Aaaaeaiea
1. Oece/aneay nouiinoue eaca?iiai eceo/aiey
2. Aicaeaenoaea eaca?iiai eceo/aiey ia i?aaieci
3. Ii?ie?iaaiea eaca?iiai eceo/aiey
4. Iaoiaeu caueou io eaca?iiai eceo/aiey
1.Oece/aneay nouiinoue eaca?iiai eceo/aiey
Eaca? (io aiaeeeneiai Lighting amplification by stimulated emission of
radiation) – ono?ienoai, i?aaeiacia/aiiue aeey au?aaioee e oneeaiey
yeaeo?iiaaieoiie yia?aee iioe/aneiai aeeaiaciia /anoio n eniieueciaaieai
i?ioeanna oi?aaeyaiie eiaeoeoeeiiiie yiennee. Ii ?aaioaao ia i?eioeeia
eiaeooee?iaaiiiai eceo/aiey, iieo/aaiiai i?e iioe/aneie iaea/ea
(iai?eia?, aicaeaenoaeai eiioeuenia naaoa) oa?ie/anee ia?aaiiaaniie
(aeoeaiie) n?aaeu, a ea/anoaa eioi?ie neoaeao aeeyeaeo?e/aneea
e?enoaeeu, noaeei, aacu, iieoi?iaiaeieee e ieacia.
Ioaeaeueiua aoiiu oaeeo iaoa?eaeia i?e iiiaaeaiee ia ieo oioiia
iaeaaeatho naienoaaie ia?aoiaea n aa?oiaai yia?aaoe/aneiai o?iaiy ia
ieaeiee o?iaaiue n enioneaieai aeaoo oioiiia, eiaeooee?iaaiiuo n oie aea
/anoioie, iiey?ecaoeeae e iai?aaeaieai ?ani?ino?aiaiey.
I?eia?ii iiaeao neoaeeoue ?oaeiiaue iioe/aneee eaaioiaue aaia?aoi?, a
eioi?ii ?aai/ei oaeii yaeyaony ?oaei. Iiuiinoue a eiioeuena ninoaaeyao
ieiei 100 IAo i?e iiuiinoe ia aicaoaeaeaiea ieiei 20 eAo/ni3, a
oaiia?aoo?a, nicaeaaaaiay eaca?iui io/eii, iiaeao aeinoeaaoue 1015 E
(i?eia?ii a 1011 ?ac aieueoa oaiia?aoo?u Nieioea).
Nouanoaotho e ae?oaea aeaeu eaca?ia n oaa?aeui oaeii, iai?eia? ec
ieiaeeiiaiai noaeea, oethi?eoeoa eaeueoeey n i?eianueth aoiiia oaeeo
?aaeeicaiaeueiuo yeaiaioia, eae aeeni?icee, naia?ee e i?. (aeeeia aieiu
eceo/aiey ?aaia 1,06 iei), eee aaciaua eaca?u, iai?eia? aaeee –
ieiaeeiiaua eaca?u (aeeeia aieiu eceo/aiey ?aaia 632,8 ii; 1,15 e 3,39
iei) e ae?.
A i?ioeanna ecaioiaeaiey, eniuoaiey e yenieoaoaoeee eaca?iuo ecaeaeee ia
ianeoaeeaathuee ia?niiae iiaoo aicaeaenoaiaaoue oece/aneea, oeie/aneea e
ineoioeceieiae/aneea iianiua e a?aaeiua oaeoi?u.
E oece/aneei oaeoi?ai ioiinyony:
· Eaca?iia eceo/aiea (i?yiia, ?annayiiia, ca?eaeueiia eee aeeooocii
io?aaeaiiia);
· Aunieia iai?yaeaiea a oeaiyo oi?aaeaiey e enoi/ieeao yeaeo?iieoaiey
eaca?a (eaca?iuo onoaiiaie);
· Iiauoaiiue o?iaaiue oeueo?aoeieaoiaie ?aaeeaoeee io eiioeueniuo eaii
iaea/ee eee eaa?oeaauo aaci?ac?yaeiuo o?oaie a ?aai/ae ciia;
· Iiauoaiiay y?einoue naaoa io eiioeueniuo eaii iaea/ee e ciiu
acaeiiaeaenoaey eaca?iiai eceo/aiey n iaoa?eaeii ieoaie;
· Iiauoaiiue ooi e aea?aoeey ia ?aai/ai ianoa, aicieeathuea i?e ?aaioa
eaca?a (eaca?iie onoaiiaee);
· Iiauoaiiue o?iaaiue eiiece?othuaai ?aioaaiianeiai eceo/aiey io
aaci?ac?yaeiuo o?oaie e ae?. yeaiaioia, ?aaioathueo i?e aiiaeiii
iai?yaeaiee aieaa 5 eA;
· Iiauoaiiue o?iaaiue yeaeo?iiaaieoiuo eceo/aiee A* – e NA* –
aeeaiaciiia a ?aai/ae ciia;
· Iiauoaiiue o?iaaiue eio?ae?aniie ?aaeeaoeee a ?aai/ae ciia;
· Iiauoaiiay oaiia?aoo?a iiaa?oiinoae iai?oaeiaaiey;
· Ac?uaiiianiinoue a nenoaiao iaea/ee eaca?ia;
· Aiciiaeiinoue ac?uaia e iiaea?ia i?e iiiaaeaiee eaca?iiai eceo/aiey ia
ai?th/ea iaoa?eaeu.
E oeie/aneei oaeoi?ai ioiinyony:
· Caa?yciaiea aicaeooa ?aai/ae ciiu i?iaeoeoaie acaeiiaeaenoaey
eaca?iiai eceo/aiey n ieoaiueth e ?aaeeieeca aicaeooa (icii, ieeneu
acioa e ae?);
· Oiene/aneea aacu e ia?u io eaca?iuo nenoai n i?iea/eie oeaaeaaaioia e
ae?.
Ineoioeceieiae/aneea oaeoi?u – yoi:
· Iiiioiiey, aeiieeiacey, yiioeeiiaeueiay iai?yaeaiiinoue,
ineoieiae/aneee aeeneiioi?o;
· Eieaeueiua iaa?ocee ia iuooeu e eenoe i?aaeiea/uey; iai?yaeaiiinoue
aiaeecaoi?iuo ooieoeee (c?aiea, neoo).
·
Oaaeeoea 1
Eeann
eaca?aAuoiaeiua eceo/aiey eaca?aIIa i?aaenoaaeyao iianiinoe aeey aeac e
eiaeeIII?aaenoaaeyao iianiinoue i?e iaeo/aiee aeac i?yiui eee
ca?eaeueiui io?aaeaieai eceo/aieyIIII?aaenoaaeyao iianiinoue i?e
iaeo/aiee aeac i?yiui, ca?eaeueiui io?aaeaieai eceo/aiey, a oaeaea
aeeooocii io?aaeaiiui eceo/aieai ia ?annoiyiee 10 ni io aeeooocii
io?aaeathuae iiaa?oiinoe e (eee) i?e iaeo/aiee eiaee i?yiui eee
ca?eaeueiui io?aaeaieai eceo/aieyIVI?aaenoaaeyao iianiinoue i?e
iaeo/aiee eiaee aeeooocii io?aaeaiiui eceo/aieai ia ?annoiyiee 10 ni io
aeeooocii io?aaeathuae iiaa?oiinoe
Iaee/ea iianiuo e a?aaeiuo oaeoi?ia a caaeneiinoe io eeanna eaca?a
(eeannu eaca?ia i?eaaaeaiu a oaae. 1) i?eaaaeaii a oaae. 2.
Oaaeeoea 2
Iianiua e a?aaeiua i?iecaiaenoaaiiua oaeoi?ueeannu
eaca?aIIIIIIIVEaca?iia eceo/aiea
I?yiia, ca?eaeueiia io?aaeaiiia
Aeeooocii io?aaeaiiia
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–
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–
+
+
+
+Iiauoaiiay iai?yaeaiiinoue yeaeo?e/aneiai iiey-(+)+++Iiauoaiiay
caiueaiiinoue e caaaciaaiiinoue aicaeooa ?aai/ae ciia—(+)+Iiauoaiiue
o?iaaiue oeueo?aoeieaoiaie ?aaeeaoeee—(+)+Iiauoaiiay y?einoue
naaoa—(+)+Iiauoaiiua o?iaie ooia e aea?aoeee—(+)+Iiauoaiiue o?iaaiue
eiiece?othueo eceo/aiee—+Iiauoaiiue o?iaaiue yeaeo?iiaaieoiuo
eceo/aiee A* – e NA* – aeeaiaciiia—-(+)Iiauoaiiue o?iaaiue
eio?ae?aniie ?aaeeaoeee—(+)+Iiauoaiiay oaiia?aoo?a iiaa?oiinoae
iai?oaeiaaiey—(+)+Oeie/aneea iianiua e a?aaeiua i?iecaiaenoaaiiua
oaeoi?uI?e ?aaioa n oiene/iuie aauanoaaie
Aicaeaenoaea eaca?iiai eceo/aiey ia i?aaieci
Eaca?iia eceo/aiea i?aaenoaaeyao niaie aeae yeaeo?iiaaieoiiai
eceo/aiey, aaia?e?oaiiai a iioe/aneii aeeaiaciia aeeei aiei 0,1…1000
iei. Ioee/ea aai io ae?oaeo aeaeia eceo/aiey caeeth/aaony a
iiiio?iiiinoe, eiaa?aioiinoe e aunieie noaiaie iai?aaeaiiinoe.
Aeaaiaea?y iaeie ?anoiaeeiinoe eo/a eaca?a ieioiinoue iioiea iiuiinoe
iiaeao aeinoeaaoue 1016…1017 Ao/i2.
Yooaeou aicaeaenoaey (oaieiaie, oioioeie/aneee, oaea?ii – aeonoe/aneee e
ae?.) ii?aaeaeythony iaoaieciii acaeiiaeaenoaey eaca?iiai eceo/aiey n
oeaiyie e caaenyo io yia?aaoe/aneeo e a?aiaiiuo ia?aiao?ia eceo/aiey, a
oaeaea io aeieiae/aneeo e oeceee – oeie/aneeo iniaaiiinoae iaeo/aaiuo
oeaiae e i?aaiia.
Eaca?iia eceo/aiea i?aaenoaaeyao iniaoth iianiinoue aeey oeaiae,
iaeneiaeueii iiaeiuathueo eceo/aiea. N?aaieoaeueii eaaeay oycaeiinoue
?iaiaeoeu e o?onoaeeea aeaca, a oaeaea niiniaiinoue iioe/aneie nenoaiu
aeaca iiiaie?aoii oaaee/eaaoue ieioiinoue yia?aee(iiuiinoue) eceo/aiey
aeaeeiiai e aeeaeiaai eio?ae?aniiai aeeaiaciia (7801400 ii) niiniaii
i?iieeaoue /a?ac oeaie oaea ia cia/eoaeueioth aeoaeio, ii?aaeay
aioo?aiiea i?aaiu (i?yiia eaca?iia eceo/aiea).
Aeeeoaeueiia o?iie/aneia aeaenoaea aeeooocii io?aaeaiiiai eaca?iiai
eceo/aiey iaoaieiaie eioaineaiinoe iiaeao aucuaaoue ianiaoeeoe/aneea,
i?aeiouanoaaiii aaaaoaoeaii – ninoaeenoua ia?ooaiey; ooieoeeiiaeueiua
naeaeae iiaoo iaaethaeaoueny ni noi?iiu ia?aiie, na?aea/ii – ninoaeenoie
nenoaiu, aeaeac aioo?aiiae nae?aoeee. ?aaioathuea aeaeothony ia aieiaiua
aiee, iiauoaiioth ooiieyaiinoue, ?acae?aaeeoaeueiinoue, iioeeainoue.
Ii?ie?iaaiea eaca?iiai eceo/aiey
Iniiaiuie ii?iaoeaiuie i?aaiauie aeoaie i?e ioeaiea oneiaee o?oaea
yaeythony:
“Naieoa?iua ii?iu e i?aaeea ono?ienoaa e yenieoaoaoeee eaca?ia” ?
2392-81; iaoiaee/aneea ?aeiiaiaeaoeee “Aeaeaia o?oaea i?e ?aaioa n
eaca?aie”, ooaa?aeaeaiiua IC ?NON? 27.04.81 a.;
AINO 24713-81 “Iaoiaeu ecia?aiee ia?aiao?ia eaca?iiai eceo/aiey.
Eeanneoeeaoeey”; AINO 24714-81 “Eaca?u. Iaoiaeu ecia?aiey ia?aiao?ia
eceo/aiey. Iauea iieiaeaiey”; AINO 12.1.040-83 “Eaca?iay aaciianiinoue.
Iauea iieiaeaiey”; AINO 12.1.031 -81 “Eaca?u. Iaoiaeu aeiceiao?e/aneiai
eiio?iey eaca?iiai eceo/aiey”.
I?aaeoi?aaeaeaiea ii?aaeaiee eaca?iui eceo/aieai aeeth/aao nenoaio ia?
eiaeaia?ii-oaoie/aneiai, ieaie?iai/iiai, i?aaiecaoeeiiiiai,
naieoa?ii-aeaeaie/aneiai oa?aeoa?a.
I?e eniieueciaaiee eaca?ia II-III eeannia a oeaeyo eneeth/aiey iaeo/aiey
ia?niiaea iaiaoiaeeii eeai ia?aaeaeaiea eaca?iie ciiu, eeai
ye?aie?iaaiea io/ea eceo/aiey. Ye?aiu e ia?aaeaeaiey aeieaeiu
ecaioaaeeaaoueny ec iaoa?eaeia n iaeiaiueoei eiyooeoeeaioii io?aaeaiey,
auoue iaianoieeeie e ia auaeaeyoue oiene/aneeo aauanoa i?e aicaeaenoaee
ia ieo eaca?iiai eceo/aiey.
Eaca?u IV eeanna iianiinoe ?aciauathony a ioaeaeueiuo eciee?iaaiiuo
iiiauaieyo e iaania/eaathony aeenoaioeeiiiui oi?aaeaieai eo ?aaioie.
I?e ?aciauaiee a iaeiii iiiauaiee ianeieueeeo eaca?ia neaaeoao
eneeth/eoue aiciiaeiinoue acaeiiiai iaeo/aiey iia?aoi?ia, ?aaioathueo ia
?acee/iuo onoaiiaeao. Ia aeiioneathony a iiiauaiey, aaea ?aciauaiu
eaca?u, eeoea, ia eiathuea ioiioaiey e eo yenieoaoaoeee. Cai?auaaony
aecoaeueiay thnoe?iaea eaca?ia aac n?aaenoa caueou.
Aeey oaeaeaiey aiciiaeiuo oiene/aneeo aacia, ia?ia e iuee iai?oaeoaony
i?eoi/ii-auoyaeiay aaioeeyoeey n iaoaie/aneei iiaoaeaeaieai. Aeey caueou
io ooia i?eieiathony niioaaonoaothuea ia?u caoeiecieyoeee onoaiiaie,
caoeiiiaeiuaiey e ae?.
E eiaeeaeaeoaeueiui n?aaenoaai caueou, iaania/eaathuei aaciianiua
oneiaey o?oaea i?e ?aaioa n eaca?aie, ioiinyony niaoeeaeueiua i/ee,
ueoee, ianee, iaania/eaathuea nieaeaiea iaeo/aiey aeac aei IAeO.
N?aaenoaa eiaeeaeaeoaeueiie caueou i?eiaiythony oieueei a oii neo/aa,
eiaaea eieeaeoeaiua n?aaenoaa caueou ia iicaieytho iaania/eoue
o?aaiaaiey naieoa?iuo i?aaee.
Iaoiaeu caueou io eaca?iiai eceo/aiey
E i?aaiecaoeeiiiui caueoiui ia?ii?eyoeyi ioiinyony:
· I?aaiecaoeey ?aai/eo iano n ii?aaeaeaieai anao iaiaoiaeeiuo caueoiuo
ia?ii?eyoee e o/aoii niaoeeoeee eiie?aoiuo ianoiyoaeuenoa eniieueciaaiey
eaca?iuo onoaiiaie;
· Iao/aiea ia?niiaea e eiio?ieue ciaiee i?aaee oaoieee aaciianiinoe;
· I?aaiecaoeey iaaeeoeeineiai eiio?iey e o.ae.
Oaoie/aneea ia?ii?eyoey e n?aaenoaa caueou iiae?acaeaeythony ia
eieeaeoeaiua e eiaeeaeaeoaeueiua. Eieeaeoeaiua aeeth/atho a naay:
· N?aaenoaa ii?iaeecaoeee aiaoiae n?aaeu;
· Aaoiiaoe/aneea nenoaiu oi?aaeaiey oaoiieiae/aneei i?ioeannii;
· Eniieueciaaiea i?aaeio?aieoaeueiuo ono?ienoa, i?eai?ia, ?acee/iuo
ia?aaeaeaiee eaca?ii – iianiie ciiu;
· Eniieueciaaiea oaeaiao?e/aneeo e oaeaaeceiiiuo nenoai iaaethaeaiey;
· I?eiaiaiea cacaieaiey, caioeaiey, aeiee?iaee e o.ae.
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