Niaea?aeaiea
1. N?aaea iaeoaiey naeueneiai e ai?iaeneiai aeeoaey, aa iaaaoeaiua
oaeoi?u
2. Caa?yciaiea aoiinoa?u a?aaeiuie aauanoaaie. Ia?u ai?ueau e n?aaenoaa
caueou.
3. Iineaaenoaey i?iiuoeaiiuo ac?uaia.
4. Aeia?a/aaiay iiiiuue i?e oeonao aeeaioiuo, ciae, yaeiaeouo ianaeiiuo.
5. Ninoiyiea e iniaaiiinoe io?aiu o?oaea e o?aaiaoecia a io?aneyo
naeueneioicyenoaaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa (aeeaioiiaiaenoaa, i/aeiaiaenoaa,
?anoaieaaiaenoaa).
6. Ioa?aeoa?ecoeoa o?aaiaaiey e niaoeiaeaaeaea, niaoeiaoae, ae?oaei
n?aaenoaai eiaeeaeaeoaeueiie caueou. I?eiaiaiea eo ai a?aiy o?oaeiaiai
i?ioeanna.
Caaea/a
Nienie eniieueciaaiiie eeoa?aoo?u
1. N?aaea iaeoaiey naeueneiai e ai?iaeneiai aeeoaey, aa iaaaoeaiua
oaeoi?u
N?aaea iaeoaiey, ie?oaeathuay nia?aiaiiiai /aeiaaea, aeeth/aao a naay
i?e?iaeioth n?aaeo, eneonnoaaiioth n?aaeo, nicaeaiioth /aeiaaeii
e nioeeaeueioth n?aaeo.
Ii ia?a ?inoa i?iiuoeaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa auioneaeinue ana aieueoa
?aciiia?aciuo ecaeaeee e oiaa?ia, e aianoa n oai ?acei aic?anoaee
caa?yciaiey n?aaeu
N?aaea iaeoaiey – ie?oaeathuay /aeiaaea n?aaea, iaoneiaeaiiay a aeaiiue
iiiaio niaieoiiinoueth oaeoi?ia (oece/aneeo, oeie/aneeo, aeieiae/aneeo,
nioeeaeueiuo), niiniaiuo ieacuaaoue i?yiia eee einaaiiia, iaiaaeeaiiia
eee ioaeaeaiiia aicaeaenoaea ia aeayoaeueiinoue /aeiaaea, aai caei?iauea
e iioiinoai.
Iiae iianiui i?eiyoi iiieiaoue oaeie oaeoi?, aicaeaenoaea eioi?iai ia
/aeiaaea a ii?aaeaeaiiuo oneiaeyo iiaeao i?eaanoe e o?aaia eee ae?oaiio
?aceiio oooaeoaieth caei?iauey, a iiae a?aaeiui – aicaeaenoaea eioi?iai
i?eaiaeeo e caaieaaaieth eee nieaeaieth ?aaioiniiniaiinoe e yaeyaony
aieaa iianiui aeey /aeiaaea.
Ii oa?aeoa?o aicaeaenoaey a?aaeiua aauanoaa aeaeyony ia:
• oiene/aneea – aucuaathuea io?aaeaiea anaai i?aaiecia (ieenue
oaea?iaea, oeeai, naeiaoe, ?oooue, iuoueye, aaicie e ae?., a oaeaea eo
niaaeeiaiey);
• ?acae?aaeathuea – aucuaathuea ?acae?aaeaiea aeuoaoaeueiiai oeaio?a e
neecenouo iaiei/ae (oei?, aiieae, aoeaoii, ooi?enoue aiaei?iae, oeeai,
ieeneu acioa e ae?.);
• naineaeeece?othuea – aucuaathuea aeea?ae/aneea ?aaeoeee
(oi?iaeueaeaaeae, ?anoai?eoaee e eaee ia iniiaa ieo?iniaaeeiaiee e
o.i.);
• eaioea?iaaiiua – aucuaathuea ?acaeoea ?aeiauo caaieaaaiee (ieeaeue e
aai niaaeeiaiey, o?ii e aai niaaeeiaiey, aieiu, anaano, aaiciaaay
eeneioa e o.i.);
• iooaaaiiua – aucuaathuea eciaiaiea ianeaaenoaaiiuo i?eciaeia (naeiaoe,
ia?aaiaoe, noe?ie, ?aaeeiaeoeaiua aauanoaa e o.i.);
• aeeythuea ia ?ai?iaeoeoeaioth ooieoeeth /aeiaaea (?oooue, naeiaoe,
ia?aaiaoe, noe?ie, ?aaeeiaeoeaiua aauanoaa e o.i.).
2. Caa?yciaiea aoiinoa?u a?aaeiuie aauanoaaie
Ia?u ai?ueau e n?aaenoaa caueou
Aoiinoa?a — yoi aaciia?aciay iaiei/ea ieaiaou, ninoiyuay ec niane
?acee/iuo aacia, aiaeyiuo ia?ia e iuee. Aeaaiuie ninoaaiuie /anoyie
aoiinoa?u yaeythony acio, eenei?iae, a?aii, oaeaeeneue aac.
Caa?yciaiea aoiinoa?u eiaao anoanoaaiiia e eneonnoaaiiia
i?ienoiaeaeaiea.
N?aaee anoanoaaiiuo oaeoi?ia auaeaeytho:
a) aiacaiiia caa?yciaiea aicaeooa einie/aneie iueueth e einie/aneei
eceo/aieai;
a) caiiia caa?yciaiea aoiinoa?u i?e ecaa?aeaiee aoeeaiia, auaao?eaaiee
ai?iuo ii?iae, iueueiuo ao?yo, eaniuo iiaea?ia, aicieeathueo io oaea?ia
iieiee, auiina ii?neeo nieae.
Eneonnoaaiiia caa?yciaiea aoiinoa?u ?acaeaeytho ia ?aaeeiaeoeaiia,
yeaeo?iiaaieoiia, ooiiaia, aeenia?niia e aaciia?aciia, a oaeaea ii
io?aneyi i?iiuoeaiiinoe e aeaeai oaoiieiae/aneeo i?ioeannia.
Naeeaaiea eneiiaaiiai oiieeaa (oaieue, iaooue) ea?aao ii?aaeaeythuoth
?ieue a caa?yciaiee aoiinoa?u. Ca n/ao aacia aio?iiiaaiiiai
i?ienoiaeaeaiey ia?acothony eeneioiua inaaeee e niia. Eeneioiua inaaeee
— yoi na?iay e acioiay eeneiou, ia?acothueany i?e ?anoai?aiee a aiaea
aeeieneaeia na?u e acioa e auiaaeathuea ia iiaa?oiinoue caiee aianoa n
aeiaeaeai, ooiaiii, niaaii eee iueueth.
A aoiinoa?iii aicaeooa, a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue a aicaeooa i?iiuoeaiiuo
oeaio?ia e ai?iaeia, a ?acoeueoaoa neiaeiuo oeie/aneeo ?aaeoeee niane
aacia (aeaaiui ia?acii ieeneia acioa e oaeaaiaei?iaeia, niaea?aeaueony a
auoeiiiuo aacao aaoiiiaeeae), i?ioaeathueo a ieaeieo aai neiyo iiae
aeaenoaeai nieia/iiai naaoa, ia?acothony ?acee/iua aauanoaa, eioi?ua,
iaeaieeaaynue, ia?acotho yaeiaeoue ooiai — niia.
E iniiaiui caa?ycieoaeyi aoiinoa?u, eioi?uo ii aeaiiui THIAI (I?ia?aiia
III ii ie?oaeathuae n?aaea), aaeaaiaeii auaeaeyaony aei 25 ie?ae o,
ioiinyo:
— aeeieneae na?u e /anoeoeu iuee -200 iei o/aiae;
— Ieneaeu acioa (NxOy)-60 iei o/aiae;
— ieneaeu oaea?iaea (NI eNI2)-8000 iei o/aiae;
— oaeaaiaei?iaeu (NoIo) -80 iei o/aiae.
?inney aoiaeeo a Eiiaaioeeth ii SO2 e o/anoaoao ai anao i?ioeannao,
niinianoaothueo nieaeaieth aua?inia ieeneia na?u a aoiinoa?o.
?ac?aaioaii aieueoia /enei iaoiaeia aeey oeaaeeaaiey aeaoieene na?u ec
iooiaeyueo aeuiiauo aacia. Aanueia i?eaeaeaoaeueiuie ieacaeenue
ne?oaaa?iua onoaiiaee, aeathuea iooiaeu a aeaea i?iaeoeoia, eiathueo
ni?in ia ?uiea: iaeei ec oaeeo ne?oaaa?ia i?iecaiaeeo na?o aunieie
/enoiou, ae?oaie – ?acaaaeaiioth na?ioth eeneioo.
Ieneaeu acioa (Nx Oy). A i?e?iaea ieneaeu acioa ia?acothony i?e eaniuo
iiaea?ao. Aunieea eiioeaio?aoeee ieneaeia acioa a ai?iaeao e
ie?anoiinoyo i?iiuoeaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee naycaiu n aeayoaeueiinoueth
/aeiaaea.
Caa?yciytho aoiinoa?o:
– N2O – ieneae acioa 1 (aanaeyuee aac), iaeaaeatho ia?eioe/aneeie
naienoaaie, eniieuecoaony i?e oe?o?ae/aneeo iia?aoeeyo;
– NO – ieneae acioa 2, aeaenoaoao ia ia?aioth nenoaio /aeiaaea, aucuaaao
ia?aee/ e noaei?iae, naycuaaao aaiiaeiaei e?iae e aucuaaao eenei?iaeiia
aieiaeaiea;
– NO2 N2 O4 – ieneaeu acioa V ( N2O4 = 2NO2), i?e acaeiiaeaenoaee aiaeie
ia?acotho acioioth eeneioo 4NO2+2H2O+O2 = 4HNO3. Aucuaatho ii?aaeaiea
aeuoaoaeueiuo iooae e ioae e?aeeo.
Ieneae oaea?iaea 2 (NI). Eiioeaio?aoeey ieneaea oaea?iaea 2 a
ai?iaeneii aicaeooa aieueoa, /ai ethaiai ae?oaiai caa?ycieoaey. Iaeiaei
iineieueeo yoio aac ia eiaao ia oeaaoa, ie caiaoa, ie aeona, iaoe i?aaiu
/oanoa ia a ninoiyiee iaia?oaeeoue aai.
Naiue e?oiiue enoi/iee ieneaea oaea?iaea a ai?iaeao – aaoio?ainii?o. A
aieueoeinoaa ai?iaeia nauoa 90% NI iiiaaeaao a aicaeoo aneaaenoaea
iaiieiiai nai?aiey oaea?iaea a iioi?iii oiieeaa ii ?aaeoeee: 2N+ I2 =
2NI. Iieiia nai?aiea aeaao a ea/anoaa eiia/iiai i?iaeoeoa aeeieneae
oaea?iaea: N+I2=NI2.
Aeey aeinoeaeaiey onoaiiaeaiiiai noaiaea?oa auoeiiiua aacu niaoeaathony
n aicaeooii a i?enoonoaee eaoaeecaoi?a. Aeaeueiaeoaa ieeneaiea
inoaaoaainy ieneaea oaea?iaea i?ienoiaeeo a eaoaeeoe/aneii
i?aia?aciaaoaea (ieaoeia – iaeeaaeee).
Ae?oaie enoi/iee ieneaea oaea?iaea – oaaa/iue aeui, n eioi?ui
noaeeeaathony ia oieueei eo?eeueueee, ii e eo aeeaeaeoaa ie?oaeaiea.
Aeieacaii, /oi eo?eeueueee iiaeiuay aaeaia aieueoa ieneaea oaea?iaea ii
n?aaiaieth n iaeo?yueie.
NI2 (Ieneae oaea?iaea 4) Aeeyiea oaeaeeneiai aaca (NI2) naycaii n aai
niiniaiinoueth iiaeiuaoue eio?ae?aniia eceo/aiea a aeeaiaciia aeeei aiei
io 700 aei 1400 ii. Caiey, eae ecaanoii, iieo/aao i?aeoe/anee anth naith
yia?aeth io Nieioea a eo/ao aeaeeiiai o/anoea niaeo?a (i 400 aei 700
ii), io?aaeaao a aeaea aeeeiiiaieiiaiai EE – eceo/aiey.
Iueue. I?e/eiu iniiaiuo aua?inia a aoiinoa?o- yoi iueueiua ao?e, y?icey
ii/au, aoeeaiu, ii?neea a?ucae. Ieiei 15-20% iauaai eiee/anoaa iuee e
ay?icieae a aoiinoa?a aeaei ?oe /aeiaaea: i?iecaiaenoai no?ieiaoa?eaeia,
ae?iaeaiea ii?iae a ai?iiaeiauaathuae i?iiuoeaiiinoe, i?iecaiaenoai
oeaiaioa, no?ieoaeuenoai.
Oeceei-oeie/aneea iaoiaeu i/enoee aoiinoa?u io aaciia?aciuo
caa?ycieoaeae.
Iniiaiia iai?aaeaiea caueou aicaeooiiai aannaeia io caa?yciaiee
a?aaeiuie aauanoaaie – nicaeaiea iiaie aaciooiaeiie oaoiieiaee n
caieioouie oeeeeaie i?iecaiaenoaa e eiiieaeniui eniieueciaaieai nu?uey.
Iiiaea aeaenoaothuea i?aaei?eyoey eniieuecotho oaoiieiae/aneea i?ioeannu
n ioe?uouie oeeeeaie i?iecaiaenoaa. A yoii neo/aa iooiaeyuea aacu ia?aae
aua?inii a aoiinoa?o iiaeaa?aathony i/enoea n iiiiuueth ne?oaaa?ia,
oeeueo?ia e o.ae. Yoi aei?iaay oaoiieiaey, e oieueei a ?aaeeeo neo/ayo
noieiinoue ecaeaeaaiuo ec iooiaeyueo aacia aauanoa iiaeao iie?uoue
?anoiaeu ia no?ieoaeuenoai e yenieoaoaoeeth i/enoiuo nii?oaeaiee.
Iaeaieaa ?ani?ino?aiaiu i?e i/enoea aacia aaeni?aoeeiiiua,
aani?aoeeiiiua e eaoaeeoe/aneea iaoiaeu. Naieoa?iay i/enoea i?iiuoeaiiuo
aacia aeeth/aao a naay i/enoeo io NI2 , NI, ieneaeia acioa, SO2, io
acaaoaiiuo /anoeoe.
Iiaeii auaeaeeoue ianeieueei iaoiaeia oeaaeeaaiey /anoeoe iuee:
a?aaeoaoeeiiiia inaaeaiea; oeaio?eooae?iaaiea; yeaeo?inoaoe/aneia
inaaeaiea; eia?oeeiiiia nioaea?aiea; i?yiie caoaao; aeeooocey.
Ana i?ioeannu i/enoee inouanoaeythony n iiiiuueth niaoeeaeueiuo
oeeueo?ia. Ne?oaaa?ia e o.ae.
3. Iineaaenoaey i?iiuoeaiiuo ac?uaia
Ac?ua – yoi i?ienoiaeyuaa aiacaiii (no?aieoaeueii, iaiiaaiii) niauoea,
i?e eioi?ii aicieeaao e?aoeia?aiaiiue i?ioeann i?aa?auaiey aauanoaa n
auaeaeaieai aieueoiai eiee/anoaa yia?aee a ia?aie/aiiii iauaia.
Ianooaau iineaaenoaee ac?uaia caaenyo io eo iiuiinoe aeaoiiaoeeiiiie e
n?aaeu, a eioi?ie iie i?ienoiaeyo. ?aaeeonu cii ii?aaeaiey iiaoo
aeioiaeeoue aei ianeieueeeo eeeiiao?ia. ?acee/atho o?e ciiu aeaenoaey
ac?uaa.
Ciia -1 aeaenoaea aeaoiiaoeeiiiie aieiu. Aeey iaa oa?aeoa?ii
eioaineaiia ae?iayuaa aeaenoaea, a ?acoeueoaoa eioi?iai eiino?oeoeee
?ac?ooathony ia ioaeaeueiua o?aaiaiou, ?aceaoathueany n aieueoeie
nei?inoyie io oeaio?a ac?uaa.
Ciia II-aeaenoaea i?iaeoeoia ac?uaa. A iae i?ienoiaeeo iieiia ?ac?ooaiea
caeaiee e nii?oaeaiee iiae aeaenoaeai ?anoe?ythueony i?iaeoeoia ac?uaa.
Ia aiaoiae a?aieoea yoie ciiu ia?acothuayny oaea?iay aieia io?uaaaony io
i?iaeoeoia ac?uaa e aeaeaeaony naiinoiyoaeueii io oeaio?a ac?uaa.
En/a?iaa naith yia?aeth, i?iaeoeou ac?uaa, ?anoe?eaoenue aei ieioiinoe,
niioaaonoaothuae aoiinoa?iiio aeaaeaieth, ia i?iecaiaeyo aieueoa
?ac?ooeoaeueiiai aeaenoaey.
Ciia III -aeaenoaea aicaeooiie oaea?iie aieiu. Yoa ciia aeeth/aao o?e
iiaeciiu: III a – neeueiuo ?ac?ooaiee, IIIa- n?aaeieo ?ac?ooaiee, IIIa –
neaauo ?ac?ooaiee. Ia aiaoiae a?aieoea ciiu III oaea?iay aieia
au?iaeaeaaony a caoeiaoth, neuoeioth ia cia/eoaeueiuo ?annoiyieyo.
4. Aeia?a/aaiay iiiiuue i?e oeonao aeeaioiuo, ciae, yaeiaeouo ianaeiiuo
I?e ieacaiee ia?aie iiiiue iino?aaeaaoaio io oeona aeeaioiiai ia
neaaeoao no?aieoueny e iaiaaeeaiiie inoaiiaea e?iaioa/aiey, o.e. iii
niinianoaoao oaeaeaieth ec ?aiu nethiu aeeaioiiai. ?aio i?iiuaatho
iueueiui ?anoai?ii, eiaeo aie?oa iaa ia?aaaouaatho ?anoai?ii
aioenaioe/aneiai n?aaenoaa (nie?oiaui ?anoai?ii eiaea, ?anoai?ii
ia?aaioeiaieeneiai eaeey, yoeeiaui nie?oii e ae?.), a caoai
iaeeaaeuaatho noa?eeueioth iiayceo. Iino?aaeaaoaai aeinoaaeytho a
o?aaiaoieiae/aneee ioieo eee ae?oaia ea/aaiia o/?aaeaeaiea. Aii?in i
i?iaaaeaiee i?eaeaie i?ioea aaoainoaa ?aoaao a?a/.
I?e ieacaiee iiiiue iino?aaeaaoaio io oeona ciae eaoaai?e/anee
cai?auathony neaaeothuea ia?ii?eyoey:
• I?eaeeaaiea ianoa oeona.
• Iaeaeuaaiea ianoa oeona ethauie i?aia?aoaie.
• ?ac?acu ianoa oeona.
• Ia?aoyaeaaiea eiia/iinoe aeaooii (e?iia oeona eia?u).
• Oiio?aaeaiea aeeiaiey a ethauo eiee/anoaao.
I?e oeona ciae ieacaiea ia?aie iaaeeoeeineie iiiiue neaaeoao ia/eiaoue n
iaiaaeeaiiiai yia?ae/iiai ionanuaaiey niaea?aeeiiai ?aiie a oa/aiea
10-15 (20) ieioo (a ia?aua 6 ieioo oaeaeyaony ieiei 3/4 anaai
ecaeaeaaiiai yaea) n aai ioieaauaaieai, /oi iicaieyao oaeaeeoue io 30
aei 50% anaai aaaaeaiiiai a i?aaieci yaea. Anee ?aiee iiaenioee, eo
i?aaeaa?eoaeueii «ioe?uaatho» iaaeaaeeaaieai ia neeaaeeo eiaee.
I?ioeaaeo?a ionanuaaiey ciaeiiai yaea aaciiania i?e ionoonoaee ?aiie ai
?oo iino?aaeaaoaai i?e naiiiiiiue eee ai ?oo ieacuaathuaai iiiiuue.
ssae, iiiaaoee a aeaeoaeie, iaaca?aaeeaaaony aeaeoaei/iui nieii!
Ii?aaeaiiay eiia/iinoue aeieaeia inoaaaoueny iaiiaeaeaeiie.
I?e iaia?oaeaiee eeaua iaeuecy aai ?acaeaaeeaaoue eee oaeaeyoue n
i?eiaiaieai oneeee. Iaiaoiaeeii iaeiaeeoue aaoiue oaiiii nii/aiiue
?anoeoaeueiui ianeii ia eeaua. A oa/aiea 20-30 ieioo eeau ioiaaeaao nai
eee eaaei oaeaeeony i?e iacia/eoaeueiii iioyaeaaiee. ?aieo neaaeoao
ia?aaioaoue eiaeii e n?i/ii ia?aoeoueny a ea/aaiia o/?aaeaeaiea aeey
i?iaaaeaiey i?ioeeaeoeee eeauaaiai yioeaoaeeoa.
5. Ninoiyiea e iniaaiiinoe io?aiu o?oaea e o?aaiaoecia a io?aneyo
naeueneioicyenoaaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa (aeeaioiiaiaenoaa, i/aeiaiaenoaa,
?anoaieaaiaenoaa)
Aiaeec noaoenoe/aneeo aeaiiuo iieacuaaao, /oi a aa?ii?iiuoeaiiii
eiiieaena (AIE) ?innee iao io?aneae, a eioi?uo iieacaoaeue ii
o?aaiaoecio n oyaeaeui enoiaeii eiae au aeaaii?eyoiua oaiaeaioeee.
Iaeaieaa oyaeaeia iieiaeaiea neiaeeeinue a ?anoaieaaiaenoaa,
aeeaioiiaiaenoaa, ?aiiioa e oaoie/aneii ianeoaeeaaiee iaoei. Ia aeaa
iniiaiua io?anee i?iecaiaenoaa – ?anoaieaaiaenoai e aeeaioiiaiaenoai
i?eoiaeeony ii/oe iieiaeia anao i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo o?aai. Eaaeaeay iyoay
o?aaia n eaoaeueiui e oyaeaeui enoiaeii a AIE i?ienoiaeeo i?e ?aiiioa e
oaoie/aneii ianeoaeeaaiee iaoei.
A ianoiyuaa a?aiy nouanoaothuay io?aneaaay nenoaia oi?aaeaiey io?aiie
o?oaea a naeueneii oicyenoaa eeoaia aeaaiiai caaia e oaeoe/anee
ionoonoaoao (a iiaii Iieiaeaiee i Ieinaeueoica ?innee eneeth/ai ?acaeae
ia io?aia o?oaea e, niioaaonoaaiii, eneeth/aia ooieoeey oi?aaeaiey
io?aiie o?oaea, a oaeaea eeeaeaee?iaai ioaeae io?aiu o?oaea). Oi?iaeueii
aii?inu io?aiu o?oaea ioianaiu e eiiiaoaioeee Ieienoa?noaa
cae?aaiio?aiaiey e nioeeaeueiiai ?acaeoey ?O, eioi?ia i?aeoe/anee
io?aiie o?oaea a naeueneii oicyenoaa ia caieiaaony.
I?ei?eoaoiinoue, cia/eiinoue aii?inia io?aiu o?oaea nouanoaaiii nieaeaiu
e iiaei?aaiu. Iiieaeai i?aaiaie noaoon i?aaia, iaiin?aaenoaaiii
caieiathuaainy aii?inaie ainoaea?noaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey io?aiie o?oaea,
oioy a Eiinoeoooeee, O?oaeiaii eiaeaena ?innee eae a nioeeaeueiii
ainoaea?noaa /aoei caienaiu iieiaeaiey ia io?aia o?oaea a iaoae no?aia
eae ia oaaea?aeueiii, oae e ia ?aaeiiaeueiii o?iaiyo i?aaiia
eniieieoaeueiie aeanoe.
Iiaeiaiua aeaenoaey auoanoiyueo i?aaiia ia niinianoaotho iaania/aieth
aeieaeiiai aieiaiey e io?aia o?oaea a ?aaeiiao, ia i?aaei?eyoeyo, a
oicyenoaao AIE, iiauoaieth o?iaiy aaciianiinoe e caueuaiiinoe ?aaioieeia
naeueneiai oicyenoaa, a oii /enea ?aaioieeia ia i?aaei?eyoeyo ?aiiioa e
oaona?aena IOI a AIE.
Naeueneioicyenoaaiiue o?aaiaoeci. Nthaea ioiineony niaieoiiinoue
oaeoi?ia e oneiaee, i?e eioi?uo aicieeatho iia?aaeaeaiey, naycaiiua n
naeueneioicyenoaaiiuie ?aaioaie. Nia?aiaiiia nioeeaeenoe/aneia
caieaaeaeea, iaoeiecaoeey naeueneiai oicyenoaa eciaieee oa?aeoa?
naeueneioicyenoaaiiiai o?aaiaoecia. Iia?aaeaeaiey, iieo/aiiua ai a?aiy
naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo ?aaio, n iaeiie noi?iiu, niaiaaeatho n auoiauie
o?aaiaie (iaaeaiey, ooeau, ?aiu, iaianaiiua aeiiaoieie aeeaioiuie e o.
ae.), n ae?oaie — a nayce n iaoaiecaoeeae o?oaea a aea?aaia yoe
iia?aaeaeaiey i?eaeeaeathony ii naiaio oa?aeoa?o e i?iiuoeaiiui o?aaiai.
Iaeiaei caeanue aeieaeiu auoue o/oaiu iniaaiiinoe auoa,
iaoai?ieiae/aneea oneiaey, ia?aaeei io?aaeathueany ia eiee/anoaa
iia?aaeaeaiee.
Iniaaiiinoueth yoiai aeaea o?aaiaoecia yaeyaony ia?aaeei iaaethaeaaiia
caa?yciaiea ?ai caieae, eioi?ia eiiaaea ineiaeiyaony eioaeoeeae, a oii
/enea aiay?iaiie (noieaiye).
I?eaeeaeaiea a?a/aaiie iiiiue e ianaeaieth, ia?ae/iay ia?aaioea ?ai e
?aiiyy ainieoaeecaoeey, ianiiiaiii, nicaeatho iaaeeaaeauea oneiaey aeey
ea/aiey iino?aaeaaoeo.
Neaaeoao ioiaoeoue, /oi iinea Aaeeeie Ioa/anoaaiiie aieiu
naeueneioicyenoaaiiue o?aaiaoeci nieceeny ii n?aaiaieth n aeiaiaiiui.
Yoi naycaii n oe?ieie iaoaiecaoeeae iniiaiuo naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo ?aaio
e cia/eoaeueiui oeo/oaieai oaoieee aaciianiinoe (ia?aaeeoaeueiua
i?eniiniaeaiey, niaethaeaiea i?aaee eiaeeaeaeoaeueiie caueou).
Auoiaie o?aaiaoeci. Auoiaie o?aaiaoeci ioaaouaaao iia?aaeaeaiey,
iieo/aaiua a ?acee/iuo oneiaeyo auoiaie ianoaiiaee (iaaeaiea n auniou,
ai a?aiy oai?ee eaa?oe?u, iaeiae ai a?aiy i?eaioiaeaiey ieue e o. i.).
Iiiaiia?acea iiiaioia, eaaeaueo a iniiaa auoiaie o?aaiu, iaoneiaeeaaao e
?acee/ioth oyaeanoue iia?aaeaeaiee, iaeiaei a naiae ianna yoio aeae
o?aaiu cia/eoaeueii eaa/a oee/iie.
6. Ioa?aeoa?ecoeoa o?aaiaaiey e niaoeiaeaaeaea, niaoeiaoae, ae?oaei
n?aaenoaai eiaeeaeaeoaeueiie caueou
I?eiaiaiea eo ai a?aiy o?oaeiaiai i?ioeanna.
O?aaiaaiey, i?aaeuyaeyaiua e niaoeiaeaaeaea, o/eouaatho aanue eiiieaen
iieacaoaeae ea/anoaa Oneiaii yoe iieacaoaee iiaeii ?acaeaeeoue ia
niaoeeaeece?iaaiiua (naie aeey eaaeaeie a?oiiu niaoeiaeaaeaeu) e iauea
(aeey anao a?oii). E niaoeeaeece?iaaiiui naienoaai ioiineony
oaieii?iaiaeiinoue, onoie/eainoue e iuee, caueoa io eeneio e o.i.
Niaoeiaeaaeaea, niaoeiaoaue e ae?oaea n?aaenoaa eiaeeaeaeoaeueiie caueou
aeieaeiu niioaaonoaiaaoue o?aaiaaieyi AINO 12.4.011-87.
Niaoeiaeaaeaeo a caaeneiinoe io eaoaai?ee ia?a?aaaouaaaiuo a?ocia
neaaeoao iiaeaa?aaoue noe?ea, oei/enoea , iaaca?aaeeaaieth e ae?oaei
aeaeai naieoa?iie ia?aaioee a niioaaonoaee n aeaenoaothueie ii?iaie,
ooaa?aeaeaiiuie a onoaiiaeaiiii ii?yaeea.
?aai/ea i?e iieo/aiee niaoeiaeaaeaeu, niaoeiaoae e ae?oaeo n?aaenoa
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiie caueou aeieaeiu auoue i?ieino?oeoe?iaaiu i ii?yaeea
iieueciaaiey yoeie n?aaenoaaie e iciaeiieaiu n o?aaiaaieyie ii ooiaeo ca
ieie.
I?e iaee/ee iianiinoe iaaeaiey i?aaeiaoia naa?oo, ?aaioathuea ia ianoao
i?iecaiaenoaa iia?oci/ii-?aca?oci/iuo ?aaio aeieaeiu iineoue caueoiua
eanee onoaiiaeaiiuo ia?acoeia.
I?e auiieiaiee iia?oci/ii-?aca?oci/iuo ?aaio neaaeoao eniieueciaaoue
n?aaenoaa eiaeeaeaeoaeueiie caueou a caaeneiinoe io aeaea a?oca e
oneiaee aaaeaiey ?aaio.
N?aaenoaa eiaeeaeaeoaeueiie caueou aeieaeiu niioaaonoaiaaoue o?aaiaaieyi
NO NYA 1086-78 e noaiaea?oia NYA ia n?aaenoaa caueou eiie?aoiuo aeaeia.
Eioa?anii, /oi aei na?aaeeiu XIX aaea ai anai ie?a nouanoaiaaei aaeeiia
i?aaenoaaeaiea i aiaoiai aeaea e noeea iaeaaeaeu aeey ?aai/eo, aaeeiuie
auee e o?aaiaaiey e niaoeiaeaaeaea, eioi?ua, enoaoe, nio?aieeenue e aei
naai aeiy.
*oi eanaaony aiaoiaai aeaea e noeey, oi ia i?ioyaeaiee aaeia
niaoeiaeaaeaea aiaoia i?aeoe/anee ia eciaiyeanue aei oiai iiiaioa, iiea
ia aue i?eaeoiai eiiaeiacii, a iinea iaai – aeaeeinu. Oaeianoai (yoi
iaeii ec o?aaiaaiee e niaoeiaeaaeaea) a eoiaa i?eaaei e oiio, /oi aaue,
eioi?ua i?aaeiacia/aeenue aeey ?aai/eo, iinoaiaiii ia?aei/aaaee a
iianaaeiaaiue aa?aea?ia e aeaaea ni a?aiaiai noaee i/aiue iiaeiuie.
A iaoa a?aiy anni?oeiaio niaoeiaeaaeaeu ianoieueei ?anoe?eeny, /oi
i?aeoe/anee ethaie ?aai/ee niiaeao iiaeia?aoue aeey naay eaeaaeueioth
iaeaaeaeo aeey ?aaiou. Aeaeu niaoeiaeaaeaeu, a oaeaea iaoa?eae aeey iaa
e iie?ie, auee i?iaeeeoiaaiu o?aaiaaieyie e iae. Oae, iai?eia?, oaeao
aeey a?a/a e aeey ?aai/aai oeie/aneie i?iiuoeaiiinoe aoaeoo ioee/aoueny
e iie?iai, e iaoa?eaeii (ea/anoai e naienoaa). Niaoeiaeaaeaea
iiae?acaeaeyaony ia iiiaeanoai aeaeia: iaaeeoeeineay, ?aai/ay,
ei?ii?aoeaiay, aeey ?aaioieeia noa?u oneoa, i?iiiiaeaaeaea e o.ae.
Aeey iioeaa niaoeiaeaaeaeu eniieuecoaony ?acee/iue iaoa?eae e i?iieoee,
eioi?ua i?eaeatho aio ioaeiua naienoaa. O?aaiaaiey e iaoa?eaeo ?acee/iu,
a caaeneiinoe io iacia/aiey ?aai/ae iaeaaeaeu. Iai?eia?, aeey iioeaa
iaaeeoeeineie iaeaaeaeu (oaeaou, einothiu) iaiaoiaeeia iaoo?aeueiay
oeaiue, eioi?ay au iaeaaeaea aunieie noaiaiueth aea?ineiie/iinoe e
e?iaiiooaeeeaathueie naienoaaie. Niaoeiaeaaeaea naa?ueea aeieaeia auoue
iioeoa ec a?acaioa, ni/aoathuaainy n ?acee/iiai ?iaea i?iieoeaie.
?aai/ay iaeaaeaea aeey ?aaioieeia noa?u oneoa aeieaeia ioee/ii
ionoe?uaaoueny e oaeaea eiaoue ioee/iua oa?aeoa?enoeee aea?ineiie/iinoe
e aicaeooii?iieoeaaiinoe.
*oi aea eanaaony aiaoiaai aeaea, oi niaa?oaiii iaaeaaii noaee oaeaeyoue
yoiio oaeoi?o iaaeeaaeauaa aieiaiea. Aeaei a oii, /oi aiaoiee aeae
?aai/ae iaeaaeaeu a ?acee/iie noaiaie aeeyao ia iano?iaiea/iano?ie
?aai/aai, /oi a eoiaa neacuaaaony e ia i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe. Iiyoiio
naaiaeiy iiaeii ano?aoeoue niaoeiaeaaeaeo ?acee/iuo iooaieia e iie?iy.
N iiiiuueth iaeaaeaeu aie?oa oaea nicaea?ony eneonnoaaiiue iee?ieeeiao,
a iiaeiae?aeiii i?ino?ainoaa iiaeaea?aeeaathony ?iaiay oaiia?aoo?a
(28—32°N), iaaunieay ioiineoaeueiay aeaaeiinoue (20—40%) e neaaia
aeaeaeaiea aicaeooa. Iaeaaeaea oiaiueoaao oaieiiioa?e i?aaiecia,
nio?aiyy aai yia?aaoe/aneea ?ano?nu, caueuaao eiaeiue iie?ia io
iaoaie/aneeo e oeie/aneeo iia?aaeaeaiee, iuee, a?yce, oeonia ianaeiiuo e
ae?. Iniiaiua aeaeaie/aneea o?aaiaaiey e niaoeiaeaaeaea — niioaaonoaea
oaieicaueoiie niiniaiinoe e aicaeooii?iieoeaaiinoe aa eeeiaoe/aneei
oneiaeyi, eioaineaiinoe iuoa/iie ?aaiou, iniaaiiinoyi iiea, ninoiyiey
caei?iauey e o.i. Eiino?oeoeey e iie?ie niaoeiaeaaeaeu aeieaeiu
iaania/eaaoue iaeneiaeueioth naiaiaeo aeaeaeaiee, ionoonoaea
cao?oaeiaiee aeuoaiey e e?iaiia?auaiey.
7. Caaea/a
Ii?aaeaeeoa iaiaoiaeeioth ieiuaaeue ieii, anee ieiuaaeue iiea 100i2,
eiyooeoeeaio anoanoaaiiie inaauaiiinoe 2%, naaoiaay oa?aeoa?enoeea ieii
20, eiyooeoeeaio caoaiaiey i?ioeainoiyuei caeaieai 1, iauee eiyooeoeeaio
naaoii?iioneaiey i?iaia 0,3, eiyooeoeeaio io?aaeaiey naaoa io noai e
iioieea 3. Eae eciaieony ?ann/eouaaaiay ieiuaaeue, anee eiyooeoeeaio
caoaiaiey oiaiueoeony?
picscalex66010009000003c92600000000fd12000000001610000026060f002220574d4
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fffff07fffffffffffffffffffc000ffffffffff3807f07fffffffffffffffffffff000f
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fffff07fffffffffffffffffffc0007fffffffff1807f07fffffffffffffffffffff000f
fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff9c03000026060f002e07574d46430100000000000
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fff803fffffffffffffff83fffffffffffffffffffc07c1fffffffff0001e07fffffffff
ffffffffffff000fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
fff007fffffffffffffff83fffffffffffffffffffc07e0fffffffff8000007fffffffff
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ffe00ffffffffffffffff83fffffffffffffffffffe07f0fffffffff8018007fffffffff
ffffffffffff000fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
ffe00ffdfffffffffffff81fffffffffffffffffffe03f87ffffffffc018007fffffffff
ffffffffffff000ffffffffffffffff9ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
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ieiuaaeue oiaiueoeony, anee eiyooeoeeaio caoaiaiey oiaiueoeoue.
Nienie eniieueciaaiiie eeoa?aoo?u
1. Aaeia N.A. Aaciianiinoue aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe. I.: Aunoay oeiea 2000
2. Aaeyeia O.E. Io?aia o?oaea .-I.: «Eiein», 1995
3. Oeaiaea? I.Y. Aaciianiinoue aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe. -I.: 2008
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