. – Iaoiaeu e ?acoeueoaou eniuoaiee aaoiiaoe/aneie eeiee ec
niaoeeaeueiuo noaieia
Iaeiaiiaaiea i?iaa?yaiuo yeaiaioiaIaoiae i?iaa?eeIaeeaeaaiue
?acoeueoaoI?eia/aieaIaaeaaeiinoue aeaenoaey aeiee?iaie, i?aaeio?aiythueo
?aai/ea i?aaiu io iieiiee ano?iaiiiai iai?oaeiaaieyEneonnoaaiiia
nicaeaiea aiciiaeiuo neooaoeee iaoaieciai oaoiieiae/aneiai e
o?ainii?oiiai iai?oaeiaaiey, eiathuaai aeiee?iaee?aaioa aeiee?iai/iuo
ono?ienoa, iaoaieciia e oceia iai?oaeiaaiey a niioaaonoaee n nicaeaiiie
neooaoeeaeI?iaiaeyony a oa/aiee iaeiie niaiu. I?iaa?yaony ana ano?iaiiia
iai?oaeiaaieaIaaeaaeiinoue n?aaaouaaiey eiiaiaeu «Aaa?eeiue noii»
ano?iaiiiai iai?oaeiaaieyIai?oaeiaaiea aeeth/aaony ia aaoiiaoe/aneee
?aaeei ?aaiou. Iaaeeiaaony eiiiea «Aaa?eeiue noii»?aaioathuaa
iai?oaeiaaiea (iaoaieciu) aeieaeiu inoaiiaeoueny; i?e yoii ionoonoaoao
naiii?iecaieueiia aeeth/aiea eee aueeth/aiea io eiiaiae niaaeiiai
iai?oaeiaaieyI?iaa?yaony ana ano?iaiiia iai?oaeiaaieaI?aaeeueiinoue
?aaiou naaoiaie neaiaeecaoeee ano?iaiiiai iai?oaeiaaieyIai?oaeiaaiea
aeeth/aaony a aaoiiaoe/aneii ?aaeeia «iaeaaeea», «aaoiiaoe/aneay
?aaioa», «aeeth/aii», «noii». Iaaethaeaaony naaoiaay
neaiaeecaoeeyNiioaaonoaea o?aaiaaieyi ?aai/ae aeieoiaioaoeeeOi
aeaIonoonoaea ?aca?ucaeaaiey NIAEAecoaeueiiNIAE ia iiiaaeaao a
iaoaieciu, ia yeaeo?iiai?oaeiaaiea, iie»Ionoonoaea iiiaaeaiey NIAE a
aeae?inenoaioOeie/aneee aiaeec a eaai?aoi?eeIonoonoaea NIAE a
ianea»Ionoonoaea aiaoiae ooa/ee ianea /a?ac niaaeeiaiea o?oa, ec-iiae
oieiaeaeae, e?uoae, oeaioeaa e o.ae.AecoaeueiiIonoonoaea oa/e
ianea»N?aaeiee o?iaaiue caoea (ei??aeoe?iaaiiue o?iaaiue caoeiaie
iiuiinoe)A niioaaonoaee n INO2 I89-40Ioaa/aao ii?iai»?aaioa
aeae?inenoaiuAecoaeueii e n iiiiuueth i?eai?iaNiioaaonoaoao o?aaiaaieyi
AINO 7599-82* (NO NYA 2149-80)»Aaee/eia oeeeea e aai
ninoaaeythueoEcia?aiea n iiiiuueth i?eai?ia, oeacaiiuo a eiino?oeoi?neie
aeieoiaioaoeee ia niioaaonoaothuaa iai?oaeiaaieaNiioaaonoaea oeeeea e
aai ninoaaeythueo aeieoiaioaoeee»
Caaea/a ? 1.
?ann/eoaoue eiyooeoeeaiou /anoiou e oyaeanoe ian/anoiuo neo/aaa, a
oaeaea iieacaoaeue iao?oaeiniiniaiinoe ia i?aaei?eyoee, n?aaeianieni/iue
ninoaa ?aaioathueo ia eioi?ii ?aaai ? = 100 /ae. Ca io/aoiue ia?eiae
i?iecioei I = 6 ian/anoiuo neo/aaa n iauei /eneii Ae = 30 aeiae
iao?oaeiniiniaiinoe.
Eaeia i?aeoe/aneia cia/aiea eiaao ?an/ao aeaiiuo iieacaoaeae o?aaiaoecia
ia i?aaei?eyoee?
?aoaiea:
1. Ii?aaeaeyai eiyooeoeeaio /anoiou E/:
E/ = (1000*I) / ? = (1000*6) / 100 = 60;
2. Ii?aaeaeyai eiyooeoeeaio oyaeanoe Eo:
Eo = Ae / I = 30 / 6 = 5;
3. Ii?aaeaeyai iieacaoaeue iao?oaeiniiniaiinoe Ei:
Ei = E/ * Eo = 60 * 5 = 300.
?an/ao aeaiiuo iieacaoaeae o?aaiaoecia ia i?aaei?eyoee neoaeeo aeey
aiaeeca i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai o?aaiaoecia. Anee ca io/aoiue ia?eiae ii
auoa, /ai ca i?aaeuaeouee, oi iaiaoiaeeii naeaeaoue aiaeec e iaiaoeoue
ia?ii?eyoey ii aai oiaiueoaieth. Aeey aieaa iieiiai aiaeeca
i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai o?aaiaoecia iaiaoiaeeii ?ann/eouaaoue aaciaue
eiyooeoeeaio, eoaea aoiaeeo eiyooeoeeaio oaoie/aneie aaciianiinoe e
ii?aaeaeyaony niioiioaiea eiee/anoaa iaoei e iai?oaeiaaiey
niioaaonoaothuei ii?iai oaoieee aaciianiinoe.
Caaea/a ? 2.
Ii?aaeaeeoue, ia eaeii i?iecaiaenoaaiiii iauaaeeiaiee ?aaioa ii
i?ioeeaeoeea o?aaiaoecia ca iineaaeiea 5 eao auea i?aaieciaaia eo/oa. A
ia?aii iauaaeeiaiee n?aaeianieni/iue ninoaa a oa/aiea iyoeeaoee aue
?aaai ?1 = 150 /aeiaae, i?iecioei I1 = 15 ian/anoiuo neo/aaa n iauei
/eneii Ae1 = 100 aeiae iao?oaeiniiniaiinoe, a aeey aoi?iai iauaaeeiaiey
yoe iieacaoaee niioaaonoaaiii ?aaiu ?2 = 150 /aeiaae, I2 = 25 ian/anoiuo
neo/aaa e Ae2 = 80 aeiae iao?oaeiniiniaiinoe.
Ioeaieo i?iaanoe ia iniiaa niiinoaaeaiey n?aaeiaaiaeiaiai cia/aiey
iieacaoaeae ian/anoiuo neo/aaa ca iyoeeaoeo.
?aoaiea:
1. Ii?aaeaeei eiee/anoai ian/anoiuo neo/aaa e aeiae iao?oaeiniiniaiinoe
a n?aaeiai ca aiae ia iaieo iauaaeeiaieyo:
I1 = 15 / 5 = 3; Ae1 = 100 / 5 = 20;
I2 = 25 / 5 = 5; Ae2 = 80 / 5 = 16;
2. Ii?aaeaeei eiyooeoeeaio /anoiou E/ aeey eaaeaeiai iauaaeeiaiey:
E/ = (1000*I) / ?;
E*1 = 1000 * 3 / 150 = 20; E*2 = 1000 * 5 / 150 = 33,33;
3. Ii?aaeaeei eiyooeoeeaio oyaeanoe Eo aeey eaaeaeiai iauaaeeiaiey:
Eo = Ae / I;
EO1 = 20 / 3 = 6,67; EO2 = 16 / 5 = 3,2;
4. Ii?aaeaeei iieacaoaeue iao?oaeiniiniaiinoe Ei aeey eaaeaeiai
iauaaeeiaiey:
Ei = E/ * Eo
EI1 = 20 * 6,67 = 133,4; EI2 = 33,33 * 3,2 = 106,66;
Auaiae: ia aoi?ii i?iecaiaenoaaiiii iauaaeeiaiee ?aaioa ii i?ioeeaeoeea
o?aaiaoecia ca iineaaeiea 5 eao auea i?aaieciaaia eo/oa, oae eae
iieacaoaeue iao?oaeiniiniaiinoe ia aoi?ii i?iecaiaenoaaiiii iauaaeeiaiee
iaiueoa, /ai ia ia?aii.
Caaea/a ? 3.
?ann/eoaoue i?ioeaio iiauoaiey i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe o?oaea i?e nieaeaiee
iioa?ue ?aai/aai a?aiaie ca n/ao oiaiueoaiey iauae e i?ioanneiiaeueiie
caaieaaaaiinoe ia iauaeoa, anee nieaeaiea iioa?ue ?aai/aai a?aiaie ia
iaeiiai ?aaioathuaai ca n/ao oiaiueoaiey iauae e i?ioanneiiaeueiie
caaieaaaaiinoe ninoaaeyao A = 40%, a eiee/anoai yai/iuo aeiae,
iioa?yiiuo ii aieacie, ia iaeiiai ?aaioathuaai a aiae ?aaii A = 17.
Eiee/anoai yai/iuo aeiae a aiaeo ?aaii N = 240.
?aoaiea:
1. I?eieiaai ca aaciaue oiiae ?aai/aai a?aiaie:
Faac = N – A = 240 – 17 = 223 aeiy;
Oiaaea i?e nieaeaiee iioa?ue ?aai/aai a?aiaie aneaaenoaea oiaiueoaiey
caaieaaaaiinoe ia 40% oiiae ?aai/aai a?aiaie ninoaaeyao:
Fie. = 240 – (17 * 40 / 100) = 233,2;
2. ?ann/eouaaai i?ioeaio oaaee/aiey i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe o?oaea:
?i?.o?. = [(Fie – Faac) / Faac ] * 100% = [(233,2 – 223) / 223] * 100 %
= 4,57%
Auaiae: ?ino i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe o?oaea ninoaaeyao 4,57%.
Eeoa?aoo?a
1. Aaciianiinoue i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo i?ioeannia: Ni?aai/iee / N.A. Aaeia,
A.I. A?eica, A.N. Aaeoei e ae?.; Iiae iau. ?aae. N.A. Aaeiaa – I.:
Iaoeiino?iaiea, 1985. – 448 n., ee.
2. E?aoeee eiiniaeo eaeoeee ii eo?no «Io?aia o?oaea a io?anee» aeey
nooaeaioia yeiiiie/aneeo niaoeeaeueiinoae aeiaaiie e cai/iie oi?iu
iao/aiey / Nino.: A.E. *eaeeeia, E.A. Aeaiaioee. – Oa?ueeia: 2007. – 78
n.
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