A Oaaea?aeueiii caeiia “I caueoa ianaeaiey e oa??eoi?ee io /?acau/aeiuo
neooaoeee i?e?iaeiiai e oaoiiaaiiiai oa?aeoa?a” ? 68 – OC io 21.12.94 a.
(no.1) /?acau/aeiay neooaoeey ii?aaeaeyaony eae – yoi ianoaiiaea ia
ii?aaeae?iiie oa??eoi?ee, neiaeeaoayny a ?acoeueoaoa aaa?ee, iianiiai
i?e?iaeiiai yaeaiey, eaoano?iou, noeoeeiiai eee eiiai aaaenoaey, eioi?ua
iiaoo iiaea/ue eee iiaeaeee ca niaie /aeiaa/aneea aea?oau, oua?a
caei?iaueth ethaeae eee ie?oaeathuae i?e?iaeiie n?aaea, cia/eoaeueiua
iaoa?eaeueiua iioa?e e ia?ooaiey oneiaee aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe ethaeae.
*?acau/aeiua neooaoeee iau/ii eeanneoeoee?otho ii neaaeothuei iniiaiui
i?eciaeai:
– noa?a aicieeiiaaiey;
– aaaeiinoaaiiay i?eiaaeeaaeiinoue;
– ianooaa aiciiaeiuo iineaaenoaee.
Ii noa?a aicieeiiaaiey, a aeaiiie oaia, eco/aai i?e?iaeiua *N (noeoeeiua
aaaenoaey).
Ii aaaeiinoaaiiie i?eiaaeeaaeiinoe, eiaaea enoi/ieeaie /?acau/aeiuo
neooaoeee iiaoo auoue iauaeou no?ieoaeuenoaa, i?iiuoeaiiinoe, aeeeie e
eiiioiaeueii-auoiaie noa?u, o?ainii?oa, naeueneiai eee eaniiai
oicyenoaa, Aii?oaeaiiua Neeu.
Ii ianooaao aiciiaeiuo iineaaenoaee /?acau/aeiua neooaoeee auaatho:
/anoiuie (auoea ec no?iy iaeia onoaiiaea);
iauaeoiauie (ia?ooaia ?aaioa i?aaei?eyoey);
ianoiuie (iineaaenoaey ia?aie/eaathony ai?iaeii, ?aeiiii, iaeanoueth);
?aaeiiaeueiuie (iineaaenoaey ?ani?ino?aiythony ia ianeieueei iaeanoae,
?anioaeee, e?oiiue ?aaeii);
aeiaaeueiuie (iineaaenoaey ioaaouaatho ianeieueei ?anioaeee, no?aio,
a?oiio ainoaea?noa).
TH?eaee/anee eeanneoeeaoeey *N cae?aieaia a Iieiaeaiee, eioi?ia auei
ooaa?aeaeaii iinoaiiaeaieai I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?O io 13.09.96a. ?1094.
Niaea?aeaiea eeanneoeeaoeee *N ii ianooaaai auea ?anniio?aia a oaia ?2.
Ii oa?aeoa?o i?ienoiaeaeaiey *N iiaoo auoue i?e?iaeiiai e oaoiiaaiiiai
oa?aeoa?a. Iai?eia?, ?ac?ooeoaeueiia caieao?ynaiea a 1988a. a A?iaiee
(a.Nieoae) – i?e?iaeiay eaoano?ioa, a ia *a?iiaueueneie aoiiiie
yeaeo?inoaioeee – oaoiiaaiiay /?acau/aeiay neooaoeey.
A aeaiiie oaia iu ?anniao?eaaai *N i?e?iaeiiai oa?aeoa?a.
I?e?iaeiay /?acau/aeiay neooaoeey (*N) – yoi ianoaiiaea ia ii?aaeae?iiie
oa??eoi?ee eee aeaaoi?ee, neiaeeaoayny a ?acoeueoaoa aicieeiiaaiey
enoi/ieea i?e?iaeiie *N, eioi?ay iiaeao iiaea/ue eee iiaeaeea ca niaie
/aeiaa/aneea aea?oau, oua?a caei?iaueth ethaeae eee ie?oaeathuae
i?e?iaeiie n?aaea, cia/eoaeueiua iaoa?eaeueiua iioa?e e ia?ooaiea
oneiaee aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe ethaeae.
Enoi/iee i?e?iaeiie *N (noeoeeiia aaaenoaea) – yoi iianiia yaeaiea eee
i?ioeann aaioece/aneiai, aaieiae/aneiai, aeae?ieiae/aneiai, aoiinoa?iiai
e ae?oaiai i?e?iaeiiai i?ienoiaeaeaiey.
Ni?aaea: Ii ioeaieai yenia?oia III e e?oiiuo no?aoiauo eiiiaiee ca
iineaaeiaa noieaoea a ?aciuo no?aiao i?iecioei aieaa 50 000 i?e?iaeiuo
eaoano?io, iiaeaeoeo ca niaie aeaaeue aieaa 4 iei./aeiaae.
Ii ioeaieai no?aoiaie eiiiaiee Munich Re ec 234 iaeaieaa ianooaaiuo
i?e?iaeiuo eaoano?io, i?iecioaaeoeo a ia?eiae n 1950 – 1999a.a., 38%
i?eoiaeeony ia ooi?iu, 29% – ia caieao?ynaiey, 27% – ia iaaiaeiaiey e 6%
– ia ana inoaeueiua aeaeu i?e?iaeiuo iianiinoae.
I?e yoii iaeaieueoaa eiee/anoai iiaeaoeo ai a?aiy i?e?iaeiuo eaoano?io
i?eoiaeeony: ia neeueiua caieao?ynaiey – 47%, ia ooi?iu – 45%, ia
iaaiaeiaiey – 7%, ia ae?oaea aeaeu iianiinoae – 1%.
Yeiiiie/aneea iioa?e eiatho neaaeothuoth no?oeoo?o: 35% – io
caieao?ynaiee, 30% – io iaaiaeiaiee, 28% – io ooi?iia e 7% – io ae?oaeo
iianiinoae.
Ia ia?iiiie oa??eoi?ee iaoae no?aiu aiciiaeiu neaaeothuea *N i?e?iaeiiai
oa?aeoa?a: caieao?ynaiey, neeueiaeoea o?aaaiu, eaniua e oi?oyiua
iiaea?u, iaaiaeiaiey, naee (aiaei-a?ycaaua iioiee), iiiecie, niaaeiua
eaaeiu n ai?, neeueiua a?icu, oeoiaie e ae?oaea i?iyaeaiey a?iciie
noeoee.
Auaeeaaiea /aeiaaea a ciia noeoeeiiai aaaenoaey iaania/eaaaony 4-iy
iniiaiuie oaeoi?aie:
– ciaieai iniaaiiinoae i?e?iaeiuo yaeaiee;
– oiaieai ?aniiciaoue i?eaeeaeaiea noeoeeiiai aaaenoaey e
iiaeaioiaeoueny e iaio;
– ciaieai i?eaiia nianaiey i?e eiie?aoiii noeoeeiii aaaenoaee;
– ineoieiae/aneie iiaeaioiaeie e aeaenoaeyi a iniai neiaeiuo oneiaeyo.
Iaiaoiaeeii iiiieoue, /oi ie iaeii noeoeeiia aaaenoaea ia aicieeaao
iaiaeeaeaiii. Eaaeaeia aaaenoaea eaeei-oi ia?acii i?aaeoi?aaeaeaao i
naiai i?eaeeaeaiee. ?anniio?ei iaeioi?ua noeoeeiua i?e?iaeiua yaeaiey,
eioi?ua /aua ae?oaeo i?iyaeythony ia oa??eoi?ee ?innee e i?eiinyo
aieueoea iaoa?eaeueiua ?ac?ooaiey n /aeiaa/aneeie aea?oaaie.
Aii?in 2: Noeoeeiua aaaenoaey aaieiae/aneiai, iaoai?ieiae/aneiai,
aeae?ieiae/aneiai oa?aeoa?a, i?e?iaeiua iiaea?u, ianniaua eioaeoeeiiiua
caaieaaaiey ethaeae. Aeaenoaey a?aaeaeai a oneiaeyo noeoeeiuo aaaenoaee.
A?aiy, ioaaaeaiiia ia io?aaioeo aii?ina: 70 iei.
Ii enoi/ieeai i?e?iaeiua *N eeanneoeoee?othony ia:
– aaioece/aneea iianiua yaeaiey;
– aaieiae/aneea iianiua yaeaiey;
– iaoai?ieiae/aneea e aa?iiaoai?ieiae/aneea iianiua yaeaiey;
– ii?neea aeae?ieiae/aneea iianiua yaeaiey;
– aeae?ieiae/aneea iianiua yaeaiey;
– i?e?iaeiua iiaea?u.
?anniio?ei iaeioi?ua ec yoeo iianiuo i?e?iaeiuo yaeaiee.
a). Aaieiae/aneea iianiua yaeaiey.
E aaieiae/aneei iianiui yaeaiey iiaeii ioianoe caieao?ynaiea, iiiecie.
Caieao?ynaiea – yoi iiaecaiiua oie/ee e eieaaaiey caiiie iiaa?oiinoe,
aicieeathuea a ?acoeueoaoa aiacaiiuo niauaiee e ?ac?uaia a caiiie ei?a
eee aa?oiae iaioee e ia?aaeathueany ia aieueoea ?annoiyiey a aeaea
oi?oaeo eieaaaiee.
Oi/eo a caiiie ei?a, ec eioi?ie ?anoiaeyony naenie/aneea aieiu,
iacuaatho aeiioeaio?ii caieao?ynaiey. Ianoi ia caiiie iiaa?oiinoe iaae
aeiioeaio?ii caieao?ynaiey ii e?ao/aeoaio ?annoiyieth iacuaatho
yieoeaio?ii.
Eioaineaiinoue caieao?ynaiey ioeaieaaaony ii 12-oe aaeueiie naenie/aneie
oeaea (MSK-86), aeey yia?aaoe/aneie eeanneoeeaoeee caieao?ynaiee
iieuecothony iaaieooaeie. Oneiaii caieao?ynaiey iiae?acaeaeythony ia
neaaua (1-4 aaeea), neeueiua (5-7 aaeeia) e ?ac?ooeoaeueiua (8 e aieaa
aaeeia).
I?e caieao?ynaieyo eiiathony e aueaoatho noaeea, n iieie iaaeatho
eaaeauea ia ieo i?aaeiaou, oaoathony eieaeiua oeaou, ea/athony ethno?u,
n iioieea inuiaaony iiaaeea, a a noaiao e iioieeao iiyaeythony o?aueiu.
Ana yoi nii?iaiaeaeaaony iaeooeoaeueiui ooiii. Iinea 10-20 naeoiae
o?ynee iiaecaiiua oie/ee oneeeaathony, a ?acoeueoaoa /aai i?ienoiaeyo
?ac?ooaiey caeaiee e nii?oaeaiee. Anaai aeanyoie neeueiuo nio?ynaiee
?ac?ooaao ana caeaiea. A n?aaeiai caieao?ynaiea aeeeony 5-20 naeoiae.
*ai aeieueoa aeeyony nio?ynaiey, oai oyaeaeaa iia?aaeaeaiey.
Ni?aaea: A ?acoeueoaoa Nieoaeneiai caieao?ynaiey (1988a.) iiae iaeiieaie
caeaiee e nii?oaeaiee iiaeaei ieiei 25 oun./ae., iino?aaeaei 550
oun./ae; i?e caieao?ynaiee a Oo?oeee (1999a.) iiaeaei aieaa 17 oun./ae.,
a i?e caieao?ynaiee a Eiaeee (2001a.) – ieiei 20 000 oun./ae.
I?e caieao?ynaiee a a. Iaooaai?nea Naoaeeineie iaeanoe (1995a.) iiae
iaeiieaie ?ac?ooaiiiai ai?iaea iiaeaei ieiei 2 oun. /aeiaae.
A iaoae ianoiinoe inaiueth 2000 aiaea iaaethaeaeenue neaaua oie/ee
caieao?ynaiey a Iineianeii, Ieaeaai?iaeneii ?aeiiao e a iee?i?aeiia
Iaua?neia ica?i.
Eae iiaeaioiaeoueny e caieao?ynaieth
Ca?aiaa i?iaeoiaeoa ieai aeaenoaee ai a?aiy caieao?ynaiey i?e
iaoiaeaeaiee aeiia, ia ?aaioa, a eeii, oaao?a, ia o?ainii?oa e ia
oeeoea. ?acuynieoa /eaiai naiae naiuee, /oi iie aeieaeiu aeaeaoue ai
a?aiy caieao?ynaiey e iao/eoa eo i?aaeeai ieacaiey ia?aie iaaeeoeeineie
iiiiue.
Aea?aeeoa a oaeiaiii ianoa aeieoiaiou, aeaiueae, ea?iaiiue oiia?ee e
caianiua aaoa?aeee.
Eiaeoa aeiia caian ieoueaaie aiaeu e eiina?aia a ?an/aoa ia ianeieueei
aeiae.
Oaa?eoa e?iaaoe io ieii e ia?oaeiuo noai. Cae?aieoa oeaou, iieee e
noaeeaaee a eaa?oe?ao, a n aa?oieo iieie e aio?anieae nieieoa oyaeaeua
i?aaeiaou.
Iianiua aauanoaa (yaeioeieeaou, eaaeiainieaiaiythueany aeeaeeinoe)
o?aieoa a iaaeaaeiii, oi?ioi eciee?iaaiiii ianoa.
Ana aeeeueoeu aeieaeiu ciaoue, aaea iaoiaeeoueny ?oaeeueiee,
iaaeno?aeueiua aaciaua e aiaeii?iaiaeiua e?aiu, /oiau a neo/aa
iaiaoiaeeiinoe ioeeth/eoue yeaeo?e/anoai, aac e aiaeo.
Eae aeaenoaiaaoue ai a?aiy caieao?ynaiey
Iuooea eieaaaiey caeaiey, oaeaeaa ea/aiea naaoeeueieeia, iaaeaiea
i?aaeiaoia, oneuoaa ia?anoathuee aoe e caii auethuaainy noaeea, ia
iiaeaeaaaeoanue iaieea (io iiiaioa, eiaaea Au ii/oanoaiaaee ia?aua
oie/ee aei iianiuo aeey caeaiey eieaaaiee o Aan anoue 15 – 20 naeoiae).
Auno?i aueaeeoa ec caeaiey, acya aeieoiaiou, aeaiueae e i?aaeiaou ia?aie
iaiaoiaeeiinoe. Iieeaeay iiiauaiea nioneaeoanue ii eanoieoea, a ia ia
eeooa. Ieacaaoenue ia oeeoea – inoaaaeoanue oai, ii ia noieoa aaeece
caeaiee, a ia?aeaeeoa ia ioe?uoia i?ino?ainoai.
Anee Au auioaeaeaiii inoaeenue a iiiauaiee, oi anoaiueoa a aaciianiii
ianoa: o aioo?aiiae noaiu, a oaeo, ai aioo?aiiai noaiiii i?iaia eee o
ianouae iii?u. Anee aiciiaeii, ni?y/ueoanue iiae noie – ii caueoeo aan
io iaaeathueo i?aaeiaoia e iaeiieia. Aea?aeeoanue iiaeaeueoa io ieii e
oyaeaeie iaaaee. Anee n Aaie aeaoe – oe?ieoa eo niaie.
Ia iieuecoeoanue naa/aie, nie/eaie, caaeeaaeeaie – i?e ooa/ea aaca
aiciiaeai iiaea?. Aea?aeeoanue a noi?iia io iaaenathueo aaeeiiia,
ea?iecia, ia?aiaoia, iianaeoanue iai?aaiiuo i?iaiaeia. Anee Au
iaoiaeeoanue a aaoiiiaeea, inoaaaeoanue ia ioe?uoii ianoa, ii ia
iieeaeaeoa aaoiiiaeeue, iiea oie/ee ia i?ae?aoyony. Aoaeueoa a
aioiaiinoe e ieacaieth iiiiue i?e nianaiee ae?oaeo ethaeae.
Eae aeaenoaiaaoue iinea caieao?ynaiey
Ieaaeeoa ia?aoth iaaeeoeeineoth iiiiuue ioaeaeathueiny.
Inaiaiaeeoa iiiaaoeo a eaaeiono?aieiua caaaeu.
Aoaeueoa inoi?iaeiu! Iaania/ueoa aaciianiinoue aeaoae, aieueiuo,
noa?eeia. Oniieieoa eo. Aac e?aeiae ioaeaeu ia caieiaeoa oaeaoii.
Aeeth/eoa ?aaeeio?aineyoeeth. Iiae/eiyeoanue oeacaieyi ianoiuo aeanoae,
ooaaa ii eeeaeaeaoeee iineaaenoaee noeoeeiiai aaaenoaey.
I?iaa?ueoa, iao ee iia?aaeaeaiee yeaeo?ii?iaiaeee. Ono?aieoa
iaeni?aaiinoue eee ioeeth/eoa yeaeo?e/anoai a eaa?oe?a. Iiiieoa, /oi i?e
neeueiii caieao?ynaiee yeaeo?e/anoai a ai?iaea ioeeth/aaony
aaoiiaoe/anee.
I?iaa?ueoa, iao ee iia?aaeaeaiee aaci- e aiaeii?iaiaeiuo naoae.
Ono?aieoa iaeni?aaiinoue eee ioeeth/eoa naoe. Ia iieuecoeoanue ioe?uoui
iaiai. Nioneaynue ii eanoieoea, aoaeueoa inoi?iaeiu, oaaaeeoanue a aa
i?i/iinoe.
Ia iiaeoiaeeoa e yaii iia?aaeaeaiiui caeaieyi, ia aoiaeeoa a ieo.
Aoaeueoa aioiau e neeueiui iiaoi?iui oie/eai, oae eae iaeaieaa iianiu
ia?aua 2 – 3 /ana iinea caieao?ynaiey. Ia aoiaeeoa a caeaiey aac e?aeiae
ioaeaeu. Ia auaeoiuaaeoa e ia ia?aaeaaaeoa ieeaeeo neooia i aiciiaeiuo
iiaoi?iuo oie/eao. Iieuecoeoanue ioeoeeaeueiuie naaaeaieyie. Anee Au
ieacaeenue a caaaea, niieieii ioeaieoa ianoaiiaeo, ii aiciiaeiinoe
ieaaeeoa naaa iaaeeoeeineoth iiiiuue. Iinoa?aeoanue onoaiiaeoue naycue n
ethaeueie, iaoiaeyueieny aia caaaea (aieinii, nooeii). Iiiieoa, /oi
caaeeaaoue iaiiue iaeuecy, aiaeo ec aa/ea oieoaca iiaeii ieoue, a o?oau
e aaoa?ae iiaeii eniieueciaaoue aeey iiaea/e neaiaea. Yeiiiiueoa neeu.
*aeiaae iiaeao iaoiaeeoueny aac ieue aieaa iieoianyoea.
Iiiecaiue – neieuecyuaa niauaiea (niiecaiea) iann a?oioia e ai?iuo
ii?iae aiec ii neeiiai ai? e ia?aaia, e?oouo aa?aaia ii?ae, ica? e ?ae
iiae aeeyieai neeu oyaeanoe.
I?e/eiaie iiieciy /aua anaai yaeythony iiaeiua neeiia, aai
ia?aoaeaaeiaiea iaeeueiuie inaaeeaie, caieao?ynaiey eee aeayoaeueiinoue
/aeiaaea (ac?uaiua ?aaiou e ae?.). Iauai a?oioa i?e iiiecia iiaeao
aeinoeaaoue aeanyoeia e nioai ouny/ eoae/aneeo iao?ia, a a ioaeaeueiuo
neo/ayo e aieaa. Nei?inoue niauaiey iiieciy eieaaeaony io ianeieueeeo
iao?ia a aiae, aei ianeieueeeo iao?ia a naeoiaeo. Iaeaieueoay nei?inoue
niauaiey iiieciy ioia/aaony i?e caieao?ynaiee. Niiecaiea iann a?oioa
iiaeao aucaaoue ?ac?ooaiey e caaaeu aeeeuo e i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo caeaiee,
eiaeaia?iuo e aei?iaeiuo nii?oaeaiee, iaaeno?aeueiuo o?oaii?iaiaeia e
eeiee yeaeo?iia?aaea/e, a oaeaea ii?aaeaiea e aeaaeue ethaeae.
A iaoae iaeanoe iiiecie /aua anaai auaatho iinea iaeeueiuo aeiaeaeae eee
oayiey niaaa ia e?oouo neeiiao ?ae e ia?aaia. A Ieaeiai Iiaai?iaea –
i?aaua aa?aaa ?ae Aieae e Iee, Ii/aeineee, Caeeineee, Ieneee nuacaeu.
A iaa 2000 aiaea eiae ianoi iiiecaiue ieiei noaaeeiia “Aeeiaii” a
Ieaeiai Iiaai?iaea, eiaaea a Ii/aeineee ia?aa niiecei 5000 i3 a?oioa.
Niaeanii iaaeaeoia?iaeiie noaoenoeea aei 80% nia?aiaiiuo iiieciae
naycaii n aeayoaeueiinoueth /aeiaaea.
Ea?no – aaieiae/aneia yaeaiea (i?ioeann), naycaiiia n iiauoaiiie
?anoai?eiinoueth ai?iuo ii?iae a oneiaeyo aeoeaiie oee?eoeyoeee
iiaecaiiuo aiae. A ?acoeueoaoa, ia?acothony iiaecaiiua iieinoe,
iiaa?oiinoiua ai?iiee, i?iaaeu, i?inaaeee (aeaoi?iaoeee). Ea?noiaua
i?iaaeu iaaethaeathony a Iaaeianeii, Aieiaea?neii, A?caianneii e
Aeca?aeeineii ?aeiiao.
I?aaeoi?aaeeoaeueiua ia?ii?eyoey
Eco/eoa eioi?iaoeeth i aiciiaeiuo ianoao e i?eia?iuo a?aieoeao iiieciae,
caiiiieoa neaiaeu iiiaauaiey ia oa?ica aicieeiiaaiey iiieciy, a oaeaea
ii?yaeie aeaenoaey i?e iiaea/a yoiai neaiaea. I?eciaeaie
iaaeaeaathuaainy iiieciy yaeythony caeeeieaaiea aeaa?ae e ieii caeaiee,
i?ina/eaaiea aiaeu ia iiieciaiianiuo neeiiao. I?e iiyaeaiee i?eciaeia
i?eaeeaeathuaainy iiieciy niiaueoa ia yoii a aeeaeaeoee iino iiieciaaie
noaioeee, aeaeeoa ioooaea eioi?iaoeee, a naie aeaenoaoeoa a caaeneiinoe
io ianoaiiaee.
Eae aeaenoaiaaoue i?e iiiecia
I?e iieo/aiee neaiaeia ia oa?ica aicieeiiaaiey iiieciy ioeeth/eoa
yeaeo?ii?eai?u, aaciaua i?eai?u e aiaeii?iaiaeioth naoue,
i?eaioiaueoanue e iaiaaeeaiii yaaeoaoeee ii ca?aiaa ?ac?aaioaiiui
ieaiai. A caaeneiinoe io auyaeaiiie iiieciaaie noaioeeae nei?inoe
niauaiey iiieciy aeaenoaoeoa, niia?acoynue n oa?icie. I?e neaaie
nei?inoe niauaiey (iao?u a ianyoe) iinooiaeoa a caaeneiinoe io naieo
aiciiaeiinoae (ia?aiineoa no?iaiey ia ca?aiaa iaia/aiiia ianoi, auaiceoa
iaaaeue, aaue e o.ae.). I?e nei?inoe niauaiey iiieciy aieaa 0,5-1,0 i a
nooee yaaeoe?oeoanue a niioaaonoaee n ca?aiaa io?aaioaiiui ieaiii. I?e
yaaeoaoeee aa?eoa n niaie aeieoiaiou, oeaiiinoe, a a caaeneiinoe io
ianoaiiaee e oeacaiee aaeieieno?aoeee oaieua aaue e i?iaeoeou. N?i/ii
yaaeoe?oeoanue a aaciianiia ianoi e, i?e iaiaoiaeeiinoe, iiiiaeoa
nianaoaeyi a ioeiiea, ecaea/aiee ec iaaaea iino?aaeaaoeo e ieacaiee ei
iiiiue.
Aeaenoaey iinea niauaiey iiieciy
Iinea niauaiey iiieciy a ooeaeaaoeo no?iaieyo e nii?oaeaieyo i?iaa?yaony
ninoiyiea noai, ia?ae?uoee, auyaeythony iia?aaeaeaiey eeiee yeaeo?i -,
aaci-, e aiaeiniaaaeaiey. Anee Au ia iino?aaeaee, oi aianoa ni
nianaoaeyie ecaeaeaeoa ec caaaea iino?aaeaaoeo e ieacuaaeoa ei iiiiuue.
a). Iaoai?ieiae/aneea iianiua yaeaiey
E iaoai?ieiae/aneei iianiui yaeaieyi ioiinyony o?aaaiu, ao?e, nia?/e,
iieiee, niaaeiua caiinu, aieieaae e ae?.
O?aaai – yoi aoiinoa?iue aeo?ue aieueoeo ?acia?ia ni nei?inoueth aao?a
aei 120 ei//, a a i?ecaiiii neia – aei 200 ei//.
Ao?y – aeeeoaeueiue, i/aiue neeueiue aaoa? ni nei?inoueth aieaa 20 i/n,
iaaethaeaaony iau/ii i?e i?ioiaeaeaiee oeeeeiia e nii?iaiaeaeaaony
neeueiui aieiaieai ia ii?a e ?ac?ooaieyie ia nooa.
Nia?/ – aoiinoa?iue aeo?ue, aicieeathuee a a?iciaii iaeaea e
?ani?ino?aiythueeny aiec, /anoi aei naiie iiaa?oiinoe Caiee a aeaea
oaiiiai iaea/iiai ?oeaaa eee oiaioa aeeaiao?ii a aeanyoee e nioie
iao?ia. Nouanoaoao iaaeieai, ia?aiauaynue aianoa n iaeaeii.
Iianiinoue aeey ethaeae i?e oaeeo i?e?iaeiuo yaeaieyo caeeth/aaony a
?ac?ooaiee aei?iaeiuo e iinoiauo iie?uoee, nii?oaeaiee, aicaeooiuo eeiee
yeaeo?iia?aaea/e e nayce, iacaiiuo o?oaii?iaiaeia, a oaeaea ii?aaeaiee
ethaeae iaeiieaie ?ac?ooaiiuo nii?oaeaiee, ineieeaie noaeie, eaoyueie n
aieueoie nei?inoueth. E?iia oiai, ethaee iiaoo iiaeaiooue e iieo/eoue
o?aaiu a neo/aa iieiiai ?ac?ooaiey caeaiee. I?e niaaeiuo e iueueiuo
ao?yo iianiu niaaeiua caiinu e neiieaiey iuee (“/a?iua ao?e”) ia iieyo,
aei?iaao e ianaeaiiuo ioieoao, a oaeaea caa?yciaiea aiaeu.
Iniiaiuie i?eciaeaie aicieeiiaaiey o?aaaiia, ao?ue e nia?/ae yaeythony:
oneeaiea nei?inoe aao?a e ?aceia iaaeaiea aoiinoa?iiai aeaaeaiey;
eeaiaaua aeiaeaee e ooi?iiaie iaaii aiaeu; ao?iia auiaaeaiea niaaa e
a?oioiaie iuee.
Anee Au iaoiaeeoanue a ?aeiia, iiaeaa?aeaiiii aicaeaenoaeth o?aaaiia,
ao?ue e nia?/ae (/aua anaai iie auaatho a Aeaeueiaainoi/iii,
Oeaio?aeueiii e ae?oaeo yeiiiie/aneeo ?aeiiao ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee),
iciaeiiueoanue n:
neaiaeaie iiiaauaiey i i?eaeeaeathuainy aeaiiii noeoeeiii aaaenoaee;
niiniaaie caueou ethaeae e iiauoaiey onoie/eainoe caeaiee (nii?oaeaiee)
e aicaeaenoaeth o?aaaiiiai aao?a e ooi?iiaiai iaaiia aiaeu;
i?aaeeaie iiaaaeaiey ethaeae i?e ianooieaiee o?aaaiia, niaaeiuo e
ian/aiuo ao?ue, nia?/ae;
niiniaaie e n?aaenoaaie eeeaeaeaoeee iineaaenoaee o?aaaiia, nia?/ae,
ooi?iiaiai iaaiia aiaeu, niaaeiuo e ian/aiuo ao?ue, a oaeaea i?eaiaie
ieacaiey iiiiue iino?aaeaaoei, ieacaaoeiny a caaaeao ?ac?ooaiiuo caeaiee
e nii?oaeaiee;
ianoaie oe?uoey a aeeaeaeoeo iiaeaaeao, oaaaeeuao eee iaeaieaa i?i/iuo e
onoie/eauo caeaieyo /eaiia aaoae naiuee, ?iaenoaaiieeia e ninaaeae;
iooyie auoiaea e ?aeiiaie ?aciauaiey i?e i?aaieciaaiiie yaaeoaoeee ec
cii iiauoaiiie iianiinoe;
aae?anaie e oaeaoiiaie oi?aaeaiey AI e *N, aaeieieno?aoeee e eiiennee ii
/?acau/aeiui neooaoeeyi Aaoaai ianaeaiiiai ioieoa.
Iinea iieo/aiey neaiaea i ooi?iiaii i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiee i?enooiaeoa e:
oe?aieaieth e?uoe, ia/iuo e aaioeeyoeeiiiuo o?oa;
caaeaeuaaieth ieii a /a?aea/iuo iiiauaieyo (noaaiyie, ueoaie ec aeinie
eee oaia?u);
inaiaiaeaeaieth aaeeiiia e oa??eoi?ee aeai?a io iiaea?iiianiuo
i?aaeiaoia;
e nai?o caiania i?iaeoeoia e aiaeu ia 2-3 nooie ia neo/ae yaaeoaoeee a
aaciianiue ?aeii, a oaeaea aaoiiiiiuo enoi/ieeia inaauaiey (oiia?ae,
ea?ineiiauo eaii, naa/ae);
ia?aoiaeeoa ec eaaeeo iino?iae a aieaa i?i/iua caeaiey eee a caueoiua
nii?oaeaiey a?aaeaeaineie iai?iiu.
Eae aeaenoaiaaoue ai a?aiy o?aaaia, ao?e, nia?/a
Anee o?aaai (ao?y, nia?/) canoae Aan a caeaiee, ioieaeeoa io ieii e
caeieoa aaciianiia ianoi o noai aioo?aiieo iiiauaiee, a ei?eaei?a, o
ano?iaiiuo oeaoia, a aaiiuo eiiiaoao, ooaeaoa, eeaaeiauo, a i?i/iuo
oeaoao, iiae noieaie. Iiaaneoa iaiiue a ia/ao, ioeeth/eoa
yeaeo?iyia?aeth, cae?ieoa e?aiu ia aaciauo naoyo.
A oaiiia a?aiy nooie eniieuecoeoa oiia?e, eaiiu, naa/e; aeeth/eoa
?aaeeii?eaiiee aeey iieo/aiey eioi?iaoeee oi?aaeaiey AI e *N e eiiennee
ii /?acau/aeiui neooaoeeyi; ii aiciiaeiinoe, iaoiaeeoanue a caaeoaeaiiii
oe?uoee, a oaaaeeuao, iia?aaao e o.i. Anee o?aaai, ao?y eee nia?/
canoaee Aan ia oeeoeao ianaeaiiiai ioieoa, aea?aeeoanue eae iiaeii
aeaeueoa io eaaeeo iino?iae, caeaiee, iinoia, ynoaeaae, eeiee
yeaeo?iia?aaea/e, ia/o, aea?aaueaa, ?ae, ica? e i?iiuoeaiiuo iauaeoia.
Aeey caueou io eaoyueo iaeiieia e ineieeia noaeea eniieuecoeoa eenou
oaia?u, ea?oiiiua e ieanoianniaua yueee, aeinee e ae?oaea iiae?o/iua
n?aaenoaa. Noa?aeoanue auno?aa oe?uoueny a iiaeaaeao, iia?aaao e
i?ioeai?aaeeaoeeiiiuo oe?uoeyo, eiathueony a ianaeaiiuo ioieoao. Ia
caoiaeeoa a iia?aaeaeaiiua caeaiey, oae eae iie iiaoo ia?ooeoueny i?e
iiauo ii?uaao aao?a.
I?e niaaeiie ao?a oe?uaaeoanue a caeaieyo. Anee Au ieacaeenue a iiea eee
ia i?inaei/iie aei?iaa, auoiaeeoa ia iaaeno?aeueiua aei?iae, eioi?ua
ia?eiaee/anee ?an/euathony e aaea aieueoay aa?iyoiinoue ieacaiey Aai
iiiiue.
I?e iueueiie ao?a cae?ieoa eeoei ia?eaaie iiayceie, ieaoeii, eoneii
oeaie, a aeaca i/eaie. I?e iinooieaiee neaiaea i i?eaeeaeaiee nia?/a
iaiaoiaeeii iaiaaeeaiii nionoeoueny a oe?uoea, iiaeaae aeiia eee iia?aa,
eeai oe?uoueny iiae e?iaaoueth e ae?oaie i?i/iie iaaaeueth. Anee nia?/
canoaao Aan ia ioe?uoie ianoiinoe, oe?uaaeoanue ia aeia aei?iaeiiai
ethaaoa, a yiao, ?aao, oceeo ia?aaao, ieioii i?eaeeiaynue e caiea,
cae?ua aieiao iaeaaeaeie eee aaoeaie aea?aaueaa. Ia inoaaaeoanue a
aaoiiiaeea, auoiaeeoa ec iaai e oe?uaaeoanue, eae oeacaii auoa.
Iieiey – yoi ene?iaie ?ac?yae yeaeo?inoaoe/aneiai ca?yaea eo/aaiai
iaeaea, nii?iaiaeaeathueeny ineaieoaeueiie aniuoeie e ?aceei caoeii
(a?iiii).
Iieieaaie ?ac?yae oa?aeoa?ecoaony aieueoeie oieaie, a aai oaiia?aoo?a
aeioiaeeo aei 300 000 a?aaeonia. Aea?aai, i?e oaea?a iieiee,
?anuaieyaony e aeaaea iiaeao caai?aoueny. ?anuaieaiea aea?aaa
i?ienoiaeeo aneaaenoaea aioo?aiiaai ac?uaa ec-ca iaiiaaiiiai enia?aiey
aioo?aiiae aeaae ae?aaaneiu.
I?yiia iiiaaeaiea iieiee aeey /aeiaaea iau/ii caeai/eaaaony nia?oaeueiui
enoiaeii. Aaeaaiaeii a ie?a io iieiee iiaeaaao ieiei 3000 /aeiaae.
Eoaea oaea?yao iieiey? ?ac?yae noaoe/aneiai yeaeo?e/anoaa iau/ii
i?ioiaeeo ii iooe iaeiaiueoaai yeaeo?e/aneiai nii?ioeaeaiey. Oae eae
iaaeaeo naiui aunieei i?aaeiaoii, n?aaee aiaeiae/iuo, e eo/aaui iaeaeii
?annoiyiea iaiueoaa, cia/eo iaiueoa e yeaeo?e/aneia nii?ioeaeaiea.
Neaaeiaaoaeueii iieiey ii?aceo a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue aunieee i?aaeiao
(ia/oo, aea?aai e o.i.).
I?aaeoi?aaeeoaeueiua ia?ii?eyoey
Aeey nieaeaiey iianiinoe ii?aaeaiey iieieae iauaeoia yeiiiieee, caeaiee
e nii?oaeaiee ono?aeaaaony iieieacaueoa a aeaea cacaieaiiuo
iaoaeee/aneeo ia/o e iaoyioouo auniei iaae nii?oaeaieyie iauaeoa
i?iaiaeaie.
Ia?aae iiacaeeie ia i?e?iaeo ooi/ieoa i?iaiic iiaiaeu. Anee
i?aaeneacuaaaony a?ica, oi ia?aianeoa iiacaeeo ia ae?oaie aeaiue. Anee
Au caiaoeee a?iciaie o?iio, oi a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue ii?aaeaeeoa i?eia?iia
?annoiyiea aei iaai ii a?aiaie caaea?aeee ia?aiai ?aneaoa a?iia, ia?aie
aniuoee iieiee, a oaeaea ioeaieoa, i?eaeeaeaaony eee oaeaeyaony o?iio.
Iineieueeo nei?inoue naaoa ia?iiia (300 000 ei/n), oi aniuoeo iieiee iu
iaaethaeaai iaiiaaiii. Neaaeiaaoaeueii, caaea?aeea caoea aoaeao
ii?aaeaeyoueny ?annoiyieai e aai nei?inoueth (ieiei 340 i/n).
I?eia?: anee iinea aniuoee aei a?iia i?ioei 5 n, oi ?annoiyiea aei
a?iciaiai o?iioa ?aaii 340 i/n o 5n = 1700 i.
Anee caiacaeuaaiea caoea ?anoao, oi a?iciaie o?iio oaeaeyaony, a anee
caiacaeuaaiea caoea nie?auaaony, oi a?iciaie o?iio i?eaeeaeaaony.
Eae aeaenoaiaaoue ai a?aiy a?icu
Iieiey iiania oiaaea, eiaaea aneaae ca aniuoeie neaaeoao ?aneao a?iia. A
yoii neo/aa n?i/ii i?eieoa ia?u i?aaeinoi?iaeiinoe.
Anee Au iaoiaeeoanue a naeueneie ianoiinoe: cae?ieoa ieia, aeaa?e,
aeuiioiaeu e aaioeeyoeeiiiua ioaa?noey. Ia ?anoaieeaaeoa ia/ue,
iineieueeo aunieioaiia?aoo?iua aacu, auoiaeyuea ec ia/iie o?oau, eiatho
ieceia nii?ioeaeaiea. Ia ?acaiaa?eaaeoa ii oaeaoiio: iieiey eiiaaea
iiiaaeaao a iaoyiooua iaaeaeo noieaaie i?iaiaea.
Ai a?aiy oaea?ia iieiee ia iiaeoiaeeoa aeecei e yeaeo?ii?iaiaeea,
iieieaioaiaeo, aiaeinoieai n e?uo, aioaiia, ia noieoa ?yaeii n ieiii, ii
aiciiaeiinoe aueeth/eoa oaeaaeci?, ?aaeei e ae?oaea yeaeo?iauoiaua
i?eai?u.
Anee Au iaoiaeeoanue a eano, oi oe?ieoanue ia iecei?ineii o/anoea eana.
Ia oe?uaaeoanue aaeece aunieeo aea?aaueaa, iniaaiii ninai, aeoaia e
oiiieae.
Ia iaoiaeeoanue a aiaeiaia eee ia aai aa?aao. Ioieaeeoa io aa?aaa,
nionoeoanue n aicauoaiiiai ianoa a ieceio.
A noaie, iiea eee i?e ionoonoaee oe?uoey (caeaiey) ia eiaeeoanue ia
caieth, iiaenoaaeyy yeaeo?e/aneiio oieo ana naia oaei, a nyaeueoa ia
ei?oi/ee a eiaeaeia, ia?aaa eee ae?oaii anoanoaaiiii oaeoaeaiee,
iaoaaoea iiae ?oeaie.
Anee a?iciaie o?iio ianoea Aan ai a?aiy caiyoee nii?oii, oi iaiaaeeaiii
i?ae?aoeoa eo. Iaoaeee/aneea i?aaeiaou (iioioeeee, aaeineiaae, eaaei?oa
e o.ae.) iieiaeeoa a noi?iio, ioieaeeoa io ieo ia 20-30 i.
Anee a?ica canoaea Aan a aaoiiiaeea, ia iieeaeaeoa aai, i?e yoii
cae?ieoa ieia e iionoeoa aioaiio ?aaeeii?eaiieea.
Caiin niaaeiue – yoi aeae?iiaoai?ieiae/aneia aaaenoaea, naycaiiia n
iaeeueiui auiaaeaieai niaaa, i?e nei?inoe aao?a nauoa 15 i/n e
i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoe niaaiiaaea aieaa 12 /ania.
Iaoaeue – ia?aiin niaaa aao?ii a i?ecaiiii neia aicaeooa. ?acee/atho
iicaiie, ieciaoth e iauoth iaoaeue. I?e iicaiea e ieciaie iaoaee
i?ienoiaeeo ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiea ?aiaa auiaaoaai niaaa, i?e iauae iaoaee,
ia?yaeo n ia?a?ani?aaeaeaieai, i?ienoiaeeo auiaaeaiea niaaa ec iaeaeia.
Niaaeiua caiinu e iaoaee oeie/iu aeey I?eii?neiai, Oaaa?ianeiai e?aaa,
Naoaeeia, Eai/aoee, Eo?eeueneeo ino?iaia e ae?oaeo ?aeiiia ?innee. Eo
iianiinoue aeey ianaeaiey caeeth/aaony a caiinao aei?ia, ianaeaiiuo
ioieoia e ioaeaeueiuo caeaiee. Aunioa caiina iiaeao auoue aieaa 1i, a a
ai?iuo ?aeiiao aei 5-6 i. Aiciiaeii nieaeaiea aeaeeiinoe ia aei?iaao aei
20-50i, a oaeaea /anoe/iia ?ac?ooaiea eaaeeo caeaiee e e?uo, ia?ua
aicaeooiuo eeiee yeaeo?iia?aaea/e e nayce.
Eae iiaeaioiaeoueny e iaoaeyi e caiinai
Anee Au iieo/eee i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiea i neeueiie iaoaee, ieioii cae?ieoa
ieia, aeaa?e, /a?aea/iua ethee e aaioeeyoeeiiiua ioaa?noey. Noaeea ieii
ieeaeoa aoiaaeiuie eaioaie, cae?ieoa noaaiyie eee ueoaie. Iiaeaioiaueoa
aeaoonooi/iue caian aiaeu e ieue, caianu iaaeeeaiaioia, n?aaenoa
aaoiiiiiiai inaauaiey (oiia?e, ea?ineiiaua eaiiu, naa/e), iioiaeioth
ieeoeo, ?aaeeii?eaiiee ia aaoa?aeeao. Oaa?eoa n aaeeiiia e iiaeieiiieeia
aaue, eioi?ua iiaoo auoue caoaa/aiu aicaeooiui iioieii.
Aeeth/eoa ?aaeeii?eaiieee e oaeaaeci?u – ii iei iiaeao iinooieoue iiaay
aaaeiay eioi?iaoeey. Iiaeaioiaueoanue e aiciiaeiiio ioeeth/aieth
yeaeo?iyia?aee.
Ia?aeaeeoa ec eaaeeo iino?iae a aieaa i?i/iua caeaiey. Iiaeaioiaueoa
eino?oiaio aeey oai?ee niaaa.
Eae aeaenoaiaaoue ai a?aiy neeueiie iaoaee
Eeoue a eneeth/eoaeueiuo neo/ayo auoiaeeoa ec caeaiee. Cai?auaaony
auoiaeeoue a iaeeii/eo. Niiaueoa /eaiai naiuee eee ninaaeyi, eoaea Au
eaeaoa e eiaaea aa?iaoanue. A aaoiiiaeea iiaeii aeaeaaoueny oieueei ii
aieueoei aei?iaai e oinna. I?e auoiaea ec iaoeiu ia iooiaeeoa io iaa ca
i?aaeaeu aeaeeiinoe. Inoaiiaeaoenue ia aei?iaa, iiaeaeoa neaiae o?aaiae
i?a?uaenouie aoaeeaie, iiaeieieoa eaiio eee iiaanueoa y?eoth oeaiue ia
aioaiio, aeaeeoa iiiiue a aaoiiiaeea. I?e yoii iiaeii inoaaeoue iioi?
aeeth/aiiui, i?eioe?ua noaeei aeey iaania/aiey aaioeeyoeee e
i?aaeioa?auaiey io?aaeaiey oaa?iui aacii. Anee Au iioa?yee i?eaioaoeeth,
ia?aaeaeaaynue iaoeii aia ianaeaiiiai ioieoa, caeaeeoa a ia?aue
iiiaaoeeny aeii, ooi/ieoa ianoi Aaoaai iaoiaeaeaiey e, ii aiciiaeiinoe,
aeiaeaeeoanue ieii/aiey iaoaee. Anee Aan iieeaeatho neeu, eueoa oe?uoea
e inoaaaeoanue a iai. Aoaeueoa aieiaoaeueiu e inoi?iaeiu i?e eiioaeoao n
iaciaeiiuie Aai ethaeueie, oae eae ai a?aiy noeoeeiuo aaaenoaee ?acei
aic?anoaao /enei e?aae ec aaoiiiaeeae, eaa?oe? e neoaeaaiuo iiiauaiee.
Eae aeaenoaiaaoue iinea neeueiie iaoaee
Anee a oneiaeyo neeueiuo caiinia Au ieacaeenue aeiee?iaaiiui a
iiiauaiee, inoi?iaeii, aac iaieee auynieoa, iao ee aiciiaeiinoe
aua?aoueny ec-iiae caiinia naiinoiyoaeueii (eniieuecoy eiathueeny
eino?oiaio e iiae?o/iua n?aaenoaa). Niiaueoa a oi?aaeaiea ii aeaeai AI e
*N eee a aaeieieno?aoeeth ianaeaiiiai ioieoa i oa?aeoa?a caiinia e
aiciiaeiinoe eo naiinoiyoaeueiie ?acai?ee. Anee naiinoiyoaeueii
?acia?aoue niaaeiue caiin ia oaeaaony, iiiuoaeoanue onoaiiaeoue naycue
ni nianaoaeueiuie iiae?acaeaeaieyie. Aeeth/eoa ?aaeeio?aineyoeeiiiue
i?eaiiee (oaeaaeci?) e auiieiyeoa oeacaiey ianoiuo aeanoae. I?eieoa ia?u
e nio?aiaieth oaiea e yeiiiiiiio ?anoiaeiaaieth i?iaeiaieuenoaaiiuo
caiania.
Ia?aay iiiiuue i?e iaii?iaeaiee
A ioaieeaaaiii iiiauaiee nia?aeoa iaii?iaeaiioth /anoue oaea, ?anoa?aa
nooie iyaeie oeaiueth, caoai iiianoeoa aa a oaieoth aiaeo e iinoaiaiii
aeiaaaeeoa oaiia?aoo?o aiaeu aei 40-45 a?aaeonia. Anee aieue i?ioiaeeo e
/oanoaeoaeueiinoue ainnoaiaaeeaaaony, oi auo?eoa ?oeo (iiao) ianooi,
iaaeaiueoa iinee (ia?/aoee) e, ii aiciiaeiinoe, ia?aoeoanue e oe?o?ao.
Aieieaae – yoi neie ieioiiai eueaea, ia?aciaaaoeeny ia iiaa?oiinoe
caiee, o?iooa?ao, i?iacaeae /anoe oeeoeu e ia i?aaeiaoao (aea?aaueyo,
i?iaiaeao e o.ae.) i?e iaia?caiee ia?aioeaaeaeaiiiai aeiaeaey e ii?ine
(ooiaia).
Iau/ii aieieaae iaaethaeaaony i?e oaiia?aoo?a aicaeooa io 0’N aei ieion
3’C. Ei?ea iaia?coaai eueaea iiaeao aeinoeaaoue ianeieueeeo naioeiao?ia.
Aieieaaeeoea – yoi oiieee neie eueaea ia iiaa?oiinoe caiee,
ia?acothueeny iinea iooaiaee eee aeiaeaey a ?acoeueoaoa iioieiaeaiey, a
oaeaea caia?caiey iie?iai niaaa e eaiaeue aeiaeaey.
Eae aeaenoaiaaoue ai a?aiy aieieaaea (aieieaaeeoeu)
Anee a i?iaiica iiaiaeu aeaaony niiauaiea i aieieaaea eee aieieaaeeoea,
i?eieoa ia?u aeey nieaeaiey aa?iyoiinoe iieo/aiey o?aaiu. Iiaeaioiaueoa
iaeineieuecyuoth iaoaue, i?ee?aieoa ia eaaeoee iaoaeee/aneea iaaieee eee
ii?ieii, a ia noooth iiaeioao iaeeaeoa eaeeiieanou?ue eee ecieyoeeiiioth
eaioo, iiaeaoa iaoa?aoue iiaeioau ianeii (iaaeaea/iie aoiaaie).
Ia?aaeaeaaeoanue inoi?iaeii, ia oi?iiynue, ianooiay ia anth iiaeioao.
I?e yoii iiae aeieaeiu auoue neaaea ?anneaaeaiu, ?oee naiaiaeiu.
Iiaeeeui ethaeyi ?aeiiaiaeoaony eniieueciaaoue o?inoue n ?aceiiaui
iaeiia/ieeii eee niaoeeaeueioth iaeeo n caino?aiiuie oeiaie. Anee Au
iineieuecioeenue, i?enyaeueoa, /oiau nieceoue aunioo iaaeaiey. A iiiaio
iaaeaiey iinoa?aeoanue na?oiie?iaaoueny, e, ia?aeaoeaoenue, niya/eoue
oaea? i caieth.
Aieieaae ca/anooth nii?iaiaeaeaaony iaeaaeaiaieai. A yoii neo/aa iniaia
aieiaiea ia?auaeoa ia i?iaiaea eeiee yeaeo?iia?aaea/, eiioaeoiuo naoae
yeaeo?io?ainii?oa. Anee Au oaeaeaee iai?aaiiua i?iaiaea, niiaueoa
aaeieieno?aoeee ianaeaiiiai ioieoa i ianoa ia?uaa.
Eae aeaenoaiaaoue i?e iieo/aiee o?aaiu
Ia?aoeoanue a o?aaiaoieiae/aneee ioieo eee ioieo iaioeiaeiie
iaaeeoeeineie iiiiue. Ioi?ieoa atheeaoaiue eee ni?aaeo i o?aaia, eioi?ua
iiaoo auoue eniieueciaaiu Aaie i?e ia?auaiee a noae ii ianoo
aeeoaeuenoaa eee ii ianoo iieo/aiey o?aaiu n eneiaui cayaeaieai i
aiciauaiee oua?aa.
a). Aeae?ieiae/aneea iianiua yaeaiey
E aeae?ieiae/aneei iianiui yaeaieyi ioiinyony oeoiaie, iaaiaeiaiey e
ae?.
Oeoiaie – yoi iianiia i?e?iaeiia yaeaiea, i?aaenoaaeythuaa niaie ii?neea
aieiu, aicieeathuea aeaaiui ia?acii a ?acoeueoaoa naeaeaa aaa?o eee aiec
i?ioyaeaiiuo o/anoeia ii?neiai aeia i?e iiaeaiaeiuo e i?ea?aaeiuo
caieao?ynaieyo.
Oeoiaie iianiuie ?aeiiaie iaoae no?aiu yaeythony Eo?eeu, Eai/aoea,
Naoaeei, iiaa?aaeuea Oeoiai ieaaia. Noi?ie?iaaaoenue a eaeii-eeai ianoa
oeoiaie iiaeao ?ani?ino?aiyoueny n aieueoie nei?inoueth (aei 1000 ei//)
ia ianeieueei ouny/ eeeiiao?ia, i?e yoii aunioa oeoiaie a iaeanoe
aicieeiiaaiey io 0,1 aei 5 iao?ia. I?e aeinoeaeaiee iaeeiaiaeuey aunioa
aieiu ?acei oaaee/eaaaony, aeinoeaay auniou io 10 aei 50 iao?ia.
Ia?iiiua iannu aiaeu, aua?anuaaaiua ia aa?aa, i?eaiaeyo e caoiieaieth
ianoiinoe, ?ac?ooaieth caeaiee e nii?oaeaiee, eeiee yeaeo?iia?aaea/e e
nayce, aei?ia, iinoia, i?e/aeia, a oaeaea e aeaaee ethaeae e aeeaioiuo.
Ia?aae aiaeyiui aaeii ?ani?ino?aiyaony aicaeooiay oaea?iay aieia. Iia
aeaenoaoao, aiaeiae/ii ac?uaiie aieia, ?ac?ooay caeaiey e nii?oaeaiey.
Aieia oeoiaie iiaeao auoue ia aaeeinoaaiiie. I/aiue /anoi yoi na?ey
aiei, iaeaouaaaiay ia aa?aa n eioa?aaeii a 1 /an e aieaa. Aiciiaeiua
ianooaau ?ac?ooaiee ii?aaeaeythony aeaeueiinoueth oeoiaie: neaaua (1-2
aaeea); n?aaeiea (3 aaeea); neeueiua (4 aaeea); ?ac?ooeoaeueiua (5
aaeeia).
I?eciaee oeoiaie
Anoanoaaiiui neaiaeii i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiey i aiciiaeiinoe oeoiaie yaeyaony
caieao?ynaiea. Ia?aae ia/aeii oeoiaie, eae i?aaeei, aiaea ionooiaao
aeaeaei io aa?aaa, iaiaaeay ii?neia aeii ia nioie iao?ia e aeaaea
ianeieueei eeeiiao?ia. Yoio ioeea iiaeao aeeeoueny io ianeieueeeo ieioo
aei iieo/ana.
Aeaeaeaiea aiei iiaeao nii?iaiaeaeaoueny a?iiiiiaeiaiuie caoeaie,
eioi?ua neuoiu aei iiaeoiaea aiei oeoiaie. Eiiaaea ia?aae aieiie oeoiaie
i?ienoiaeeo iiaeoiieaiea iiaa?aaeuey aiaeyiui “eia?ii”. Aiciiaeii
iiyaeaiea o?auei a eaaeyiii iie?iaa o aa?aaia. I?eciaeii
i?eaeeaeathuaainy noeoeeiiai aaaenoaey iiaeao auoue eciaiaiea iau/iiai
iiaaaeaiey aeeaioiuo, eioi?ua ca?aiaa /oanoaotho iianiinoe e no?aiyony
ia?aianoeoueny ia aicauoaiiua ianoa.
I?aaeoi?aaeeoaeueiua ia?ii?eyoey
Neaaeeoa ca niiauaieyie ii i?iaiico oeoiaie, iiiiy ia eo i?aaeaanoieeao.
Caiiiieoa e ?acuynieoa /eaiai naiae naiuee neaiaeu iiiaauaiey ia
iianiinoe oeoiaie, onoaiiaeaiiua aeey aeaiiiai ?aaeiia. Ca?aiaa
i?iaeoiaeoa ieai aeaenoaee ai a?aiy oeoiaie. Aeiaaeoanue, /oiau ana
/eaiu Aaoae naiuee, nineoaeeaoeu e ciaeiiua ciaee, /oi ioaeii aeaeaoue
ai a?aiy oeoiaie. Ioeaieoa, ia iaoiaeeony ee Aaoa aeeeeua eee ianoi
?aaiou a ?aeiia aiciiaeiiai aeaenoaey oeoiaie. Iiiieoa, /oi iaeaieaa
iianiua ianoa – onouey ?ae, noaeathueany aooou, i?ieeau. Ciaeoa a?aieoeu
iaeaieaa iianiuo cii e e?ao/aeoea iooe auoiaea a aaciianiua ianoa.
Ninoaaueoa ia?a/aiue aeieoiaioia, eiouanoaa e iaaeeeaiaioia, auaiceiuo
i?e yaaeoaoeee. Eiouanoai e iaaeeeaiaiou oeaeaniia?acii oeiaeeoue a
niaoeeaeueiue /aiiaeai eee ?thecae. I?iaeoiaeoa ca?aiaa ii?yaeie
yaaeoaoeee. ?aoeoa, aaea /eaiu Aaoae naiuee ano?aoyony, anee iinooieo
neaiae ia iianiinoe oeoiaie. A oiaea iianaaeiaaiie aeayoaeueiinoe aeiia
e ia ?aaioa ia caa?iiiaeaeaeoa ei?eaei?u e auoiaeu a?iiicaeeeie aauaie,
oeaoaie, aaeineiaaeaie, eieyneaie. Neaaeeoa, /oiau ana i?ioiaeu auee
naiaiaeiu aeey auno?ie yaaeoaoeee. Eco/eoa i?aaeea iiaaaeaiey a neo/aa
iianiinoe aicieeiiaaiey oeoiaie.
I?iaeoiaeoa iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoue Aaoeo aeaenoaee, anee Au ieaaeaoanue
ai a?aiy oeoiaie a iiiauaiee, ia ioe?uoie ianoiinoe, a aiaea. Ca?aiaa
i?eaioiaueoa ianoi a Aaoae eaa?oe?a, a eioi?ia ia neo/ae auno?ie
yaaeoaoeee iieiaeeoa iaiaoiaeeiua aeieoiaiou, iaeaaeaeo, ee/iua aaue,
aeaoonooi/iue caian iaii?oyueony i?iaeoeoia ieoaiey.
Iiaeaea?aeeaaeoa iauanoaaiiua i?ia?aiiu iiaeaioiaee e oeoiaie, aeoeaii
o/anoaoeoa a iinaaeea eanicaueoiuo iiein ia iiaa?aaeuea.
Iiaeaea?aeeaaeoa oneeey ianoiuo aeanoae ii oe?aieaieth aooo aieiieiiaie
e aa?aaiauie aeaiaaie.
*oi aeaeaoue ai a?aiy oeoiaie
Eiaaea iinooieo neaiae ia iianiinoe oeoiaie, ?aaae?oeoa iaiaaeeaiii.
Eaaeaeoth ieiooo eniieuecoeoa aeey iaania/aiey ee/iie aaciianiinoe e
caueou ie?oaeathueo ethaeae. Au iiaeaoa ?aniieaaaoue a?aiaiai io
ianeieueeeo ieioo aei iieo/ana e aieaa, iiyoiio, anee aoaeaoa
aeaenoaiaaoue niieieii e i?iaeoiaiii, niiaeaoa oaaee/eoue Aaoe oainu
oaa?a/ueny io aicaeaenoaey oeoiaie.
Anee iaoiaeeoanue a iiiauaiee, iaiaaeeaiii iieeiueoa aai,
i?aaeaa?eoaeueii aueeth/ea naao e aac, e ia?aianoeoanue a aaciianiia
ianoi. E?ao/aeoei iooai ia?aaa?eoanue ia aicauoaiiia ianoi aunioie 30-40
i iaae o?iaiai ii?y eee auno?i ia?aianoeoanue ia 2-3 ei io aa?aaa. Anee
Au aaeaoa ia aaoiiiaeea, neaaeoeoa a aaciianiii iai?aaeaiee, caa?aa ii
iooe neaaeiaaiey aaaoueo ethaeae. I?e iaaiciiaeiinoe oe?uoueny a
aaciianiii ianoa, eiaaea a?aiaie ia ia?aiauaiee ia inoaeinue,
iiaeieieoanue eae iiaeii auoa ia aa?oiea yoaaee caeaiey, cae?ieoa ieia e
aeaa?e. Anee anoue aiciiaeiinoue, ia?aaa?eoanue a iaeaieaa iaaeaaeiia
caeaiea.
Anee Au aoaeaoa oe?uaaoueny a iiiauaiee, iiiieoa, /oi iaeaieaa
aaciianiuie ciiaie n/eoathony ianoa o eaieoaeueiuo aioo?aiieo noai, o
eieiii, a oaeao, ia?aciaaiiuo eaieoaeueiuie noaiaie. Oaa?eoa io naay
?yaeii noiyuea i?aaeiaou, eioi?ua iiaoo oianoue, iniaaiii noaeeyiiua.
Anee Au ana-oaee ieacaeenue aia iiiauaiey, iinoa?aeoanue caa?aoueny ia
aea?aai eee oe?uoueny a ianoa, eioi?ia iaiaa iiaeaa?aeaii oaea?o. A
e?aeiai neo/aa, iaiaoiaeeii caoeaieoueny ca noaie aea?aaa eee i?i/ioth
i?aa?aaeo.
Ieacaaoenue a aiaea, inaiaiaeeoanue io iaoae e iaiieoae iaeaaeaeu,
iii?iaoeoa caoeaieoueny ca ieaaathuea ia aiaea i?aaeiaou. Aoaeueoa
aieiaoaeueiu, oae eae aieia iiaeao ianoe n niaie e?oiiua i?aaeiaou e eo
iaeiiee. Iinea i?eoiaea ia?aie aieiu iiaeaioiaueoanue e ano?a/a ni
aoi?ie e iineaaeothueie aieiaie, a anee anoue aiciiaeiinoue, iieeiueoa
iianiue ?aeii. I?e iaiaoiaeeiinoe ieaaeeoa ia?aoth iaaeeoeeineoth
iiiiuue iino?aaeaaoei.
*oi aeaeaoue iinea oeoiaie
AEaeeoa neaiae ioaiy o?aaiae. Ia i?aaeiaa ianoi aica?auaeoanue iinea
oiai, eae oaaaeeoanue, /oi ia ii?a a oa/aiea aeaoo-o?ao /ania ia auei
aunieeo aiei.
Aoiaey a aeii, i?iaa?ueoa aai i?i/iinoue, nio?aiiinoue ieii e aeaa?ae.
Oaaaeeoanue, /oi iao o?auei a noaiao e ia?ae?uoee, iao iiaeiuaa
ooiaeaiaioia. Aieiaoaeueii i?iaa?ueoa iaee/ea ooa/ae aaca a iiiauaieyo,
ninoiyiea yeaeo?iinaauaiey.
Niiaueoa a eiienneth ii /?acau/aeiui neooaoeeyi i ninoiyiee Aaoaai
aeiia. Aeoeaii aeeth/aeoanue a eiiaiaeo ii i?iaaaeaieth nianaoaeueiuo e
ae?oaeo iaioeiaeiuo ?aaio a iia?aaeaeaiiuo caeaieyo, ?icuneo
iino?aaeaaoeo e ieacaieth ei iaiaoiaeeiie iiiiue.
Iaaiaeiaiea – yoi cia/eoaeueiia caoiieaiea ianoiinoe a ?acoeueoaoa
iiaeuaia o?iaiy aiaeu a ?aea, ica?a eee ii?a a ia?eiae niaaioayiey,
eeaiae, aao?iauo iaaiiia aiaeu, i?e caoi?ao, caaei?ao e o.i.
E iniaiio oeio ioiinyony iaaiaeiaiey, aucuaaaiua aao?iaui iaaiiii aiaeu
a onouey ?ae. Iaaiaeiaiey i?eaiaeyo e ?ac?ooaieyi iinoia, aei?ia,
caeaiee, nii?oaeaiee, i?eiinyo cia/eoaeueiue iaoa?eaeueiue oua?a, a i?e
aieueoeo nei?inoyo aeaeaeaiey aiaeu (aieaa 4 i/n) e aieueoie aunioa
iiaeuaia aiaeu (aieaa 2 i) aucuaatho aeaaeue ethaeae e aeeaioiuo.
Iniiaiie i?e/eiie ?ac?ooaiee yaeythony aicaeaenoaey ia caeaiey e
nii?oaeaiey aeae?aaee/aneeo oaea?ia iannu aiaeu, ieuaoueo n aieueoie
nei?inoueth eueaeei, ?acee/iuo iaeiieia, ieaan?aaenoa e o.i. Iaaiaeiaiey
iiaoo aicieeaoue aiacaiii e i?iaeieaeaoueny io ianeieueeeo /ania aei 2 –
3 iaaeaeue.
Eae iiaeaioiaeoueny e iaaiaeiaieth
Anee ?aeii Aaoaai i?aauaaiey /anoi no?aaeaao io iaaiaeiaiee, eco/eoa e
caiiiieoa a?aieoeu aiciiaeiiai caoiieaiey, a oaeaea aicauoaiiua, ?aaeei
caoaieeaaaiua ianoa, ?aniieiaeaiiua a iaiin?aaenoaaiiie aeecinoe io iano
i?iaeeaaiey, e?ao/aeoea iooe aeaeaeaiey e iei. Iciaeiiueoa /eaiia naiuee
n i?aaeeaie iiaaaeaiey i?e i?aaieciaaiiie e eiaeeaeaeoaeueiie
yaaeoaoeee, a oaeaea a neo/aa aiacaiii e ao?ii ?acaeaathuaainy
iaaiaeiaiey. Caiiiieoa ianoa o?aiaiey eiaeie, ieioia e no?ieoaeueiuo
iaoa?eaeia aeey eo ecaioiaeaiey. Ca?aiaa ninoaaueoa ia?a/aiue
aeieoiaioia, eiouanoaa e iaaeeeaiaioia, auaiceiuo i?e yaaeoaoeee.
Oeiaeeoa a niaoeeaeueiue /aiiaeai eee ?thecae oeaiiinoe, iaiaoiaeeiua
oaieua aaue, caian i?iaeoeoia, aiaeu e iaaeeeaiaiou.
Eae aeaenoaiaaoue ai a?aiy iaaiaeiaiey
Ii neaiaeo iiiaauaiey ia oa?ica iaaiaeiaiey e ia yaaeoaoeee
aacioeaaaoaeueii, a onoaiiaeaiiii ii?yaeea auoiaeeoa (auacaeaeoa) ec
iianiie ciiu aiciiaeiiai eaoano?ioe/aneiai caoiieaiey a iacia/aiiue
aaciianiue ?aeii eee ia aicauoaiiua o/anoee ianoiinoe, caoaaoea n niaie
aeieoiaiou, oeaiiinoe, iaiaoiaeeiua aaue e aeaoonooi/iue caian
iaii?oyueony i?iaeoeoia ieoaiey. A eiia/iii ioieoa yaaeoaoeee
ca?aaeno?e?oeoanue.
Ia?aae ooiaeii ec aeiia aueeth/eoa yeaeo?e/anoai e aac, iiaaneoa iaiiue
a ioiieoaeueiuo ia/ao, cae?aieoa ana ieaao/ea i?aaeiaou, iaoiaeyueany
aia caeaiee, eee ?acianoeoa eo a iiaeniaiuo iiiauaieyo. Anee iicaieyao
a?aiy, oeaiiua aeiiaoiea aaue ia?aianoeoa ia aa?oiea yoaaee eee ia
/a?aeae aeeeiai aeiia. Cae?ieoa ieia e aeaa?e, i?e iaiaoiaeeiinoe e
iaee/ee a?aiaie caaaeoa nia?oaee aeineaie (ueoaie) ieia e aeaa?e ia?auo
yoaaeae. I?e ionoonoaee i?aaieciaaiiie yaaeoaoeee, aei i?eauoey iiiiue
eee niaaea aiaeu, iaoiaeeoanue ia aa?oieo yoaaeao e e?uoao caeaiee, ia
aea?aaueyo eee ae?oaeo aicauoathueony i?aaeiaoao. I?e yoii iinoiyiii
iiaeaaaeoa neaiae aaaenoaey: aeiai – auaaoeaaieai eee ?aciaoeaaieai
oi?ioi aeaeeiui iieioieuai, iiaeaeoui e ae?aaeo, a a oaiiia a?aiy –
naaoiaui neaiaeii e ia?eiaee/anee aieinii. I?e iiaeoiaea nianaoaeae
niieieii, aac iaieee e noaou, n niaethaeaieai ia? i?aaeinoi?iaeiinoe,
ia?aoiaeeoa a ieaaaoaeueiia n?aaenoai. I?e yoii iaoeinieoaeueii
niaethaeaeoa o?aaiaaiey nianaoaeae, ia aeiioneaeoa ia?aa?ocee
ieaan?aaenoa. Ai a?aiy aeaeaeaiey ia iieeaeaeoa onoaiiaeaiiuo iano, ia
naaeeoanue ia ai?oa, no?iai auiieiyeoa o?aaiaaiey yeeiaaea.
Naiinoiyoaeueii auae?aoueny ec caoiieaiiiai ?aeiia ?aeiiaiaeoaony
oieueei i?e iaee/ee oaeeo na?ueaciuo i?e/ei, eae iaiaoiaeeiinoue
ieacaiey iaaeeoeeineie iiiiue iino?aaeaaoei, i?iaeieaeathueeny iiaeuai
o?iaiy aiaeu i?e oa?ica caoiieaiey aa?oieo yoaaeae (/a?aeaea). I?e yoii
iaiaoiaeeii eiaoue iaaeaaeiia ieaaaoaeueiia n?aaenoai e ciaoue
iai?aaeaiea aeaeaeaiey. A oiaea naiinoiyoaeueiiai auaeaeaeaiey ia
i?ae?auaeoa iiaeaaaoue neaiae aaaenoaey.
Ieacuaaeoa iiiiuue ethaeyi, ieuaouei a aiaea e ooiiathuei.
Anee oiiao /aeiaae
A?inueoa oiiouaio /aeiaaeo ieaaathuee i?aaeiao, iaiae?eoa aai, iiciaeoa
iiiiuue. Aeiae?aynue aei iino?aaeaaoaai aieaaue o/oeoa oa/aiea ?aee.
Anee oiiouee ia eiio?iee?oao naie aeaenoaey, iiaeieuaeoa e iaio ncaaee
e, caoaaoea aai ca aieinu, aoene?oeoa e aa?aao.
Eae aeaenoaiaaoue iinea iaaiaeiaiey
Ia?aae oai, eae aieoe a caeaiea i?iaa?ueoa, ia oa?iaeaao ee iii
ia?ooaieai eee iaaeaieai eaeiai-eeai i?aaeiaoa. I?iaao?eoa caeaiea (aeey
oaeaeaiey iaeiieaoeony aacia). Ia aeeth/aeoa yeaeo?iinaauaiea, ia
iieuecoeoanue enoi/ieeaie ioe?uoiai iaiy, ia caaeeaaeoa nie/ae aei
iieiiai i?iaao?eaaiey iiiauaiey e i?iaa?ee eni?aaiinoe nenoaiu
aaciniaaaeaiey. I?iaa?ueoa eni?aaiinoue yeaeo?ii?iaiaeee, o?oaii?iaiaeia
aaciniaaaeaiey, aiaeii?iaiaea e eaiaeecaoeee. Ia iieuecoeoanue eie aei
oao ii?, iiea ia oaaaeeoanue a eo eni?aaiinoe n iiiiuueth niaoeeaeenoia.
Aeey i?inooeaaiey iiiauaiee ioe?ieoa ana aeaa?e e ieia, oaa?eoa a?ycue n
iiea e noai, ioea/aeoa aiaeo ec iiaeaaeia. Ia oiio?aaeyeoa ieuaaua
i?iaeoeou, eioi?ua auee a eiioaeoa n aiaeie. I?aaiecoeoa i/enoeo
eieiaeoeaa io iaianaiiie a?yce e oaeaeeoa ec ieo aiaeo. a). *?acau/aeiua
neooaoeee, naycaiiua n i?e?iaeiuie iiaea?aie. Eaniua iiaea?u – yoi
iaeiio?iee?oaiia ai?aiea ?anoeoaeueiinoe, noeoeeii ?ani?ino?aiythuaany
ii eaniie oa??eoi?ee. Oaeea iiaea?u iiaoo auoue aa?oiauie e ieciauie.
Aeiey iiaea?ia io iieiee ninoaaeyao ia aieaa 3 % io iauaai eiee/anoaa, a
a 90-97 neo/ayo ec 100 aeiiaieeaie yoiai noeoeeiiai aaaenoaey yaeythony
ethaee, ia i?iyaeythuea aeieaeiie inoi?iaeiinoe i?e iieueciaaiee iai?i a
ianoao ?aaiou e ioaeuoa. Ia?aaeei i?e/eiaie iiaea?a yaeythony ineieee
noaeeyiiie iinoaeu, eioi?ua, eae oaaee/eoaeueiia noaeei oieone?otho eo/e
nieioea.
Iiaea?u a eanao e ia oi?oyieeao
Ianniaua iiaea?u a eanao e ia oi?oyieeao iiaoo aicieeaoue a aea?eoth e
canooeeaoth iiaiaeo io oaea?ia iieiee, iainoi?iaeiiai ia?auaiey n iaiai,
i/enoee iiaa?oiinoe caiee auaeeaii nooie o?aau e ae?oaeo i?e/ei. Iiaea?u
iiaoo aucaaoue aicai?aiey caeaiee a ianaeaiiuo ioieoao, aea?aayiiuo
iinoia, eeiee yeaeo?iia?aaea/e e nayce ia aea?aayiiuo noieaao, neeaaeia
iaooai?iaeoeoia e ae?oaeo nai?aaiuo iaoa?eaeia, a oaeaea ii?aaeaiea
ethaeae e naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo aeeaioiuo. Iaeaieaa /anoi a eaniuo
ianneaao aicieeatho ieciaua iiaea?u, i?e eioi?uo auai?atho eaniay
iiaenoeeea, iiae?ino e iiaeeanie, o?aayienoi-eonoa?ie/eiaue iie?ia,
aaeaaeiee, ei?iaaeua aea?aaueaa e o.i. A canooeeaue ia?eiae i?e aao?a
iiaoo aicieeaoue aa?oiaua iiaea?u, i?e eioi?uo iaiiue ?ani?ino?aiyaony
oaeaea e ii e?iiai aea?aaueaa, i?aeiouanoaaiii oaieiuo ii?iae. Nei?inoue
?ani?ino?aiaiey ieciaiai iiaea?a io 0,1 aei 3 iao?ia a ieiooo, a
aa?oiaiai – aei 100 i a ieiooo ii iai?aaeaieth aao?a.
I?e ai?aiee oi?oa e ei?iae ?anoaiee iiaoo aicieeaoue iiaecaiiua iiaea?u,
?ani?ino?aiythueany a ?aciua noi?iiu. Oi?o iiaeao naiiaicai?aoueny e
ai?aoue aac aeinooia aicaeooa e aeaaea iiae aiaeie. Iaae ai?yueie
oi?oyieeaie aiciiaeii ia?aciaaiea “noiea/aouo caaeo?aiee” ai?y/ae cieu e
ai?yuae oi?oyiie iuee, eioi?ua i?e neeueiii aao?a iiaoo ia?aiineoueny ia
aieueoea ?annoiyiey e aucuaaoue iiaua caai?aiey eee iaeiae o ethaeae e
aeeaioiuo.
I?aaeoi?aaeeoaeueiua ia?ii?eyoey
Aeey caueou ianaeaiey e nieaeaiey oua?aa i?e ianniauo iiaea?ao
caaeaaia?aiaiii i?iaiaeyony ia?ii?eyoey ii i?ieeaaeuaaieth e ?an/enoea
i?inae e a?oioiauo iiein oe?eiie 5-10 iao?ia a nieioiuo eanao e aei 50 i
a oaieiuo eanao. A ianaeaiiuo ioieoao ono?aeaathony i?oaeu e aiaeiaiu,
aieinoue eioi?uo i?eieiaaony ec ?an/aoa ia iaiaa 30 eoae/aneeo iao?ia ia
1 aaeoa? ieiuaaee iinaeea eee ianaeaiiiai ioieoa.
I?e iiaea?ao a eanao e ia oi?oyieeao a ianaeaiiuo ioieoao i?aaiecoaony
aeaaeo?noai i?ioeaiiiaea?iuo caaiueaa aeey iaaethaeaiey ca iiaea?iie
ianoaiiaeie a eanao, aaeece ianaeaiiuo ioieoia; i?iecaiaeeony ?an/enoea
a?oioiauo iiein iaaeaeo cano?ieeie e i?eiueathueie eaniuie ianneaaie;
caiieiythony iiaea?iua aiaeiaiu ec ?an/aoa ia iaiaa 10 e aiaeu ia 1 iao?
aeeeiu eaniie iiooee, i?eiueathuae e a?aieoeai cano?ieee ianaeaiiuo
ioieoia e aea/iuo iinaeeia; ainnoaiaaeeaathony eieiaeoeu e i?oaeu;
ecaioaaeeaathony aaoii-ia?eaaua iiaycee, ?anie?aoi?u e ae?oaea n?aaenoaa
caueou i?aaiia aeuoaiey; ia?aie/eaaaony ?aaeei iinauaiey eania a
canooeeaue ia?eiae eaoa (iniaaiii ia aaoiiiaeeyo).
Anee Au ieacaeenue aaeece i/aaa iiaea?a a eano eee ia oi?oyieea
Anee Au ieacaeenue aaeece i/aaa iiaea?a a eano eee ia oi?oyieea e o Aan
iao aiciiaeiinoe naieie neeaie ni?aaeoueny n aai eieaeecaoeeae,
i?aaeioa?auaieai ?ani?ino?aiaiey e oooaieai iiaea?a, iaiaaeeaiii
i?aaeoi?aaeeoa anao iaoiaeyueony iiaeecinoe ethaeae i iaiaoiaeeiinoe
auoiaea ec iianiie ciiu. I?aaiecoeoa eo auoiae ia aei?iao eee i?inaeo,
oe?ieoth iieyio, e aa?aao ?aee eee aiaeiaia, a iiea. Auoiaeeoa ec
iianiie ciiu auno?i, ia?iaiaeeeoey?ii e iai?aaeaieth aeaeaeaiey iaiy.
Anee iaaiciiaeii oeoe io iiaea?a, aieaeeoa a aiaeiai eee iae?ieoanue
iie?ie iaeaaeaeie. Aueaey ia ioe?uoia i?ino?ainoai eee iieyio aeuoeoa
aicaeooii aicea caiee – oai ii iaiaa caaeuieai, ?io e iin i?e yoii
i?ee?ieoa aaoii-ia?eaaie iiayceie eee o?yieie.
Iinea auoiaea ec ciiu iiaea?a niiaueoa i ianoa, ?acia?ao e oa?aeoa?a
iiaea?a a aaeieieno?aoeeth ianaeaiiiai ioieoa, eanie/anoai eee
i?ioeaiiiaea?ioth neoaeao, a oaeaea ianoiiio ianaeaieth. Ciaeoa neaiaeu
iiiaauaiey i i?eaeeaeaiee ciiu iiaea?a e ianaeaiiiio ioieoo e i?eieiaeoa
o/anoea a i?aaiecaoeee oooaiey iiaea?ia.
Ieaiy iaaieueoeo ieciauo iiaea?ia iiaeii naeaaoue, caoeanouaay aai
aaoeaie eenoaaiiuo ii?iae, caeeaay aiaeie, caa?anuaay aeaaeiui a?oioii,
caoaiouaay iiaaie. Oi?oyiua iiaea?u oooao ia?aeaiuaaieai ai?yuaai oi?oa
n iieeaeie aiaeie. I?e oooaiee iiaea?a aeaenoaoeoa iniio?eoaeueii, ia
ooiaeeoa aeaeaei io aei?ia e i?inae, ia oa?yeoa ec aeaeo ae?oaeo
o/anoieeia, iiaeaea?aeeaaeoa n ieie c?eoaeueioth e caoeiaoth naycue. I?e
oooaiee oi?oyiiai iiaea?a o/eouaaeoa, /oi a ciia ai?aiey iiaoo
ia?aciauaaoueny aeoaieea ai?iiee, iiyoiio ia?aaeaeaaoueny neaaeoao
inoi?iaeii, i?aaeaa?eoaeueii i?iaa?ea aeoaeio auai?aaoaai neiy.
ae). *?acau/aeiua neooaoeee, naycaiiua n ianniauie eioaeoeeiiiuie
caaieaaaieyie
Aeey iieiiou ea?oeiu a aeaiiii aii?ina iaiaoiaeeii onaieoue iaeioi?ua
iieiaeaiey, a /anoiinoe, /oi oaeia “yieaeaiey, yieciioey, yieoeoiiey”?
Yieaeaiey – ianniaia i?ia?anne?othuaa ai a?aiaie e i?ino?ainoaa a
i?aaeaeao ii?aaeaeaiiiai ?aaeiia ?ani?ino?aiaiea eioaeoeeiiiie aieacie
ethaeae, cia/eoaeueii i?aauoathuaa iau/ii ?aaeno?e?oaiue ia aeaiiie
oa??eoi?ee o?iaaiue caaieaaaaiinoe.
Ia oa??eoi?ee iaeanoe aaeaaiaeii i?iaiaeyony ia?ii?eyoey, naycaiiua n
yieaeaieae a?eiia. Auyaeyeenue neo/ae ianniaiai io?aaeaiey ethaeae
iaaeia?iea/anoaaiiuie i?iaeoeoaie, a?eaaie e o. i.
Yieaeaiey, auoaaeoay ca i?aaeaeu iaeiiai ?aaeiia e aeaaea oeaeie no?aiu
oaea eaaeeoeoee?oaony eae iaiaeaiey, o.a. ?ani?ino?aiaiea caaieaaaaiinoe
i?iecioei eae ii o?iaith, oae e ii ianooaaai ?ani?ino?aiaiey n ioaaoii
?yaea no?ai, oeaeuo eiioeiaioia e aeaaea anaai Caiiiai oa?a.
Yieciioey – iaeiia?aiaiii i?ia?anne?othuaa ai a?aiaie e i?ino?ainoaa a
i?aaeaeao ii?aaeaeaiiiai ?aaeiia ?ani?ino?aiaiea eioaeoeeiiiie aieacie
n?aaee aieueoiai /enea iaeiiai eee iiiaeo aeaeia aeeaioiuo, cia/eoaeueii
i?aauoathuaa iau/ii ?aaeno?e?oaiue ia aeaiiie oa??eoi?ee o?iaiy
caaieaaaaiinoe.
Yieciioey, auoaaeoay ca i?aaeaeu iaeiiai ?aaeiia e aeaaea oeaeie no?aiu
oaea eaaeeoeoee?oaony eae iaiciioey, o.a. ?ani?ino?aiaiea caaieaaaaiinoe
i?iecioei eae ii o?iaith, oae e ii ianooaaai ?ani?ino?aiaiey.
A Ieaeaai?iaeneie iaeanoe oaeei aeaeai caaieaaaiee iiaeaa?aeaiu thaeiua
?aeiiu (Aaaeineee, A?caianneee, Aooo?eeineee, Na/aiianeee e ae?.)
Yieoeoioey – ianniaia i?ia?anne?othuaa ai a?aiaie e i?ino?ainoaa
eioaeoeeiiiua caaieaaaiey naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo ?anoaiee e (eee) ?aceia
oaaee/aiea /eneaiiinoe a?aaeeoaeae ?anoaiee, nii?iaiaeaeathuaany
ianniaie aeaaeueth naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo eoeueoo? e nieaeaieai eo
yooaeoeaiinoe.
Yieoeoiiey, auoaaeoay ca i?aaeaeu iaeiiai ?aaeiia e aeaaea oeaeie no?aiu
oaea eaaeeoeoee?oaony eae iaioeoiiey, o.a. ?ani?ino?aiaiea
caaieaaaaiinoe i?iecioei eae ii o?iaith, oae e ii ianooaaai
?ani?ino?aiaiey.
Ia oa??eoi?ee Ieaeaai?iaeneie iaeanoe aeinoaoi/ii aeeeoaeueiue ia?eiae
a?aiaie yieoeoioee ia ioia/aeinue.
Ia oa??eoi?ee Ieaeaai?iaeneie iaeanoe nouanoaotho 12 i/aaia
i?e?iaeii-i/aaiaie eioaeoeee. A no?oeoo?a caaieaaaaiinoe ianaeaiey
iaeanoe 53,5% i?eoiaeeony ia aaiii??aae/aneoth eeoi?aaeeo n ii/a/iui
neiae?iiii, 33,6% – ia ea?neieic, 10% – ia eaioinie?ic, 2,8% – ia
inaaaeiooaa?eoe?c. Iinoiyiii ?ano?o /enei caaieaaaiee eeniaeiauie
eeauaauie ai??aeeicaie (eeauaaie yioeaoaeeo). Iaeaieueoee i?ioeaio
ca?aaeaiee ioia/aaony ia oa??eoi?ee Nai?iianeiai, Aaeaoieineiai,
Aieiaea?neiai, Aaoeoaeneiai, *eaeianeiai, Ai?iaeaoeeiai ?aeiiia.
Ia?u caueou:
iaiaaeeaiii niiaueoue a iaaeeoeeineia o/?aaeaeaiea. Aieueiiai
eciee?iaaoue;
a neo/aa aicieeiiaaiey i/aaa eioaeoeeiiiiai caaieaaaiey aaanoe ea?aioei
eee iana?aaoeeth;
i?eieiaoue aioeaeioeee, noeueoaieeaieaeu e aaeoa?eioaae;
iiauneoue onoie/eainoue i?aaiecia e aicaoaeeoaeyi eioaeoeee n iiiiuueth
i?aaeio?aieoaeueiuo i?eaeaie;
iineoue aaoii-ia?eaaua iiaycee. Ia?aie/eoue neiieaiey ethaeae e eo
eiioaeou;
i?iaanoe aeaceioaeoeeth iiiauaiee e aauae;
oaeanoi/eoue i?aaeea ee/iie aeaeaiu, aeoeaii auyaeyoue e
ainieoaeece?iaaoue aieueiuo.
Iaaei ee aioiaeoueny e i?eoiaeo “ioe/ueaai a?eiia” a Ieaeaai?iaeneoth
iaeanoue?
Ianiiiaiii, aea. N i?eoiaeii aaniu ia/eiaaony aeoeaiay iea?aoeey ioeoe.
Iooe ia?aeaoa ioeoe i?ioiaeyo e iaae oa??eoi?eae iaoae iaeanoe, a
cia/eo, aicieeaao ?aaeueiay oa?ica iiyaeaiey ioe/ueaai a?eiia e o ian.
“Ioe/ee” a?eii” – yoi eioaeoeey, eioi?ay aucuaaaony iaeiei ec ooaiiia
ae?ona a?eiia (oei A) e iiaeao ii?aaeaoue ana aeaeu ia?iaouo. Iniaaiii
/oanoaeoaeueiu e yoie aieacie aeiiaoiea ioeoeu – eiaethee e eo?u.
Ae?onu a?eiia oeia A iiaoo eioeoee?iaaoue ia oieueei ethaeae, ii e
iaeioi?ua aeaeu aeeaioiuo e ioeoe, aeeth/ay eo?, ooie, naeiae, eioaaeae,
oi?ueeia, otheaiae e eeoia. Ae?onu a?eiia, eioi?ua eioeoee?otho ioeoe,
iacuaatho ae?onaie “ioe/ueaai (eo?eiiai) a?eiia”. Ana aeaeu ioeoe iiaoo
aieaoue ioe/ueei a?eiiii, oioy iaeioi?ua aeaeu iaiaa aini?eei/eau, /ai
ae?oaea. Ioe/ee a?eii ia aucuaaao yieaeaiee n?aaee aeeeeo ioeoe e
i?ioaeaao o ieo aanneiioiiii, iaeiaei n?aaee aeiiaoieo ioeoe iiaeao
aucuaaoue oyaeaeia caaieaaaiea e aeaaeue.
Aei iaaeaaiaai a?aiaie n/eoaeinue, /oi ae?onu “ioe/ueaai” a?eiia ia
iianiu aeey ethaeae e a neo/aa ca?aaeaiey aucuaatho o ieo auno?i
i?ioiaeyuea neiioiiu eiiuthieoeaeoa, eaaeia iaaeiiiaaiea e eiiaaea neaai
au?aaeaiiua i?eciaee ?anie?aoi?iiai caaieaaaiey.
Neiioiiu ioe/ueaai a?eiia o aeiiaoieo ioeoe.
Eioaeoeey n?aaee aeiiaoiae ioeoeu iiaeao auoue iai/aaeaeiie
(aanneiioiiiie) eee iiaeao aucuaaoue oiaiueoaiea yeoeaiineinoe e
caaieaaaiey aeuoaoaeueiie nenoaiu, a oae aea i?ioaeaoue a iieieaiiniie
oi?ia, aucuaay auno?oth aeaaeue ioeoeu io nenoaiiiai ii?aaeaiey aac
eaeeo-eeai i?aaeaa?eoaeueiuo neiioiiia (aunieiiaoiaaiiue ioe/ee a?eii).
Caueoa io ioe/ueaai a?eiia.
Aaeeinoaaiiie iaaeaaeiie caueoie io ioe/ueaai a?eiia a ianoiyuaa a?aiy
yaeyaony oie/oiaeaiea anao eioeoee?iaaiiuo ioeoe.
Nouanoaotho ianeieueei ?aciiaeaeiinoae aaeoeei, ii eo i?eiaiaiea
yeiiiie/anee ia anaaaea ii?aaaeaii.
Eniieueciaaiea ca?aaeaiiiai iyna ioeoe a ieua.
Oioy ae?on ioe/ueaai a?eiia i?ae?anii ia?aiineo aeoaieoth caii?iceo, ii
a oa/aiea naeoiae iiaeaaao i?e aunieeo oaiia?aoo?ao: a eeiyuae aiaea eee
ia ?aneaeaiiie neiai?iaea. Iiyoiio anoue iiaeii aeaaea ca?aaeaiioth
ioeoeo, eiia/ii, i?e oneiaee, /oi iia niioaaonoaothuei ia?acii
i?eaioiaeaia.
Neiioiiu ioe/ueaai a?eiia o ethaeae.
Neiioiiu ioe/ueaai a?eiia o /aeiaaea aa?uee?otho io oeie/iuo
a?eiiiiiaeiaiuo neiioiiia (i/aiue aunieay oaiia?aoo?a, cao?oaeiaiiia
aeuoaiea, eaoaeue, aieue a ai?ea e aieue a iuooeao) aei eioaeoeee aeac
(eiiuthieoeaeo). Iianai oaeie ae?on oai, /oi ii i/aiue auno?i iiaeao
i?eaanoe e iiaaiiiee, a, e?iia oiai, iiaeao aeaaaoue oyaeaeua
ineiaeiaiey ia na?aeoea e ii/ee.
Ioe/ee a?eii o ethaeae.
Ae?onu ioe/ueaai a?eiia, eae i?aaeei, ia eioeoee?otho ethaeae, iaeiaei
ecaanoiu neo/ae caaieaaaiey e aeaaea aeaaee n?aaee ethaeae ai a?aiy
aniuoae 1997-1999 e 2003-2004 aiaeia. I?e yoii /aeiaae yaeyaony, nei?aa
anaai, eiia/iui caaiii a ia?aaea/a ae?ona a?eiia (caaieaoue iiaeii i?e
eiioaeoa n aeeaie ca?aaeaiiie ioeoeae eee nuaa nu?iai ca?aaeaiiiai
iyna), o.e. aei neo ii? ia caoeene?iaaiu neo/ae aeinoiaa?iie ia?aaea/e
yoiai ae?ona io /aeiaaea /aeiaaeo.
Oae, a 1997 aiaeo a Aiieiiaa aue auaeaeai ae?on ioe/ueaai a?eiia (H5N1),
eioi?ue eioeoee?iaae eae eo?, oae e ethaeae. Yoi aue ia?aue neo/ae,
eiaaea iaia?oaeeeinue, /oi ae?on ioe/ueaai a?eiia iiaeao iai?yioth
ia?aaeaaaoueny io ioeoe /aeiaaeo. A oiaea yoie aniuoee 18 /aeiaae (9
aeaoae e 9 ac?ineuo) auee ainieoaeece?iaaiu e 6 ec ieo (1 ?aaaiie e 5
ac?ineuo) iiaeaee. O/aiua ii?aaeaeeee, /oi ae?on ?ani?ino?aieeny
iai?yioth io ioeoe e /aeiaaeo.
1999 aiae – a Aiieiiaa ae?on ioe/ueaai a?eiia (H9N2) eioeoee?iaae aeaieo
aeaoae. Iaa ?aaaiea aucaei?iaaee, ae?oaeo neo/aaa caaieaaaiey
ca?aaeno?e?iaaii ia auei. Enneaaeiaaiey iieacaee, /oi enoi/ieeii
eioaeoeee auea aeiiaoiyy ioeoea, io eioi?ie ae?on iai?yioth ia?aaeaeny
/aeiaaeo.
E?iia oiai, niiauaeinue i ianeieueeeo neo/ayo eioaeoeee ae?onii ioeoe
(H9N2) n?aaee ethaeae a iaoa?eeiaie /anoe Eeoay a 1998-1999 aiaeao.
2003 aiae – aeaa neo/ay eioaeoeee ioe/ueaai a?eiia (H5N1) a aiieiianeie
naiuea, i?eaoaaoae ec Eeoay. Iaeei /aeiaae iiaea, ae?oaie aucaei?iaae.
Aaea e eae i?iecioei ca?aaeaiea yoie naiuee, ia onoaiiaeaii. Aua iaeei
/eai yoie naiuee iiaea io ?anie?aoi?iiai caaieaaaiey a Eeoaa, ii
oanoe?iaaiea yoiai neo/ay i?iaaaeaii ia auei. I ae?oaeo neo/ayo
caaieaaaiey ia niiauaeinue. E?iia oiai, a oiaea a?aiy a Aiieiiaa
onoaiiaeaia eioaeoeey ae?onii (H9N2) o iaeiiai ?aaaiea. ?aaaiie aue
ainieoaeece?iaai e aucaei?iaae.
A oii aea 2003 aiaeo – ae?onu ioe/ueaai a?eiia (H7N7) e (H5N1) auee
iaia?oaeaiu a Ieaea?eaiaeao o 86 /aeiaae, ooaaeeaathueo ca ca?aaeaiiie
ioeoeae e o o?ao /eaiia eo naiae. Caaieaaaiea i?ioaeaei aanneiioiiii eee
a eaaeie oi?ia. *aua anaai i?iyaeaiey aieacie ia?aie/eaaeenue eioaeoeeae
aeac n iaeioi?uie i?eciaeaie ?anie?aoi?iuo caaieaaaiee, iaeiaei iaeei
iaoeeaio iiaea. A aeaiiii neo/aa auei ianeieueei i?aaeiieiaeeoaeueiuo
neo/aaa ia?aaea/e ae?ona io /aeiaaea /aeiaaeo.
2004 aiae – iaeaieaa ?ani?ino?aiaiiay aniuoea ioe/ueaai a?eiia (H5N1)
n?aaee ethaeae.
Iniiaiua ioee/eoaeueiua iniaaiiinoe ae?ona a?eiia 2004 aiaea e?aoei
iiaeii noi?ioee?iaaoue neaaeothuei ia?acii:
– Ae?on noae aieaa ca?aciui, /oi naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i iooaoeee ae?ona.
– Ae?on i?aiaeieae iaaeaeaeiaie aa?uea? io ioeoe e /aeiaaeo, iaeiaei
iiea iao aeieacaoaeuenoa oiai, /oi ae?on ia?aaeaaony iai?yioth io
/aeiaaea e /aeiaaeo (ana caaieaaoea ethaee eiaee i?yiie eiioaeo n
ca?aaeaiiie ioeoeae).
– Ae?on ii?aaeaao e oaeaaao a iniiaiii aeaoae. Enoi/iee ca?aaeaiey e
iooe ?ani?ino?aiaiey ae?ona ia ii?aaeaeaiu, /oi aeaeaao neooaoeeth n
?ani?ino?aiaieai ae?ona i?aeoe/anee ia eiio?iee?oaiie.
A 2005 aiaeo – ioe/ee a?eii ii?acee E?ui, aaea auei oie/oiaeaii iiiai
aieia ioeoe, oaeoia caaieaaaiee yoei a?eiiii o ethaeae ia caoeene?iaaii.
Ioe/ee a?eii, i?iieeoee a Oo?oeeth a i?ioeii aiaeo, i?eian iaiaei ai?y
yoiio ainoaea?noao – ieiei 10 nia?oae a ?acoeueoaoa caaieaaaiey, ia
aiai?y oaea i ianniaii caaia iiaieiauey aeiiaoieo ioeoe.
Iiyaeeanue eioi?iaoeey ia oia?oeo io ioe/ueaai a?eiia oaea a yoii aiaeo
a Aca?aaeaeaeaia.
Aii?in 3: *N i?e?iaeiiai oa?aeoa?a, i?aaenoaaeythuea oa?ico
oieaa?neoaoo.
A?aiy, ioaaaeaiiia ia io?aaioeo aii?ina: 3 iei.
1. Iiiecaiue – niauaiea a?oioa ii ioeino ia Aa?ia – Aieaeneie
iaaa?aaeiie.
Ia?u caueou – ii?aaeaeaiu a ieaia yeno?aiiie yaaeoaoeee oieaa?neoaoa.
Auaiae anaai ia?niiaea ii neaiaeo “Aieiaiea – ANAI!” – Iiiecaiue, n?i/ii
iieeiooue caeaiea. Ianoi nai?a – ieiuaaeue Naiaiaeu, oe. Ioa?neay.
Aanue ee/iue ninoaa oieaa?neoaoa iieeaeaao caeaiea a niioaaonoaee n
?ac?aaioaiiie eino?oeoeeae, iiae ?oeiaiaenoaii i?aiiaeaaaoaeae
i?iaiaeyueo caiyoey e noa?oeo ia ?aai/eo ianoao. Ii ieii/aieth
yaaeoaoeeiiiuo ia?ii?eyoee, aeieiaeeoue a ii?yaeea iiae/eiaiiinoe.
2. O?aaai – aaoa? aieaa 25i/nae.
Ia?u caueou – oae aea ii?aaeaeaiu ieaiii yeno?aiiie yaaeoaoeee
oieaa?neoaoa. Auoiae ec caeaiee cai?aoeoue, cae?uoue ieia, aeaa?e. Ana
ia?ii?eyoey i?iaiaeyony iiae ?oeiaiaenoaii i?aiiaeaaaoaeae e noa?oeo ia
?aai/eo ianoao. Iiiaauaiea i i?eaeeaeaiee o?aaaia i?iecaiaeeony ii naoe
ianoiie a?iieiaiai?yuae nayce oieaa?neoaoa “Aieiaiea – ANAI!” – O?aaai.
3. Iaaiaeiaiea – a yoie /?acau/aeiie neooaoeee iiaoo ieacaoueny
Caaieaeneee oeeeae e Ni?iianeee aa/a?iee oaeoeueoao.
A neo/aa i?i?uaa aeaiau Ieaeaai?iaeneie AYN /a?ac 15 iei. iiaeao
ia/aoueny caoiieaiea a. Caaieaeuea. Aunioa aieiu ninoaaeo 15-17 iao?ia.
Ai?iae aoaeao caoiieai iieiinoueth /a?ac 35 – 40 iei. , a /a?ac 4,5 /ana
iiaeao ia/aoueny caoiieaiea Ni?iianeiai ?aeiia a a.I.Iiaai?iae. Aunioa
iiaeuaia aiaeu 0,5 – 2 iao?a.
Ia?u caueou auee ?anniio?aiu ai 2-i aii?ina.
Iai anao ae?oaeo yaeaieyo i?e?iaeiuo *N, aiciiaeiuo a I.Iiaai?iaea,
ianaeaiea i?aaeoi?aaeaeaaony ii naoyi ianoiiai aauaiey – ?aaeei,
oaeaaeaeaiea e ia?u caueou i?aaei?eieiathony a ianooaaa ?aeiiia e
ai?iaea.
Iaeneiaeueiua ia?u caueou io ii?aaeaiey ia?niiaea oieaa?neoaoa
aeinoeaathony:
– ciaieai ii?yaeea aeaenoaee a ?acoeueoaoa *N e ia? caueou;
– i?aaeoi?aaeaeaieai iaieee;
– i?aeoe/aneeie o?aie?iaeaie ii io?aaioea ieaia yeno?aiiie yaaeoaoeee
oieaa?neoaoa.
III. Caeeth/eoaeueiay /anoue – 1 iei.
Aiaeec /?acau/aeiuo neooaoeee, ninoiyiea yeieiae/aneie ianoaiiaee a
Ieaeaai?iaeneie iaeanoe, aiciiaeiiai aicieeiiaaiey noeoeeiuo aaaenoaee,
i?aaenoaaeaiiuo i?e ?anniio?aiee aeaiiie oaiu, aeatho iniiaaiea e iiaiae
e oiio, /oiau ana a?aaeaeaia aioiaeeenue e auee aioiau e aiciiaeiui
aeaenoaeyi a oneiaeyo *N i?e?iaeiiai oa?aeoa?a.
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