NIAeA?AEAIEA
TOC \o “1-3” Ianoi e ?ieue aeeno?eauethoeee ia i?aaei?eyoee 3
Oi?ie?iaaiea aeeno?eaooeaiuo eaiaeia e naoae PAGEREF _Toc450217266 \h
2
Eiaenoe/aneea iin?aaeieee a aeeno?eauethoeee PAGEREF _Toc450217267 \h
1
I?aaiecaoeey oece/aneiai ?ani?aaeaeaiey PAGEREF _Toc450217268 \h 1
Iia?aoeee oece/aneiai ?ani?aaeaeaiey PAGEREF _Toc450217269 \h 1
?ieue e cia/aiea o/aoii-aeiaiai?iuo aaeeieoe PAGEREF _Toc450217270 \h
1
Cieioua i?aaeea oece/aneiai ?ani?aaeaeaiey PAGEREF _Toc450217271 \h 1
Eii?aeeiaoeey e eioaa?aoeey aeaenoaee eiaenoe/aneeo iin?aaeieeia
PAGEREF _Toc450217272 \h 1 1
?uii/iua acaeiiioiioaiey iin?aaeieeia PAGEREF _Toc450217273 \h 1 1
Oi?iu eiaenoe/aneie eioaa?aoeee PAGEREF _Toc450217274 \h 1
Ea/anoai na?aena a aeeno?eauethoeee PAGEREF _Toc450217275 \h 1
Nienie eniieueciaaiiie
eeoa?aoo?u__________________________________________27
Ianoi e ?ieue aeeno?eauethoeee ia i?aaei?eyoee
N?aaee aaceniuo eiaenoe/aneeo aeoeaiinoae, ii?aaeaeythueo eiiia?/aneee
oniao oe?iu ia ?uiea, aeaaiay ?ieue i?eiaaeeaaeeo nauoo. A iineaaeiea
10-15 eao ia Caiaaea a nayce n ao?iui i?ia?annii eiaenoeee ianeieueei
nianoeeenue aeoeaiou e “?aciueenue” a?aieoeu iaaeaeo nauoii, ia?eaoeiaii
e eiaenoeeie. Ana a aieueoae noaiaie nauoiaua ooieoeee ioiaeaeanoaeytho
n ia?eaoeiaiauie e eiaenoe/aneeie. Iai?eia?, a iiiia?aoee A.Ae. Aieoa
i?eaiaeeony ii?aaeaeaiea nauoa eae “ia?niieoeoee?iaaiiiai”
iaiin?aaenoaaiiiai e aeaoonoi?iiiaai i?ioeanna inouanoaeaiey eiioaeoia e
oaaaeaeaiey n oeaeueth aeinoeaeaiey ii?aaeaeaiiuo ?acoeueoaoia, e,
i?aaeaea anaai, oaaee/aiey i?iaeaaee i?iaeoeoeee ia ii?aaeaeaiiii
naaiaioa ?uiea”. Oaeei ia?acii, aeaaiie i?iaeaiie nauoa a ?uii/iie
yeiiiieea yaeyaony iaeneiecaoeey iauaia i?iaeaae a oneiaeyo
eiieo?aioeee. A ca?oaaaeiie eeoa?aoo?a oaeaea iao /aoeiai ?aca?aie/aiey
oeaeae e ooieoeee nauoa e ia?eaoeiaa. Aieueoeinoai aaoi?ia
i?eaea?aeeaaaony iiaiey, /oi nauoiaua ooieoeee yaeythony /anoueth
ia?eaoeiaa oe?iu. A oi aea a?aiy ?yae ioa/anoaaiiuo enneaaeiaaoaeae
n/eoaao, /oi iniiaiui ioee/eai nauoiaie aeayoaeueiinoe io ia?eaoeiaiaie
yaeyaony iaee/ea aeey nauoa onoaiiaeaoaeny oiaa?ii?iaiaeyuae naoe e
oicyenoaaiiuo naycae ii iinoaaeai (i?iaeaaea) oiaa?a iio?aaeoaeyi. Aeey
ia?eaoeiaa aea oa?aeoa?ii oaaee/aiea iauaia i?iaeaae iooai inaiaiey
iiauo naaiaioia ?uiea eee ?anoe?aiey eiathueony ca n/ao eciaiaiey
anni?oeiaioa i?iaeoeoeee, oeo/oaiey iieeoeee i?iaeaeaeaiey oiaa?ia e
o.i.
Auaeaeyy nianoaaiii eiaenoe/aneea i?iaeaiu a nauoa, iaiaoiaeeii,
i?aaeaea anaai, inoaiiaeoueny ia oaeeo eeth/aauo aeoeaiinoyo, eae
aeeno?eauethoeey e oece/aneia ?ani?aaeaeaiea. Yoe aeaa eiaenoe/aneea
aeoeaiinoe ca/anooth ioiaeaeanoaeythony. A oi aea a?aiy a iineaaeiea
aiaeu ynii i?ineaaeeaaaony oaiaeaioeey ?anoe?eoaeueiiai oieeiaaiey
aeeno?eauethoeee a niunea aeeth/aiey a aa noa?o aeiiieieoaeueiuo
ooieoeee ii i?iaeaaeai i?iaeoeoeee e na?aeno.
O/eouaay auoaeceiaeaiiia, ii?aaeaeei aeeno?eauioeeth eae eiiieaenioth
eiaenoe/aneoth aeoeaiinoue, caeeth/athuothny a i?iaeaeaeaiee i?iaeoeoeee
io i?iecaiaeeoaeae e eiia/iui (eee i?iiaaeooi/iui) iio?aaeoaeyi,
i?aaiecaoeee i?iaeaae, i?aaei?iaeaaeiiai e iineai?iaeaaeiiai na?aena.
Eae e ae?oaea eiaenoe/aneea aeoeaiinoe, aeeno?eauethoeeth iaeuecy
?anniao?eaaoue a io?uaa io no?aoaae/aneeo e oaeoe/aneeo oeaeae aeciana
oe?iu ia ?uiea. Anee yoe oeaee e eiie?aoiua naaiaiou ?uiea ii?aaeaeaiu,
oi n eiaenoe/aneeo iiceoeee iniiaiie caaea/ae aeeno?eauethoeee yaeyaony
iaeneiaeueiay yeiiiiey anao ?ano?nia a oeaie
“i?iecaiaeeoaeue-iio?aaeoaeue” i?e iaania/aiee o?aaoaiiai o?iaiy
ea/anoaa i?iaeoeoeee e na?aena.
Iiiaea oe?iu, /aua anaai e?oiiua ei?ii?aoeee, no?aiyony nicaeaaaoue naie
(oe?iaiiua) aeeno?eaooeaiua naoe aeey iaania/aiey iieiiai eiio?iey iaae
?uieii nauoa i?iaeoeoeee. Iaeiaei yoi o?aaoao cia/eoaeueiuo cao?ao a
no?ieoaeuenoai e i?aaiecaoeeth neeaaeneiai oicyenoaa, o?ainii?oe?iaeo,
a?ociia?a?aaioeo, oi?aaeaiea caianaie e o.ae. Aieueoeinoai
oe?i-i?iecaiaeeoaeae iiyoiio i?aaeii/eoatho i?e i?aaiecaoeee
aeeno?eauethoeee iieueciaaoueny oneoaaie oi?aiauo e eiaenoe/aneeo
oe?i-iin?aaeieeia, noa?aynue a oi aea a?aiy nio?aieoue ca niaie i?aai
nianoaaiiinoe ia i?iaeoeoeeth ia eae iiaeii aieaa aeeeiiuo o/anoeao
aeeno?eaooeaiuo eaiaeia (a niunea iaeneiaeueiie i?eaeeaeaiiinoe e
eiia/iui oi/eai i?iaeaae). A yoii neo/aa iiaoo aicieeaoue eiioeeeoiua
neooaoeee iaaeaeo oe?iie-i?iecaiaeeoaeai e eiaenoe/aneeie iin?aaeieeaie
a ieaia ?ani?aaeaeaiey iaaeaeo ieie cao?ao e i?eauee, ?ac?aoaiea eioi?uo
oaeaea yaeyaony i?a?iaaoeaie eiaenoe/aneiai iaiaaeaeiaioa oe?iu a
aeeno?eauethoeee.
Aeeno?eauethoeey yaeyaony eeth/aaie eiaenoe/aneie aeoeaiinoueth,
aeeth/athuae a naay aieueoia eiee/anoai yeaiaioa?iuo e eiiieaeniuo
aeoeaiinoae. Iniiaiuie ooieoeeyie eiaenoe/aneiai iaiaaeaeiaioa
aeeno?eauethoeee yaeythony:
iino?iaiea i?aaiecaoeeiiiie no?oeoo?u aeeno?eaooeaiuo eaiaeia e naoae;
aeeneieaoeey aeeno?eaooeaiuo oeaio?ia (aac, neeaaeia) e ae?oaeo caaiueaa
eiaenoe/aneie naoe a aeeno?eaooeaiuo eaiaeao;
o?ainii?oe?iaea i?iaeoeoeee, aica?aoiie oa?u e iooiaeia;
neeaaee?iaaiea, o?aiaiea e a?ociia?a?aaioea i?iaeoeoeee a neeaaeneie
nenoaia;
oi?aaeaiea caianaie, eiinieeaeaoeey e ?ann?aaeioi/aiea oiaa?ia;
ia?aaea/a i?aa nianoaaiiinoe ia i?iaeoeoeeth;
iaania/aiea nio?aiiinoe e caueou oiaa?ia, no?aoiaaiea ?eneia;
iiaeaea?aeaiea noaiaea?oia ea/anoaa i?iaeoeoeee e eiaenoe/aneiai
na?aena;
oeaiiia?aciaaiea;
iiieoi?eia e eioi?iaoeeiiii-eiiiuethoa?iay iiaeaea?aeea eiaenoe/aneeo
aeoeaiinoae a aeeno?eauethoeee e o. ae.
Oe?oiiaiii yoe ooieoeee iiaeii ?acaeaeeoue ia ooieoeee iaiaia,
oece/aneiai ?ani?aaeaeaiey e iiaeaea?aeeaathuea.
Iaaeaeo i?iecaiaeeoaeyie e iio?aaeoaeyie iaoiaeeony aieueoia eiee/anoai
iin?aaeieeia, ea?athueo aaaeioth ?ieue a aeeno?eauethoeee, eioi?uo
oneiaii iiaeii ?acaeaeeoue ia aeaa aieueoea a?oiiu: iioiaeee e ?icie/iua
oi?aiaoeu (?eoaeea?u — io aiae. oa?ieia “retailer”). *enei iioiauo
oi?aiauo iin?aaeieeia a aeeno?eaooeaiuo eaiaeao nia?aiaiiuo i?aaiecaoeee
aeciana iaoiaeeony a i?aaeaeao io aeaoo-o?ao aei iieooi?a aeanyoeia a
caaeneiinoe io iaoeeiiaeueiuo, io?aneaauo e aioo?eoe?iaiiuo iniaaiiinoae
aini?iecaiaenoaa. Oaeaea oe?ie aeeaiacii eciaiaiey eiaenoe/aneeo
ecaea?aeae a aeeno?eauethoeee, eioi?ua ninoaaeytho a n?aaeiai io 30 %
aei 70 % e iiaoo aeioiaeeoue aei 300 % e aieaa io naaanoieiinoe
i?iecaiaenoaa ii ?acee/iui io?aneyi e eiiiaieyi.
Eaaeaeie ioaeaeueiie aeoeaiinoe, a aeeno?eauethoeee niioaaonoaotho naie
ecaea?aeee, eioi?ua oe?oiiaiii iiaeii ?acaeaeeoue ia ecaea?aeee
nicaeaiey e oi?aaeaiey caianaie, o?ainii?oiua ?anoiaeu e oae iacuaaaiua
o?ainaeoeeiiiua cao?aou (“transaction costs”), naycaiiua n iieneii
eiaenoe/aneeo ia?oia?ia a aeeno?eaooeaiie naoe, ioi?ieaieai aeiaiai?ia,
ia?aaea/ae i?aa nianoaaiiinoe ia i?iaeoeoeeth e ae?oaeie iiaeiaiuie
iia?aoeeyie.
Oi?ie?iaaiea aeeno?eaooeaiuo eaiaeia e naoae
I?iaeoeoeey oe?iu-i?iecaiaeeoaey e niioonoaothuee na?aen aeinoaaeythony
eiia/iui e i?iiaaeooi/iui iio?aaeoaeyi ii ii?aaeaeaiiui aeeno?eaooeaiui
eaiaeai, eioi?ua a niaieoiiinoe ia?acotho aeeno?eaooeaioth naoue oe?iu.
Ii ii?aaeaeaieth Aia?eeaineie annioeeaoeee ia?eaoeiaa “aeeno?eaooeaiue
eaiae — yoi no?oeoo?a aioo?eoe?iaiiuo i?aaiecaoeeiiiuo aaeeieoe e (eee)
aiaoe?iaiiuo aaaioia e aeeea?ia, iioiaeeia e ?eoaeea?ia, /a?ac eioi?oth
oiaa?, i?iaeoeo eee na?aen aeinoaaeyaony ia ?uiie”.
Iaciaai aeeno?eaooeaiui eaiaeii oii?yaei/aiiia iiiaeanoai caaiueaa
eiaenoe/aneie naoe, aeeth/athuaa a naay ana eiaenoe/aneea oeaie e eo
o/anoee, i?iaiaeyuea iaoa?eaeueiua iioiee i?iaeoeoeee iaeiiai
iaeiaiiaaiey (eee anni?oeiaioa), a oaeaea niioonoaothuee na?aen io
oe?iu-i?iecaiaeeoaey aei eiia/iuo eee i?iiaaeooi/iuo iio?aaeoaeae.
Iieiia iiiaeanoai aeeno?eaooeaiuo eaiaeia ia?acoao aeeno?eaooeaioth
naoue oe?iu.
Aeaeu aeeno?eaooeaiuo eaiaeia e no?oeoo?a naoe caaenyo io:
no?aoaae/aneeo e oaeoe/aneeo oeaeae e caaea/ oe?iu ia ?uiea nauoa
i?iaeoeoeee;
eiaenoe/aneie no?aoaaee oe?iu;
aeaeia e ia?aiao?ia iaoa?eaeueiuo (na?aeniuo) iioieia;
i?iaeoeoiauo ao?eaooia e ?yaea ae?oaeo oaeoi?ia.
No?oeoo?o aeeno?eaooeaiuo eaiaeia e naoae, acaeiiioiioaiey iaaeaeo
caaiueyie eiaenoe/aneie naoe a ieo, a oaeaea ?aoaiey eiaenoe/aneiai
iaiaaeaeiaioa a aeeno?eauethoeee ai iiiaii ii?aaeaeytho aeaa aaceniua
eiioeaioeee oe?iu-i?iecaiaeeoaey i?iaeoeoeee: niaoeeaeecaoeey e
anni?oeiaio.
Niaoeeaeecaoeey eiaao ooiaeaiaioaeueiia cia/aiea aeey iieeoeee
aeeno?eauethoeee. Niaoeeaeecaoeey ia ii?aaeaeaiiuo eiaenoe/aneeo
aeoeaiinoyo iicaieyao aioo?eoe?iaiiui eee i?eaea/aiiui caaiueyi
eiaenoe/aneie naoe auiieieoue eo iaeeo/oai ia?acii. I?eaea/aiea a
no?oeoo?u aeeno?eaooeaiuo eaiaeia e naoae eiaenoe/aneeo iin?aaeieeia
aeey oe?iu iiaeao auoue ii?aaaeaii oiaaea, eiaaea yoe iin?aaeieee
auiieiytho iniiaiua ooieoeee a aeeno?eauethoeee (o?ainii?oe?iaeo,
neeaaee?iaaiea, a?ociia?a?aaioeo, oi?aaeaiea caianaie, i?aaiecaoeeth
i?iaeaae, no?aoiaaiea e o.i.) aieaa yooaeoeaii (n aieaa aunieei
ea/anoaii e iaiueoeie cao?aoaie), /ai naia oe?ia-i?iecaiaeeoaeue.
Eiaeea niaoeeaeecaoeee aace?oaony ia yeiiiiee a ianooaaa e ioaaoa.
Eiaaea oe?ia niaoeeaeece?oaony ia niaa?oaiee ii?aaeaeaiiie ooieoeee a
aeeno?eauethoeee (iai?eia?, ia a?ociia?a?aaioea), iia ?acaeaaao ianooaa
e ioaao niaoeeoe/aneeo aeoeaiinoae aeey aeinoeaeaiey iia?aoeeiiiie
yeiiiiee. Eiaenoe/aneee na?aen a aeeno?eauethoeee aeeth/aao aieueoia
eiee/anoai niaoeeaeece?iaaiiuo oe?i: iioiauo e ?icie/iuo oi?aiauo
iin?aaeieeia, o?ainii?oiuo e yeniaaeeoi?neeo oe?i, eiiiaiee oece/aneiai
?ani?aaeaeaiey, oe?i, caieiathueony oiaeiaeie, ni?oe?iaeie,
a?ociia?a?aaioeie, no?aoiauo e oeiainiauo eiiiaiee e o.ae.
Niaoeeaeecaoeeth n/eoatho naiaai ?iaea iaaeno?ieeie i?iaeoeoiaiai
anni?oeiaioa.
Eiioeaioeey i?iaeoeoiaiai anni?oeiaioa caeeth/aaony a nicaeaiee e
iiceoeeiie?iaaiee oae iacuaaaiiai i?iaeoeoiaiai ieena, o?aaoaiiai
eiie?aoiuie iio?aaeoaeyie. N oi/ee c?aiey oe?iaiiiai no?aoaae/aneiai
iiceoeeiie?iaaiey ia ?uiea oiaa?u aeieaeiu auoue neiioeaio?e?iaaiu,
ioni?oe?iaaiu e ?ani?aaeaeaiu a ii?aaeaeaiiuo ianoao (oi/eao)
aeeno?eaooeaiuo eaiaeia. Anni?oeiaioiue i?ioeann aeeth/aao o?e iniiaiuo
yoaia: eiioeaio?aoeeth, eanoiiecaoeeth e ?annaeaaiea.
Eiioeaio?aoeey (eee eiinieeaeaoeey) i?aaenoaaeyao niaie nai? aieueoeo
eiee/anoa iaeiiai i?iaeoeoa eee ianeieueeeo ?acee/iuo i?iaeoeoia oaeei
ia?acii, /oiau iie iaiaaeeaiii iiaee auoue i?iaeaiu (?ani?aaeaeaiu)
a?oiiie. I?inoie i?eia? — yoi eiinieeaeaoeeiiiue neeaae i?iecaiaeeoaey.
Iau/ii aieueoea a?ociaua ioi?aaee i?iecaiaeyony ?acee/iuie caaiaeaie e
iai?aaeythony ia eiinieeaeaoeeiiiua aacu (neeaaeu). Eniieueciaaiea a
aeeno?eaooeaiuo eaiaeao oeaio?ia eiinieeaeaoeee (iai?eia?, a?ociauo
oa?ieiaeia) iicaieyao oiaiueoeoue iauaa eiee/anoai o?ainaeoeee (naeaeie)
ca n/ao oiai, /oi iio?aaeoaee iiaoo ?acianoeoue anni?oeiaioiue caeac ia
eiinieeaeaoeeiiiii oeaio?a auno?aa, /ai aeaeaoue ioaeaeueiua caeacu ia
niaoeeoe/aneea iiceoeee eaaeaeiio i?iecaiaeeoaeth ioaeaeueii.
Aeueoa?iaoeaiie noaiie iiaeao auoue i?eaea/aiea i?iiuoeaiiuo
aeeno?eauethoi?ia e iioiaeeia. Eniieueciaaiea yoeo eiaenoe/aneeo
iin?aaeieeia iicaieyao oe?ia-i?iecaiaeeoaeth e ?eoaeea?ai iieo/eoue
i?eaueue io eiioeaio?aoeee aac iaiin?aaenoaaiiiai auiieiaiey, naycaiiuo
n iath ?aaio. Iniiaiui i?eioeeiii eiioeaio?aoeee yaeyaony ieieiecaoeey
noiiu aiciiaeiuo o?ainaeoeee, /oi i?ieeethno?e?iaaii i?eia?ii.
Ia noaia iieacaii, /oi eiioeaio?aoeey i?iaeoeoeee1, i?iaeoeoeee2
oe?i-i?iecaiaeeoaeae ia iioiaii neeaaea oi?aiaiai iin?aaeieea iicaieyao
oiaiueoeoue iauaa eiee/anoai o?ainaeoeee n ainueie “A” aei oanoe “A”.
A)
I?iecaiaeeoaee ?eoaeea?u
A)
I?iecaiaeeoaee Iioiaee ?eoaeea?u
Aoi?ui yoaiii onoaiiaeaiey anni?oeiaioa yaeyaony eanoiiecaoeey, iiae
eioi?ie iiieiatho i?ioeann ni?oe?iaee e a?oiie?iaaiey i?iaeoeoia a
oieeaeueiua eiiaeiaoeee. ?acoeueoaoii eanoiiecaoeee yaeythony oaeea
i?iaeoeoiaua eiiaeiaoeee, eioi?ua oaeiaeaoai?ytho niaoeeoe/aneea cai?inu
iio?aaeoaeae. I?iecaiaeeoaee iiaoo aeinoaaeoue iio?aaeoaeyi niaoaiiua
eee eiiaeie?iaaiiua a?oiiiaua ioi?aaee i?iaeoeoeee, eioi?ua iicaieytho
iineaaeiei iiaeaea?aeeaaoue ieieiaeueiua caianu, a i?iecaiaeeoaeyi
yeiiiieoue ia o?ainii?oiuo ecaea?aeeao.
Oaiaeaioeey eanoiiecaoeee a nia?aiaiiii aeciana aeaeaei i?aainoiaeeo
i?inoi ni?oe?iaeo i?iaeoeoeee a noaiaea?oiua eiiaeiaoeee. Eanoiiecaoeey
/anoi aeeth/aao niaoeeaeueioth oiaeiaeo aeey nicaeaiey oieeaeueiiai a
niunea i?iaeaae oiaa?a e i?iaeaeaeaiey aai a yeneethceaiuo
aeeno?eaooeaiuo eaiaeao. Iaeiie ec ?ani?ino?aiaiiuo nia?aiaiiuo ooieoeee
eanoiiecaoeee yaeyaony niaoeeaeueiay iiaeai?ea oiaa?ia aeey iieaca ia
aunoaaeao a oeaeyo i?iaeaeaeaiey iiauo i?iaeoeoia a?oiiiaiai
anni?oeiaioa ia ?uiie.
Eiia/iui yoaiii anni?oeiaioiiai i?ioeanna yaeyaony ?annaeaaiea
(dispersion), eioi?ia ninoieo a ioi?aaea oieeaeueiuo anni?oeiaioiuo
a?oii i?iaeoeoeee iio?aaeoaeyi a caaeaiiia a?aiy e ianoi.
No?oeoo?u aeeno?eaooeaiuo eaiaeia e naoae iiaeii eeanneoeoee?iaaoue ii
ianeieueeei i?eciaeai. Ii /eneo oi?aiauo oi/ae ?acee/atho:
eioaineaiia ?ani?aaeaeaiea (ioiineony e aieueoiio /eneo oi?aiaua oi/ae,
/oi iicaieyao iaeaieaa eioaineaii “iie?uoue” ?uiie; iai?eia?, aeey
oiaa?ia iianaaeiaaiiai ni?ina);
naeaeoeaiia ?ani?aaeaeaiea (ioiineony e iacia/eoaeueiiio /eneo oi?aiauo
oi/ae, ?ann/eoaiiuo ia ianeoaeeaaiea iniauo iio?aaiinoae niaoeeaeueiiai
naaiaioa ?uiea).
Ii i?eciaeo i?yiieeiaeiinoe (oi anoue eiee/anoao caaiueaa aa?oeeaeueiiai
eaiaea ?ani?aaeaeaiey) ?acee/atho:
i?yioth aeeno?eauethoeeth (eiaaea i?iecaiaeeoaeue inouanoaeyao
i?iaeaeaeaiea e i?iaeaaeo i?iaeoeoeee a iniiaiii iaiin?aaenoaaiii
iio?aaeoaeyi /a?ac no?oeoo?u nauoa e ioaeaeu i?iaeaae);
iai?yioth aeeno?eauethoeeth (eiaaea oiaa?u iinooiatho iio?aaeoaeyi /a?ac
nenoaio iin?aaeieeia — iioiauo e ?icie/iuo oi?aiaoeaa, aaaioia, aeeea?ia
e o.i.).
No?oeoo?a aeeno?eaooeaiie naoe e noaiu aiciiaeiuo oiaa?ii?iaiaeyueo
oeaiae caaenyo io aeaea i?iecaiaeeiie i?iaeoeoeee e, niioaaonoaaiii,
a?oii iio?aaeoaeae.
Aeey oiaa?ia oe?ieiai iio?aaeaiey aieaa oeie/iui yaeyaony eniieueciaaiea
a aeeno?eaooeaiuo eaiaeao iioiaeeia e ?eoaeea?ia, oioy iaeioi?ua oe?iu,
iaeaaeathuea cia/eoaeueiuie ?ano?naie, iiaoo iicaieeoue naaa i?yioth
aeeno?eauethoeeth e i?iaeaaeo i?iaeoeoeee ianaeaieth (aeiiaoiei
oicyenoaai). Iau/ii, /ai aieaa ianniaui yaeyaony ni?in (eee oa?aeoa?
i?iecaiaenoaa), oai aieaa ?acaaoaeaiiuie noaiiayony aeeno?eaooeaiua
naoe.
?ani?aaeaeaiea i?iaeoeoeee aeey i?iiuoeaiiuo iio?aaeoaeae a iniiaiii
inouanoaeyaony /a?ac aaaioia (a?iea?ia) n iiiiuueth i?iiuoeaiiuo
aeeno?eauethoi?ia. A ?yaea neo/aaa aeey yoiai i?eaeaeathony aeaeiaaa?u.
I?e iino?iaiee noaiu aeeno?eaooeaiie naoe, auai?a eaiaeia ?ani?aaeaeaiey
i?iaeoeoeee e eiaenoe/aneeo iin?aaeieeia a aeeno?eauethoeee neaaeoao
o/eouaaoue oeaeue eiiieaen oaeoi?ia. Nthaea aoiaeeo oa?aeoa?
i?iecaiaenoaa e ni?ina, eiathueany ?ano?nu a aeeno?eauethoeee,
oa??eoi?eaeueiua iniaaiiinoe nauoa i?iaeoeoeee, oa?aeoa?enoeeo
i?eaeaeaaiiai aeeno?eauethoi?a (iie?uaaaiay oa??eoi?ey, ciaiea oiaa?a e
?uiea, oaoie/aneea aiciiaeiinoe, o?iaaiue eiioaeoia n iieoiaoaeyie e
o.i.), iaee/ea eioi?iaoeeiiii-eiiiuethoa?iie iiaeaea?aeee e ae?.
A caaeneiinoe io iauaiia i?iecaiaenoaa (ni?ina) e oeia oiaa?ia
?acee/atho o?e iaeaieaa ?ani?ino?aiaiiua aiciiaeiua noaiu (iiaeaee)
aeeno?eaooeaiuo naoae.
Noaiu ?aaeecotho aeaa oiiiyioouo auoa i?eioeeia i?aaiecaoeee
?ani?aaeaeaiey e i?iaeaae: eioaineaiia (oiaa?u ianniaiai ni?ina) e
naeaeoeaiia (oiaa?u n?aaeiaai ni?ina e niaoeeaeueiua oiaa?u).
Ianniaua i?iaeoeou Oiaa?u n?aaeiaai
ni?ina Niaoeeaeueiua oiaa?u
Eiaenoe/aneea iin?aaeieee a aeeno?eauethoeee
Nia?aiaiiue aecian n aai aunieei o?iaiai niaoeeaeecaoeee, eae i?aaeei,
i?eaiaeeo e iaiaoiaeeiinoe eniieueciaaiey a aeeno?eaooeaiuo eaiaeao
oe?iu eiaenoe/aneeo iin?aaeieeia, auiieiythueo ?acee/iua ooieoeee.
Oe?oiiaiii yoe ooieoeee, eae oeacuaaeinue auoa, iiaeii ?acaeaeeoue ia:
ooieoeee (iia?aoeee) oece/aneiai ?ani?aaeaeaiey;
ooieoeee iaiaia (eoiee-i?iaeaaee);
iiaeaea?aeeaathuea ooieoeee (noaiaea?oecaoeee ea/anoaa aeeno?eauethoeee,
oeiaine?iaaiey, eioi?iaoeeiiiie iiaeaea?aeee, no?aoiaaiey ?eneia e
o.i.).
Iin?aaeieeaie a iia?aoeeyo oece/aneiai ?ani?aaeaeaiey yaeythony
?acee/iua niaoeeaeece?iaaiiua o?ainii?oiua, yeniaaeeoi?neea,
o?ainii?oii-yeniaaeeoi?neea (eiaenoe/aneea) oe?iu, eiiiaiee oece/aneiai
?ani?aaeaeaiey, a?ociaua oa?ieiaeu e oa?ieiaeueiua eiiieaenu, a?ociaua
?ani?aaeaeeoaeueiua oeaio?u, i?aaei?eyoey ii ni?oe?iaea, caoa?eaaieth e
oiaeiaea i?iaeoeoeee, a?ociia?a?aaaouaathuea e i?i/ea i?aaei?eyoey.
Eiaenoe/aneea aeoeaiinoe, ioiinyueany e oece/aneiio ?ani?aaeaeaieth,
iiaoo auiieiyoueny e oi?aiauie iin?aaeieeaie.
N?aaee iin?aaeieeia a aeeno?eauethoeee, auiieiythueo iiaeaea?aeeaathuea
ooieoeee, iiaeii oeacaoue ia i?aaei?eyoey e o/?aaeaeaiey oeiainiaiai
na?aena (aaiee, oeiainiaua eiiiaiee, eee?eiaiaua e ?an/aoiua oeaio?u e
eiiiaiee e o.i.), i?aaei?eyoey eioi?iaoeeiiiiai na?aena
(eioi?iaoeeiiii-aeeniao/a?neea oeaio?u, au/eneeoaeueiua oeaio?u
eieeaeoeaiiai iieueciaaiey, i?aaei?eyoee nayce e oaeaeiiioieeaoeee e
o.i.), no?aoiaua eiiiaiee, o/?aaeaeaiey noaiaea?oecaoeee,
eeoeaice?iaaiey e na?oeoeeaoeee e o.ae.
Oeaio?aeueiia ianoi n?aaee eiaenoe/aneeo iin?aaeieeia a aeeno?eauethoeee
caieiatho oi?aiaua iin?aaeieee, eioi?ua e?iia iaiin?aaenoaaiii ooieoeee
iaiaia (eoiee-i?iaeaaee) oiaa?a iiaoo auiieiyoue e iiiaea ae?oaea
ooieoeee oece/aneiai ?ani?aaeaeaiey e iiaeaea?aeeaathuea (iai?eia?,
o?ainii?oe?iaee, yeniaaee?iaaiey, no?aoiaaiey, a?ociia?a?aaioee,
oi?aaeaiey caianaie, e?aaeeoii-oeiainiaiai ianeoaeeaaiey,
i?aaei?iaeaaeiiai e iineai?iaeaaeiiai na?aena e o.ae.).
Oi?aiaua iin?aaeieee a caaeneiinoe io eo ooieoeee a aeeno?eaooeaiie naoe
oe?iu-i?iecaiaeeoaey i?iaeoeoeee iiaoo auoue eeanneoeoee?iaaiu ii
o?aoo?iaiaaie nenoaia. O?aoee o?iaaiue, iaiin?aaenoaaiii i?eaeeaeaiiue e
iio?aaeoaeyi, aeeth/aao oaeea i?eciaee eeanneoeeaoeee, eae ieacuaaaiua
na?aeniua oneoae, eeann iio?aaeoaeae, i?aai nianoaaiiinoe, eiio?iey eee
i?aaenoaaeaiey, i?iaeoeoiaua ao?eaoou, iaoiaeu i?aaiecaoeee oi?aiaee.
Iioiaua oi?aiaoeu 1-ai o?iaiy i?eia?aoatho i?aai nianoaaiiinoe ia oiaa?
ni anaie nii?iaiaeaeathueie yoi i?aai eiiia?/aneeie ?eneaie.
Ooieoeeiiaeueiua eiienneiia?u iau/ii ecaaaatho ?enea, naycaiiiai n
i?eia?aoaieai oiaa?a a nianoaaiiinoue, iaeiaei inouanoaeytho
ii?aaeaeaiiua na?aeniua oneoae, eae aeey i?iecaiaeeoaey, oae e aeey
iio?aaeoaey i?iaeoeoeee.
2-e o?iaaiue eeanneoeeaoeee oa?aeoa?ecoao a iniiaiii noaiaiue iieiiou
ioaaoa iin?aaeieeaie anao oi?aiai-?ani?aaeaeeoaeueiuo ooieoeee a
aeeno?eauethoeee e o?iaaiue niioonoaothuaai na?aena.
Iniaia ianoi n?aaee oi?aiauo iin?aaeieeia caieiatho oiaa?iua ae?aee,
eioi?ua ea?atho ?ieue i?aaiecaoi?ia iioiaie oi?aiaee e auyaeytho
?aaiiaaniua oeaiu ia aaaeiaeoea ae?aeaaua oiaa?u.
N?aaee caaiueaa ?icie/iie oi?aiaie naoe (?eoaeea?ia), inouanoaeythueo
iaiin?aaenoaaiioth i?iaeaaeo i?iaeoeoeee iio?aaeoaeyi, iiaeii ioiaoeoue
iacaaeneiuo ?icie/iuo oi?aiaoeaa, o?aioeco, eiiia?aoeau ?eoaeea?ia,
?icie/iua iaaaceiu oe?i-ecaioiaeoaeae i?iaeoeoeee, i?aaei?eyoey,
oi?aothuea ii ii/oa, noia?ia?eaou e ae?.
A ianoiyuaa a?aiy ?acee/atho o?e iniiaiuo oeia i?aaiecaoeee i?iaeaae
oe?iu-ecaioiaeoaey:
i?eaioe?iaaiiay ia iio?aaeoaey (aa?oeeaeueiay aeeno?eaooeaiay naoue,
aicaeaaeyaiay aee?aeoi?ii ii i?iaeaaeai, eioi?iio iiae/eiaiu iaiaaeaea?u
iioiaeeia e ?eoaeea?ia);
?aaeiiaeueii-i?eaioe?iaaiiay (ai?eciioaeueiay aeeno?eaooeaiay naoue,
eiaaea aee?aeoi? ii i?iaeaaeai aicaeaaeyao niioaaonoaothuea ioaeaeaiey
ii ?aaeiiai ?uiea nauoa);
i?iaeoeoiai-i?eaioe?iaaiiay (niaoaiiay aeeno?eaooeaiay naoue, eiaaea
aee?aeoi?o ii i?iaeaaeai iiae/eiaiu ?aaeiiaeueiua iaiaaeaea?u ii aeaeai
i?iaeoeoeee). Ia i?aeoeea ana yoe o?e aaciauo oeia i?aaiecaoeee i?iaeaae
iiaoo eiiaeie?iaaoueny a ?acee/iuo ni/aoaieyo aeey aeinoeaeaiey oeaeae
eiaenoe/aneie no?aoaaee oe?iu.
I?aaiecaoeey oece/aneiai ?ani?aaeaeaiey
Iia?aoeee oece/aneiai ?ani?aaeaeaiey
Ana iia?aoeee, naycaiiua n i?aia?aciaaieai iaiin?aaenoaaiii
iaoa?eaeueiiai iioiea a caaiuey eiaenoe/aneie naoe aeeno?eaooeaiie naoe,
ninoaaeytho eeth/aaoth eiaenoe/aneoth aeoeaiinoue — oece/aneia
?ani?aaeaeaiea. E yoei iia?aoeeyi (yeaiaioa?iui aeoeaiinoyi) ioiinyony:
iia?ocea, ?aca?ocea, caoa?eaaiea, ia?aaicea, yeniaaee?iaaiea, o?aiaiea,
ni?oe?iaea, eiiieaeoaoeey, eiinieeaeaoeey e o. ae. Yeaiaioa?iua
aeoeaiinoe iauaaeeiythony a eiiieaeniua: o?ainii?oe?iaeo,
neeaaee?iaaiea, caueoioth oiaeiaeo, a?ociia?a?aaioeo, oi?aaeaiea
caianaie e ae?oaea n oeaeueth iiauoaiey yooaeoeaiinoe ?aaiou
eiaenoe/aneie naoe e iioeiecaoeee ea/anoaa eiaenoe/aneiai na?aena a
aeeno?eauethoeee.
Eae auei oeacaii a i?aaeuaeouai ?acaeaea, iia?aoeee oece/aneiai
?ani?aaeaeaiey auiieiytho eae no?oeoo?iua iiae?acaeaeaiey nauoa
i?iaeoeoeee oe?iu-i?iecaiaeeoaey, oae e iiiai/eneaiiua eiaenoe/aneea
iin?aaeieee. Iiiaea eiaenoe/aneea iin?aaeieee a aeeno?eauethoeee
iauaaeeiytho naie eiaenoe/aneea aeoeaiinoe, iai?eia?, ia?aaiceo,
yeniaaee?iaaiea, neeaaee?iaaiea e o?aiaiea a?oca, ni?oe?iaeo,
a?ociia?a?aaioeo e o.i. Oe?iei ecaanoiu a ie?iaii aeciana e?oiiua
o?ainii?oii-yeniaaeeoi?neea e eiaenoe/aneea oe?iu oaeea eae “ASG AA” e
“Bilspedition” (Oaaoeey), “Rydere”, “Federal Express”, “Leasnay”,
“American Express” (NOA), “Welchelt” (Aa?iaiey), “TNT”
(Aeaiey/Aieeaiaeey), “Sped-Bertraud Fauree”, “Narlberson” (O?aioeey),
eioi?ua eiatho e?oiiaeoea a?ociaua oa?ieiaeu e oa?ieiaeueiua eiiieaenu,
inouanoaeyy eioaa?aoeeth iiaeaaeythuae /anoe eiaenoe/aneeo aeoeaiinoae a
oece/aneii ?ani?aaeaeaiee, yooaeoeaii ianeoaeeaay iio?aaiinoe nauoa
i?iaeoeoeee nioai i?iecaiaeeoaeae.
Oe?iu, inouanoaeythuea iiaeiaiia eiiieaeniia ianeoaeeaaiea
i?iecaiaeeoaeae eee aeaaeaeueoeaa i?iaeoeoeee, /anoi ia Caiaaea
iacuaatho eiaenoe/aneeie oe?iaie eee eiiiaieyie oece/aneiai
?ani?aaeaeaiey.
Iniaaiiinoueth aeayoaeueiinoe oaeeo eiiiaiee yaeyaony oi, /oi iie iau/ii
ianeoaeeaatho eee ii?aaeaeaiioth oa??eoi?eth (ciio, ?aaeii, iaeanoue e
o.ae.), eee o?ainii?oiua ei?eaei?u (iai?eia?, a eioa?iiaeaeueiuo
ia?aaiceao), eee ii?aaeaeaiioth a?oiio eeeaioia. Eiiiaiee oece/aneiai
?ani?aaeaeaiey, eae i?aaeei, caeioa?aniaaiu eae a o?ainii?oe?iaea, oae e
ae?oaeo iia?aoeeyo oece/aneiai ?ani?aaeaeaiey ia i?ioyaeaiee aiciiaeii
aieueoae /anoe eiaenoe/aneeo eaiaeia oe?i-i?iecaiaeeoaeae
(aeaaeaeueoeaa) oiaa?ia a ii?aaeaeaiiie oa??eoi?eaeueiie ciia. Iau/ii
eiiiaiee oece/aneiai ?ani?aaeaeaiey ?aaioatho n ianeieueeeie aeaeaie
oiaa?ia eee ianeieueeeie oiaa?iuie neeaaeaie ii iaoa?eaeueiui iioieai.
Iie yaeythony iaiaaeaea?aie oiaa?iuo caiania, eiinieeaee?otho,
?ani?aaeaeytho i?iaeoeoeeth, iaania/eaay aeaaea aa oiaeiaeo e
i?aaei?iaeaaeiue na?aen.
Nia?aiaiiua oaiaeaioeee a ?acaeoee aeayoaeueiinoe eiiiaiee oece/aneiai
?ani?aaeaeaiey caeeth/athony a iiiuoeao caoaaoeoue eae iiaeii aieueoee
eiio?ieue iaae iaoa?eaeueiuie iioieaie, iaania/ea naaa oai naiui
iaeneiaeueioth i?eaueue. Yoi i?iyaeyaony, iai?eia?, a niaoeeaeecaoeee
niaaaeaiey-nauoa e eiio?iea anae aeeno?eaooeaiie naoe ii ioaeaeueiiio
aeaeo i?iaeoeoeee eee caoaaoa ?uiea o?ainii?oiuo oneoa ii i?iaeaeaeaieth
ii?aaeaeaiiie iiiaieeaoo?u a?ocia a oa??eoi?eaeueiie ciia. I?e yoii
oaeea eiiiaiee, eae i?aaeei, ia yaeyynue aeaaeaeueoeaie oiaa?ia, aa?oo
ia naay oieueei /anoue oeiainiaiai ?enea, naycaiiiai n aeaeaeaieai,
o?aiaieai e ia?aaioeie oiaa?ia ii aeeno?eaooeaiiio eaiaeo (eee naoe).
Ecaioiaeoaeue (i?iaeaaaoe) oiaa?a aeieaeai o/eouaaoue ecaea?aeee e
oeiainiaue ?ene, oeene?iaaoue oeaio ia eaaeaeii yoaia oiaa?iaeaeaeaiey,
/oiau nio?aieoue eiio?ieue iaae iioieaie oiaa?ia e caueoeoue naith
i?eaueue eee iaania/eoue auiieiaiea eiie oeaeaaie ooieoeee
eioaa?e?iaaiiie eiaenoe/aneie naoe. Oae, anee ecaioiaeoaeue caeeth/aao
eiio?aeo ia o?ainii?oe?iaeo eee oece/aneia ?ani?aaeaeaiea naieo
ecaeaeee, iaiaoiaeeii yoi aeaeaoue eeoue iinea oiai, eae aoaeao
ii?aaeaeaia eiia/iay oeaia i?iaeaaee e niioaaonoaothuea ?anoeaiee ia
eaaeaeii yoaia oiaa?iaeaeaeaiey.
A iia?aoeeyo oece/aneiai ?ani?aaeaeaiey aeey eaaeaeiai caaia
eiaenoe/aneie naoe a aeeno?eaooeaiii eaiaea iau/ii ?anniao?eaathony aeaa
oae iacuaaaiuo oeaio?a oyaeanoe:
— oeaio? “IN” (Aoiae);
oeaio? “OUT” (Auoiae).
Aeayoaeueiinoue oeaio?ia “IN” e “OUT” niaaeeiyaony a iiai?ioiie oi/ea,
eioi?ay aieueooth /anoue a?aiaie yaeyaony oi/eie (eeieae) ioai?a, aaea
?acee/iua aeaeu oiaa?a, ia?aaaouaaaiua a aeaiiii caaia eiaenoe/aneie
naoe, aeieaeiu eiinieeaee?iaaoueny eee ?acoe?oiiyoueny. A iaeioi?uo
neo/ayo oaeay iia?aoeey ioai?a ia?aie/eaaaony aeayoaeueiinoueth ii
a?ociia?a?aaioea eee /aoa ii o?aiceoo /a?ac oiaa?iue neeaae, ia eioi?ii
eiinieeaee?oaony ia?oey oiaa?a.
Eco/aiea oeaio?a oyaeanoe “IN” a aeeno?eauethoeee aeieaeii ia/eiaoueny
ni caaia eiaenoe/aneie naoe, eiia/iiai aeey i?iecaiaeeoaey, i?e/ai
iaeioi?ua eiiiiiaiou (ecaeaeey) iiaoo auoue oaea eiinieeaee?iaaiu ai
a?aiy i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai i?ioeanna. Oeaio? oyaeanoe “IN” iiaeao ia
niaiaaeaoue n oeaio?ii “OUT”, aeeneieaoeey eioi?iai, iai?eia?,
iieiinoueth ii?aaeaeyaony iioeiaeueiie caaea/ae aeeno?eauethoeee. Iaoiae
ii?aaeaeaiey oeaio?ia oyaeanoe aeieaeai iniiauaaoueny ia yeiiiie/aneeo
i?eioeeiao, aeeeooaiuo no?aoaaeae eioaa?e?iaaiiie eiaenoeee. Yoio
iiaeoiae iiae?acoiaaaao ii?aaeaeaiea o?iaiy ea/anoaa na?aena, eioi?ue
anaaaea aeieaeai niaethaeaoueny a oece/aneii ?ani?aaeaeaiee.
Eiaaea i?iaeoeo aeinoeaaao eiia/iie oi/ee a oeaie
aioo?ei?iecaiaenoaaiiie eiaenoeee, o.a. yaeyaony i?eaiaeiui aeey
oece/aneiai ?ani?aaeaeaiey a aeeno?eaooeaiie naoe e eiia/iiai
iio?aaeaiey, n yoiai iiiaioa i?iaeoeo aoaeao i?ioiaeeoue /a?ac oae
iacuaaaiua oeaio?u eiinieeaeaoeee.
Eaaeaeue oeaio? eiinieeaeaoeee iiaeao auoue ii?aaeaeai eae oeaio?,
oiaa?u eioi?iai na?oiie?iaaiu eee ?acaeaeaiu ia /anoe, eeai a eioi?ii
auiieiythony iia?aoeee, eae a?oiie?iaaiey, oae e ?acaeaeaiey. Eaaeaeie
ia?aaea/ae a?oca aoaeao inouanoaeyoueny:
eeai a?oiie?iaaiea oiaa?ia aeey iieo/aiey aieaa e?oiiuo aaeeieoe a
oeaeyo nieaeaiey ?anoiaeia ia o?aiaiea, iia?oci/ii-?aca?oci/iua ?aaiou e
ia?aaiceo;
eeai iia?aoeee ii ?acaeaeaieth ia /anoe, oae /oiau iieo/aiiay aaeeieoea
ecia?aiey i?iaeoeoa a eiioea eiaenoe/aneie oeaie auea i?eaiaeia aeey
iio?aaeaiey.
Iaeii ec iniiaiuo i?aaee eiaenoeee a aeeno?eauethoeee caeeth/aaony a
o?ainii?oe?iaea eae iiaeii aeaeueoa e eae iiaeii /aua naiuo e?oiiuo ec
aiciiaeiuo i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo eee o?ainii?oiuo aaeeieoe. Aeey
aeinoeaeaiey yoie oeaee aei eiioea eiaenoe/aneie oeaie iaiaoiaeeii
“eiinieeaee?iaaoue”, ianeieueei yoi aiciiaeii, ana ?acee/iua i?aaeiaou
iaoa?eaeueiiai iioiea, iai?aaeyaiiai e eiia/iie oi/ea yoie oeaie.
I?eia?aie oaeie eiinieeaeaoeee yaeythony ni?oe?iai/iua noaioeee a
aeaeaciiaei?iaeiuo ia?aaiceao e a?ociaua oa?ieiaeu — a aaoiiiaeeueiuo.
Ia i?ioyaeaiee anae eiaenoe/aneie naoe aiaoiae eee eioaa?e?iaaiiie
aeieaeia auoue iaania/aia nayciinoue e iai?a?uaiinoue iaoa?eaeueiiai
iioiea iacaaeneii io aaeeieoe ecia?aiey i?iaeoeoa eee o?ainii?oiuo
aaeeieoe, o/anoaothueo a ia?aiauaiee.
?ieue e cia/aiea o/aoii-aeiaiai?iuo aaeeieoe
Ethaay aaeeieoea yaeyaony ?acoeueoaoii niaeaniaaiee e ii?aaeaeaiee a
niioaaonoaothueo caaiueyo eiaenoe/aneie naoe. Ii yoie i?e/eia a
caiaaeiie eeoa?aoo?a ii eiaenoeea iie iacuaathony “transaction units” —
o/aoii-aeiaiai?iua aaeeieoeu. Yoe aaeeieoeu yaeythony niaeaoaieai ii
iaiaio iaaeaeo ia?oia?aie aioo?e aeeno?eaooeaiiai eaiaea eaeie-eeai
i?iaeoeoeee. Eae oieueei oaeay aaeeieoea ii?aaeaeaia, iia aoaeao eiaoue
niaaaeai/anei-nauoiaua oa?aeoa?enoeee, aeinoaoi/ii aeieai cae?aieaiiua,
/oiau iaeaa/eoue iiaoi?iua eiaenoe/aneea iia?aoeee oece/aneiai
?ani?aaeaeaiey. Yoe oa?aeoa?enoeee iiiai/eneaiiu e ?acee/iu: aan a?oooi,
aan iaooi, aunioa, oe?eia, aeeeia, i?i/iinoue ia ?acaeaaeeaaiea,
eeeiaoe/aneay noieeinoue, aan oa?u, iieaciay iaa?ocea, aunioa a?oca,
iauai a?oca, ?acee/iua niiniau caueou, nei?inoue o?ainii?oe?iaee,
acaeiicaaeneiinoue eee iacaaeneiinoue aaeeieoe ecia?aiee i?iaeoeoeee e
o?ainii?oiuo aaeeieoe i?e ethaii niiniaa o?ainii?oe?iaee, i?eaiaeiinoue
aaeeieoeu aeey ethauo niiniaia iia?ocee, ?aca?ocee e o?aiaiey e o. ae.
Iiiaiia?acea oa?aeoa?enoee aucuaaao iaiaoiaeeiinoue iinoiyiiiai
niaeaniaaiey (aa?iiiecaoeee) iaaeaeo ieie a eiaenoe/aneeo eaiaeao
i?iaeaeaeaiey ia oieueei iaeiiai oiaa?a, ii anao oiaa?ia aianoa ia
ii?aaeaeaiiuo ?uieao e a eiiia?/aneeo oiaa?ii?iaiaeyueo no?oeoo?ao.
I?iaeoeoeaiay aa?iiiecaoeey icia/aao ia oieueei aeiaiai?aiiinoue
(niaeaoaiea) i oa?aeoa?enoeeao, ii e a aieueoae noaiaie
?aoeeiiaeecaoeeth e noaiaea?oecaoeeth o/aoii-aeiaiai?iuo aaeeieoe ai
anao eiaenoe/aneeo aeoeaiinoyo. Noaiaea?oecaoeey i?eaiaeeo e yeiiiiee ca
n/ao yooaeoa ianooaaa a eiaenoeea. Oaeoe/anee noaiaea?oecaoeey aeieaeia
ia/eiaoueny, eiaaea oiaa? i?iaeoe?oaony, n oai /oiau, iai?eia?,
?acia?uoiaeiaee niioaaonoaiaaee iauaiiui iiaeoeyi o?ainii?oiuo n?aaenoa
aeey yeiiiie/iiai oece/aneiai ?ani?aaeaeaiey.
I?iaeoeoeaiay aa?iiiecaoeey aeieaeia auoue iaeaeaia iaaeaeo ?acee/iuie
o/aoii-aeiaiai?iuie aaeeieoeaie, iai?eia?, oiaeiaee, i?iaeaaee,
eiia/iiai iio?aaeaiey, a?ociauo aaeeieoe oece/aneiai ia?aiauaiey,
a?ociauo e o?ainii?oiuo aeieoiaioia, eioi?iaoeeiiiuo oa?aeoa?enoee e
o.i. Yoe aaeeieoeu ia?acotho ea?a?oeth, i?e/ai ia?aoiae io iaeiaiueoae
o/aoii-aeiaiai?iie aaeeieoeu e iaeaieueoae aeieaeai inouanoaeyoueny
aa?iiie/anee. Iniaia cia/aiea i?eia?aoaao aa?iiiecaoeey e
noaiaea?oecaoeey i?e inouanoaeaiee ia?aaicie ?acee/iuie aeaeaie
o?ainii?oa, iai?eia?, noaiaea?oecaoeey a?ociaianoeiinoe eiioaeia?ia a
niaoaiiuo (ioeueoeiiaeaeueiuo) ia?aaiceao.
A oece/aneii ?ani?aaeaeaiee aaaeioth ?ieue ea?aao noaiaea?oecaoeey e
aa?iiiecaoeey i?iaeoeoiauo e o?ainii?oiuo o/aoii-aeiaiai?iuo aaeeieoe. A
i?aaeaeao caaeaiiiai aeeno?eaooeaiiai eaiaea eiaenoe/aneea
oa?aeoa?enoeee aeieaeiu auoue ii?aaeaeaiu aeey o?ainii?oiuo n?aaenoa,
eiathueo iaeaieueooth a?ociaianoeiinoue (a?ociiiaeuaiiinoue). Caoai
iiaeii auaanoe o/aoii-aeiaiai?iua aaeeieoeu, e?aoiua ?acee/iui
aianoeiinoyi iaiueoeo o?ainii?oiuo n?aaenoa e oiaeiai/iui
oa?aeoa?enoeeai i?iaeoeoeee. Aiaeiae/ii iiaeii ii?aaeaeeoue
i?iaeoeoeaioth aa?iiiecaoeeth iaaeaeo ?acee/iuie aeaeaie o?ainii?oa a
oece/aneii ?ani?aaeaeaiee, o?aaothuai niaoaiiuo ia?aaicie (iai?eia?, a
o?ainii?oiuo oceao).
Iniiaie oaeie aa?iiiecaoeee yaeythony noaiaea?oiua o/aoii-aeiaiai?iua
aaeeieoeu i?iaeoeoeee e oa?u, oaeea eae iaeeao (iiaeaeii) e eiioaeia?.
I?eiaiaiea iaeeaoia aeey ia?aaicie i?iaeoeoeee yaeeinue ia?aie
iaia?aoeiie oaiaeaioeeae, eioi?ay eciaieea a ie?iaii aeciana ana
i?ioeannu oece/aneiai ?ani?aaeaeaiey, iieo/ea iacaaiea “iaeeaoecaoeey”.
Aoi?ay iaia?aoeiay oaiaeaioeey, eioi?ay ei?aiiui ia?acii eciaieea
eiaenoeeo, aucaaia i?eiaiaieai eiioaeia?ia a oece/aneii ?ani?aaeaeaiee —
“eiioaeia?ecaoeey”. Noaiaea?oecaoeey a?ociaianoeiinoe oieaa?naeueiuo
eiioaeia?ia, ?aaeaiaioe?iaaiiay ISO i?eaaea e iiyaeaieth iiaie
o/aoii-aeiaiai?iuo aaeeieoe i?iaeoeoeee (oa?u) e aucaaea ianoiyuoth
?aaiethoeeth a eiaenoeea, oae eae neaaeothuay ca iaeeaoii a?ociaay
aaeeieoea — eiioaeia? — i?aa?aoeeanue a noaiaea?o, eioi?ue iaiaoiaeeii
auei eioaa?e?iaaoue ia ana aeaeu o?ainii?oa.
I?iaeoeoeaiay aa?iiiecaoeey aeieaeia auoue iaeaeaia oaeaea iaaeaeo
ea?a?oe/aneie eanoieoeae o/aoii-aeiaiai?iuo aaeeieoe i?iaeoeoeee e
ea?a?oe/aneie eanoieoeae o?ainii?oiuo o/aoii-aeiaiai?iuo aaeeieoe aeey
anao aeaeia o?ainii?oa. Iniiaiie iniaaiiinoueth, naycuaathuae yoe aeaa
oeaeu aaeeieoe, yaeyaony oio oaeo, /oi o?ainii?oiua aaeeieoeu,
oa?aeoa?ecothony eiathueieny o ieo eiino?oeoeaiuie ia?aiao?aie e
aiciiaeiinoyie: a?ociiiaeuaiiinoueth, a?ociaianoeiinoueth,
iaaeaaeiinoueth, nei?inoueth e o. ae., a o/aoii-aeiaiai?iua aaeeieoeu
i?iaeoeoeee aeieaeiu auoue i?eniiniaeaiu e yoei aiciiaeiinoyi. Caaea/ae
eiaenoeee a oece/aneii ?ani?aaeaeaiee aeieaeii auoue iaoiaeaeaiea
aaeaina iaaeaeo eiathueieny aiciiaeiinoyie o?ainii?oiuo n?aaenoa e
aiciiaeiinoueth eo iioeiaeueiiai eniieueciaaiey n oi/ee c?aiey
o/aoii-aeiaiai?iuo aaeeieoe i?iaeoeoeee.
A ethaii aeaea o?ainii?oa eaaeaeay o/aoii-aeiaiai?iay aaeeieoea
i?iaeoeoeee aoaeao ?ann/eouaaoueny a ioiioaiee o?ainii?oiie aaeeieoeu
eeai /a?ac niioiioaiea o/i3, eeai iaiai?io — i3/o.
I?e i?aaiecaoeee oece/aneiai ?ani?aaeaeaiey iaiaoiaeeii ?aoeeiiaeueii
eioaa?e?iaaoue o/aoii-aeiaiai?iua aaeeieoeu ecia?aiey i?iaeoeoeee e eo
aiciiaeiinoe, a oaeaea o?ainii?oiua o/aoii-aeiaiai?iua aaeeieoeu e eo
aianoeiinoe aei eiioea eiaenoe/aneiai eaiaea. E?iia oiai, aicieeaao
iio?aaiinoue a iiiai/eneaiiuo niaeaniaaieyo a caaiueyo eiaenoe/aneie
naoe iaaeaeo o/aoii-aeiaiai?iuie aaeeieoeaie ?acee/iuo yoaiia
oece/aneiai ?ani?aaeaeaiey. Oi?aaeaiea iiaeiaiui niaeaniaaieai e
eii?aeeiaoeey ?aaiou ia anao yoaiao oece/aneiai ?ani?aaeaeaiey aeieaeiu
auoue i?a?iaaoeaie aa?oiaai o?iaiy ?oeiaiaenoaa oe?iu-ecaioiaeoaey
i?iaeoeoeee (eioaa?aeueiiai iaiaaeaea?a, ioaeaea eiaenoeee).
Caaea/e oece/aneiai ?ani?aaeaeaiey aeieaeiu auoue oi/ii i?eaioe?iaaiu ia
oa oeaee, eioi?ua iioeiece?otho ?acoeueoaou eioaa?e?iaaiiie eiaenoeee. A
yoii ieaia nia?aiaiiua oaiaeaioeee oece/aneiai ?ani?aaeaeaiey naycaiu n
eiioeaioeeae eiioaeia?ecaoeee ia?aaicie a?ocia. A no?aiao AN i?eiyoi
ianeieueei i?ia?aii, iai?aaeaiiuo ia nicaeaiea iaaeiaoeeiiaeueiuo
eiaenoe/aneeo oeaio?ia ia?aaicie e eiinieeaeaoeee a?ocia ia iniiaa
eniieueciaaiey eiioaeia?ia a niaoaiiuo ia?aaiceao (i?ia?aiiu Collomodul,
UNCTAD). Iaeiie ec aeaaiuo caaea/ yoeo i?ia?aii yaeyaony iouneaiea
i?iaeoeoeaiiai niaeaniaaiey (aa?iiiecaoeee) aioo?e ea?a?oee
o/aoii-aeiaiai?iuo aaeeieoe ecia?aiey i?iaeoeoeee e eniieueciaaiey
eiioaeia?ia a aieueoae /anoe o/aoii-aeiaiai?iuo aaeeieoe iaaeaeaeiauo
ia?aaicie a?ocia.
Anee ?aiueoa eiioaeia?ecaoeey auea i?iaeaiie eeoue yeiiiieee o?ainii?oa,
oi nae/an iia ?anniao?eaaaony n oi/ee c?aiey eiaenoeee, a eiaiii:
?acee/iua aeaeu o?ainii?oa aeieaeiu eioaa?e?iaaoue noaiaea?oioth
o/aoii-aeiaiai?ioth aaeeieoeo ecia?aiey i?iaeoeoeee — eiioaeia? — a
iaaeaeaeiaua ia?aaicee. E?iia oiai, eaaeaeue aeae o?ainii?oa aeieaeai
iaeaaeaoue iiaie oaoieeie e iaiaoiaeeiuie ia?aiao?aie o?ainii?oiuo
n?aaenoa, eioi?ua iicaieyee au aio yeiiiie/ii ia?aaiceoue eiioaeia?u (a
niioaaonoaee ni noaiaea?oaie ISO). Oaeoe/anee eiaiii eiioaeia? aeieaeai
eiaoue aiciiaeiinoue auae?aoue, ia eaeii o/anoea eiaenoe/aneie oeaie ii
iaia?ai eniieueciaaoue oio eee eiie aeae o?ainii?oa.
Eae neaaeoao ec auoaeceiaeaiiiai, iniai aeooaeueiui yaeyaony
eniieueciaaiea eiioaeia?ia a i?ioeannao oece/aneiai ?ani?aaeaeaiey aeey
iae?ieiaenoe/aneeo nenoai (?aaeiiaeueiuo, ?anioaeeeaineeo e
iaaeiaoeeiiaeueiuo), o?aaothueo i?eiaiaiey ianeieueeeo aeaeia o?ainii?oa
eee aeeth/athueo a naith noa?o aeayoaeueiinoe o?ainii?oiua oceu. Iaeiaei
e ia o?iaia iee?ieiaenoe/aneeo eioaa?e?iaaiiuo nenoai aoaeouaa a
oece/aneii ?ani?aaeaeaiee i?eiaaeeaaeeo eiioaeia?ecaoeee. I?e yoii
iaiaoiaeeii iaania/eoue aa?iiiecaoeeth o?ao iniiaiuo o/aoii-aeiaiai?iuo
aaeeieoe i?iaeoeoeee, i?eiyouo i?e caeeth/aiee naeaeie ii
aeeno?eauethoeee eee i?iaeaaea:
aaeeieoea a?oca — oiaeiaea;
aaeeieoea a?oca — iaeeao (iiaeaeii);
aaeeieoea a?oca — eiioaeia?.
I?e oece/aneii ?ani?aaeaeaiee, e?iia oiai, iiaoo eniieueciaaoueny
o/aoii-aeiaiai?iua aaeeieoeu i?iaeoeoeee, e?aoiua yoei o?ai aaeeieoeai.
Iai?eia?,
iaeeao iieiaeiiie auniou, ieie-iaeeaou, eiioaeia?u oeia “Roll”;
ieie-eiioaeia?u, eioi?ua iinea eo onoaiiaee aie i aie niiaa aoaeoo
ia?aciauaaoue eiioaeia?ioth aaeeieoeo a?oca.
Aeaaiie caaea/ae aeey eaaeaeiai ec yoeo o?ao iniiaiuo o?iaiae yaeyaony
iaoiaeaeaiea oaoiieiaee, eioi?ay iicaieyao i?iecaiaeeoue aeaenoaey ii
a?oiie?iaaieth e ?acaeaeaieth a?ocia iaeaieaa yeiiiie/iui ia?acii. Yoi
icia/aao: ia/eiay n eaeie-oi iaeii?iaeiie aaeeieoeu ainnicaeaoue
eaeaioe/ioth n oi/ee c?aiey ia?aaicie e niaaaeaiey aaeeieoeo, ii
ninoiyuoth ec ?acee/iuo ecaeaeee, eioi?ua ana iai?aaeythony a iaeii e oi
aea ianoi iacia/aiey. Ioi?aaeythuayny aaeeieoea aoaeao eaeaioe/iie, ii
?acii?iaeiie n oi/ee c?aiey ecaeaeee, iiyoiio aa iacuaatho aaoa?iaaiiie.
A aeeno?eaooeaiii eaiaea naiua aunieea ?anoiaeu ii oece/aneiio
?ani?aaeaeaieth aiec e aaa?o ii iaoa?eaeueiiio iioieo io oeaio?a naiae
aeayoaeueiinoe ianoo iin?aaeieee, noiyuea ia?aae eiia/iuie
iio?aaeoaeyie. Oieueei iinea iioeiecaoeee eo ooieoeeiie?iaaiey iiaeii
?anniao?eaaoue i?iaeoeoeaiua i?aaiecaoeeiiiua noaiu aeey ae?oaeo
iin?aaeieeia e iai?aaeyoue eo ia oi, /oiau a eiia/iii eoiaa nie?aoeoue
eiaenoe/aneea cao?aou aaa?o e aiec ii iioieo io oeaio?ia ii
i?iecaiaenoao, eiinieeaeaoeee eee oiaeiaee oiaa?ia.
A aeeno?eaooeaiuo naoyo oece/aneiai ?ani?aaeaeaiey iaiaoiaeeii
ii?aaeaeeoue ?aciauaiea oeaio?ia ia?aaioee a?ocia (aeeno?eaooeaiuo
ieaooi?i), i?eiaiythueo aaoiiaoece?iaaiiia iai?oaeiaaiea aeey o?ao
o?iaiae o/aoii-aeiaiai?iuo aaeeieoe i?iaeoeoeee: iaeaoiiai, iaeeaoiiai e
eiioaeia?iiai. Enneaaeiaaiey iieacuaatho, /oi o/aoii-aeiaiai?iie
aaeeieoeae iaaeaeo i?iecaiaenoaaiiuie oeaio?aie, ?aaioathueie aac
neeaaeia, e aeeno?eaooeaiuie ieaooi?iaie aeieaeai auoue eiioaeia?.
Aeeno?eaooeaiua ieaooi?iu a yoii neo/aa aeieaeiu niaea?aeaoue
aunieiiaoaiece?iaaiiia iai?oaeiaaiea aeey ia?aaioee e?oiiiianooaaiuo
caiania ia o?iaia eiioaeia?iie aaeeieoeu.
Aoi?ie o?iaaiue eiinieeaeaoeee, iaoeaeaiiue ia aaoiiaoece?iaaiioth
ia?aaioeo iaeeaoia, aeieaeai ?aniieaaaoueny, eae i?aaeei, ia ianoiuo
?uieao e i?aaenoaaeyoue niaie neeaaeneie eiinieeaeaoeeiiiue oeaio?,
?aaioathuee ni anaie oeiaie i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo oeaio?ia e
a?ociiieo/aoaeae. A oaeii oeaio?a inouanoaeyaony ia?aoiae io
eiioaeia?ia, caa?oaeaaiuo iaeii?iaeiuie iaeeaoaie n ecaeaeeyie iaeiiai
iaeiaiiaaiey e ioa?oci/iui aaeeieoeai — iaeeaoai, caa?oaeaaiui ei?iaeaie
(iaeaoaie) n iaeieie e oaie aea ecaeaeeyie, ii niiniaiui auoue
o?ainii?oe?iaaiiuie a eiioaeia?ao, niaea?aeaueo ?acee/iua ecaeaeey. I?e
ia?aaiceao aaoiiiaeeueiui o?ainii?oii ioa?oci/iay ia?oey aeieaeia
ninoiyoue ec iaeiiai eiioaeia?a a iaeei ioieo iacia/aiey.
O?aoee o?iaaiue eiinieeaeaoeee, iaiin?aaenoaaiii i?eaeeaeaiiue e
eiia/iiio iio?aaeoaeth, — yoi ni?oe?iai/iay eeiey ia o?iaia iaeeaoiie
aaeeieoeu, caa?oaeaiiie oiaeiaeaie, niaea?aeaueie ?acee/iua ecaeaeey.
Yoa ni?oe?iai/iay eeiey aeieaeia auoue iai?oaeiaaia oaeei ia?acii, /oiau
i?eieiaoue iaeii?iaeiua iaeeaoiua aaeeieoeu, ieoaynue io
aaoiiaoece?iaaiiiai neeaaea. Ia yoii iaeeaoiii o?iaia ni?oe?iai/iay
eeiey aeieaeia auaeaaaoue iaeii?iaeiua iaeeaoiua aaeeieoeu, eioi?ua
aeieaeiu caa?oaeaoueny a eiioaeia?u aeey aeinoaaee, iai?eia?, a
noia?ia?eaou.
Eceiaeaiiay noaia oece/aneiai ?ani?aaeaeaiey i?iaeoeoeee (aiec ii
iioieo) iiaeao i?eiaiyoueny a ia?aoiii ii?yaeea ia anao o?ao o?iaiyo
aeey ionoie iai?ioiie oa?u.
A eaeaaeueiii neo/aa ianoiua oeaio?u eiinieeaeaoeee iiaoo auoue
eniieueciaaiu aeey auiieiaiey nauoiauo ooieoeee iinoaaee i?iaeoeoeee
iio?aaeoaeyi ia eieaeueiii ?uiea n eniieueciaaieai o/aoii-aeiaiai?iuo
aaeeieoe eiioaeia?ia. I?e yoii any eiaenoe/aneay oeaiue aeieaeia auoue
iino?iaia e iai?oaeiaaia oaeei ia?acii, /oiau inouanoaeoue ia?aaioeo e
o?aiaiea a?ocia ia o?iaia yoie aaeeieoeu.
Cieioua i?aaeea oece/aneiai ?ani?aaeaeaiey
Noi?ioee?oai o?e “cieiouo” i?aaeea eiaenoeee a oece/aneii
?ani?aaeaeaiee.
I?aaeei 1
Aeey iaeaieaa yooaeoeaiiai oaeiaeaoai?aiey iio?aaeoaeae aeeno?eaooeaiay
eiaenoe/aneay oeaiue aeieaeia i?iieeaoue aiciiaeii aeoaaea e oi/eai
eiia/iiai nauoa, eniieueciaaoueny aiciiaeii /aua e inouanoaeyoue
o?ainii?oe?iaeo ia aiciiaeii aieueoaa ?annoiyiea iooai eniieueciaaiey
a?ociauo aaeeieoe i?iaeoeoeee e a?ociauo o?ainii?oiuo aaeeieoe,
iaania/eaathueo iieo/aiea aiciiaeii aieueoeo aianoeiinoae.
Aeey i?eiaiaiey yoiai i?aaeea iaiaoiaeeii ia?aiia/aeueii ?aiaee?iaaoue
e?eoa?ee iino?iaiey aeeno?eaooeaiie naoe. I?e yoii “aiciiaeii aieueoea
?annoiyiey” icia/atho aeeeio eiaenoe/aneiai o/anoea, a ia ?annoiyiea a
ei, i?e/ai a?aiy i?aaaee?oao iaae i?ieaeaiiui ?annoiyieai, a
iaaeaaeiinoue e ea/anoai ia?aaicie iaae nei?inoueth o?ainii?oe?iaee.
A?ociaua aaeeieoeu aeieaeiu ?anniao?eaaoueny n oi/ee c?aiey ia?aaicee
iiiaeie aeaeaie o?ainii?oa, o.a. n oi/ee c?aiey iaeneiaeueiie
aianoeiinoe noaiaea?oece?iaaiiuo eiioaeia?ia, eioi?ua aiciiaeii iiaoo
auoue i?aaeeiaeaiu eaaeaeui ec aeaeia o?ainii?oa.
I?aaeei 2
Aeey iaeaieaa yooaeoeaiiai ?aoaiey caaea/e oece/aneiai ?ani?aaeaeaiey a
eiaenoe/aneie oeaie iaiaoiaeeii eniieueciaaoue ieieiaeueiia eiee/anoai
o/aoii-aeiaiai?iuo aaeeieoe ecia?aiey i?iaeoeoeee e ieieiaeueiia
eiee/anoai o/aoii-aeiaiai?iuo aaeeieoe o?ainii?oa, iacaaeneii io eo
aianoeiinoae.
Aeaiiay eiioeaioeey “ieieiaeueiiai eiee/anoaa o/aoii-aeiaiai?iuo
aaeeieoe” niaeanoaony, iacaaeneii io aianoeiinoe, n eiioeaioeeae
eiee/anoaa iai?ioa yoeo aaeeieoe, o.a. eiee/anoaa ?ac, eiaaea yoe
o/aoii-aeiaiai?iua aaeeieoeu iiaoo auoue i?aaeinoaaeaiu iio?aaeoaeyi
aia?aiy. Yoi iiae?acoiaaaao eioaineaiia eniieueciaaiea iai?oaeiaaiey
aeey oaoiieiae/aneie ia?aaioee oeacaiiuo aaeeieoe e iaee/ea
eio?ano?oeoo?, caeioa?aniaaiiuo a yenieoaoaoeee o/aoii-aeiaiai?iuo
aaeeieoe i?e ia?aaiceao iiiaeie aeaeaie o?ainii?oa.
I?eiaiaiea yoiai i?aaeea o?aaoao, /oiau a noa?a oece/aneiai
?ani?aaeaeaiey i?iecaiaeeeenue n?aaieoaeueiua ioeaiee yooaeoeaiinoe
aiciiaeiuo noeaia?eaa ia iae?i- e iee?iyeiiiie/aneii o?iaia, a
/anoiinoe, ii eniieuecoaiiio oaoiieiae/aneiio iai?oaeiaaieth.
I?aaeei 3
Anee iaeuecy ecaaaeaoue nicaeaiey noaoeeiia?iiai neeaaea. Ii aeieaeai
?aniieaaaoueny ec eiaenoe/aneie oeaie a oeaio?a eiinieeaeaoeee, eioi?ue
?aciauaaony aiciiaeii aeeaea e eiia/iui oi?aiaui oi/eai, anee yoi
eanaaony oece/aneiai ?ani?aaeaeaiey a ieaia o?ainii?oe?iaee. E a oeaio?a
eiinieeaeaoeee, ?aniieiaeaiiii aiciiaeii aeeaea e enoiaeiiio
i?iecaiaenoaaiiiio i?ioeanno, anee yoi eanaaony ni?oe?iaee.
Yoiio i?aaeeo aeieaeiu iiae/eiyoueny ana o?iaie a?oiiiauo aaeeieoe
i?iaeoeoeee. A eaeaaeueiii neo/aa, eiaaea nouanoaoao aaeaeaaoiinoue
iaaeaeo oaiiaie i?iecaiaenoaa e iio?aaeaiey, iiaeii auei au
aeaenoaiaaoue oieioiaiiuie iioieaie n ioeaaui caianii ai anao caaiueaa
eiaenoe/aneie oeaie, /a?ac eioi?ua i?ioiaeeo aeeno?eaooeaiue eaiae, e
ieieiaeueiui caianii a eiia/iuo oi?aiauo oi/eao nauoa.
A ?aaeueiuo aea oneiaeyo anaaaea eiaaony ?anoiaeaeaiea iaaeaeo oaiiaie
i?iecaiaenoaa i?iaeoeoeee e oaiiaie ianoiiai (ia eieaeueiii ?uiea)
iio?aaeaiey. Iiyoiio iaee/ey noaoeeiia?iiai neeaaea a aeeno?eaooeaiie
naoe, eae i?aaeei, ecaaaeaoue iaeuecy. I?aaeei 3 eae ?ac e ioaa/aao ia
aii?in, aaea aeieaeai auoue ?aniieiaeai noaoeeiia?iue neeaae.
I?eiaiaiea yoiai i?aaeea ioe?uaaao iiaua ia?niaeoeau ioiineoaeueii
auai?a, eioi?ue aeieaeai auoue naeaeai iaaeaeo nicaeaieai noaoeeiia?iiai
neeaaea, ?aciauaiiiai ia ianoiii ?uiea, e eiioeaioeeae iiaeeueiiai,
iiaeaeaeiiai caiana. Ae?oaeie neiaaie, iu aeieaeiu auae?aoueiaaeaeo
nei?inoueth ?ani?aaeaeaiey e iaaeaaeiinoueth ?ani?aaeaeaiey.
Eii?aeeiaoeey e eioaa?aoeey aeaenoaee eiaenoe/aneeo iin?aaeieeia
?uii/iua acaeiiioiioaiey iin?aaeieeia
Iaee/ea a aeeno?eaooeaiie naoe oe?iu aieueoiai eiee/anoaa iin?aaeieeia a
cia/eoaeueiie noaiaie oneiaeiyao i?eiyoea yooaeoeaiuo ?aoaiee aeey
eiaenoe/aneiai iaiaaeaeiaioa. Iniiaiay o?oaeiinoue caeeth/aaony a
niaeaniaaiee eieaeueiuo oeaeae e caaea/ ooieoeeiiaeueiuo a?oii
iin?aaeieeia n ia?eaoeiaiauie e eiaenoe/aneeie aeiaaeueiuie
(no?aoaae/aneeie) oeaeyie oe?iu. E?iia oiai, iaiaoiaeeii o/eouaaoue, /oi
a eaaeaeie ooieoeeiiaeueiie a?oiia eiaenoe/aneeo iin?aaeieeia
aicieeatho, aeaenoaotho e o?ainoi?ie?othony ii?aaeaeaiiua ?uii/iua
acaeiiioiioaiey, eioi?ua oe?oiiaii iiaeii ?acaeaeeoue ia eiiia?aoeeth,
eiioeeeou e eiieo?aioeeth.
Eiiia?aoeey i?iyaeyaony a oii, /oe oe?iu-iin?aaeieee auiieiythuea
iaeeiaeiaua eee ?acee/iua eiaenoe/aneea iia?aoeee (ooieoeee) a
aeeno?eauethoeee, iauaaeeiytho naie oneeey aeey aeinoeaeaiey oeaee
(nenoaiu oeaeae) ia naiai naaiaioa ?uiea. Iai?eia?, aaoio?ainii?oiua
oe?iu, caieiathueany o?ainii?oe?iaeie iaeiioeiiuo a?ocia, iiaoo
iauaaeeiyoueny a nithcu (annioeeaoeee) aeey i?iaaaeaiey aaeeiie
oa?eoiie, eiaanoeoeeiiiie iieeoeee n oeaeueth oi?i/iaiey iieiaeaiey ia
?uiea o?ainii?oiuo oneoa. Ae?oaei i?eia?ii yaeyaony eiaenoe/aneay
eiiia?aoeey, eiaaea o?ainii?oiay oe?ia eiiia?e?oaony n yeniaaeeoi?ii e
oe?iie, auiieiythuae iia?aoeee a?ociia?a?aaioee, aeey caoaaoa eae iiaeii
aieaa aeeeiiiai o/anoea aeeno?eaooeaiiai eaiaea oiaa?ii?iecaiaeeoaey e
iieo/aiey noaaeeueiie i?eauee.
?ani?ino?aiaiiie i?aeoeeie eiiia?aoeee yaeythony iinoiyiiua ioiioaiey
ia?oia?noaa iaaeaeo oi?aiauie iioiauie e ?icie/iuie iin?aaeieeaie a
aa?oeeaeueiuo aeeno?eaooeaiuo naoyo.
Eiioeeeou aicieeatho eae iaaeaeo eiaenoe/aneeie iin?aaeieeaie,
na?oiie?iaaiiuie a aeeno?eaooeaiuo eaiaeao ii ooieoeeiiaeueiiio
i?eciaeo, oae e iaaeaeo iin?aaeieeaie e oe?iie-i?iecaiaeeoaeai
i?iaeoeoeee.
Eiioeeeou aicieeatho, eiaaea iin?aaeieee eiatho eiieo?e?othuea oeaee, a
aeinoeaeaiea iioeiaeueiiai acaeiiaeaenoaey ai anai aeeno?eaooeaiii
eaiaea cao?oaeieoaeueii. ?acee/atho ai?eciioaeueiua e aa?oeeaeueiua
eiioeeeou iaaeaeo iin?aaeieeaie a aeeno?eauethoeee.
Ai?eciioaeueiua eiioeeeou iiaoo aicieeaoue iaaeaeo iin?aaeieeaie iaeiiai
o?iaiy a aeeno?eaooeaiii eaiaea, iai?eia?, iaaeaeo n?aaeiaiioiauie
oi?aiauie oe?iaie, ?aaeecothueie iaeeiaeiaue anni?oeiaio i?iaeoeoeee a
ii?aaeaeaiiie oa??eoi?eaeueiie ciia.
Aa?oeeaeueiua eiioeeeou iiaoo aicieeaoue iaaeaeo ooieoeeiiaeueii
na?oiie?iaaiiuie iin?aaeieeaie a eiaenoe/aneie oeaie: “i?iecaiaeeoaeue —
iioiaee — ?eoaeea? — iio?aaeoaeue”. Iai?eia?, iioiaue oi?aiaue
iin?aaeiee iiaeao auoue ia niaeanai n oeaiiaie, i?iaeoeoiaie e ae?oaie
iieeoeeie oe?iu-i?iecaiaeeoaey. Eiioeeeou iaaeaeo i?iecaiaeeoaeai e
eiaenoe/aneeie iin?aaeieeaie a oece/aneii ?ani?aaeaeaiee (oaeaea
ioiinyueany e aa?oeeaeueiui) /aua anaai aicieeatho i?e niaeaniaaiee oeai
(oa?eoia) ia eiaenoe/aneea aeoeaiinoe (ia?aaiceo, yeniaaee?iaaiea,
a?ociia?a?aaioeo, o?aiaiea e o.i.) e onoaiiaeaiea o?aaiaaiee e eo
ea/anoao.
Iioeae?othuei iiaaaeaieai, oi?ie?othuei niaa?oaiiua acaeiiioiioaiey
iin?aaeieeia a aeeno?eauethoeee, yaeyaony aic?anoaiea eaiaeueiie
eiieo?aioeee. Caeanue iaiaoiaeeii iiae/a?eiooue aeaa iiiaioa. Ai-ia?auo,
ia?aeeaeueioth eiieo?aioeeth iaaeaeo aiciiaeiuie iin?aaeieeaie ia
eiie?aoiii aeeno?eaooeaiii o?iaia (iai?eia?, iaaeaeo aaoiiiaeeueiuie
aeeea?aie a ii?aaeaeaiiie aaia?aoe/aneie ciia). Ai-aoi?uo, eiieo?aioeeth
iaaeaeo aeeno?eaooeaiuie eaiaeaie, eioi?ay a nia?aiaiiuo oneiaeyo ana
aieaa oneeeaaaony. Yoi naycaii n aic?anoaieai ?iee eioaa?e?iaaiiie
eiaenoeee a aeciana, eiaaea eiaenoe/aneea iin?aaeieee a
aeeno?eauethoeee, no?aiynue caoaaoeoue eiie?aoiue aeeno?eaooeaiue eaiae
e onoaiiaeoue aeeeoaeueiua nayce n i?iecaiaeeoaeyie, eiieo?e?otho n
iin?aaeieeaie ae?oaie no?oeoo?u eaiaea ?ani?aaeaeaiey.
Oi?iu eiaenoe/aneie eioaa?aoeee
Ca/anooth a ii?aaeaeaiiuo aeeno?eaooeaiuo eaiaeao ooieoeeiie?oao iaeia
eee ianeieueei oe?i-iin?aaeieeia, yaeythueony eeaea?aie a naiae
ooieoeeiiaeueiie a?oiia (iai?eia?, e?oiiua iacaaeneiua iioiaua
oi?aiaoeu, iiuiua o?ainii?oii-yeniaaeeoi?neea oe?iu e o.i.). Oaeie
eeaea? ai iiiaii ii?aaeaeyao iieeoeeo aeeno?eauethoeee aeey
oe?iu-i?iecaiaeeoaey i?iaeoeoeee, oae eae, eae i?aaeei, caieiaao
aieueooth aeieth niioaaonoaothuaai ?uiea oneoa e ?aaioaao n eo/oei
ea/anoaii eee iaiueoeie oa?eoaie, /ai eiieo?aiou. Onoaiiaeaiea
aeeeoaeueiuo ia?oia?neeo acaeiiioiioaiee n eaiaeueiuie eeaea?aie
yaeyaony ?ani?ino?aiaiiie i?aeoeeie aeeno?eauethoeee. Iaeioi?ua
eaiaeueiua eeaea?u caoaaouaatho aieueoie iauai eiiieaeniuo eiaenoe/aneeo
aeoeaiinoae (iai?eia?, oece/aneiai ?ani?aaeaeaiey) a aeeno?eauethoeee,
onoaiaaeeaay naie oeaiu.
A eiieo?aioiie ai?ueaa n eeaea?aie ae?oaea iin?aaeieee ana a aieueoae
noaiaie eniieuecotho iiaua oi?iu eiaenoe/aneie eioaa?aoeee iaaeaeo niaie
e n oiaa?ii?iecaiaeeoaeyie, iniiaiuie ec eioi?uo yaeythony:
Aeaieiay aeeno?eauethoeey. Iiiaea oe?iu a eiaenoe/aneie i?aeoeea
aeeno?eauethoeee ?acaeaatho e iiaeaea?aeeaatho aeaa e aieaa
aeeno?eaooeaiuo eaiaea aeey iaeiie i?iaeoeoeee n ia?aiaiiie
eioaineaiinoueth iaoa?eaeiiioiea a ieo a caaeneiinoe io ni?ina (iauaia
i?iaeaae).
Acaeiiaeaenoaea n yeneethceaiui ia?oia?ii (ia?oia?aie). ?ani?ino?aiaiiie
i?aeoeeie a nia?aiaiiii caiaaeiii aeciana yaeyaony eniieueciaaiea
oe?iie-i?iecaiaeeoaeai yeneethceaiuo aeeea?ia, aeeno?eauethoi?ia,
oi?aiauo aaaioia, eioi?ui i?aaeinoaaeyaony eneeth/eoaeueiia i?aai ia
ii?aaeaeaiiua eiaenoe/aneea aeoeaiinoe. Yeneethceaiia ia?oia?noai
iaaethaeaaony oaeaea iaaeaeo eiaenoe/aneeie aa?oeeaeueiuie
iin?aaeieeaie, /oi niinianoaoao iiauoaieth eo eaiaeueiie
eiieo?aioiniiniaiinoe.
Caoaao ii?aaeaeaiiie a?oiiu, eaoaai?ee i?iaeoeoeee eee oiaa?iie
iiiaieeaoo?u (aa?oeeaeueiay eioaa?aoeey). A yoii neo/aa iin?aaeiee eee
a?oiia iin?aaeieeia no?aiyony caoaaoeoue aanue aeeno?eaooeaiue eaiae
i?iaeoeoa eee oiaa?iie eaoaai?ee oe?iu-i?iecaiaeeoaey ca n/ao nieaeaiey
iaueo eiaenoe/aneeo cao?ao aeey eiie?aoiiai eaiaea, iiauoaiey ea/anoaa
na?aena eee ae?oaeie niiniaaie. Eioaa?aoeey aeaenoaee iin?aaeieeia
ioaaouaaao iau/ii ana aeoeaiinoe, ia/eiay io i?eaia e ia?aaioee caeacia
e eii/ay iineai?iaeaaeiui na?aenii.
Naycaiiua acaeiiioiioaiey. Eiaenoe/aneea ia?oia?u a aeeno?eauethoeee
aeey iaania/aiey eiieo?aioiniiniaiinoe naycuaatho naay ii?aaeaeaiiuie
(eiiaaea iieoeaaaeueiuie) iaycaoaeuenoaaie a oi?aiauo eee ae?oaeo
ioiioaieyo (iai?eia?, ia iieo/aoue eee ia i?iaeaaaoue oiaa?
oe?iu-eiieo?aioa e o.i.).
I?eaaaeaiiua auoa iai?aaeaiey acaeiiaeaenoaey e eioaa?aoeee
eiaenoe/aneeo ia?oia?ia, oaeaea eae e eeaea?noai a aeeno?eauethoeee
iau/ii ia?aie/aiu iaoeeiiaeueiuie aioeiiiiiieueiuie (aioeo?anoiauie)
caeiiiaeaoaeueiuie aeoaie.
Ea/anoai na?aena a aeeno?eauethoeee
Eae oaea oeacuaaeinue auoa, iniiaiie oeaeueth ooieoeeiie?iaaiey nenoai
aeeno?eauethoeee yaeyaony auiieiaiea caeacia eiia/iuo iio?aaeoaeae n
aiciiaeii aieaa aunieei o?iaiai ea/anoaa. Ea/anoai na?aena
aeeno?eaooeaiie nenoaiu (a /anoiinoe, oaeie aaaeiaeoee iieacaoaeue, eae
auno?ioa auiieiaiey caeaca) iai?yioth caaeneo io /enea caaiueaa nenoaiu
e o?iaiae caiania a ieo. Anee ainiieueciaaoueny oaeei iieacaoaeai
na?aena eae aa?iyoiinoue oaeiaeaoai?aiey caeaca iieoiaoaey ni neeaaea
(i?e oeene?iaaiiii a?aiaie aeinoaaee), e i?eiyoue i?e aa?iyoiinoe 95 %
o?iaaiue caiana ca aaeeieoeo, oi aeey oeo/oaiey o?iaiy na?aena aei 98 %,
iaiaoiaeeii oaaee/eoue o?iaaiue caiania a neeaaeneie nenoaia aaeaia, a
eiaenoe/aneea ecaea?aeee i?e yoii aic?anooo ii/oe ia 20 %.
Nie?auaiea a?aiaie aeinoaaee oiaa?ia iio?aaeoaeyi a iaeioi?ie eieaeueiie
oa??eoi?ee o?aaoao cia/eoaeueiiai oaaee/aiey /enea neeaaeia a
aeeno?eaooeaiie naoe. Oae ii aeaiiui nie?auaiea a?aiaie aeinoaaee
i?iaeoeoeee a aeaa ?aca o?aaoao ii/oe iyoee?aoiiai oaaee/aiey eiee/anoaa
neeaaeia.
N ae?oaie noi?iiu aic?anoaiea /enea neeaaeia ?acei oaaee/eaaao
eiaenoe/aneea ecaea?aeee.
I?iaaaeaiiue aiaeec iiaeaeae e iaoiaeia aeeno?eauethoeee iieacuaaao, /oi
i?e neioaca eiaenoe/aneie naoe “i?iecaiaeeoaeue — nenoaia
aeeno?eauethoeee — iio?aaeoaeue” aaaeioth ?ieue ea?atho aeaa iiiaioa:
1) niioiioaiea o?iaiy na?aena aeeno?eauethoeee e eiaenoe/aneeo
ecaea?aeae;
2) eiee/anoai e oeaee eiaenoe/aneeo iin?aaeieeia a aeeno?eaooeaiie naoe.
N iaeiie noi?iiu, no?aoaae/aneie oeaeueth i?iecaiaeeoaey yaeyaony
iaeneiaeueiia oaeiaeaoai?aiea iio?aaeoaey ea/anoaii oiaa?a e na?aenii
aeeno?eauethoeee. Eiee/anoaaiiuie iieacaoaeyie — e?eoa?eyie,
au?aaeathueie yoo oeaeue, yaeythony, iai?eia?, iaeneioi aeiee ?uiea,
iaeneiaeueiue iauai i?iaeaae eee aaee/eia aeoeeiia?iiai eaieoaea oe?iu
(?uii/iie noieiinoe aeoeee).
N ae?oaie noi?iiu, iiauoaiea ea/anoaa aeeno?eauethoeee iaecaaaeii
naycaii n ?inoii eiaenoe/aneeo ecaea?aeae e, neaaeiaaoaeueii,
aic?anoaieai oeaiu oiaa?a, /oi a naith i/a?aaeue iiaeao i?eaanoe e
oiaiueoaieth nauoa eee iauaia i?iaeaae. Oaeei ia?acii, iaiaoiaeeii
aeinoeaeaiea ii?aaeaeaiiiai eiii?iienna iaaeaeo o?iaiai na?aena
aeeno?eauethoeee e aaee/eiie eiaenoe/aneeo ecaea?aeae ca n/ao
iioeiecaoeee i?aaiecaoeeiiiie no?oeoo?u, o?ainii?oe?iaee e oi?aaeaiey
caianaie oiaa?ia a aeeno?eaooeaiie naoe.
E?iia oiai, iaiaoiaeeii o/eouaaoue, /oi i?iecaiaeeoaee e eiaenoe/aneea
iin?aaeieee (o?ainii?oiua eiiiaiee, iioiaua e ?icie/iua oi?aiaoeu e
ae?oaea caaiuey eiaenoe/aneie naoe) oioy e eiiia?e?otho aeayoaeueiinoue
ii oaeiaeaoai?aieth ni?ina eiia/iiai iio?aaeoaey, iiaoo eiaoue ?acee/iua
oi/ee c?aiey ioiineoaeueii niiniaia aeinoeaeaiey yoeo oeaeae. E oiio
aea, eae i?iecaiaeeoaee oiaa?ia, oae e eiaenoe/aneea iin?aaeieee
no?aiyony iieo/eoue i?eaueue, iauay aaee/eia eioi?ie a nenoaia
aeeno?eauethoeee aeieaeia auoue iiaeaeaia iaaeaeo ieie, /oi iiaeao
yaeoueny i?e/eiie eiioeeeoa.
I?eieiay ai aieiaiea eceiaeaiiua auoa niia?aaeaiey, o ia?niiaea
eiaenoe/aneiai iaiaaeaeiaioa oe?iu aicieeaao eiiieaen caaea/ ii
eii?aeeiaoeee e iioeiecaoeee ooieoeeiie?iaaiey nenoaiu aeeno?eauethoeee,
a eiaiii:
eii?aeeiaoeey ?aaiou eiaenoe/aneeo iin?aaeieeia;
nicaeaiea eioaa?e?iaaiiuo n i?iecaiaeeoaeai i?iaeoeoeee aeeno?eaooeaiuo
eaiaeia e naoae, iicaieythueo ieieiece?iaaoue eiaenoe/aneea ecaea?aeee
i?e iaania/aiee o?aaoaiiai ea/anoaa eiaenoe/aneiai na?aena a
aeeno?eauethoeee;
iioeiecaoeey ieaie?iaaiey, eiio?iey e ?aaoee?iaaiey o?iaiae caiania
i?iaeoeoeee a aeeno?eaooeaiie naoe:
iioeiecaoeey i?aaiecaoeeiiiie no?oeoo?u eiee/anoaa caaiueaa
eiaenoe/aneie naoe a aeeno?eauethoeee;
iioeiecaoeey ia?aiao?ia oece/aneiai ?ani?aaeaeaiey iaoa?eaeueiuo iioieia
a aeeno?eaooeaiuo eaiaeao.
A caeeth/aiee ioiaoei iai?aaeaiey ?acaeoey nauoiaie aeayoaeueiinoe a
?acaeouo caiaaeiuo no?aiao a aeeaeaeoea 15 eao. ai-ia?auo, yoi
oeaio?aeecaoeey nenoai ?ani?aaeaeaiey, iicaieythuay iiauneoue
iaaeaaeiinoue iinoaaie i?e nie?auaiee o?iaiy caiania ia i?aaei?eyoeyo e
iaeiia?aiaiii iaania/eoue aeinooi e ?uieai nauoa iaeeei iinoaaueeai;
ai-aoi?uo, eiioeaio?aoeey iauaiia caeacia ia iinoaaeo i?iaeoeoeee ii
aieueoeinoao oiaa?ia; a-o?aoueeo, aeaenoaey iinoaaueeia ii ni/aoaieth
noeioee?iaaiey nauoa auioneaaiie eie i?iaeoeoeee n ?aeeaiie i?aaei?eyoee
oi?aiaee; a-/aoaa?ouo, ?acaeoea eioi?iaoeeiiiiai iaania/aiey anao
o/anoieeia oicyenoaaiiuo aeiaiai?ia i iinoaaea oiaa?ia.
Nienie eniieueciaaiiie eeoa?aoo?u
Na?aaaa A. E. Iaiaaeaeiaio a aecian-eiaenoeea. ( I.: “Oeeei”, 1997. –
772 n.
Aieeei A. A. Eiaenoeea: o/aaiia iiniaea. ( I.: “Eio?a-I”, 1997. ( 465 n.
Niaoia A. A. Iniiau o?ainii?oiie eiaenoeee. ( I.: “O?ainii?o”, 1995. (
197 n.
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I?IECAIAeEOAEUe
I?IECAIAeEOAEUe
I?IECAIAeEOAEUe
Io?aneaaua eiioi?u n iioiauie iaaaceiaie, niaoeeaeece?iaaiiua
aeeno?eauethoa?u
I?iaeaaee, a iniiaiii iai?yioth
I?iaeaaee /a?ac yeneethceaiuo aeeno?eauethoa?ia
I?iaeaaee, a iniiaiii, /a?ac nianoaaiiue ia?niiae, aace?othueeny ia
ii?aaeaeaiiie oa??eoi?ee
I?iaeaaee /a?ac iioiaeeia e yeneethceaiuo aaaioia
Io?aneaaua eiioi?u, i?iaeathuea oiaa?u aeeno?eauethoa?ai, ?eoaeea?ai eee
aaaioai
Io?aneaaua eiioi?u eee iioiaeee
I?yiua
i?iaeaaee
EIIA*IUE IIO?AAEOAEUe
EIIA*IUE IIO?AAEOAEUe
EIIA*IUE IIO?AAEOAEUe
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