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Планирование заработной платы и численности рабочих

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IEIENOA?NOAI IAUAAI E I?IOANNEIIAEUeIIAI IA?ACIAAIEss

Eoaaineee Ainoaea?noaaiiue Oaoiieiae/aneee Oieaa?neoao

Eaoaae?a : Yeiiiieee e oi?aaeaiey i?iecaiaenoaii

EO?NIAAss ?AA0OA

ii aeenoeeieeia Aioo?eoe?iaiiia ieaie?iaaiea

ia oaio : Ieaie?iaaiea ca?aaioiie ieaou e /eneaiiinoe ?aai/eo
( ia
i?eia?a iueiaa?aiiiai caaiaea)

?aaioo auiieiee
nooaeaio II eo?na Caiieia I.A. ?oeiaiaeeoaeue

eo?niaie ?aaiou

Oeieaae/ A. I.

E?aniiaea? 1998 a.

1. IAUAss EIIOeAIOeEss AIOO?EOE?IAIIIAI IEAIE?IAAIEss.

1.1. Iauay oa?aeoa?enoeea ieaie?iaaiey

Ieaie?iaaiea – yoi ii?aaeaeaiea oeaeae e caaea/ i?aaei?eyoey ia
ii?aaeaeaiioth ia?niaeoeao, aiaeec niiniaia eo ?aaeecaoeee e ?ano?niiai
iaania/aiey.

Iniiaiua i?eioeeiu ieaie?iaaiey:

1) I?eioeei iainiiaaiiinoe oeaeae e caaea/ i?aaei?eyoey. I?e yoii
auaeaeytho oeaee:

oicyenoaaiii-yeiiiie/aneea, iaania/eaathuea yooaeoeaiinoue
i?iecaiaenoaa;

i?iecaiaenoaaiii-oaoiieiae/aneea, ii?aaeaeythuea ooieoeeiiaeueiia
iacia/aiea i?aaei?eyoey;

iao/ii-oaoie/aneea, iaania/eaathuea iao/ii-oaoie/aneee i?ia?ann;

nioeeaeueiua, iaania/eaathuea oaeiaeaoai?aiea nioeeaeueii-auoiauo e
eoeueoo?iuo iio?aaiinoae ?aaioieeia i?aaei?eyoey;

yeieiae/aneea, iaania/eaathuea ecaioiaeaiea yeieiae/anee /enoie
i?iaeoeoeee aac iaaaoeaiiai aicaeaenoaey ia ie?oaeathuoth n?aaeo.

2) I?eioeei nenoaiiinoe. Ii icia/aao, /oi ieaie?iaaiea i?aaenoaaeyao
oeaeoth nenoaio ieaiia e ioaaouaaao ana noa?u aeayoaeueiinoe
i?aaei?eyoey;

3) I?eioeei iao/iinoe. O?aaoao o/aoa ia?niaeoea iao/ii-oaoie/aneiai
i?ia?anna e i?eiaiaiey iao/ii iainiiaaiiuo i?ia?anneaiuo ii?i
eniieueciaaiey anao aeaeia ?ano?nia;

4) I?eioeei iai?a?uaiinoe. Icia/aao ia?aeeaeueiia ni/aoaiea oaeouaai e
ia?niaeoeaiiai ieaie?iaaiey;

5) I?eioeei naaeaine?iaaiiinoe ieaia. Oeacuaaao ia eiee/anoaaiiia
niioaaonoaea iaaeaeo acaeiinaycaiiuie ?acaeaeaie e iieacaoaeyie ieaia,
iaaeaeo iio?aaiinoyie a ?ano?nao e eo iaee/eai;

6) I?eioeei aee?aeoeaiinoe. A niioaaonoaee n iei ieai i?eia?aoaao neeo
caeiia aeey anao iiae?acaeaeaiee i?aaei?eyoey iinea ooaa?aeaeaiey aai
?oeiaiaeeoaeai i?aaei?eyoey.

Aaaeiaeoeie oeaeyie, eioi?ua i?aneaaeothony a ieaie?iaaiee ia
i?aaei?eyoee, eae i?aaeei, yaeythony: iauai i?iaeaae oiaa?iie iannu,
i?eaueue e aeiey ia ?uiea.

Aeaeu ieaie?iaaiey.

A caaeneiinoe io i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoe ieaiiaiai ia?eiaea auaeaeytho
ia?niaeoeaiia (aeieain?i/iia e n?aaeian?i/iia) e oaeouaa (e?aoein?i/iia)
ieaie?iaaiea.

Aeieain?i/iia ieaie?iaaiea iau/ii ioaaouaaao o?aoeaoiee eee iyoeeaoiee
ia?eiaeu e ii?aaeaeyao iauoth no?aoaaeth i?aaei?eyoey a ?aieao,
“i?iaeoeo-?uiie”. I?e ninoaaeaiee ieaia eco/athony aa?eaiou ?anoe?aiey
i?iecaiaenoaa e nieaeaiey ecaea?aeae. I?iaiice?othony eciaiaiey a
iiiaieeaoo?a i?iaeoeoeee e ooi/iyaony iieeoeea a ooieoeeiiaeueiuo
noa?ao. ?acoeueoaoii yoiai ieaia yaeythony oi?ioee?iaea aeieain?i/iuo
oeaeae, ninoaaeaiea aeieain?i/iuo i?iaeoia e i?eiyoea aeieain?i/iie
iieeoeee a iniiaiuo iaeanoyo.

N?aaeian?i/iia ieaie?iaaiea (io 2 aei 3-o eao) o/eouaaao aiciiaeiinoe
anao iiae?acaeaeaiee ia iniiaa eo nianoaaiiie ioeaiee. ?ac?aaaouaaaony
ieai i?aaei?eyoey ii ia?eaoeiao, ieai i?iecaiaenoaa, ieai ii o?oaeo e
oeiainiaue ieai.

Oaeouaa ieaie?iaaiea iau/ii ?ann/eoaii ia aiae, iieaiaea, eaa?oae,
ianyoe e aeeth/aao iauai i?iecaiaenoaa, ieai ii o?oaeo e ca?aaioiie
ieaoa, ieaie?iaaiea iaoa?eaeueii-oaoie/aneiai iaania/aiey,
naaanoieiinoe, i?eauee, ?aioaaaeueiinoe e o.ae.

A ieaie?iaaiee eniieuecothony neaaeothuea iniiaiua iaoiaeu:

– ii?iaoeaiue – ia iniiaa i?ia?anneaiuo ii?i eniieueciaaiey ?ano?nia;

– aaeainiaue – oeaeaiai?aaeaiiia niaeaniaaiea iai?aaeaiee eniieueciaaiey
?ano?nia n enoi/ieeaie eo ia?aciaaiey (iinooieaiey) ii anae nenoaia
acaeiinaycaiiuo iaoa?eaeueiuo, oeiainiauo e o?oaeiauo aaeainia;

– yeno?aiieyoeee – auyaeaiiua a i?ioeii oaiaeaioeee ?acaeoey
i?aaei?eyoey ?ani?ino?aiythony ia aoaeouee ia?eiae;

– eioa?iieyoeee – i?aaei?eyoea onoaiaaeeaaao oeaeue a aoaeouai e,
enoiaey ec iaa, ii?aaeaeyao i?iiaaeooi/iua ieaiiaua iieacaoaee;

– oaeoi?iue – ia iniiaa ?an/aoia aeeyiey aaaeiaeoeo oaeoi?ia ia
eciaiaiea ieaiiauo iieacaoaeae;

– iao?e/iue – iooai iino?iaiey iiaeaeae acaeiinaycae iaaeaeo
i?iecaiaenoaaiiuie iiae?acaeaeaieyie e iieacaoaeyie:

– yeiiiieei-iaoaiaoe/aneiai iiaeaee?iaaiey n i?eiaiaieai YAI e ae?oaea.

1.2 Iiiyoea aioo?eoe?iaiiiai ieaie?iaaiey

Iiiyoea ieaie?iaaiea aeayoaeueiinoe oe?iu eiaao aeaa niunea. Ia?aue –
iauayeiiiie/aneee, n oi/ee c?aiey iauae oai?ee oe?iu, aa i?e?iaeu.
Aoi?ie – eiie?aoii-oi?aaeai/aneee. Caeanue ieaie?iaaiea ec ooieoeee
iaiaaeaeiaioa, oiaiea i?aaeaeaeaoue aoaeouaa i?eyoey e eniieueciaaoue
yoi i?aaeaeaeaiea. Iaa noi?iiu ieaie?iaaiey oanii naycaiu iaaeaeo niaie.
Aiciiaeiinoue ieaie?iaaiey eae eiie?aoiiai aeaea aeayoaeueiinoe auoaeaao
ec i?e?iaeu oe?iu, iai?yioth ii?aaeaeyaony iaueie oneiaeyie
oicyenoaiaaiey. Aanue iaoa?eae – yoi iieac eiie?aoiuo niiniaia e
iaoiaeia ieaie?iaaiey eae oi?aaeai/aneie ooieoeee. Ii aeey na?ueaciiai
iiieiaiey niunea ieaie?iaaiey iaiaoiaeeii ii?aaeaeeoue iaa aai noi?iiu.

Iauayeiiiie/aneia iiieiaiea ieaie?iaaiey.

Ieaie?iaaiea eae aioeiiae iaoaiecia oeai.

N iauayeiiiie/aneie oi/ee c?aiey ieaie?iaaiea – yoi iaoaieci eioi?ue
caiaiyao oeaiu e ?uiie. A ?aieao ?uii/iie nenoaiu aeaaiui eii?aeeiaoi?ii
aeaenoaee aa o/anoieeia yaeythony oeaiu. Eiaiii oeaiu ii?aaeaeytho
auaiaeiua aeey i?iaeaaoeia e iieoiaoaeae iauaiu e niiniau i?iecaiaenoaa
e iio?aaeaiey oiaa?ia. Oe?ia eae o/anoiee ?uii/iie nenoaiu oaeaea
auioaeaeaia iiae/eiyoueny oeaiiaiio iaoaiecio, caeiio ni?ina e
i?aaeeiaeaiey, iineieueeo ia eiaao aiciiaeiinoe ioiaieoue eo aeaenoaea.
Iiyoiio a ie?oaeathuai ie?a ?uiea oe?ia – anaai eeoue eeaoea aieueoiai
i?aaiecia, iauay ?ieue eioi?ie a iniiaiii ia inicia?ony ath. Iaeiaei ai
aioo?aiiae n?aaea eaaeaeie oicyenoaaiiie aaeeieoeu iaoaieci oeai
auoaniai niciaoaeueiuie aeaenoaeyie e aaoi?eoaoiuie ?aoaieyie
i?aaei?eieiaoaeae e iaiaaeaea?ia. I?aaei?eieiaoaeue iniciaiii
ii?aaeaeyao iniiaiua iai?aaeaiey aioo?eoe?iaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe.
Neaaeiaaoaeueii, aioo?aiiyy i?e?iaea oe?iu iniiauaaaony ia nenoaia
ieaiiauo ?aoaiee.

Oaeei ia?acii, o/anoieee aioo?eoe?iaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe oa?ytho naiaiaeo
aeaenoaee, oa?aeoa?ioth aeey naiinoiyoaeueiuo e ia caaeneiuo ae?oa io
ae?oaa noauaeoia ?uiea, eo iiaaaeaiea ieacuaaaony iiae eiio?ieai
oi?aaeythueo i?aaei?eyoeai.

Ii/aio ieaie?iaaiea eae nenoaia aieaauo, niciaoaeueii i?eieiaaiuo
?aoaiee auoaniyao ?uiie ai aioo?aiiae aeayoaeueiinoe oe?iu? O
yeiiiienoia anoue ianeieueei ioaaoia ia yoio aii?in.

1. Ia?aie/aiiua ?acia?u oe?iu iicaieytho eiio?iee?iaaoue aeaenoaey,
i?ienoiaeyuea aioo?e a?, e oaeei ia?acii naiaeeoue e ieieioio
iaii?aaeaeaiiinoue ?uii/iie n?aaeu e aa iaaaoeaiua iineaaenoaey.

I?eiaiyy ieaie?iaaiea, oe?ia ono?aiyao oa ecaea?aeee, eioi?ua iia iiaea
au eiaoue, anee au ana aeaenoaey aioo?e oe?iu niaa?oaeenue ia iniiaa
eoiee-i?iaeaaee. Aaaeue anyeie oi?aiaie naeaeea (o?ainaeoeee)
niioonoaotho oae iacuaaaiua o?ainaeoeeiiiua ecaea?aeee: cao?aou ia
iienee iieoiaoaey e/eee i?iaeaaoea i?iaaaeaiea ia?aaiai?ia i i?aaeiaoa
naeaeee, iieaoa oneoa eiinoeueoaioia e o.i. Ioiaiyy ioiioaiey
eoiee-i?iaeaaee, i?aaei?eyoea ono?aiyao aeiiieieoaeueiua cao?aou.
Inouanoaeyy aaeieieno?aoeaioth ooieoeeth, naycaiioth n aieaaui
?oeiaiaenoaii e i?eiyoeai ?aoaiee, i?aaei?eieiaoaeue caieiaaony
ieaie?iaaieai oaeaea a aieaa oceii niunea eae ?aciiaeaeiinoueth
oi?aaeai/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe.

Oi?aaeai/aneia iiieiaiea ieaie?iaaiey. Ieaie?iaaiea – yoi i?aaeaeaeaiea.

Ieaie?iaaiea yaeyaony anoanoaaiiie /anoueth iaiaaeaeiaioa. Aai iiaeii
ii?aaeaeeoue eae oiaiea i?aaeaeaeaoue oeaee i?aaiecaoeee, ?acoeueoaou aa
aeayoaeueiinoe e ?ano?nu, iaiaoiaeeiua aeey aeinoeaeaiey ii?aaeaeaiiuo
oeaeae. Ieaie?iaaiea iiiiaaao ioaaoeoue ia neaaeothuea aaaeiua aii?inu.

1.Aaea i?aaiecaoeey iaoiaeeony a ianoiyuaa a?aiy (yeiiiie/aneay iiceoeey
i?aaei?eyoey), eaeiau eoiae e oneiaey aa aeayoaeueiinoe?

2. Eae, i?e iiiiue eaeeo ?ano?nia iiaoo auoue aeinoeaioou oeaee
i?aaiecaoeee?

Ieaie?iaaiea – ia?aue e iaeaieaa cia/eiue yoai i?ioeanna iaiaaeaeiaioa.
Ia iniiaa nenoaiu ieaiia, nicaeaiiuo oe?iie, a aeaeueiaeoai
inouanoaeythony i?aaiecaoeey caieaie?iaaiiuo ?aaio, iioeaaoeey
caaeaenoaiaaiiiai aeey eo auiieiaiey ia?niiaea, eiio?ieue ?acoeueoaoia e
eo ioeaiea n oi/ee c?aiey ieaiiauo iieacaoaeae Iaeei ec “iooeia”
nia?aiaiiiai iaiaaeaeiaioa A. Oae Ieue ioia/ae: “Oi?aaeyoue – yoi
i?aaeaeaeaoue”, a “i?aaeaeaeaoue – yoi oaea ii/oe aeaenoaiaaoue”.
Ieaie?iaaiea – yoi ia i?inoi oiaiea i?aaeoniio?aoue ana iaiaoiaeeiua
aeaenoaey. Yoi oaeaea niiniaiinoue i?aaeaeaeaoue ethaua iaiaeeaeaiiinoe,
eioi?ua iiaoo aicieeiooue ii oiaeo aeaea, e oiaoue n ieie ni?aaeyoueny.
Oe?ia ia iiaeao iieiinoueth ono?aieoue ?ene a naiae aeayoaeueiinoe, ii
niiniaia oi?aaeyoue ei i?e iiiiue yooaeoeaiiai i?aaeaeaeaiey.

1.3. Iaiaoiaeeiinoue ieaie?iaaiey a yeiiiie/aneie i?aaiecaoeee.

Aua eeanneee iaiaaeaeiaioa ia?aoeee aieiaiea ia oi, /oi ionoonoaea
ieaiia ia i?aaei?eyoee nii?iaiaeaeaaony eieaaaieyie ioeai/iuie
iaiaa?aie, ianaiaa?aiaiiie ia?aiaiie i?eaioaoeee, /oi yaeyaony i?e/eiie
ieioiai ninoiyiey aeae, anee ia e?aoa eo. Eae iieacaea i?aeoeea,
i?eiaiaiea ieaie?iaaiey nicaeaao neaaeothuea aaaeiua i?aeiouanoaa:

-aeaeaao aiciiaeiie iiaeaioiaeo e eniieueciaaieth aoaeoueo aeaaii?eyoiuo
oneiaee;

-i?iyniyao aicieeathuea i?iaeaiu;

-noeioee?oao iaiaaeaea?ia e ?aaeecaoeee naieo ?aoaiee aeaeueiaeoae
?aaioa;

-oeo/oaao eii?aeeiaoeeth aeaenoaee a i?aaiecaoeee;

-nicaeaao i?aaeiinueee aeey iiauoaiey ia?aciaaoaeueiie iiaeaioiaee
iaiaaeaea?ia;

-oaaee/eaaao aiciiaeiinoe a iaania/aiee oe?iu iaiaoiaeeiie eioi?iaoeeae;

-niinianoaoao aieaa ?aoeeiiaeueiiio ?ani?aaeaeaieth ?ano?nia;

-oeo/oaao eiio?ieue a i?aaiecaoeee.

Caiai/eai auei au i?aaeiieiaeeoue, /oi ieaie?iaaiea aaaeao e
aeinoeaeaieth oe?iie oaeiai yeiiiie/aneiai oniaoa, eioi?ue iiaeao auoue
au?aaeai a aunieeo aaee/eiao iai?ioa, i?eauee, ?inoa e ae?oaeo
aia/aoeythueo oeiainiauo iieacaoaeae Iaeioi?ua niaoeeaeenou ii
ieaie?iaaieth iuoathony iaeoe eiie?aoiua i?eia?u, eioi?ua iiaee au
i?ieeethno?e?iaaoue oaeoth acaeiicaaeneiinoue. Iaeiaei aeaeueoa
ioaeaeueiuo i?aaeiieiaeaiee aeaei ia eaeao. Iai?ioea, eae iieacuaaao
iiuo, auno?ue ?ino e aieueoie oniao oe?iu i/aiue /anoi ia naycaiu n
oi?iaeueiui ieaie?iaaieai, a nei?aa yaeythony neaaenoaeai
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai oaeaioa, yia?ae/iiai e ?aoeoaeueiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa
oe?iie. Aieaa oiai, iiiaea i?aaei?eyoey, a oii /enea ?inneeneea,
ia/eiatho i?eiaiyoue ieaie?iaaiea a oio ia?eiae ?acaeoey, eiaaea oaea
i?io?e yoai ao?iiai ?inoa, eiaaea iiyaeythony i?iaeaiu a cae?aieaiee
aeinoeaiooiai oniaoa, iaania/aiee noaaeeueiinoe.

Aeey ?inneeneeo i?aaei?eyoee iiaeii i/a?oeoue aeaa noa?u, ioaeaeathueany
a i?eiaiaiee ieaie?iaaiey.

1. Aiiaue aicieeoea /anoiua oe?iu. Ao?iue i?ioeann iaeiieaiey eaieoaea
i?eaae e oaaee/aieth e oneiaeiaieth aeayoaeueiinoe iiiaeo ec yoeo oe?i,
a oaeaea e aicieeiiaaieth ae?oaeo oaeoi?ia, nicaeathueo iio?aaiinoue a
oi?iao ieaie?iaaiey, aaeaeaaoiue nia?aiaiiiio ?uii/iiio oicyenoao.
Aeaaiay i?iaeaia, naycaiiay n i?eiaiaieai ieaie?iaaiey a yoie noa?a, –
iaaeiaa?ea e oi?iaeueiiio ieaie?iaaieth, iniiaaiiia ia iiaiee, /oi
aecian – yoi oiaiea “e?ooeoueny”, i?aaeeueii i?eaioe?iaaoueny a oaeouae
ianoaiiaea, a ionthaea iaaeinoaoi/iia aieiaiea aeaaea e ia i/aiue
ioaeaeaiiiio aoaeouaio Oai ia iaiaa iiiaea ec e?oiiuo /anoiuo oe?i
ia/aee , nicaeaaaoue iiae?acaeaeaiey ieaie?iaaiey eee, ii e?aeiae ia?a,
aaiaeeoue aeieaeiinoue ieaiiaeea

2. Ainoaea?noaaiiua e auaoea ainoaea?noaaiiua, iuia i?eaaoece?iaaiiua,
i?aaei?eyoey. Aeey ieo ooieoeey ieaie?iaaiey yaeyaony o?aaeeoeeiiiie.
Iaeiaei eo iiuo ieaie?iaaiey ioiineony a iniiaiii e ia?eiaeo
oeaio?aeeciaaiii oi?aaeyaoaeny yeiiiieee. Ionthaea ieaie?iaaiea ia yoeo
i?aaei?eyoeyo iineei aoi?e/iue oa?aeoa?, io?aaeaei ieaiiaoth
aeayoaeueiinoue ia oeaio?aeueiii e io?aneaaii o?iaiyo, a
neaaeiaaoaeueii, ia i?aaeiieaaaei na?ueaciiai oiaiey aiaeece?iaaoue e
i?aaeaeaeaoue, ii?aaeaeyoue nianoaaiiua oeaee ?acaeoey. Iiyoiio, eae e
i?aaiecaoeeyi ia?aiai oeia, ainoaea?noaaiiui e i?eaaoece?iaaiiui
i?aaei?eyoeyi iaiaoiaeeii caiiai inaaeaaoue iiuo aioo?eoe?iaiiiai
ieaie?iaaiey. Nia?aiaiiue ?uiie i?aaeuyaeyao iniaua o?aaiaaiey e
i?aaei?eyoeth. Neiaeiinoue e aunieay iiaeaeaeiinoue i?ienoiaeyueo ia i?i
i?ioeannia nicaeatho iiaua i?aaeiinueee aeey aieaa na?ueaciiai
i?eiaiaiey ieaie?iaaiey. Ii?aaeaeei iniiaiua oaeoi?u aic?anoathuae ?iee
ieaie?iaaiey a oneiaeyo nia?aiaiiiai ?uii/iiai oicyenoaa.

Oaaee/aiea ?acia?ia oe?iu e oneiaeiaiea oi?i aa aeayoaeueiinoe. Ianiio?y
ia aic?iaeaeaiea e oniaoiia ?acaeoea iaeiai e n?aaeiaai aeciana,
eeaee?othuaa iieiaeaiea ia nia?aiaiiii ?uiea caieiatho e?oiiua oe?iu.

Oae, ii iiaen/?oai niaoeeaeenoia ieiei iieiaeiu iio?aaiinoae caiaaeiiai
ie?a oaeiaeaoai?ytho /ooue aieaa aeaoonio e?oiiuo eiiiaiee. A ?inneeneie
yeiiiieea enoi?e/anee neiaeeeinue i?aiaeaaeaiea i/aiue e?oiiuo
i?aaei?eyoee ii/oe ai anao noa?ao oicyenoaa. Eiia/ii, oaeie aeaaioeci
eiaao iaiaei io?eoeaoaeueiuo iineaaenoaee, iaeiaei ii yaeyaony
?aaeueiinoueth ioa/anoaaiiie yeiiiieee ia?yaeo n caeiiiia?iui
oe?oiiaieai aieueoiai /enea aiiaue aicieeoeo /anoiuo oe?i. Iiyoiio
iiaeii neacaoue, /oi ianooaaiue oa?aeoa? aeciana — iauay /a?oa
nia?aiaiiuo yeiiiiee. N ae?oaie noi?iiu oneiaeiyaony no?oeoo?a
aeayoaeueiinoe yeiiiie/aneeo i?aaiecaoeee. I?e/eiaie yoiai yaeythony,
aiia?auo, no?aieaiea e ?inoo, ai-aoi?uo, – iaiaoiaeeiinoue
ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiey ?enea, a cia/eo, eiaanoe?iaaiea a iiaua noa?u
aeciana. Ianooaau, neiaeiinoue e ?aciiia?acea iai?aaeaiee aeayoaeueiinoe
oe?iu o?aaotho io iaa iniaiai aieiaiey e i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiio
ii?aaeaeaieth:

-aeaeia auioneaaiuo oiaa?ia;

-enoi/ieeia oeiaine?iaaiey;

-oaoiieiae/aneeo ?ano?nia, oaeeo, iai?eia?, eae eiiieaen
niaoeeaeece?iaaiiiai iai?oaeiaaiey e o ae.

?aoaiey i aoaeouai ninoiyiee oe?iu a oaeeo oneiaeyo ia iiaoo auoue
i?eiyou “a i?eeeaeeo”, ia iniiaa eiooeoeaiuo iuouaiee. I?aaeaeaeaiea
aoaeouaai caeanue aac i?aoaaee/aiey o?aaoao iao/iiai iiaeoiaea.
Iniciaiea yoiai oaeoa n?aaee ?inneeneeo yeiiiienoia e i?aaei?eieiaoaeae
au?aaeaaony, a /anoiinoe, a oii, /oi oaeia i?eeeaaeiia ecaeaiea, eae
“Yeiiiieea e aeeciue”, ?aaoey?ii ia/aoaao iaci?u aiaeeoe/aneeo
eino?oiaioia e no?aoaae/aneeo iiaeaeae, iaiaoiaeeiuo aeey i?eiyoey
ieaiiauo ?aoaiee.

Iiaeaeaeiinoue aiaoiae n?aaeu.

Nia?aiaiiay aiaoiyy n?aaea aeciana oa?aeoa?ecoaony aunieie nei?inoueth
eciaiaiee. A caiaaeiie yeiiiieea iiaeaeaeiinoue n?aaeu iauyniyaony a
ia?aoth i/a?aaeue aunieie ianuuaiiinoe iio?aaeoaeueneiai ni?ina, aai
eiaeeaeaeoaeece?iaaiiui e auno?ieciaiythueiny ?aciiia?aciui oa?aeoa?ii.
Iinoiyiii iaiythueany o?aaiaaiey ni noi?iiu ni?ina aeeeootho naeaeae
ae?oaeo oaeoi?ia aiaoiae n?aaeu: oaoiieiaee, n?aaenoa nayce –
eiiioieeaoeee, nioeeaeueiuo ioiioaiee e o.ae. Neaaeiaaoaeueii, oaeea aea
auno?ua e aeoaieea eciaiaiey auioaeaeai niaa?oaoue aecian. A ?inneeneie
yeiiiieea iiaeaeaeiinoue n?aaeu e, i?aaeaea anaai ia?aoiaeiui oa?aeoa?ii
ioa/anoaaiiiai oicyenoaa, e, eae neaaenoaea, ianoaaeeueiinoueth
nioeeaeueii-iieeoe/aneie noa?u. A oneiaeyo i?aaeieo ioiineoaeueii
noaaeeueiuo yeiiiie/aneeo nenoai aanue oicyenoaaiiue oeeee oe?iu (io
ieaie?iaaiey aeaenoaee aei eo ?aaeecaoeee e iiaeaaaeaiey eoiaia)
oeeaaeuaaeny a i?aaeaeao iaeiie oacu yeiiiie/aneiai ?acaeoey.

Naaiaeiy anaai eeoue iaeei oicyenoaaiiue oeeee iiaeao aianoeoue ?yae
eciaiaiee aiaoiae n?aaeu (eieaaaiey eiiuthieoo?u,
nioeeaeueii-iieeoe/aneea eieeecee e o.ae.). A yoeo oneiaeyo i?e i?eiyoee
?aoaiee ioaeii iie?aoueny ia iinoiyiiia iaiiaeaiea aeaiiuo i aiaoiae
n?aaea, eo aiaeec, iiene iiauo no?aoaaee e oaeoe/aneeo iiaeoiaeia.
Neaaeiaaoaeueii ieaie?iaaiea aeieaeii ioaaouaaoue aieueooth /anoue
oicyenoaaiiiai oeeeea, /ai ?aiueoa. Yoi iicaieeo i?eieiaoue aaeaeaaoiua
eciaiaieyi aiaoiae n?aaeu ?aoaiey.

Iiaue noeeue ?oeiaiaenoaa ia?niiaeii .

Oe?ia eiaeono?eaeueiiai ia?eiaea ioiineeanue e ?aaioieeo eae e i?inoiio
eniieieoaeth, yeaiaioo iauaai iaoaiecia oi?aaeaiey. Oaeie noeeue
?oeiaiaenoaa i?aaeiieaaae, /oi ?aaioieee iieo/atho ?aca??iooua,
aeaoaeece?iaaiiua eino?oeoeee aeaenoaee, ?ann/eoaiiua ia ei?ioeee
io?acie a?aiaie (ia aieaa, /ai ia iaaeaeth). Iiaue noeeue oi?aaeaiey
i?aaeinoaaeyao ?aaioieeo ai?acaei aieueooth naiaiaeo aeaenoaee,
aunaiaiaeaeaao aai eieoeeaoeao e oai?/aneea aiciiaeiinoe. Oaia?ue
eino?oeoeee eiatho aieaa iauee oa?aeoa?, /ai ?aiueoa, a caaeaiea
?ann/eoaii ia aieaa aeeeoaeueiue ia?eiae (aei iaeiiai ianyoea). Oaeie
iiaeoiae e ii?aaeaeaieth ?aai/eo caaea/ o?aaotho io oi?aaeythuaai
iieiiai e oi/iiai i?aaenoaaeaiey i aoaeouai, yniiai iniciaiey oeaeae
oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe, /oi iiauoaao cia/eiinoue ieaie?iaaiey.
Oneeaiea oeaio?iaaaeiuo nee a yeiiiie/aneie i?aaiecaoeee. *oiau eo/oa
i?eniiniaeoueny e neiaeiie e iaii?aaeaeaiiie aiaoiae n?aaea, eo/oa
?aaae?iaaoue ia cai?inu ?acee/iuo naeoi?ia, eioi?ua ianeoaeeaaao oe?ia,
inaaeaaoue iiaua i?eaueueiua aeaeu aeayoaeueiinoe, yeiiiie/aneay
i?aaiecaoeey i?aaeinoaaeyao aunieoth noaiaiue aaoiiiiee e
naiinoiyoaeueiinoe naiei ioaeaeueiui iiae?acaeaeaieyi e iaiaaeaea?ai
oe?iu. Oaeay i?aaiecaoeey aeayoaeueiinoe oaaee/eaaao aeaeinoue e
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneoth aeoeaiinoue iiae?acaeaeaiee.

Aaoiiiiey iiae?acaeaeaiee iaoiaeeo nai? au?aaeaiea a iiaeaeyo, eioi?ua
iacuaatho ieineinoiui e aai/o?iui iaiaaeaeiaioii. Iieiaeeoaeueiua
ea/anoaa oaeeo iiaeaeae oi?aaeaiey iacaaiu ?aiaa, iie naycaiu n aunieie
noaiaiueth aaeaioaoeee e eciaiythuaeny n?aaea. Ii iaeiia?aiaiii
ieineinoiue e aai/o?iue (?eneiaue) iaiaaeaeiaiou nicaeatho oeaeue ?yae
i?iaeai, io?eoeaoaeueiuo yooaeoia. Iai?eia?:

• iioa?y oeaio?ii eiio?iey ca ?aaioie iiae?acaeaeaiee: eiiaaea
iiae?acaeaeaiey ianoieueei i?eia?aoatho aeon e naiaiaea e
naiinoiyoaeueiiio ?oeiaiaenoao nianoaaiiuie aeaenoaeyie, /oi ia?aaeee
neo/ae eee iiiuoee auoiaea eo ec ninoaaa oe?iu e i?aaiecaoeee
nianoaaiiiai aeaea;

• ae?iaeaiea ooiaeaiaioaeueiuo oeaeae oe?iu ia iiiaeanoai /anoe/iuo,
aieueoay /anoue ec eioi?uo ia iiaeao auoue auiieiaia, eee aea iieiia
?aciuaaiea iaueo oeaeae. Nouanoaoao ?yae ai?iae?iaaiiuo ia i?aeoeea
niiniaia i?aiaeieaiey io?eoeaoaeueiuo iineaaenoaee oeaio?iaaaeiuo
oaiaeaioeee. N?aaee ieo neaaeothuea oaoiieiaee iaiaaeaeiaioa:

• iao?e/iay oi?ia i?aaiecaoeee e iacia/aiea iaiaaeaea?a, ioaaonoaaiiiai
ca i?iaeo;

• iauea athaeaeaoiua i?ia?aiiu;

• iiaeaee (a oii /enea eiiiuethoa?iua) yeiiiie/aneie i?aaiecaoeee.
Iaeaieaa iauee iiaeoiae e eioaa?aoeee anao /anoae yeiiiie/aneie
i?aaiecaoeee – aioo?eoe?iaiiia ieaie?iaaiea, au?aaioea aaeeiie
ei?ii?aoeaiie no?aoaaee e iaoaiecia aa ?aaeecaoeee.

1.4 I?aaeaeu ieaie?iaaiey.

Aiciiaeiinoe ieaie?iaaiey a yeiiiie/aneie i?aaiecaoeee i?aaei?eyoey
ia?aie/aiu ?yaeii iauaeoeaiuo e noauaeoeaiuo i?e/ei. ?anniio?ei iaeaieaa
aaaeiua ec ieo. Iaii?aaeaeaiiinoue ?uii/iie n?aaeu Ethaay yeiiiie/aneay
i?aaiecaoeey, aoaeue oi caiaaeiay oe?ia eee ?inneeneia i?aaei?eyoea, a
naiae aeayoaeueiinoe iaecaaaeii noaeeeaaaony n iaii?aaeaeaiiinoueth.
Oe?ia ia iaeaaeaao aeinoaoi/iuie (iieiuie) aeaiiuie i naiai ianoiyuai e
aoaeouai iia ia a ninoiyiee i?aaeoaaaeaoue ana eciaiaiey, eioi?ua iiaoo
i?iecieoe ai aiaoiae n?aaea. Ieaie?iaaiea e yaeyaony iaeiei ec niiniaia
“i?iyniaiey” aioo?aiieo e aiaoieo oneiaee aeayoaeueiinoe. Oi anoue
ieaie?iaaiea – yoi eino?oiaio i?aiaeieaiey iaii?aaeaeaiiinoe. Oai, aaea
anoue ieaie?iaaiea, iaii?aaeaeaiiinoue nie?auaaony. Iaeiaei ethaie,
aeaaea naiie iiuiie oe?ia ia ii neeai iieiinoueth ono?aieoue
iaii?aaeaeaiiinoue, a cia/eo, oeaeeeii nieaie?iaaoue naith
aeayoaeueiinoue. Aaaeue ono?aieoue iaii?aaeaeaiiinoue – cia/eo
ono?aieoue nai ?uiie, ?aciiia?acea ianiaiaaeathueo eioa?ania e aeaenoaee
noauaeoia ?uiea. Eiia/ii, oe?iu no?aiyony oii?yaei/eoue naie aiaoiea
ioiioaiey iooai auoaniaiey aicaeaenoaee ?uiea ia naith aeayoaeueiinoue,
e oaeea oneeey i?eiinyo ii?aaeaeaiiue oniao. Eiio?ieue iaae ?uieii
iiaeao inouanoaeyoueny ianeieueeeie niiniaaie. N?aaee ieo:

• aa?oeeaeueiay eioaa?aoeey;

• eiio?ieue iaae ni?inii;

• eiio?aeoiua ioiioaiey;

• nicaeaiea i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo naoae.

Aa?oeeaeueiay eioaa?aoeey icia/aao, /oi ieaie?othuay i?aaiecaoeey
i?eniaaeeiyao iooai neeyiey eee iiaeiuaiey oe?iu-iinoaaueee e/eee
oe?iu-eeeaiou. Oi anoue iauaaeeiythony oe?iu, aoiaeyuea a ninoaa aaeeiie
oaoiieiae/aneie oeaii/ee Oaeei ia?acii, aiaoiea naeaeee i?aa?auathony ai
aioo?eoe?iaiiua. A ?acoeueoaoa oe?ia iieo/aao yeaiaioa?ioth aa?aioeth
iinoiyiiuo e noaaeeueiuo iinoaaie nu?uey, eaieoaea, ?aai/ae neeu, a
oaeaea ?aaoee?oao cao?aou ia i?eia?aoaiea ioaeiuo yeiiiie/aneeo
?ano?nia. Aa?oeeaeueiay eioaa?aoeey aeaaii e oi?ioi ecaanoia ?inneeneie
yeiiiieea. A niaaoneee ia?eiae aa?oeeaeueiia eioaa?e?iaaiea
i?iaiaeeeinue i?eioaeeoaeueii, ia iniiaa aee?aeoeaiuo aeaenoaee
oeaio?aeueiuo oi?aaeythueo i?aaiia. Oae aue nicaeai ciaiaieoue AIE –
aa?a?ii-i?iiuoeaiiue eiiieaen NNN?, iauaaeeieaoee e
naeueneioicyenoaaiiua i?aaei?eyoey e i?aaiecaoeee, ia?a?aaaouaathuea
naeueneioicyenoaaiioth i?iaeoeoeeth. Ioee/aeanue aa?oeeaeueiay
eioaa?aoeey niaaoneiai oeia io aa?oeeaeueiie eioaa?aoeee a oneiaeyo
?uiea oai, /oi eiaea naiae oeaeueth oneeaiea oeaio?aeeciaaiiiai
oi?aaeaiey yeiiiieeie, nicaeaiea aieaa aeanoeie e acaeiioaycaiiie
oicyenoaaiiie no?oeoo?u a ?aieao anaai ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa, a oi a?aiy
eae aa?oeeaeueiay eioaa?aoeey ?uii/iiai oeia neoaeeo aeaeai ioaeaeueiie
oe?iu, oioy yooaeo a iaieo neo/ayo aeinoeaaaony oio aea – noaeaiea noa?u
aeaenoaey ?uii/iuo caeiiia.

E?iia oiai, i?eiaiyy aa?oeeaeueioth eioaa?aoeeth, oe?ia nie?auaao naie
o?ainaeoeeiiiua ecaea?aeee, oi anoue cao?aou ia caeeth/aiea ?uii/iuo
naeaeie.

Ii aiciiaeiinoe aa?oeeaeueiie eioaa?aoeee ii i?aiaeieaieth
iaii?aaeaeaiiinoe ia?aie/aiu. Ai-ia?auo, aa?oeeaeueiay eioaa?aoeey
anaaaea naycaia n e?oiiuie ?acia?aie i?aaei?eyoey, oi/iaa, n e?oiiuie
?acia?aie aeey aeaiiiai eiie?aoiiai ?uiea: oa?ia? a ?inoianeie iaeanoe
ia iiaeao aeeth/eoue a naie i?iecaiaenoaaiiue oeeee aieueoie ?inoianeee
iaoeiino?ieoaeueiue caaiae, iinoaaeythuee naeueoiciaoeiu, iineieueeo a
iaeeii/eo ia iiaeao aicaeaenoaiaaoue ia o?iaaiue oeai e iauai
i?iecaiaenoaa yoiai ianooaaiiai caaiaea. A oi a?aiy eae yoi
iaoeiino?ieoaeueiia i?aaei?eyoea iiaei au i?eniaaeeieoue e naaa,
iai?eia?, caaiae ii auioneo yeaeo?iiai?oaeiaaiey aeey eiiaaeiia.

Ai-aoi?uo, ?ac?ooay ?uii/iua ioiioaiey, aa?oeeaeueiay eioaa?aoeey
naiaeeo ia iao iieiaeeoaeueiua yooaeou eiieo?aioeee: no?aieaiea
i?aaei?eyoee e nieaeaieth ecaea?aeae e iiauoaieth ea/anoaa i?iaeoeoeee,
auai? iaeeo/oaai ec iinoaaueeia eee eeeaioia e naycaiiia n yoei
oe?aieaiea eiieo?aioiniiniaiinoe e onoie/eainoe ?uii/iiai iieiaeaiey
i?aaei?eyoey. Ono?aiyy eiieo?aioeeth e aa ?acoeueoaou, yeiiiie/aneay
i?aaiecaoeey oooaeoaao ia oieueei ninoiyiea aeae ia ?uiea a oeaeii, ii e
nianoaaiiia iieiaeaiea, nieaeaao naie oicyenoaaiiue iioaioeeae. Iiyoiio
iiiaea aeaeiaua oe?iu a iineaaeiea aeanyoeeaoey ioeacuaathony io
aa?oeeaeueiie eioaa?aoeee, caiaiyy aioo?aiiea naeaeee aieaa yooaeoeaiuie
?uii/iuie naeaeeaie.

Eiio?ieue iaae ni?inii. Eiio?ieue iaae ni?inii icia/aao, /oi oe?ia a
ninoiyiee eiio?iee?iaaoue iauai ?aaeecoaiie i?iaeoeoeee iooai
?aciiia?aciiai aeeyiey ia ni?in. Iaeei ec aa?eaioia eiio?iey iaae
ni?inii – onoaiiaeaiea iiiiiieueiiai aeeyiey ia ?uiea. Oe?ia, eioi?ay
yaeyaony e?oiiaeoei iinoaaueeii oiaa?a, iiaeao naiinoiyoaeueii
?aaoee?iaaoue iauai ni?ina e eiino?oe?iaaoue ?aaeoeeth iieoiaoaeae ia
naith i?iaeoeoeeth.

Iaeiaei iiiiiieueiay aeanoue iaae ni?inii aeinoaoi/ii iaonoie/eaa e
iaaeieaia?aiaiia, eae yoi, a /anoiinoe, iieacae i?eaaaeaiiue i?eia?.
I?ioeaiaeaenoaotho iiiiiieueiiio eiio?ieth iaae ni?inii iaecaaaeii
aicieeathuea neeu eiieo?aioeee (oae, o eaaeaeiai oiaa?a iiaoo iiyaeoueny
caiaieoaee-noanoeooou), n iaeiie noi?iiu, e aioeiiiiiieueiay
aeayoaeueiinoue – n ae?oaie.

Aieaa yooaeoeaiue e onoie/eaue enoi/iee aicaeaenoaey ia ni?in –
ia?eaoeiaiaay aeayoaeueiinoue oe?iu, oi anoue ia a?oaia aeaaeaiea ia
ni?in, a i?eniiniaeaiea oe?iu e iio?aaeoaeueneei ioaeaeai e iano?iaieyi.
Ii e a yoii neo/aa neeu eiieo?aioeee ia iicaieytho onoaiiaeoue oeaeeeii
ieaie?oaiua e aaniethoii onoie/eaua ioiioaiey n iio?aaeoaeyie.

Eiio?aeoiua ioiioaiey. Aieaa iaaeaaeiui niiniaii ono?aiaiey
iaii?aaeaeaiiinoe e iieo/aiey aiciiaeiinoe ieaie?iaaoue naith
aeayoaeueiinoue yaeythony eiio?aeoiua ioiioaiey. Iie iieo/eee i/aiue
oe?ieia i?eiaiaiea a yeiiiieeao ?acaeouo no?ai ie?a. E ia/aeo 90-o
aiaeia aieaa 2/3 anao oiaa?iuo naeaeie a caiaaeiii ie?a eiaee
eiio?aeoiue oa?aeoa?. Oiiiyiooue caeanue ?inoianeee oa?ia?, eae e
ae?oaie iae?oiiue i?aaei?eieiaoaeue, ia a ninoiyiee inouanoaeoue
aa?oeeaeueioth eioaa?aoeeth e oai aieaa iiiiiieueiue eiio?ieue iaae
?uieii. Oaeaea iaaaeeee aai aiciiaeiinoe a iieiii ianooaaa ?aaeeciaaoue
eiiieaen ia?eaoeiaa: io aei?iainoiyueo enneaaeiaaiee ?uiea aei a?iieie
?aeeaiiie eiiiaiee. A aio eiio?aeo iiaeao ieacaoueny aeey iaai iieaciie
e yooaeoeaiie oi?iie i?aiaeieaiey iaii?aaeaeaiiinoe, eae, ai?i/ai, aeey
i?aaei?eyoey ethaiai aeaea e ianooaaa aeayoaeueiinoe.

Niune eiio?aeoiuo ioiioaiee caeeth/aaony a oii, /oi iioaioeeaeueiue
i?iecaiaeeoaeue nia/aea iaoiaeeo iieoiaoaey i?iaeoeoeee, eioi?oth ii
niiniaai i?iecaanoe, e oae caoai, iinea niioaaonoaothuae iiaeaioiaee,
i?iecaiaeeo oiaa?. Naeaeea iaaeaeo iioaioeeaeueiuie iieoiaoaeyie e
i?iaeaaoeii ioi?ieyaony eiio?aeoii, a eioi?ii onoaiaaeeaathony oeaiu e
iauaiu iinoaaeyaiie eee iieoiaaiie i?iaeoeoeee ia aeinoaoi/ii
aeeeoaeueiue ia?eiae a?aiaie.

Eiio?aeo auaiaeai aeey iaieo o/anoieeia naeaeee. N iaeiie noi?iiu,
nouanoaaiii nieaeaaony ?ene i?iecaanoe e i?iaeaoue. Eiio?aeo iicaieyao
ninoaaeyoue i?aaeaa?eoaeueiua ieaiu i?iecaiaenoaa, iaania/aiea aai
iaiaoiaeeiuie ?ano?naie, oeiainiaua ieaiu (a e?oiiie oe?ia – ieaiu
iao/ii-oaoie/aneeo enneaaeiaaiee). N ae?oaie noi?iiu, ai?ei?iue oa?aeoa?
naeaeee iicaieyao iaeaieaa oi/ii e oiiei o/anoue cai?inu iio?aaeoaey. Ia
niaio ianniaiio i?iecaiaenoao i?eoiaeeo auione i?iaeoeoeee ii
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiui caeacai. Aiciiaeiinoe o/aoa eiaeeaeaeoaeueiuo
iniaaiiinoae caeac/eea ia aunieioaoiieiae/iii i?iecaiaenoaa iiauoatho
i?eiaiaiea aeaeiai, eaaeiia?ano?aeaathuaainy (iiaeoeueiiai)
iai?oaeiaaiey, eiiiuethoa?iuo nenoai. Ia?aua ia?acoeu i?iaeoeoeee,
auiouaiiua ii eiaeeaeaeoaeueiui caeacai, iiyaeeenue a aaoiiiaeeueiie
i?iiuoeaiiinoe.

Ia aaeeiie iioi/iie eeiee eaaeaeay iaoeia niae?aaony e iniauaaony
ii-?aciiio – a niioaaonoaee ni aeonaie aoaeouaai aeaaeaeueoea: /enei
aa?eaioia ii 20-40 aeaeai ioaeaeee e iniauaiey aeinoeaaao iiiaeo nioai.

Eiio?aeou ia iniiaa i?eiaiaiey aunieeo oaoiieiaee ia iaiaa aaaeiu
i?aaei?eyoeyi a ?inneeneee yeiiiieea, /ai oe?iai ec ia?aaeiauo a
oaoie/aneii niunea no?ai, oae eae a neeo eioa?iaoeeiiaeecaoeee ?uiea
?inneeneea i?aaei?eyoey auioaeaeaiu anooiaoue a eiieo?aioeeth ia
oieueei, a eiiaaea e ia noieueei n ioa/anoaaiiuie, neieueei n caiaaeiuie
e ainoi/iuie eiieo?aioaie, a neaaeiaaoaeueii, i?eaioe?iaaoueny ia ia
iaiaa ieceee, /ai eiieo?aioia, o?iaaiue oaoiieiaee. Ec yeiiiiee,
iicaeiaa ae?oaeo anooiathueo ia ?uii/iue iooue ?acaeoey, auaeeaatho oa,
eioi?ua i?eiaiytho eo/oea, iaeaieaa niaa?oaiiua aeaeu oaoiieiaee. Yoi
iicaieyao nieaeaoue ecaea?aeee aei o?iaiy eiieo?aioiuo, nicaeaao aieaa
i?eaeaeaoaeueiia ea/anoai oiaa?a, eioi?ui ?inneeneea i?iecaiaeeoaee
iniaaiii ia ioee/athony.

A oeaeii eiio?aeoiua ioiioaiey yaeythony aeinoaoi/ii aeeceeie,
i?aaie/anee i?enoueie ?inneeneei oe?iai iniaaiii ainoaea?noaaiiui e
i?eaaoece?iaaiiui, o eioi?uo aua ia ?ac?ooaia neiaeeaoayny a
i?aaeuaeouee ia?eiae nenoaia aeieaia?aiaiiuo naycae ni naieie
iinoaaueeaie e eeeaioaie. I?e/ai aieueoay /anoue yoeo naycae a niaaoneia
a?aiy iineea iaoi?iaeueiue, iaioeoeeaeueiue oa?aeoa?, a cia/eo,
ii?aaeaeyeanue ?aaeueiuie iio?aaiinoyie yeiiiie/aneeo i?aaiecaoeee.

Caeeth/aiea eiio?aeoia i?eaeano ioiioaieyi ?inneeneeo oe?i aieaa
oii?yaei/aiiue oa?aeoa?, iiauneo ioaaonoaaiiinoue eaaeaeie ec ieo ca
auiieiaiea oneiaee naeaeee, iioiio /oi ethaia ia?ooaiea eiio?aeoa iiaeao
iiaea/ue ca niaie noaeaaiua naieoeee.

Ii, eae e ae?oaea niiniau oaaee/aiey i?aaeaeia ieaie?iaaiey eiio?aeou ia
yaeythony aaniethoiui e oieaa?naeueiui n?aaenoaii, iineieueeo ia
ono?aiytho ?enea, naycaiiiai n iaauiieiaieai iaycaoaeuenoa iaeiie ec
noi?ii. I?e/eiu iaauiieiaiey – aicaeaenoaea anao oaeoi?ia aiaoiae
n?aaeu, a oii /enea i?e?iaeiuo e iieeoe/aneeo noeoee. O?aaeeoeeiiii
aieaa iaaeaaeiuie ia?oia?aie yaeythony e?oiiua oe?iu.

I?aaei?eieiaoaeueneea naoe. Oe?iu iiaoo oiaiueoaoue iaii?aaeaeaiiinoue
aiaoiae n?aaeu, eniieuecoy, iiieii eiio?aeoia, oaeoth oi?io
acaeiiaeaenoaey, eae i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneea naoe. I?aaei?eieiaoaeueneea
naoe iauaaeeiytho oe?iu, eioi?ua yeiiiie/anee caeioa?aniaaiu ae?oa a
ae?oaa ia iniiaa aeaeeo acaeiiioiioaiee, nio?oaeie/anoaa iino?iaiiiai ia
aeiaa?ee. Io aa?oeeaeueiie eioaa?aoeee, iai?eia?, iniiaaiiie ia aeanoeeo
ea?a?oeyo, i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneea naoe ioee/athony iacaaeneiinoueth e
naiaiaeie aeaenoaee eaaeaeiai ec caaiueaa naoe, oe?iu-o/anoieoeu
nio?aiytho naith yeiiiie/aneoth e th?eaee/aneoth naiinoiyoaeueiinoue. Io
iau/iuo ?uii/iuo naeaeie ioiioaiey a ?aieao naoe ioee/athony oai, /oi
iie iiaee?aieythony ia neeaie caeiia, a ii?aeueii-yoe/aneeie ii?iaie,
ioiioaieyie aeiaa?ey.

Ia?aiia/aeueiie iniiaie aeey ia?aciaaiey naoe yaeyaony aaeeiay
oaoiieiae/aneay eee eiiia?/aneay oeaii/ea, iauaaeeiythuay oe?iu, eee
ioiioaiey noaiiae?yaea. Naoe iicaieytho iieo/eoue i?aeiouanoaa, eioi?ua
aeaao aa?oeeaeueiay eioaa?aoeey, e aianoa n oai aeatho aiciiaeiinoue
nio?aieoue auaiaeu aeaeie, oi?ioi aaeaioe?othuaeny e eciaiaieyi aiaoiae
n?aaeu no?oeoo?u.

E eiie?aoiui i?aeiouanoaai naoae ioiinyony: auno?ia ?ani?ino?aiaiea e
nicaeaiea iiaie, iaiaoiaeeiie aeey oe?iu eioi?iaoeee, onei?aiea
aiaae?aiey iiaiaaaaeaiee, ?acaeaeaiea ?enea iaaeaeo o/anoieeaie naoae.

Eaeiau ia?niaeoeau i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo naoae a ?inneeneie yeiiiieea? A
oa/aiea aeeaeaeoaai ia?eiaea iie i?iaeaiaoe/iu, ii e?aeiae ia?a a
e?oiiuo ianooaaao. Aaaeue a iniiaa nouanoaiaaiey oaeeo naoae eaaeao
acaeiiia aeiaa?ea i?aaei?eieiaoaeae, eo aioiaiinoue e ioe?uoui
aeaenoaeyi, iaiaio aeinoiaa?iie eioi?iaoeeae. A a ianoaiiaea
iaonoie/eaiai ?inneeneiai ?uiea aeiaieueii oa?aeoa?iui yaeyaony
no?aieaiea iiiaeo i?aaei?eieiaoaeae eniieueciaaoue a?aiaiiua
i?aeiouanoaa, i?aaeinoaaeyaiua eiie?aoiie neooaoeeae, a oua?a inoaeueiui
ia?oia?ai.

Iaeiaei a oneiaeyo aeeiaie/iiai ?acaeoey yeiiiieee nicaeaiea
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo naoae a ?innee – aeaei ia i/aiue aeaeaeiai
aoaeouaai.

Eoae, eaaeaeue ec ia?a/eneaiiuo oaeoi?ia – aa?oeeaeueiay eioaa?aoeey,
eiio?ieue iaae ni?inii, eiio?aeoiua ioiioaiey, i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneea
naoe – nieaeaao aicaeaenoaea iaii?aaeaeaiiinoe ia oe?io e ?acaeaeaaao
a?aieoeu i?eiaiaiey ieaie?iaaiey.

Ecaea?aeee ieaie?iaaiey.

I?aaeae ieaie?iaaiey ii?aaeaeai e aaee/eiie ecaea?aeae, cao?a/eaaaiuo ia
i?aaiecaoeeth e inouanoaeaiea ieaie?iaaiey.

Eae ioia/atho iiiaea ec i?aeoeeothueo iaiaaeaea?ia, iaeiei ec iaeaieaa
nouanoaaiiuo iaaeinoaoeia ieaiiaie aeayoaeueiinoe yaeyaony
iaiaoiaeeiinoue aeiiieieoaeueiuo cao?ao ia:

• enneaaeiaaiey;

• i?aaiecaoeeth iiae?acaeaeaiey ieaie?iaaiey;

• i?eaea/aiea aeiiieieoaeueiiai ia?niiaea.

?a/ue eaeao i oao aeaoeoeeoiuo n?aaenoaao, eioi?ua iiaee au auoue
eniieueciaaiu aeey ?aoaiey ae?oaeo aaaeiuo yeiiiie/aneeo caaea/. Anee
aiai?eoue i iaaeaiaaeiuo ecaea?aeeao, ieaie?iaaiea o?aaoao aua iaeiie
aaaeiaeoae eaoaai?ee cao?ao – cao?ao a?aiaie – oaeaea aeaoeoeeoiiai e
aanueia ia?aie/aiiiai ?ano?na.

Iiaeao ee iicaieeoue naaa i?aaiecaoeey inouanoaeyoue oaeea cao?aou e,
neaaeiaaoaeueii, caieiaoueny ieaie?iaaieai? Aea, iiaeao, iioiio /oi
cao?aou ia ieaie?iaaiea, eae oaea ioia/aeinue, nicaeatho ?yae aaaeiuo
i?aeiouanoa a aeayoaeueiinoe oe?iu. Iiyoiio aii?in i cao?aoao i?aaeeueii
auei au noi?ioee?iaaoue oae: eaeiau aeieaeiu auoue aeiiieieoaeueiua
cao?aou, ioaeiua aeey oiai, /oiau ?anoe?eoue ianooaau ieaie?iaaiey a
i?aaiecaoeee?

Ieieiaeueiui ?acoeueoaoii ieaie?iaaiey yaeyaony iaaeiiouaiea a?oauo
ioeaie a yeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe, oi anoue i?eia?aoaiea
niiniaiinoae i?aaeaeaeaoue iai?eyoiua ianoiyoaeuenoaa aoaeouaai e
ono?aiyoue eo. Anee n?aaenoaa, eioi?ua cao?a/aiu ia ieaie?iaaiea,
i?eaaee e oaeiio ?acoeueoaoo, – yoiai oaea ii/oe aeinoaoi/ii.

Iiaeii noi?ioee?iaaoue neaaeothuaa i?aaeei ii?aaeaeaiey ecaea?aeae
ieaie?iaaiey: ethaua aeiiieieoaeueiua n?aaenoaa aeieaeiu auoue cao?a/aiu
oieueei a oii neo/aa, anee iie nicaeaaeoo aeiiieieoaeueiue
iieiaeeoaeueiue yooaeo. E, e?iia oiai, ia noieo a?aoueny ca ?ac?aaioeo
oaeiai ieaia, noieiinoue eioi?iai iiaea au ?aaiyoueny noieiinoe
nicaeaiey eo/oaai ieaia.

Oaeei ia?acii, ieieiaeueiuie cao?aoai ia ieaie?iaaiea yaeythony oaeea,
eioi?ua iaania/eaatho auaeeaaiea yeiiiie/aneie i?aaiecaoeee, a ethaua
aeiiieieoaeueiua cao?aou aeieaeiu iaania/eaaoue aa ?acaeoea.

O?oaeiinoue i?e ii?aaeaeaiee iioeiaeueiuo cao?ao caeeth/aia a oii, /oi
aeioiae, iieo/aiiue io ieaie?iaaiey, ia iiaeao auoue ecia?ai oi/ii i?e
iiiiue eiee/anoaaiiuo iaoiaeia. Yooaeo ieaiiaie aeayoaeueiinoe iiuoiue
iaiaaeaea? iiaeao ii?aaeaeeoue, eniieuecoy ea/anoaaiiua e noauaeoeaiua
iaoiaeu ioeaiee.

Ianooaau aeayoaeueiinoe oe?iu.

Ianooaau aeayoaeueiinoe oe?iu ia?aie/eaatho eee, iaiai?io, ?anoe?ytho
aiciiaeiinoe ieaie?iaaiey a i?aaiecaoeee.

I?aeiouanoaa a inouanoaeaiee ieaie?iaaiey i?eiaaeeaaeao e?oiiui oe?iai,
iioiio /oi iie iaeaaeatho iaiaoiaeeiui iioaioeeaeii aeey oiai, /oiau
i?aaeaeaeaoue naia aoaeouaa:

• o ieo auoa oeiainiaua aiciiaeiinoe;

• iie a naiai aieueoeinoaa caieiathony na?ueaciuie iao/iuie e i?iaeoiuie
?ac?aaioeaie;

• iie iaeaaeatho aunieieaaeeoeoee?iaaiiui ia?niiaeii e a ninoiyiee
i?eaeaeaoue oaeeo aea aunieieaaeeoeoee?iaaiiuo niaoeeaeenoia ni noi?iiu
e o.ae.

E?oiiua oe?iu, eae i?aaeei, eiatho a naiai ninoaaa niaoeeaeueiua
ieaiiaua iiae?acaeaeaiey. Aianoa n oai aeaaea nieeaeiua yeiiiie/aneea
i?aaiecaoeee aeey ii?aaeaeaiey ieaiiauo no?aoaaee ca/anooth ia?auathony
e aiaoiei eiinoeueoaioai, niaoeeaeece?othueiny ia aii?inao ieaie?iaaiey.
A nayce n auno?ui ?ani?ino?aiaieai a iineaaeiea aeanyoeeaoey
no?aoaae/aneiai ieaie?iaaiey iaeioi?ua eiinoeueoaoeeiiiua oe?iu naeaeaee
aai naiae eneeth/eoaeueiie iaeanoueth aeayoaeueiinoe. Oaeea oe?iu
eiiaaea iacuaatho “naeiiaie no?aoaaee”.

Iaaieueoei yeiiiie/aneei i?aaiecaoeeyi neiaeii i?iaiaeeoue
oe?ieiianooaaioth ieaiiaoth ?aaioo, a iniaaiiinoe aei?iainoiyuaa
no?aoaae/aneia ieaie?iaaiea. Iaeiaei iie iiaoo:

– eniieueciaaoue iaeioi?ua oi?iu ieaie?iaaiey, iniaaiii iia?aoeaiia
ieaie?iaaiea;

– i?eiaiyoue oaea aioiaua iiaeaee no?aoaaee, nicaeaiiua ecaanoiuie
eiiiaieyie e enneaaeiaaoaeueneeie oe?iaie, e no?aieoueny e ii?aaeaeaieth
nianoaaiiuo no?aoaaee ii ia?a ?inoa i?aaiecaoeee.

Ianiio?y ia o?oaeiinoe inouanoaeaiey ieaie?iaaiey a iaaieueoie
i?aaiecaoeee, iii iaiaoiaeeii ae, iiaeaeoe, aua a aieueoae ia?a, /ai
e?oiiie. Aiaoiyy n?aaea o oaeie i?aaiecaoeee iaiaa iiaeaeaaony eiio?ieth
e aieaa aa?anneaia, /ai o e?oiiie oe?iu, neaaeiaaoaeueii, aoaeouaa
iaeeie oe?iu aieaa iaii?aaeaeaiii e iai?aaeneacoaii.

Ioaeii neacaoue, /oi o iaaieueoie oe?iu anoue naie i?aeiouanoaa a
i?aaiecaoeee ieaie?iaaiey. Aeaaiia ec ieo – aioo?aiiyy n?aaea oaeie
i?aaiecaoeee aieaa i?inoa, a iioiio aieaa iaic?eia e i?aaeneacoaia.
Iiieii yoiai a iaeaiueeie i?aaiecaoeee eaa/a nicaeaoue iniaue
ineoieiae/aneee e nioeeaeueiue eeeiao, iicaieythuee nieioeoue ethaeae
aie?oa eioa?ania i?aaiecaoeee, aa oeaeae.

Ni/aoaiea oi?iaeueiiai ieaie?iaaiey n ae?oaeie niiniaaie i?eiyoey
?aoaiee.

Oi?iaeueiia, oi anoue niciaoaeueii, i?e iiiiue iniauo iaoiaeia
i?aaieciaaiiia, ieaie?iaaiea yaeyaony oieueei iaeiie ec oi?i i?eiyoey
oi?aaeai/aneeo ?aoaiee Iiieii oi?iaeueiiai ieaie?iaaiey i?aeoe/anee
eaaeaeue iaiaaeaea? eniieuecoao oae iacuaaaiia “eiooeoeaiia
i?aaeaeaeaiea”, oi anoue ieaie?iaaiea, iniiaaiiia ia iiuoa ?oeiaiaenoaa,
aai “o?acaii ?an/aoa”, a oaeaea ia niaieoiiinoe eiaeeaeaeoaeueiuo
ea/anoa, eiiaaea iienuaaaiuo eae einoeieo, iaoiae/eainoue, oai?/aneea
niiniaiinoe (e?aaoeaiinoue), iniaia /oouea (itho) e o.i. e
annioeee?othueony n iaea?aiiuie i?aaei?eieiaoaeyie.

Eiooeoeaiia ieaie?iaaiea iiaeao oniaoii ni/aoaoueny n oi?iaeueiui
ieaie?iaaieai, a a iaeioi?uo neo/ayo iii ieacuaaaony aieaa yooaeoeaiui,
/ai oi?iaeueiua iaoiaeu. Ai iiiaeo neo/ayo aeaenoaeoaeueiinoue
ia?aie/eaaao aiciiaeiinoue oi?iaeueiiai ieaie?iaaiey e, iaiai?io,
aeaeaao i?aaeii/oeoaeueiui ieaie?iaaiea eiooeoeaiia. Ii/aio? Ioaao ia
yoio aii?in e?iaony a naiie i?e?iaea ?uiea. Eaaeaeay ?uii/iay neooaoeey
yaeyaony ni/aoaieai iaiiaoi?eiuo, oieeaeueiuo ianoiyoaeuenoa. A oi aea
a?aiy iaoiaeu oi?iaeueiiai ieaie?iaaiey – yoi iaiauaiea oeie/iuo,
iiaoi?ythueony /a?o ?uii/iuo yaeaiee, e iiyoiio iie ia iiaoo noaoue
eeth/eeii, ioe?uaathuei oaeio oieeaeueiinoe. Caeanue eo/oei iiiiuieeii
ieacuaaaony eiooeoeaiia, eee “iayaiia”, ii au?aaeaieth E Oaeaea, ciaiea
neooaoeee.

Aua iaeiie i?e/eiie nie?auaiey noa?u oi?iaeueiiai ?aoeeiiaeueiiai
ieaie?iaaiey a iieueco eiooeoeaiiai yaeyaony oi, /oi iaiaaeaea? – yoi
/aeiaae n oa?aeoa?iuie aeey iaai no?aoaie, aiacaiiuie aniuoeaie
iaaeaaeaeu e ae?oaeie ia iieiinoueth iiaeaeathueieny eiio?ieth niciaiey
yiioeeyie. E i/aiue /anoi i?eiyoea ?aoaiee i aoaeouai naycaii n oaeeie
yiioeeyie. Oa?aeoa?iui i?eia?ii e??aoeeiiaeueiiai iiaaaeaiey a
oeiainiaie noa?a yaeythony aeaenoaey a neo/ayo ae?aeaauo iaiee eee,
iaiai?io, niaeoeyoeaiuo aoiia, ioaaouaathueo ?acee/iua ae?aee ie?a e
naycaiiuo n ianniauie naeaeaaie a ineoieiae/aneii ninoiyiee o/anoieeia
ae?aeaaie aeayoaeueiinoe.

Niaoeeoeea ?inneeneiai ?uiea.

Oiiiyiooia a ioieoa i i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo naoyo aeeyiea ianiaa?oainoa
?inneeneiai ?uiea ia ia?niaeoeau eo eniieueciaaiey a ioa/anoaaiiie
yeiiiieea yaeyaony iauae /a?oie, ia?aie/eaathuae oe?ieia i?eiaiaiea
i?ia?anneaiuo oi?i ieaie?iaaiey a ?inneeneii aeciana.

E oaeoi?ai, ia?aie/eaathuei eniieueciaaiea ieaie?iaaiey a ioa/anoaaiiuo
oneiaeyo, ioiinyony:

• /?acia?ii aunieay noaiaiue iaii?aaeaeaiiinoe ia ?inneeneii ?uiea,
iaoneiaeaiiay i?iaeieaeathueieny aeiaaeueiuie eciaiaieyie e eieeeceyie
ai anao noa?ao iauanoaaiiie aeecie yeiiiie/aneie, iieeoe/aneie,
nioeeaeueiie, aeooiaiie e i?.(iai?aaeneacoaiinoue oaeeo eciaiaiee
nieaeaao ianooaau e ai?eciiou ieaie?iaaiey e cao?oaeiyao ninoaaeaiea
ieaia oioy au ia o?e aiaea aia?aae);

• ieceee o?iaaiue iaeiieaiey eaieoaea a ?inneeneeo yeiiiie/aneeo
i?aaiecaoeeyo, ia iicaieythuee inouanoaeyoue yooaeoeaiua cao?aou ia
i?aaiecaoeeth ieaie?iaaiey;

• ionoonoaea yooaeoeaiuo th?eaee/aneeo e yoe/aneeo ii?i, ?aaoee?othueo
iiaaaeaiea i?aaei?eieiaoaeae, ionoonoaea eoeueoo?u ioa/anoaaiiiai ?uiea;

Iaeiaei ia?niaeoeau aioo?eoe?iaiiiai ieaie?iaaiey ia ?inneeneii ?uiea
iiaeii ioeaieoue eae aunieea, iineieueeo iie i?yii naycaiu n auaeeaaieai
oe?iu, ?acaeoeai aa aeayoaeueiinoe. Nae/an ?inneeneia ieaie?iaaiea
ia?aaeeaaao naie “eiooeoeaiue yoai” – oniao a aeciana caaeneo io
oaeaioa, iaea?aiiinoe, yia?aee i?aaei?eieiaoaey. Ii n iiyaeaieai
noaaeeueiuo, ca?aeiiaiaeiaaaoeo naay yeiiiie/aneeo i?aaiecaoeee
aicieeatho i?aaeiinueee aeey ?anoe?aiey i?aaeaeia aioo?aiiaai
ieaie?iaaiey.

1.5 I?eioeeiu ieaie?iaaiey a yeiiiie/aneie i?aaiecaoeee.

I?eioeeiu ieaie?iaaiey ii?aaeaeytho oa?aeoa? e niaea?aeaiea ieaiiaie
aeayoaeueiinoe a yeiiiie/aneie i?aaiecaoeee. I?aaeeueiia niaethaeaiea
i?eioeeiia ieaie?iaaiey nicaeaao i?aaeiinueee aeey yooaeoeaiie ?aaiou
oe?iu e oiaiueoaao aiciiaeiinoue io?eoeaoaeueiuo ?acoeueoaoia
ieaie?iaaiey. Aua A. Oaeieue ii?aaeaeee /aou?a iniiaiuo i?eioeeia
ieaie?iaaiey, iacaaa eo iaueie /a?oaie oi?ioae i?ia?aiiu aeaenoaey Yoi
aaeeinoai, iai?a?uaiinoue, aeaeinoue, oi/iinoue. ?. Aeioo ai?acaei a
iainiiaae aua iaeei eeth/aaie i?eioeei ieaie?iaaiey i?eioeei o/anoey.

I?eioeei aaeeinoaa

I?eioeei aaeeinoaa (oieecia) i?aaeiieaaaao, /oi ieaie?iaaiea a
yeiiiie/aneie i?aaiecaoeee aeieaeii eiaoue nenoaiiue oa?aeoa?. Iiiyoea
“nenoaia” icia/aao: nouanoaiaaiea niaieoiiinoe yeaiaioia; acaeiinaycue
iaaeaeo ieie; iaee/ea aaeeiiai iai?aaeaiey ?acaeoey yeaiaioia nenoaiu,
iiaaaeaiey, i?eaioe?iaaiiiai ia iauea oeaee. Eae iniiaiua ninoaaeythuea
iiiyoey “nenoaia” iiaoo auoue au?aaeaiu ai aioo?eoe?iaiiii ieaie?iaaiee?
Eo iiaeii iienaoue, eniieuecoy eaoaai?ee “eii?aeeiaoeey” e
“eioaa?aoeey”. Yeaiaioaie ieaie?iaaiey a i?aaiecaoeee yaeythony
ioaeaeueiua iiae?acaeaeaiey, aoiaeyuea a iaa, e ioaeaeueiua /anoe
i?ioeanna ieaie?iaaiey. Acaeiinaycue iaaeaeo iiae?acaeaeaieyie
inouanoaeyaony ia a eii?aeeiaoeee ia ai?eciioaeueiii o?iaia, oi anoue ia
o?iaia ooieoeeiiaeueiuo iiae?acaeaeaiee (ioaeaea ia?eaoeiaa,
i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai ioaeaea, oeiainiaiai ioaeaea e o.ae.).

Aaeeiia iai?aaeaiea ieaiiaie aeayoaeueiinoe, iauiinoue oeaeae anao
yeaiaioia yeiiiie/aneie i?aaiecaoeee noaiiayony aiciiaeiuie ae ?aieao
aa?oeeaeueiiai aaeeinoaa iiae?acaeaeaiee (o.a. aaeeinoaa a ?aieao
oi?aaeai/aneie ea?a?oee, iai?eia?: i?aaiecaoeey a oeaeii ==>
i?iaeoeoiaia iiae?acaeaeaiea ==> oeao => a?eaaaea), eo eioaa?aoeee.
Eii?aeeiaoeey ieaiiaie aeayoaeueiinoe ioaeaeueiuo ooieoeeiiaeueiuo
iiae?acaeaeaiee au?aaeaaony a oii, /oi: • aeayoaeueiinoue ie iaeiie
/anoe i?aaiecaoeee iaeuecy ieaie?iaaoue yooaeoeaii, anee oaeia
ieaie?iaaiea ia naycaii n ieaiiaie aeayoaeueiinoueth ioaeaeueiuo
aaeeieoe aeaiiiai o?iaiy; • anyeea eciaiaiey a ieaiao iaeiiai ec
iiae?acaeaeaiee aeieaeiu auoue io?aaeaiu a ieaiao ae?oaeo
iiae?acaeaeaiee. Oaeei ia?acii, acaeiinaycue e iaeiia?aiaiiinoue –
aeaaiua /a?ou eii?aeeiaoeee ieaie?iaaiey ia i?aaei?eyoee. Eioaa?aoeey
ieaiiaie aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaeiieaaaao, /oi a i?aaiecaoeee nouanoaoao
?aciiia?acea ioiineoaeueii iainiaeaiiuo i?ioeannia ieaie?iaaiey e
/anoiuo ieaiia iiae?acaeaeaiee, oi anoue ?aciiia?acea iiaenenoai
ieaie?iaaiey, ii eaaeaeay ec iiaenenoai aeaenoaoao enoiaey ec iauae
no?aoaaee oe?iu, a eaaeaeue ioaeaeueiue ieai yaeyaony /anoueth ieaia
aieaa aunieiai iiae?acaeaeaiey e i?aaiecaoeee a oeaeii. Ana ieaiu,
nicaeaiiua a i?aaiecaoeee, – yoi ia i?inoi niaieoiiinoue, iaai?
aeieoiaioia, yoi eo acaeiinaycaiiay nenoaia.

I?eioeei o/anoey.

I?eioeei o/anoey oanii naycai n i?eioeeiii aaeeinoaa. I?eioeei o/anoey
icia/aao, /oi eaaeaeue /eai yeiiiie/aneie i?aaiecaoeee noaiiaeony
o/anoieeii ieaiiaie aeayoaeueiinoe, iacaaeneii io aeieaeiinoe e
auiieiyaiie ei ooieoeee. Oi anoue i?ioeann ieaie?iaaiey aeieaeai
i?eaeaeaoue e naaa anao oao, eiai ii iaiin?aaenoaaiii cao?aaeaaao.
Ieaie?iaaiea, iniiaaiiia ia i?eioeeia o/anoey, iacuaatho
ia?oeneiaoeaiui. Eaeiau auaiaeu ?aaeecaoeee i?eioeeia o/anoey?

Ai-ia?auo, eaaeaeue ec o/anoieeia i?aaiecaoeee iieo/aao aieaa aeoaieia
iiieiaiea i?aaiecaoeee, ciaiea ?acee/iuo noi?ii aa aeecie. Ii iieo/aao
aieaa iaoe?ioth e iauaeoeaioth eioi?iaoeeth ia i?aaiecaoeee, /ai
?aiueoa. A oeaeii i?ioeann iaiaia aioo?eoe?iaiiie eioi?iaoeeae
iaeaa/aaony.

Ai-aoi?uo, ee/iia o/anoea /eaiia i?aaiecaoeee, a oii /enea ?yaeiauo
?aaioieeia, a i?ioeanna ieaie?iaaiey i?eaiaeeo e oiio, /oi ieaiu
i?aaiecaoeee noaiiayony ee/iuie ieaiaie ?aaioathueo, a o/anoea a
aeinoeaeaiee oeaeae i?aaiecaoeee i?eiineo oaeiaeaoai?aiea nianoaaiiui
iio?aaiinoyi ?aaioieeia. O eaaeaeiai ec ?aaioieeia iiyaeythony iiaua,
y?ei au?aaeaiiua iioeau e yooaeoeaiiio o?oaeo, oe?aieyaony eiiaiaeiue
aeoo a i?aaiecaoeee.

A-o?aoueeo, i?eiaiaiea i?eioeeia o/anoey niinianoaoao oiio, /oi
?aaioieee i?aaiecaoeee, caieiaynue ieaie?iaaieai, ?acaeaatho naay eae
ee/iinoue. O ieo iiyaeythony iiaua iaauee, iiaua ciaiey. oe?yaony
ai?eciio eo ee/iuo aiciiaeiinoae, a cia/eo, i?aaiecaoeey i?eia?aoaao
aeiiieieoaeueiua ?ano?nu aeey ?aoaiey naieo aoaeoueo caaea/.

A-/aoaa?ouo, ia?oeneiaoeaiia ieaie?iaaiea iauaaeeiyao aeaa ooieoeee
iaiaaeaeiaioa, eioi?ua /anoi anooiatho a i?ioeai?a/ea ae?oa n ae?oaii, –
iia?aoeaiia ?oeiaiaenoai e ieaie?iaaiea. Ieaiu ia?anoatho auoue /ai-oi
aiaoiei aeey ?oeiaiaeeoaeae. ?oeiaiaeeoaee naie i?eaeaeathony e eo
ninoaaeaieth. Eae i?aaieciaaoue ia?oeneiaoeaiia ieaie?iaaiea? Anee
i?aaiecaoeey iaaaeeea, nenoaia o/anoey a i?ioeanna ieaie?iaaiey iiaeao
auoue iniiaaia ia iaiin?aaenoaaiiuo eiioaeoao iaaeaeo ?oeiaiaenoaii
oe?iu, ieaiiaeeaie (anee iie anoue) e ?aaioieeaie. I?aeoe/aneia o/anoea
eieeaeoeaia ?aaioieeia a ieaie?iaaiee iiaeao auoue i?aaieciaaii a ?aieao
oaeeo no?oeoo?, eae e?oaeee ea/anoaa.

A e?oiiuo eiiiaieyo aeey i?aaiecaoeee ia?oeneiaoeaiiai ieaie?iaaiey
iiaoo auoue ?aeiiaiaeiaaiu aieaa aeanoeea, aa?oeeaeueii iino?iaiiua
no?oeoo?u, eioi?ua iicaieyo inouanoaeyoue I?yioth e ia?aoioth naycue
iaaeaeo anaie o?iaiyie i?aaiecaoeee.

I?eioeei iai?a?uaiinoe

Niune i?eioeeia iai?a?uaiinoe caeeth/?i a oii, /oi:

– i?ioeann ieaie?iaaiey ia i?aaei?eyoeyo aeieaeai inouanoaeyoueny
iinoiyiii a ?aieao onoaiiaeaiiiai oeeeea;

– ?ac?aaioaiiua ieaiu aeieaeiu iai?a?uaii i?eoiaeeoue ia niaio ae?oa
ae?oao (aoi?ie – ia niaio ia?aiio, o?aoee – ia niaio aoi?iio e o.ae.).

Aoi?ia ec oneiaee iai?a?uaiinoe ieaie?iaaiey – iinoiyiiia neaaeiaaiea
ieaiia ae?oa ca ae?oaii – eiiiaiee, eae i?aaeei, niaethaeatho. A oi aea
a?aiy ia?aaeee neo/ae i?a?uaaiey eiiiaieyie i?ioeanna ieaie?iaaiey.
Oe?iu ?ac?aaaouaatho ieai a oa/aiea ii?aaeaeaiiie /anoe aiaea,
ooaa?aeaeatho aai e i?ae?auatho ieaie?iaaiea aei ia/aea neaaeothuaai
ia?eiaea. I?ioeann ieaie?iaaiey aeieaeai auoue iai?a?uaiui enoiaey ec
neaaeothueo aaaeiuo i?aaeiinueie: • iaii?aaeaeaiiinoue aiaoiae n?aaeu e
iaee/ea iai?aaeoniio?aiiuo eciaiaiee aeaeatho iaiaoiaeeiie iinoiyiioth
ei??aeoe?iaeo iaeeaeaiee oe?iu ioiineoaeueii aiaoieo oneiaee e
niioaaonoaothuaa eni?aaeaiea e ooi/iaiea ieaiia; • eciaiythony ia
oieueei oaeoe/aneea i?aaeiinueee, ii e i?aaenoaaeaiey oe?iu i naieo
aioo?aiieo oeaiiinoyo e aiciiaeiinoyo. Anee oe?ia ia aoaeao o/eouaaoue
oaeea eciaiaiey, caieaie?iaaiiue e iieo/aiiue ?acoeueoao iiaeao
ieacaoueny ieeiio ia ioaeiui.

E iaeiiaoe, iai?a?uaiue i?ioeann ieaie?iaaiey iicaieyao iaania/eaaoue
iinoiyiioth aiaea/aiiinoue ?aaioieeia oe?iu a ieaiiaoth aeayoaeueiinoue
ni anaie auoaeathueie ec yoiai auaiaeaie.

I?eioeei aeaeinoe.

I?eioeei aeaeinoe acaeiinaycai n i?eioeeiii iai?a?uaiinoe e caeeth/aaony
a i?eaeaiee ieaiai e i?ioeanno ieaie?iaaiey niiniaiinoe iaiyoue naith
iai?aaeaiiinoue a nayce n aicieeiiaaieai iai?aaeaeaeaiiuo
ianoiyoaeuenoa. Aeey inouanoaeaiey i?eioeeia aeaeinoe ieaiu aeieaeiu
ninoaaeoueny oae, /oiau a ieo iiaeii auei aiineoue eciaiaiea oaycuaay eo
n eciaiythueieny aioo?aiieie e aiaoieie oneiaeyie. Iiyoiio ieaiu iau/ii
niaea?aeao oae iacuaaaiua ?aca?au, eia/a iacuaaaiua “iaaeaaaeaie
aaciianiinoe”, eee “iiaeooeaie”. Iaeiaei nouanoaotho ii?aaeaeaiiua
i?aaeaeu ?aca?aia ieaie?iaaiey:

-?aca?au, caeiaeaiiua a iieacaoaeyo, ia aeieaeiu auoue neeoeii
aieueoeie, eia/a ieaiu ieaaeoony iaoi/iuie;

-neeoeii ieceea i?aaeaeu aeaeoo ca niaie neeoeii /anoua eciaiaiey a
ieaiao, /oi ?aciuaaao i?eaioe?u aeayoaeueiinoe oe?iu.

N oeiainiaie oi/ee c?aiey iaania/aiea i?eioeeia aeaeinoe ioaeaeaaony a
aeiiieieoaeueiuo cao?aoao, i?e/ai o?iaaiue cao?ao aeieaeai niioiineoueny
n aa?iyoiui aoaeouei ?eneii. Iai?eia?, oe?ia aeieaeia auoue aioiaa
auaeaeeoue aeiiieieoaeueiua cao?aou ia i?eia?aoaiea iai?oaeiaaiey, anee
ii aa i?iaiicai auione iiauo aeaeia ecaeaeee iio?aaoao ia?aiaeaaeee
oaeiai iai?oaeiaaiey.

I?eaeaiea aeaeinoe ieaiai i?e iiiiue aeiiieieoaeueiuo cao?ao oaeaea
eiaao naie ia?aie/aiey. Cao?aou iiaoo ieacaoueny ianoieueei aunieeie,
/oi aeaeinoue ieaia e naycaiiua n iae i?aeiouanoaa ia ieoiyo eo.

I?eioeei oi/iinoe.

Anyeee ieai aeieaeai auoue ninoaaeai n oaeie noaiaiueth oi/iinoe, eaeay
oieueei niaianoeia n iaaenoae iaae noaeueaie oe?iu iaecaanoiinoueth.
Ae?oaeie neiaaie, ieaiu aeieaeiu auoue eiie?aoece?iaaiu e
aeaoaeece?iaaiu a oie noaiaie, a eaeie iicaieytho aiaoiea e aioo?aiiea
oneiaey aeayoaeueiinoe oe?iu. No?aoaae/aneia, aeieain?i/iia ieaie?iaaiea
auioaeaeaii ia?aie/eaaoueny ii?aaeaeaieai iniiaiuo oeaeae e naiuo iaueo
iai?aaeaiee aeayoaeueiinoe; iioiio /oi eiee/anoai aeinoiaa?iie
eioi?iaoeee i aoaeouai i/aiue iaaaeeei, a aeeaiacii e nei?inoue
eciaiaiee iinoiyiii ?anooo. A ieaiao, ?ann/eoaiiuo ia ei?ioeea
i?iiaaeooee a?aiaie e aeey ioaeaeueiuo iiae?acaeaeaiee i?aaiecaoeee,
eiie?aoiinoue e i?i?aaioea aeaoaeae aeieaeiu noaoue iaycaoaeueiuie
/a?oaie, iineieueeo oaeea ieaiu yaeythony eino?oeoeeyie, ii?aaeaeythueie
aeaenoaey ethaeae e eieeaeoeaia, ?aaeecothueo yoe ieaiu.

11 Oiiae ca?aaioiie ieaou , /eneaiiinoue e iioeaaoeey o?oaea ?aai/eo

2.1 Ninoaa oiiaea ca?aaioiie ieaou ?aai/eo e neoaeaueo ia i?aaei?eyoee

1. A ninoaa oiiaea ca?aaioiie ieaou aeeth/athony ia/eneaiiua
i?aaei?eyoeai, o/?aaeaeaieai, i?aaiecaoeeae noiiu iieaou o?oaea a
aeaiaaeiie e iaoo?aeueiie oi?iao ca io?aaioaiiia e iaio?aaioaiiia
a?aiy, noeioee?othuea aeiieaou e iaaeaaaee, eiiiainaoeeiiiua auieaou,
naycaiiua n ?aaeeiii ?aaiou e oneiaeyie o?oaea, i?aiee e
aaeeiia?aiaiiua iiiu?eoaeueiua auieaou, a oaeaea auieaou ia ieoaiea,
aeeeuea, oiieeai, iinyuea ?aaoey?iue oa?aeoa?.

A ninoaa auieao nioeeaeueiiai oa?aeoa?a aeeth/athony

eiiiainaoeee e nioeeaeueiua eueaiou, i?aaeinoaaeaiiua ?aaioieeai, a
/anoiinoe, ia ea/aiea, ioaeuo, i?iacae, o?oaeiono?ienoai (aac
nioeeaeueiuo iiniaee ec ainoaea?noaaiiuo e iaainoaea?noaaiiuo
aiaathaeaeaoiuo oiiaeia).

3. I?e ninoaaeaiee noaoenoe/aneie io/aoiinoe ii o?oaeo
iieacuaathony ia/eneaiiua ca io/aoiue ia?eiae (n o/aoii iaeiaia e
ae?oaeo oaea?aeaiee a niioaaonoaee n caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii)
aeaiaaeiua noiiu iacaaeneii io enoi/ieeia eo auieaou e noaoae
niao a niioaaonoaee n ieaoaaeiuie aeieoiaioaie, ii eioi?ui n
?aaioieeaie auee i?iecaaaeaiu ?an/aou ii ca?aaioiie ieaoa, i?aieyi
e o.ae., iacaaeneii io n?iea eo oaeoe/aneie auieaou.

4. Noiiu, ia/eneaiiua ca aaeaaiaeiua e aeiiieieoaeueiua ioionea,
aeeth/athony a oiiae ca?aaioiie ieaou io/aoiiai ianyoea oieueei a
noiia, i?eoiaeyuaeny ia aeie ioionea a io/aoiii ianyoea.

Noiiu, i?e/eoathueany ca aeie ioionea a neaaeothuai ianyoea,
aeeth/athony a oiiae ca?aaioiie ieaou neaaeothuaai ianyoea.

5. Aeaiiua i oiiaea ca?aaioiie ieaou ca niioaaonoaothuee ia?eiae
i?ioeiai aiaea i?e ninoaaeaiee io/aoia ii o?oaeo iieacuaathony a
iaoiaeieiaee e a no?oeoo?a io/aoiiai ia?eiaea oaeouaai aiaea.

6. I?e iaoo?aeueiie oi?ia iieaou o?oaea e i?aaeinoaaeaiee
nioeeaeueiuo auieao a io/aou ii o?oaeo aeeth/athony noiiu, enoiaey ec
?an/aoa ii ?uii/iui oeaiai, neiaeeaoeiny a aeaiiii ?aaeiia ia iiiaio
ia/eneaiey. Anee oiaa?u eee i?iaeoeou i?aaeinoaaeyeenue ii iiieaeaiiui
oeaiai, oi aeeth/aaony ?acieoea iaaeaeo eo iieiie noieiinoueth e
noiiie, oiea/aiiie ?aaioieeaie.

Oiiae ca?aaioiie ieaou

Aeeth/aieth a oiiae ca?aaioiie ieaou, a /anoiinoe, iiaeeaaeao:

7. Iieaoa ca io?aaioaiiia a?aiy

7.1. Ca?aaioiay ieaoa, ia/eneaiiay ?aaioieeai ii oa?eoiui noaaeai e
ieeaaeai ca io?aaioaiiia a?aiy.

7.2. Ca?aaioiay ieaoa, ia/eneaiiay ca auiieiaiioth ?aaioo
?aaioieeai ii naeaeueiui ?anoeaieai, a i?ioeaioao io au?o/ee io
?aaeecaoeee i?iaeoeoeee (auiieiaiey ?aaio e ieacaiey oneoa).

7.3. Noieiinoue i?iaeoeoeee, auaeaiiie a ii?yaeea iaoo?aeueiie
iieaou.

7.4. I?aiee e aiciaa?aaeaeaiey (aeeth/ay noieiinoue iaoo?aeueiuo
i?aiee), iinyuea ?aaoey?iue eee ia?eiaee/aneee oa?aeoa?, iacaaeneii io
enoi/ieeia eo auieaou.

7.5. Noeioee?othuea aeiieaou e iaaeaaaee e oa?eoiui noaaeai e
ieeaaeai (ca i?ioanneiiaeueiia ianoa?noai, niaiauaiea i?ioannee e
aeieaeiinoae, aeiione e ainoaea?noaaiiie oaeia e o.i.).

7.6. Aaeaiany/iua eee aaeaeaa?oaeueiua aiciaa?aaeaeaiey (iaaeaaaee) ca
auneoao eao, noaae ?aaiou (e?iia noii, oeacaiiuo a ioieoa 9.2).

7.7. Eiiiainaoeeiiiua auieaou, naycaiiua n ?aaeeiii ?aaiou e
oneiaeyie o?oaea:

7.8. Iieaoa o?oaea eaaeeoeoee?iaaiiuo ?aai/eo, ?oeiaiaeeoaeae,
niaoeeaeenoia i?aaei?eyoee e i?aaiecaoeee, inaiaiaeaeaiiuo io iniiaiie
?aaiou e i?eaeaeaaiuo aeey iiaeaioiaee, ia?aiiaeaioiaee e iiauoaiey
eaaeeoeeaoeee ?aaioieeia.

7.9. Eiienneiiiia aiciaa?aaeaeaiea, a /anoiinoe, ooaoiui
no?aoiaui aaaioai, ooaoiui a?iea?ai.

7.10. Aiii?a? ?aaioieeai, ninoiyuei a nieni/iii ninoaaa
?aaioieeia ?aaeaeoeee aacao, aeo?iaeia e eiuo n?aaenoa ianniaie
eioi?iaoeee.

7.11. Iieaoa oneoa ?aaioieeia aooaaeoa?ee ca auiieiaiea eie
ienueiaiiuo ii?o/aiee ?aaioieeia ii ia?a/eneaieth no?aoiauo aciinia ec
ca?aaioiie ieaou.

7.12. Iieaoa niaoeeaeueiuo ia?a?uaia a ?aaioa.

7.13. Auieaoa ?acieoeu a ieeaaeao ?aaioieeai, o?oaeiono?iaiiui ec
ae?oaeo i?aaei?eyoee e i?aaiecaoeee, n nio?aiaieai a oa/aiea
ii?aaeaeaiiiai n?iea ?acia?ia aeieaeiinoiiai ieeaaea ii i?aaeuaeouaio
ianoo ?aaiou.

7.14. Auieaoa ?acieoeu a ieeaaeao i?e a?aiaiiii caianoeoaeuenoaa.

7.15. Noiiu, ia/eneaiiua ca auiieiaiioth ?aaioo eeoeai,
i?eaea/aiiui aeey ?aaiou ia i?aaei?eyoee, niaeanii niaoeeaeueiui
aeiaiai?ai n ainoaea?noaaiiuie i?aaiecaoeeyie (ia i?aaeinoaaeaiea
?aai/ae neeu, iai?eia? aiaiiineoaeaueo) eae auaeaiiua
iaiin?aaenoaaiii yoei eeoeai, oae e ia?a/eneaiiua ainoaea?noaaiiui
i?aaiecaoeeyi.

7.16. Iieaoa o?oaea eeoe, i?eiyouo ia ?aaioo ii
niaianoeoaeuenoao.

7.17. Iieaoa o?oaea ?aaioieeia ianieni/iiai ninoaaa.

7.17.1. Iieaoa o?oaea eeoe, ia ninoiyueo a nieni/iii ninoaaa
?aaioieeia i?aaei?eyoey (i?aaiecaoeee), ca auiieiaiea ?aaio ii
a?aaeaeaineei aeiaiai?ai, anee ?an/aou ca auiieiaiioth ?aaioo
i?iecaiaeyony i?aaei?eyoeai n oece/aneeie, a ia n th?eaee/aneeie
eeoeaie. I?e yoii ?acia? n?aaenoa ia iieaoo o?oaea yoeo oece/aneeo
eeoe ii?aaeaeyaony, enoiaey ec niaou ia auiieiaiea ?aaio (oneoa) ii
yoiio aeiaiai?o e ieaoaaeiuo aeieoiaioia.

7.17.2. Iieaoa oneoa (aiii?a?) ?aaioieeia ianieni/iiai ninoaaa (ca
ia?aaiaeu, eiinoeueoaoeee, /oaiea eaeoeee, aunooieaiea ii ?aaeei e
oaeaaeaeaieth e o.ae.).

8. Iieaoa ca iaio?aaioaiiia a?aiy

8.1. Iieaoa aaeaaiaeiuo e aeiiieieoaeueiuo ioioneia (aac aeaiaaeiie
eiiiainaoeee ca iaeniieueciaaiiue ioione).

8.2. Iieaoa aeiiieieoaeueii i?aaeinoaaeaiiuo ii eieeaeoeaiiio
aeiaiai?o (naa?o i?aaeoniio?aiiuo caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii) ioioneia
?aaioieeai.

8.3. Iieaoa eueaioiuo /ania iiae?inoeia.

8.4. Iieaoa o/aaiuo ioioneia, i?aaeinoaaeaiiuo ?aaioieeai,
iao/athueiny a ia?aciaaoaeueiuo o/?aaeaeaieyo.

8.5. Iieaoa ca ia?eiae iao/aiey ?aaioieeia, iai?aaeaiiuo ia
i?ioanneiiaeueioth iiaeaioiaeo, iiauoaiea eaaeeoeeaoeee eee iao/aiea
aoi?ui i?ioanneyi.

8.6. Iieaoa o?oaea ?aaioieeia, i?eaeaeaaiuo e auiieiaieth
ainoaea?noaaiiuo eee iauanoaaiiuo iaycaiiinoae.

Iieaoa, nio?aiyaiay ii ianoo iniiaiie ?aaiou ca ?aaioieeaie,
i?eaeaeaaiuie ia naeueneioicyenoaaiiua e ae?oaea

?aaiou.

8.8. Noiiu, auiea/aiiua ca n/ao n?aaenoa i?aaei?eyoey, ca ia
i?i?aaioaiiia a?aiy ?aaioieeai, auioaeaeaiii ?aaioaaoei iaiieiia
?aai/aa a?aiy ii eieoeeaoeaa aaeieieno?aoeee.

8.9. Iieaoa ?aaioieeai – aeiii?ai ca aeie ianeaaeiaaiey, naea/e e?iae
e ioaeuoa, i?aaeinoaaeyaiiai iinea eaaeaeiai aeiy naea/e e?iae. ” 8.10.
Iieaoa i?inoiaa ia ii aeia ?aaioieea. a 8.11. Iieaoa ca a?aiy
auioaeaeaiiiai i?iaoea.

9. Aaeeiia?aiaiiua iiiu?eoaeueiua auieaou

9.1. Aaeeiia?aiaiiua (?aciaua) i?aiee iacaaeneii io enoi/ieeia eo
auieaou.

9.2. Aiciaa?aaeaeaiea ii eoiaai ?aaiou ca aiae, aiaeiaia
aiciaa?aaeaeaiea ca auneoao eao (noaae ?aaiou).

9.3. Iaoa?eaeueiay iiiiuue, i?aaeinoaaeaiiay anai eee aieueoeinoao
?aaioieeia (e?iia noii, oeacaiiuo a ioieoa 26).

9.4. Aeiiieieoaeueiua auieaou i?e i?aaeinoaaeaiee aaeaaiaeiiai
ioionea (naa?o ii?iaeueiuo ioioneiuo noii a niioaaonoaee n
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii).

9.5. Aeaiaaeiay eiiiainaoeey ca iaeniieueciaaiiue ioione.

9.6. Noieiinoue aanieaoii auaeaaaaiuo ?aaioieeai a ea/anoaa
iiiu?aiey aeoeee eee eueaio ii i?eia?aoaieth aeoeee.

9.7. Ae?oaea aaeeiia?aiaiiua iiiu?aiey, aeeth/ay noieiinoue
iiaea?eia.

10. Auieaou ia ieoaiea, aeeeuea, oiieeai

2.2 EINO?OEOeEss II NOAOENOEEA *ENNEAIIINOE ?AAI*EO E NEOAEAUEO IA
I?AAeI?EssOEssO,

1. Iauea iieiaeaiey

1. Io/aoiinoue ii o?oaeo aeieaeiu ninoaaeyoue e i?aaenoaaeyoue ana
i?aaei?eyoey, yaeythueany th?eaee/aneeie eeoeaie e eiathuea
naiinoiyoaeueiue aaeain.

Aeaiiua ii no?oeoo?iui aaeeieoeai, ianaiinoiyoaeueiui
iiae?acaeaeaieyi (i?iecaiaenoaai, oeaoai, ioaeaeaieyi, o/anoeai,
oa?iai, a?eaaaeai, caaiueyi, ath?i, eaai?aoi?eyi e ae?.) aeeth/athony a
io/ao ii o?oaeo oiai i?aaei?eyoey, ia aaeaina eioi?iai iie
iaoiaeyony.

No?oeoo?iua aaeeieoeu, eiathuea ioaeaeueiue aaeain e n/aoa a
o/?aaeaeaieyo aaiea e aoiaeyuea a ninoaa iauaaeeiaiey, iaoiaeyueany ia
oa??eoi?ee ae?oaie ?anioaeeee, e?ay, iaeanoe, /ai aieiaiay
no?oeoo?iay aaeeieoea (aieiaiia i?aaei?eyoea) iauaaeeiaiey,
noaoenoe/aneoth io/aoiinoue i?aaenoaaeytho aieiaiie no?oeoo?iie
aaeeieoea (aieiaiiio i?aaei?eyoeth) eee ii aai oeacaieth naie
no?oeoo?iua aaeeieoeu oi?aaeaieth noaoenoeee ii ianoo iaoiaeaeaiey
no?oeoo?iuo aaeeieoe. Iauaaeeiaiey a yoeo neo/ayo i?aaenoaaeytho
oi?aaeaieth noaoenoeee ii ianoo iaoiaeaeaiey aieiaiie no?oeoo?iie
aaeeieoeu (aieiaiiai i?aaei?eyoey), e?iia io/aoa a oeaeii ii
iauaaeeiaieth, io/ao aac aeaiiuo ii no?oeoo?iui aaeeieoeai,
?aniieiaeaiiui ia oa??eoi?ee ae?oaeo ?anioaeee, e?aaa, iaeanoae.

2. Noaoenoe/aneay io/aoiinoue ii o?oaeo ninoaaeyaony no?iai ca
onoaiiaeaiiue eaeaiaea?iue io/aoiue ia?eiae a?aiaie: ianyoe, eaa?oae e
aiae. Iany/iue io/ao ninoaaeyaony ca ia?eiae n ia?aiai ii
iineaaeiaa (aeeth/eoaeueii) /enei io/aoiiai ianyoea, eaa?oaeueiue io/ao

ca ia?eiae n ia?aiai /enea ia?aiai ianyoea eaa?oaea ii iineaaeiaa
(aeeth/eoaeueii) /enei o?aoueaai ianyoea io/aoiiai eaa?oaea, aiaeiaie
-ca ia?eiae n 1 yiaa?y ii 31 aeaeaa?y.

3. Io/aou ii o?oaeo i?aaenoaaeythony a n?iee e aae?ana,
i?aaeoniio?aiiua ooaa?aeaeaiiuie oi?iaie e oaaaeai oi?i
noaoenoe/aneie io/aoiinoe.

I?aaenoaaeaiea noaoenoe/aneie io/aoiinoe ii o?oaeo iicaeiaa
onoaiiaeaiiuo n?ieia yaeyaony ia?ooaieai io/aoiie aeenoeeieeiu. a 4.
Iniiaiuie o?aaiaaieyie i?e ninoaaeaiee noaoenoe/aneie io/aoiinoe
ii o?oaeo yaeythony iieiioa caiieiaiey io/aoa e aeinoiaa?iinoue
io/aoiuo aeaiiuo. Ca aeinoiaa?iinoue aeaiiuo a io/aoao e
naiaa?aiaiiinoue i?aaenoaaeaiey io/aoia ianoo ia?niiaeueioth
ioaaonoaaiiinoue ?oeiaiaeeoaee i?aaei?eyoee, eo no?oeoo?iuo

Nieni/iue ninoaa ?aaioieeia

A nieni/iue ninoaa ?aaioieeia i?aaei?eyoey aeieaeiu aeeth/aoueny ana
?aaioieee, i?eiyoua ia iinoiyiioth, naciiioth, a oaeaea ia
a?aiaiioth ?aaioo ia n?ie iaeei aeaiue e aieaa, ni aeiy ca/eneaiey eo
ia ?aaioo.

A nieni/iii ninoaaa ?aaioieeia ca eaaeaeue eaeaiaea?iue aeaiue
aeieaeiu auoue o/oaiu eae oaeoe/anee ?aaioathuea, oae e ionoonoaothuea
ia ?aaioa ii eaeei-eeai i?e/eiai. Enoiaey ec yoiai, a nieni/iue
ninoaa aeeth/athony ?aaioieee:

2.3 Iioeaaoeey e iieaoa o?oaea

Iioeaaoeey o?oaeiaie aeayoaeueiinoe

Iioeaaoeey o?oaea – yoi noeioee?iaaiea ?aaioieea eee a?oiiu ?aaioieeia e
aeayoaeueiinoe ii aeinoeaeaieth oeaeae i?aaei?eyoey /a?ac
oaeiaeaoai?aiea eo nianoaaiiuo iio?aaiinoae.

Ia i?aaei?eyoee iaiaoiaeeii nicaeaaaoue oaeea oneiaey, /oiau ?aaioieee
aini?eieiaee naie o?oae eae iniciaiioth aeayoaeueiinoue, yaeythuothny
enoi/ieeii naiiniaa?oainoaiaaiey, iniiaie eo i?ioanneiiaeueiiai e
neoaeaaiiai ?inoa.

Aeaaiua ?u/aae iioeaaoeee – noeioeu (iai?eia?, ca?aaioiay ieaoa) e
iioeau (aioo?aiiea onoaiiaee /aeiaaea).

Ioiioaiea e o?oaeo ii?aaeaeyaony nenoaiie oeaiiinoae /aeiaaea, oneiaeyie
o?oaea, nicaeaiiuie ia i?aaei?eyoee e i?eiaiyaiuie noeioeaie.

Nenoaia iioeaaoeee ia o?iaia i?aaei?eyoey aeieaeia aa?aioe?iaaoue:

– caiyoinoue anao ?aaioieeia o?oaeii;

– i?aaeinoaaeaiea ?aaiuo aiciiaeiinoae aeey i?ioanneiiaeueiiai e
neoaeaaiiai ?inoa;

– niaeaniaaiiinoue o?iaiy iieaou n ?acoeueoaoaie o?oaea;

– nicaeaiea oneiaee aaciianiinoe o?oaea;

– iiaeaea?aeaiea a eieeaeoeaa aeaaii?eyoiiai ineoieiae/aneiai eeeiaoa e
ae?.

Iaoiaeu iioeaaoeee iiaeii eeanneoeoee?iaaoue ia:

1) yeiiiie/aneea (i?yiua) – iia?aiaiiay e naeaeueiay iieaoa o?oaea;
i?aiee ca ea/anoaaiiua e eiee/anoaaiiua iieacaoaee o?oaea; o/anoea a
aeioiaeao i?aaei?eyoey; iieaoa iao/aiey e ae?.;

2) yeiiiie/aneea (iai?yiua) – i?aaeinoaaeaiea eueaio a iieaoa aeeeuey,
o?ainii?oiiai ianeoaeeaaiey, ieoaiey ia i?aaei?eyoee;

3) ia aeaiaaeiua – iiauoaiea i?eaeaeaoaeueiinoe o?oaea, i?iaeaeaeaiea ii
neoaeaa, o/anoea a i?eiyoee ?aoaiee ia aieaa aunieii o?iaia, iiauoaiea
eaaeeoeeaoeee, aeaeea ?aai/ea a?aoeee auoiaea ia ?aaioo e ae?.

Iniiaiuie oi?iaie iioeaaoeee ?aaioieeia i?aaei?eyoey yaeythony:

1. Ca?aaioiay ieaoa, eae iauaeoeaiay ioeaiea aeeaaea ?aaioieea a
?acoeueoaou aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaei?eyoey.

2. Nenoaia aioo?eoe?iaiiuo eueaio ?aaioieeai: yooaeoeaiia i?aie?iaaiea,
aeiieaou ca noaae, no?aoiaaiea caei?iauey ?aaioieeia ca n/ao
i?aaei?eyoey, i?aaeinoaaeaiea aani?ioeaioiuo nnoae, iieaoa ?anoiaeia ia
i?iacae e ianoo ?aaiou e ia?aoii, eueaioiia ieoaiea a ?aai/ae noieiaie,
i?iaeaaea i?iaeoeoeee naiei ?aaioieeai ii naaanoieiinoe eee ni neeaeeie;
oaaee/aiea i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoe iiea/eaaaiuo ioioneia ca ii?aaeaeaiiua
oniaoe a ?aaioa; aieaa ?aiiee auoiae ia iaineth, i?aaeinoaaeaiea i?aaa
auoiaea ia ?aaioo a aieaa oaeiaiia aeey ?aaioieeia a?aiy e o.ae.

3. Ia?ii?eyoey, iiauoathuea i?eaeaeaoaeueiinoue e niaea?aeaoaeueiinoue
o?oaea, naiinoiyoaeueiinoue e ioaaonoaaiiinoue ?aaioieea.

4. Ono?aiaiea noaooniuo, aaeieieno?aoeaiuo e ineoieiae/aneeo aa?uea?ia
iaaeaeo ?aaioieeaie, ?acaeoea aeiaa?ey e acaeiiiiieiaiey a eieeaeoeaa.

5. Ii?aeueiia iiiu?aiea ?aaioieeia.

6. Iiauoaiea eaaeeoeeaoeee e i?iaeaeaeaiea ?aaioieeia ii neoaeaa.

Nia?aiaiiay iieeoeea iieaou o?oaea

Iieaoa o?oaea – yoi aiciaa?aaeaeaiea, en/eneaiiia, eae i?aaeei, a
aeaiaaeiii au?aaeaiee, eioi?ia ii o?oaeiaiio aeiaiai?o nianoaaiiee eeai
oiieiiii/aiiue ei i?aai auiea/eaaao ?aaioieeo ca auiieiaiioth ei ?aaioo.

?acia? iieaou o?oaea caaeneo io neiaeiinoe e oneiaee auiieiyaiie ?aaiou,
i?ioanneiiaeueii-aeaeiauo ea/anoa ?aaioieea, ?acoeueoaoia aai o?oaea e
oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaei?eyoey.

?anoiaeu ia iieaoo o?oaea ninoiyo ec:

1) iniiaiie ca?aaioiie ieaou – aiciaa?aaeaeaiey ca auiieiaiioth ?aaioo a
niioaaonoaee n onoaiiaeaiiuie ii?iaie o?oaea. Iia onoaiaaeeaaaony a
aeaea oa?eoiuo noaaie (ieeaaeia) e naeaeueiuo ?anoeaiie aeey ?aai/eo e
aeieaeiinoiuo ieeaaeia aeey neoaeaueo;

2) aeiiieieoaeueiie ca?aaioiie ieaou – aiciaa?aaeaeaiey ca o?oae naa?o
onoaiiaeaiiie ii?iu, ca o?oaeiaua oniaoe e ecia?aoaoaeueiinoue e ca
iniaua oneiaey o?oaea. A iaa aoiaeyo aeiieaou, iaaeaaaee, aa?aioeeiua e
eiiiainaoeeiiiua auieaou, i?aaeoniio?aiiua aeaenoaothuei
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii; i?aiee, naycaiiua n auiieiaieai i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo
caaeaiee e ooieoeee;

3) ae?oaeo iiiu?eoaeueiuo e eiiiainaoeeiiiuo auieao a oi?ia
aiciaa?aaeaeaiee ii eoiaai ?aaiou ca aiae, i?aiee ii niaoeeaeueiui
nenoaiai e iieiaeaieyi, eiiiainaoeeiiiua e ae?oaea aeaiaaeiua e
iaoa?eaeueiua auieaou, ia i?aaeoniio?aiiua aeoaie aeaenoaothuaai
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa eeai eioi?ua i?iaiaeyony naa?o onoaiiaeaiiuo
oeacaiiuie aeoaie ii?i.

A iniiao i?aaiecaoeee iieaou o?oaea iieiaeaiu neaaeothuea iniiaiua
i?eioeeiu:

inouanoaeaiea iieaou o?oaea a caaeneiinoe io eiee/anoaa e ea/anoaa
o?oaea;

aeeooa?aioeeaoeey ca?aaioiie ieaou a caaeneiinoe io eaaeeoeeaoeee
?aaioieea, oneiaee o?oaea e io?aneaaie i?eiaaeeaaeiinoe i?aaei?eyoey;

nenoaiaoe/aneia iiauoaiea ?aaeueiie ca?aaioiie ieaou, o.a. i?aauoaiea
oaiiia ?inoa iiieiaeueiie ca?aaioiie ieaou iaae eioeyoeeae;

i?aauoaiea oaiiia ?inoa i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe o?oaea iaae oaiiaie ?inoa
n?aaeiae ca?aaioiie ieaou;

i?aaeinoaaeaiea i?aaei?eyoeyi iaeneiaeueiie naiinoiyoaeueiinoe a
aii?inao i?aaiecaoeee e iieaou o?oaea.

Iieaoa o?oaea iaania/eaaao ii?iaeueiia aini?iecaiaenoai ?aai/ae neeu
(aini?iecaiaeeoaeueiay ooieoeey) e iioeae?oao ?aaioieeia aeey
yooaeoeaiuo aeaenoaee ia naiai ?aai/ai ianoa (noeioee?othuay ooieoeey).

I?aaiecaoeey iieaou o?oaea ia i?aaei?eyoee ninoieo ec neaaeothueo
yeaiaioia: oi?ie?iaaiea oiiaea iieaou o?oaea; ii?ie?iaaiea o?oaea;
onoaiiaeaiea oa?eoiie nenoaiu; auai? oi?i e nenoai iieaou o?oaea.

Ainoaea?noaaiiay iieeoeea iieaou o?oaea ?aaeecoaony iooai onoaiiaeaiey:
ieieiaeueiie ca?aaioiie ieaou; ainoaea?noaaiiuo ii?i e aa?aioee a iieaoa
o?oaea (ca ?aaioo a naa?oo?i/iia a?aiy, i?acaeie/iua e auoiaeiua aeie e
ca a?aiy auiieiaiey ainoaea?noaaiiuo iaycaiiinoae); oneiaee ii?aaeaeaiey
/anoe aeioiaea i?aaei?eyoey, iai?aaeyaiiai ia iieaoo o?oaea;
iaaeio?aneaauo niioiioaiee a iieaoa o?oaea; oneiaee e ?acia?ia iieaou
o?oaea a athaeaeaoiuo i?aaiecaoeeyo e o/?aaeaeaieyo; iaeneiaeueiuo
?acia?ia aeieaeiinoiuo ieeaaeia ?oeiaiaeeoaeae ainoaea?noaaiiuo
i?aaei?eyoee; o?iaiy iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey i?aaei?eyoee e aeioiaeia
?aaioieeia.

Ieieiaeueiay ca?aaioiay ieaoa ?aaoee?oaony n o/aoii o?iaiy
yeiiiie/aneiai ?acaeoey, o?iaiy i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe o?oaea, o?iaiy
n?aaeiae ca?aaioiie ieaou e noieiinoiie aaee/eiu ieieiaeueiiai
iio?aaeoaeueneiai athaeaeaoa (/a?ou iaei iaania/aiiinoe).

?aaeecaoeey iieeoeee iieaou o?oaea inouanoaeyaony ia iniiaa aeiaiai?iiai
?aaoee?iaaiey iooai caeeth/aiey nenoaiu oa?eoiuo niaeaoaiey ia o?ao
o?iaiyo:

– iaaeio?aneaaii (aaia?aeueiia oa?eoiia niaeaoaiea);

– io?aneaaii eee ?aaeiiaeueiii;

– i?iecaiaenoaaiiii (oa?eoiia niaeaoaiea eae ninoaaiay /anoue
eieeaeoeaiiai aeiaiai?a).

Oa?eoiia niaeaoaiea – yoi aeiaiai? iaaeaeo i?aaenoaaeoaeyie noi?ii
ia?aaiai?ia ii aii?inai iieaou o?oaea e nioeeaeueiuo aa?aioee,
i?aaeiaoii eioi?iai ia o?iaia i?aaei?eyoey yaeythony: oi?iu e nenoaiu
iieaou o?oaea aeey ?acee/iuo eaoaai?ee ?aaioieeia; ieieiaeueiay oa?eoiay
noaaea; ?acia?u oa?eoiuo noaaie e aeieaeiinoiuo ieeaaeia ii ?ac?yaeai
?aaio e aeieaeiinoyi ?aaioieeia; aeaeu e ?acia?u aeiieao, iaaeaaaie,
i?aiee e ae?.

Oa?eoiay nenoaia. Oi?iu e nenoaiu iieaou o?oaea

Niecia?youe ?aciiia?aciua aeaeu o?oaea, o/eouaay eo neiaeiinoue e
oneiaey auiieiaiey, iicaieyao oa?eoiay nenoaia.

I?e i?aaiecaoeee iieaou o?oaea ?aai/eo iniiaiuie yeaiaioaie oa?eoiie
nenoaiu yaeythony:

oa?eoii-eaaeeoeeaoeeiiiua ni?aai/ieee, n iiiiuueth eioi?uo ii?aaeaeytho
?ac?yae ?aaiou e ?ac?yae ?aai/aai;

oa?eoiay naoea – ia?a/aiue oa?eoiuo ?ac?yaeia, oa?eoiuo eiyooeoeeaioia
e oa?eoiuo noaaie;

oa?eoiue ?ac?yae ii?aaeaeyao noaiaiue neiaeiinoe ?aaiou e a caaeneiinoe
io yoiai – ?acia? iieaou o?oaea ?aai/aai;

oa?eoiue eiyooeoeeaio, iieacuaathuee, ai neieueei ?ac oa?eoiay noaaea
aeaiiiai ?ac?yaea aieueoa oa?eoiie noaaee I ?ac?yaea;

oa?eoiay noaaea, eioi?ay ii?aaeaeyao ?acia? iieaou o?oaea ?aai/aai
eaaeaeiai ?ac?yaea ca aaeeieoeo a?aiaie.

Oa?eoiay nenoaia i?aaeiieaaaao aeaa oi?iu iieaou o?oaea: naeaeueioth e
iia?aiaiioth.

I?e naeaeueiie iieaoa ca?aaioie iaiyaony a caaeneiinoe io eiee/anoaa
i?iecaaaeaiiie i?iaeoeoeee ii naeaeueiui ?anoeaieai (ca aaeeieoeo
i?iaeoeoeee). Nouanoaotho oaeea aa nenoaiu:

I?yiay naeaeueiay (eiaeeaeaeoaeueiay e eieeaeoeaiay). I?e iae ?aai/ei
iiea/eaaaony eo au?aaioea: ?anoeaiea ca aaeeieoeo i?iaeoeoeee
oiiiaeaaony ia eiee/anoai au?aaioaiiie i?iaeoeoeee.

Naeaeueii-i?ia?anneaiay. A yoii neo/aa au?aaioea i?iaeoeoeee a
i?aaeaeao ii?iu iiea/eaaaony ii iau/iui ?anoeaieai, a naa?o yoie ii?iu –
ii iiauoaiiui, aic?anoathuei i?ia?anneaii, a caaeneiinoe io ?acia?a
auiieiaiey ii?i.

Naeaeueii-i?aieaeueiay. I?aaeoniao?eaaao e?iia ca?aaioea ii i?yiui
naeaeueiui ?anoeaieai auieaoo i?aiee ca ea/anoaaiiua e eiee/anoaaiiua
iieacaoaee a ?aaioa.

Einaaiii-naeaeueiay. Eniieuecoaony i?e iieaoa o?oaea aniiiiaaoaeueiuo
?aai/eo, eo ca?aaioie caaeneo io au?aaioee oao iniiaiuo ?aai/eo, eioi?uo
iie ianeoaeeaatho.

Aeei?aeiay. I?e iae ?anoeaiea onoaiaaeeaaaony ia aanue iauai ?aaio (a
ia ia ioaeaeueioth iia?aoeeth), iaiaa?eaaaony n?ie auiieiaiey ?aaio.

I?e iia?aiaiiie iieaoa ca?aaioie neeaaeuaaaony ec oa?eoiuo noaaie ca
oaeoe/aneoth i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoue ?aai/aai a?aiaie. Nouanoaoao aeaa
nenoaiu iia?aiaiiie iieaou:

I?inoay iia?aiaiiay. A oaeii neo/aa ca?aaioie ii?aaeaeyaony oiiiaeaieai
/aniaie oa?eoiie noaaee ia eiee/anoai io?aaioaiiuo /ania.

Iia?aiaiii-i?aieaeueiay. Iieaoa, eiaaea e?iia ca?aaioiie ieaou ii
oa?eoo (ieeaaeo) ia/eneytho i?aiee ca aunieea iieacaoaee a ?aaioa.

Ia i?aaei?eyoeyo, i?eiaiythueo eieeaeoeaiua oi?iu i?aaiecaoeee o?oaea,
oe?ieia ?ani?ino?aiaiea iieo/eea iiae?yaeiay oi?ia iieaou o?oaea
(ca?aaioie a?eaaaeu ii?aaeaeyaony oiiiaeaieai a?eaaaeiie ?anoeaiee ca
aaeeieoeo i?iaeoeoeee ia oaeoe/anee auiieiaiiue a?eaaaeie ii aeiaiai?o
iauai ?aaio).

A oneiaeyo ia?aoiaea e ?uii/iui oneiaeyi oicyenoaiaaiey iaoea i?eiaiaiea
aanoa?eoiay nenoaia iieaou o?oaea, eioi?ay caaeneo io ?yaea oaeoi?ia:
eaaeeoeeaoeeiiiiai o?iaiy ?aaioieea (io aee?aeoi?a aei ?aai/aai),
eiyooeoeeaioa o?oaeiaiai o/anoey (EOO) e oaeoe/anee io?aaioaiiiai
a?aiaie.

Iaeioi?ua i?aaei?eyoey i?eaioe?otho nenoaio iaoa?eaeueiiai
noeioee?iaaiey ia oaeoe/aneoth eaaeeoeeaoeeth ?aaioieea – niiniaiinoue
ia oieueei auiieiyoue naie iaiin?aaenoaaiiua iaycaiiinoe, ii e
o/anoaiaaoue a ?aoaiee i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo i?iaeai, ?acae?aoueny a ethaii
aniaeoa oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe naiaai i?aaei?eyoey. Oaeea
?aaioieee iieo/atho oeene?iaaiiia aeaeiaaiea ca eaaeeoeeaoeeth.

Ia aieueoeinoaa i?aaei?eyoee iieaoa o?oaea neoaeaueo inouanoaeyaony a
niioaaonoaee n onoaiiaeaiiui ei ii ooaoiiio ?anienaieth ieeaaeii e a
niioaaonoaee n aeaenoaothuae nenoaiie i?aie?iaaiey.

?aciiaeaeiinoueth aanoa?eoiie nenoaiu iieaou o?oaea yaeyaony eiio?aeoiay
nenoaia.

Ec anaai ?aciiia?acey nouanoaothueo oi?i e nenoai iieaou o?oaea
i?aaei?eyoea auae?aao oa, eioi?ua a aieueoae noaiaie niioaaonoaotho
eiie?aoiui oneiaeyi i?iecaiaenoaa: oa?aeoa?o auioneaaiie i?iaeoeoeee,
i?eiaiyaiie oaoiieiaee, o?iaith oi?aaeaiey, ?uieo nauoa, iauaio ni?ina e
o.ae.

Nenoaiu o/anoey ?aaioieeia a i?eaueyo (aeioiaeao) i?aaei?eyoey

O/anoea a i?eaueyo (aeioiaeao) ninoieo a ?ani?aaeaeaiee ii?aaeaeaiiie eo
/anoe iaaeaeo ?aaioieeaie i?aaei?eyoey, eioi?ia iiaeao auoue n?i/iui
(iai?eia?, aaeaiany/iua auieaou) eee aunooiaoue a oi?ia ?ani?ino?aiaiey
iaaeaeo ?aaioieeaie aeoeee i?aaei?eyoey.

Aeiiieieoaeueiua auieaou n i?eaueae caaenyo io o?iaiy cao?ao ia
i?iecaiaenoai e oeai, eiieo?aioiniiniaiinoe i?iaeoeoeee e oeiainiaiai
ninoiyiey i?aaei?eyoey. Eo ?acia?u ii?aaeaeythony niaoeeaeueiui
aeieoiaioii (niaeaoaieai), i?eeaaaaiui e eieeaeoeaiiio aeiaiai?o.

Iiaeii auaeaeeoue neaaeothuea nenoaiu o/anoey ?aaioieeia a i?eaueyo (ia
iniiaa ioeaiee caneoa):

1) ii ?acoeueoaoai iauae aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaei?eyoey:

a) nenoaiu noeioee?iaaiey eiie?aoiuo iauaiia ?aaio, iauaiia i?iaeaae e
ae?.;

a) nenoaiu o/anoey a i?eaueyo a caaeneiinoe io i?iaeoeoeaiinoe;

a) nenoaiu i?aieaeueiuo auieao (aiionia);

2) ia iniiaa ioiioaiee nianoaaiiinoe:

a) nenoaiu i?aaeinoaaeaiey naiei ?aaioieeai aeoeee i?aaei?eyoey;

a) nenoaiu niaeaaeaiey aeoeaaie i?aaei?eyoey iiae iin?aaeie/anoaii
eiaanoeoeeiiiuo oiiaeia;

a) nenoaiu ?ani?ino?aiaiey iioeeiiia aeoeee.

111. Ieaie?iaaiea oiiaea ca?aaioiie ieaou e n?aaeianieni/iie
/eneaiiinoe ?aai/eo

Oaae. 1 – Enoiaeiua aeaiiua

Iieacaoaee a aaceniii aiaeo
a ieai. aiaeo

1 . Aiaeiaie iauai i?iecaiaenoaa 3 400 5 056

iuea ( o. )

2 . Ii?iaoeaiay /eneaiiinoue 13 13

?aai/eo a niaio (/ae .)

3 . Eiyo . ii?iu au?aaioee 1.0 1.16

4 . Niaiiay au?aaioea iuea ( o.) 7.2 7.2

5. ?aaeei ?aaiou i?aaei?eyoey 3 3

( ni .)

6. *aniaay oa?eoiay noaaea 4.0 4.0

?aai/aai 1 – ai ?ac?yaea

7. oa?eoiay noaaea

?aai/eo ii ?ac?yaeai :

2 – ?ac?yae (3 /ae ) 1.21 1.21

3- ?ac?yae (7 /ae) 1.38 1.38

4 – ?ac?yae (2 /ae ) 1.58 1.58

5 – ?ac?yae (1 /ae ) 1.83 1.83

8 . ?acia? aeiieao e oa?eoiiio 20 34

oiiaeo iieaou o?oaea ( %)

Ieaie?iaaiea /eneaiiinoe e oiiaea ca?aaioiie ieaou

oaae.2 – Aiaeiaie oiiae ?aai/aai a?aiaie ieaiiaii aiaeo.

Iieacaoaee Aacen Ieai Ioeeiiaiea

eaeaiaea?iue oiiae a?aiaie 365 365 –

( aeie )

2. auoiaeiuo e i?acaeie/iuo 114 114 –

( aeie )

iiieiaeueiue oiiae ?aa. a?. 251 251

i?iaoeu 2 – -2

iayaee ia ?aaioo 34 32 -2

n?. I?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoue ?aa. 8 8

a?aiaie (/an )

iieaciue oiiae ?aa. a?. (aeie ) 215 219 +4

iieaciue oiiae ?aa. a?. (/an ) 1720 1752

AUAIAe – Aiaeiaie iieaciue oiiae ?aa. a?. a ieaie?. Aiaeo
ninoaaeo – 1752 /ana

?ann/eoaoue oaeaeueioth oaoiieiae/aneoth o?oaeiaieinoue i?iecaiaenoaa
iuea

13 * 8

O = = 14.(4) (/ae./)

7.2

?ann/eoaoue o?oaeiaieinoue i?iecaiaenoaaiiie i?ia?aiiu

O (aacen ) = 14.4 * 3 400 = 48 960

O (ieai ) = 14.4 * 5 056 = 72 806

?ann/eoaoue n?aaeianieni/ioth /eneaiiinoue i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo ?aai/eo
(/ae.)

48 960

* (aacen ) = = 28.5

1720 * 1

72 806

* ( ieai ) = = 35.8

1752 * 1.16

5. ?ann/eoaoue n?aaeianieni/iue oa?eoiue eiyo .

1.83 + 2 * 1.58 + 7 * 1.38 + 3 * 1.21

E = = 1.406

13

Aiaeiaie oiiae ca?aaioiie ieaou (?oa.)

Oa ( aacen ) = 4 * 1.406 * 48 960 = 275 351

Oa ( ieai ) = 4 * 1.406 * 72 806 = 409 461

Aeiiieieoaeueiue oiiae ca?aaioiie ieaou (?oa.)

Oae ( aacen 20 % ) = 55 070

Oae ( ieai 34% ) = 270 244

Iauee oiiae ca?aaioiie ieaou ninoaaeyao (?oa.):

O = 275 351 + 55 070 = 330 421

O = 409 461 + 270 244 = 679 705

N?aaeianieni/iue oiiae c.i. ia 1 – ai i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai ?aai/aai (?oa.)

330 421

a aacena = = 11 594

28.5

679 705

a ieaia = = 18 986

35.8

Auaiaeu : A ieaiiaii aiaeo auee i?in/eoaiu ieaiiaue oiiae ca?aaioiie
ieaou i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo ?aai/eo ii oaaee/eeny ca n/ao oaaee/aiey
ieaie?oaiiai iauaia i?iecaiaenoaa a oaeaea ec ca oaaee/aiey Aiaeiaiai
iieaciiai oiiaea ?aai/aai a?aiaie.

Caeeth/aiea

A eo?niaie ?aaioa auee ?anniio?aiu iniiaiua i?eioeeiu aioo?eoe?iaiiiai
ieaie?iaaiey oiiaea ca?aaioiie ieaou e /eneaiiinoe ?aai/eo

A ia?aie aeaaa y ?anniio?ae oai?aoe/aneea iniiau ieaie?iaaiey , i?aaeaeu
e aiciiaeiinoe ieaie?iaaiey ia i?aaei?eyoee – iniiaiie iiiaio aeaau
caeeth/aeny a ?anniio?aiee iiiyoey aioo?eoe?iaiiiai ieaie?iaaiey

e i?aaeaeia ieaie?iaaiey . Yoi auei iaiaoiaeeii aeey ?ane?uoey oaiu

e iciaeiieaiey n oai?aoe/aneeie iniiaaie ieaie?iaaiey.

Ai aoi?ie aeaaa y ?ane?ue ninoaa oiiaea ca?aaioiie ieaou e iaeioi?ua
iieiaeaiey ii /eneaiiinoe ?aai/eo . Ii iniiaiie e aaaeiaeoae caaea/ae
yaeyaony ?anniio?aiea iioeaaoeee i iieaou o?oaea ?aaioieeia.

O?aouey aeaaa ninoieo ec ieaie?iaaiey oiiaea ca?aaioiie ieaou e
n?aaeianieni/iie /eneaiiinoe ?aai/eo ia i?eia?a iueiaa?aiiiai caaiaea

Yooaeoeaiia ieaie?iaaiea – yoi iaiouaieaiay e aaaeiaeoay caaea/a
i?aaei?eyoey , ?aaioathuaai a ?uii/iuo oneiaeyo.

Yooaeoeaiinoue ieaie?iaaiey neeaaeuaaaony ec iiiaeanoaa acaeiinaycaiiuo
oaeoi?ia .

Ieaie?iaaiea oiiaea ca?aaioiie ieaou neeaaeuaaaony ec ieaie?oaiiai
iauaia i?iecaiaenoaa , n?aaeianieni/iie /eneaiiinoe ?aai/eo e ae?oaeo
ieaiiauo iieacaoaeae.

Nienie eeoa?aoo?u

1 . Aeaenaaa I. I. Ieaie?iaaiea aeayoaeueiinoe oe?iu . I oei.
Noaoenoeea

2 . Yeiiiieea i?aaei?eyoey . O/aaiee aeey AOCA

O.A. ss?eeia, eaiaeeaeao yeiiiie/aneeo iaoe. ?aoeaicaio: eaiaeeaeao
yeiiiie/aneeo iaoe, aeioeaio A.A. Aeieeiei.

Iniiau yeiiiieee i?aaei?eyoey

Iaiia A. I. Aeaeiaia ieaie?iaaiea

Eino?oeoeey noaoenoeee /eneaiiinoe ?aai/eo ( ieinoao ?.O.)

Eino?oeoeey ii oiiaeo ca?aaioiie ieaou : ? 89 ( ieinoao ?. O,)

Ai?aiueei A. A. Aiaiiieia A. TH. Ieaie?iaaiea aeayoaeueiinoe
i?aaei?eyoey

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