Caiiieiathuea ono?ienoaa
Caiiieiathuea ono?ienoaa iiaeii eeanneoeoee?iaaoue ii neaaeothuei
e?eoa?eyi:
ii oeio caiiieiathueo yeaiaioia
ii ooieoeeiiaeueiiio iacia/aieth
ii oeio niiniao i?aaiecaoeee ia?auaiey
ii oa?aeoa?o n/eouaaiey
ii niiniao o?aiaiey
ii niiniao i?aaiecaoeee
Ii oeio caiiieiathueo yeaiaioia
Iieoi?iaiaeieeiaua
Iaaieoiua
Eiiaeainaoi?iua
Iioiyeaeo?iiiua
Aieia?aoe/aneea
E?eiaaiiua
Ii ooieoeeiiaeueiiio iacia/aieth
ICO
ACO
NICO
ACO
ICO
IICO
?aICO
Ii oeio niiniao i?aaiecaoeee ia?auaiey
N iineaaeiaaoaeueiui iieneii
N i?yiui aeinooiii
Aae?aniua
Annioeeaoeaiua
Noaeiaua
Iaaaceiiua
Ii oa?aeoa?o n/eouaaiey
N ?ac?ooaieai eioi?iaoeee
Aac ?ac?ooaiey eioi?iaoeee
Ii niiniao o?aiaiey
Noaoe/aneea
Aeeiaie/aneea
Ii niiniao i?aaiecaoeee
Iaeiieii?aeeiaoiua
Aeaooeii?aeeiaoiua
O?aoeii?aeeiaoiua
Aeaoo- o?aoeii?aeeiaoiua
E?aoeea naaaeaiey ia IBM ?N – niaianoeiuo eiiiuethoa?ao
A yoii ?acaeaea iu iinoa?aainy aeinoaoi/ii e?aoei iauynieoue iaeioi?ua
iniaaiiinoe IBM ?N-niaianoeiuo eiiiuethoa?ia, a oaeaea aaaaeai iaeioi?ua
aaciaua iiiyoey, ia eioi?ua aiineaaenoaee aoaeai ia ?ac nnueaoueny.
Ioe?uoay a?oeoaeoo?a(aei/ii-iiaeoeueiue i?eioeei iino?iaiey)
I?eaeaeaoaeueiinoue IBM ?N-niaianoeiuo eiiiuethoa?ia caeeth/aaony a
eo ioe?uoie a?oeoaeoo?a. Yoi, a /anoiinoe, icia/aao, /oi iiaeiaiua
eiiiuethoa?u eiatho iiaeoeueiue i?eioeei iino?iaiey, oi anoue eo
iniiaiua oceu e aeiee auiieiaiu a aeaea ioaeaeueiuo iiaeoeae. Oaeei
ia?acii, onoaiiaea iiauo eee caiaia noa?uo ono?ienoa, aoiaeyueo a ninoaa
eiiiuethoa?a, ia i?aaenoaaeytho iniauo neiaeiinoae. Oniaa?oainoaiaaiea
oaeeo eiiiuethoa?ia aiieia iiae neeo naiei iieueciaaoaeyi.
A ninoaaa IBM ?N-niaianoeiiai ia?niiaeueiiai eiiiuethoa?a iiaeii
auaeaeeoue o?e iniiaiuo eiiiiiaioa: nenoaiiue aeie, iiieoi? e
eeaaeaoo?o. A nenoaiiii aeiea iaoiaeeony any iniiaiay yeaeo?iiiay
ia/eiea eiiiuethoa?a: aeie ieoaiey, iaoa?eineay (nenoaiiay) ieaoa e
i?eaiaeu iaeiieoaeae (aeeneiaiaeu) ni niaiiui eee ianiaiiui iineoaeai.
Eeaaeaoo?a yaeyaony noaiaea?oiui ono?ienoaii aaiaea eioi?iaoeee,
iicaieythuei ia?aaeaaaoue eiiiuethoa?o ii?aaeaeaiiua neiaieu eee
oi?aaeythuea neaiaeu. Iiieoi? (eee aeenieae) i?aaeiacia/ai aeey
ioia?aaeaiey ia naiai ye?aia iiiio?iiiie eee oeaaoiie, neiaieueiie eee
a?aoe/aneie eioi?iaoeee. Ana ia?a/eneaiiua auoa iniiaiua eiiiiiaiou
niaaeeiythony ae?oa n ae?oaii iin?aaenoaii niaoeeaeueiuo eaaaeae n
?acuaiaie.
Io oeia ei?iona nenoaiiiai aeiea caaenyo, a /anoiinoe, ?acia?u e
?aciauaiea eniieuecoaiie nenoaiiie ieaou, ieieiaeueiay iiuiinoue aeiea
ieoaiey (oi anoue aiciiaeiia /enei, iiaeeeth/aaiuo ono?ienoa) e
iaeneiaeueiia eiee/anoai onoaiaaeeaaaiuo i?eaiaeia iaeiieoaeae. Ei?iona
eiiiuethoa?ia auaatho iaiieueiiai (tower) e ianoieueiiai (desktop)
eniieiaiey. Iniiaiui ioee/eai yoeo oeiia ei?ionia iiaeii n/eoaoue
?acee/iia eiee/anoai onoaiiai/iuo iano aeey iaeiieoaeae e niioaaonoaaiii
iiuiinoue aeiea ieoaiey. Enoaoe, onoaiiai/iua ianoa (iiioaaeiua ionaee)
aeey iaeiieoaeae iiaoo auoue aeaoo oeiia: n aiaoiei aeinooiii e
aioo?aiiei aeinooiii. Oaeei ia?acii, ii ii?aaeaeaieth, aeinooi e
iaeiieoaeyi, onoaiiaeaiiui a iiioaaeiua ionaee iineaaeiaai oeia iiaeao
inouanoaeyoueny oieueei i?e ioe?uoie e?uoea ei?iona nenoaiiiai aeiea.
Oaeea onoaiiai/iua ianoa iiaoo eniieueciaaoueny oieueei aeey iaeiieoaeae
n ianiaiiui iineoaeai, iai?eia?, aei/anoa?ia.
Nenoaiiay ieaoa yaeyaony iniiaie eiiiuethoa?a e i?aaenoaaeyao niaie
ieineee eeno oieueae?iaaiiiai noaeeinoaenoieeoa, ia eioi?ii iaoiaeyony
iniiaiua yeaeo?iiiua yeaiaiou: aaciaue iee?ii?ioeanni?, iia?aoeaiay
iaiyoue, eaa?oeaaue ?aciiaoi? e ae?oaea aniiiiaaoaeueiua iee?inoaiu.
A niioaaonoaee n i?eioeeiii ioe?uoie a?oeoaeoo?u aieueoay /anoue
IBM ?N-niaianoeiuo eiiiuethoa?ia eiaao nenoaiiua ieaou, eioi?ua
niaea?aeao eeoue iniiaiua oceu, a yeaiaiou nayce, iai?eia?, n i?eaiaeaie
iaeiieoaeae, iiieoi?ii e ae?oaeie ia?eoa?eeiuie ono?ienoaaie,
ionoonoaotho. A oaeii
neo/aa yoe ionoonoaothuea yeaiaiou ?aniieaaathony ia ioaeaeueiuo
ia/aoiuo ieaoao, eioi?ua anoaaeythony a niaoeeaeueiua ?acuaiu
?anoe?aiey, i?aaeoniio?aiiua aeey yoiai ia nenoaiiie ieaoa. Yoe
aeiiieieoaeueiua ieaou iacuaatho aei/a?ieie, a nenoaiioth ieaoo –
iaoa?eineie. Ooieoeeiiaeueiua ono?ienoaa, auiieiaiiua ia aei/a?ieo
ieaoao, /anoi iacuaatho eiio?iea?aie eee aaeaioa?aie, a naie aei/a?iea
ieaou – ieaoaie ?anoe?aiey.
Iee?ii?ioeanni?u e nenoaiiua oeiu
A IBM ?N-niaianoeiuo eiiiuethoa?ao eniieuecothony oieueei
iee?ii?ioeanni?u Intel eee eo eeiiu, eiathuea iiaeiaioth a?oeoaeoo?o.
N iniiaiuie ono?ienoaaie eiiiuethoa?a iee?ii?ioeanni? naycai /a?ac oae
iacuaaaioth nenoaiioth oeio. Ii yoie oeia inouanoaeyaony ia oieueei
ia?aaea/a eioi?iaoeee, ii e aae?anaoeey ono?ienoa, a oaeaea iaiai
niaoeeaeueiuie neoaeaaiuie neaiaeaie. Eae i?aaeei, iiaeeeth/aiea
aeiiieieoaeueiuo ono?ienoa e nenoaiiie oeia i?iecaiaeeony /a?ac ?acuaiu
?anoe?aiey.
Aeey iiaeeeth/aiey ieao ?anoe?aiey ia nenoaiiie oeia eiiiuethoa?ia ia
aaca iee?ii?ioeanni?a i8088 (IBM ?N e IBM ?N/OO) eniieuecothony
62-eiioaeoiua ?acuaiu. A /anoiinoe, yoa nenoaiiay oeia aeeth/aao 8 eeiee
aeaiiuo e 20 aae?aniuo eeiee, eioi?ua ia?aie/eaatho aae?aniia
i?ino?ainoai eiiiuethoa?a i?aaeaeii a
1 Iaaeo. A eiiiuethoa?ao PC/AT286 aia?aua noaea i?eiaiyoueny iiaay
nenoaiiay oeia ISA (Industry Standart Architecture), ii eioi?ie iiaeii
auei ia?aaeaaaoue ia?aeeaeueii oaea 16 ?ac?yaeia aeaiiuo, a aeaaiaea?y
24 aae?aniui eeieyi iai?yioth ia?auaoueny e 16 Iaaeoai nenoaiiie iaiyoe.
Yoa nenoaiiay oeia ioee/aaony io i?aaeuaeouae iaee/eai aeiiieieoaeueiiai
C6-eiioaeoiiai ?acuaia aeey niioaaonoaothueo ieao ?anoe?aiey.
Eiiiuethoa?u ia aaca iee?ii?ioeanni?ia i80386/486 noaee i?eiaiyoue
niaoeeaeueiua oeiu aeey iaiyoe, /oi iicaieeei iaeneiaeueii
eniieueciaaoue aa auno?iaeaenoaea. Oai ia iaiaa iaeioi?ua ono?ienoaa,
iiaeeeth/aaiua /a?ac ?acuaiu ?anoe?aiey nenoaiiie oeiu, ia iiaoo
aeinoe/ue nei?inoe iaiaia, n?aaieiie n iee?ii?ioeanni?ii. A iniiaiii yoi
eanaaony ?aaiou n eiio?iea?aie iaeiieoaeae e aeaeaiaaeaioa?aie. Aeey
?aoaiey yoie i?iaeaiu, noaee eniieueciaaoue oae iacuaaaiua eieaeueiua
(local) oeiu,
eioi?ua iaiin?aaenoaaiii naycuaatho iee?ii?ioeanni? n eiio?iea?aie yoeo
ia?eoa?eeiuo ono?ienoa. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy ecaanoiu aeaa noaiaea?oiua
eieaeueiua oeiu: VL-bus (VESA Local-bus) e PCI (Peripheral Component
Interconnect). Aeey
iiaeeeth/aiey ono?ienoa e oaeei oeiai ia nenoaiiie ieaoa eiiiuethoa?a
eiathony niaoeeaeueiua ?acuaiu.
Ii?ou, i?a?uaaiey, i?yiie aeinooi e iaiyoe
Ana ono?ienoaa ia nenoaiiie oeia iee?ii?ioeanni? ?anniao?eaaao eeai eae
aae?anoaioth iaiyoue, eeai eae ii?ou aaiaea-auaiaea. Aiiaua aiai?y, iiae
ii?oii iiieiatho iaeoth noaio nii?yaeaiey, eioi?ay iau/ii aeeth/aao a
naay iaeei eee ianeieueei ?aaeno?ia aaiaea-auaiaea (iniauo y/aae
iaiyoe).
I niaa?oaiee iaeiaai niauoey iee?ii?ioeanni? iiaeao ociaoue ii neaiaeo,
iacuaaaiiio i?a?uaaieai. I?e yoii eniieiaiea oaeouae
iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoe eiiaiae i?einoaiaaeeaaaony (i?a?uaaaony), a aianoi
iaa ia/eiaao auiieiyoueny ae?oaay iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoue,
niioaaonoaothuay aeaiiiio i?a?uaaieth. Iau/ii i?a?uaaiey
iiae?acaeaeythony ia aiia?aoiua, eiae/aneea e i?ia?aiiiua.
Aiia?aoiua i?a?uaaiey (IRQ) ia?aaeathony ii niaoeeaeueiui eeieyi
nenoaiiie oeiu e naycaiu n cai?inaie io aiaoieo ono?ienoa (iai?eia?,
iaaeaoea eeaaeoe ia eeaaeaoo?a). Eiae/aneea i?a?uaaiey aicieeatho i?e
?aaioa naiiai iee?ii?ioeanni?a (iai?eia?, aeaeaiea ia iieue), a
i?ia?aiiiua eieoeee?othony auiieiyaiie i?ia?aiiie e iau/ii
eniieuecothony aeey auciaa niaoeeaeueiuo iiaei?ia?aii.
A ia?auo eiiiuethoa?ao IBM PC eniieueciaaeanue iee?inoaia eiio?iea?a
i?a?uaaiee i8259 (Interrupt Controller), eioi?ay eiaao ainaiue aoiaeia
aeey neaiaeia i?a?uaaiee (IRQ0-IRQ7). Eae ecaanoii, a iaeii e oi aea
a?aiy iee?ii?ioeanni?
iiaeao ianeoaeeaaoue oieueei iaeii niauoea e a auai?a aeaiiiai niauoey
aio iiiiaaao eiio?iea? i?a?uaaiee, eioi?ue onoaiaaeeaaao aeey eaaeaeiai
ec naieo aoiaeia ii?aaeaeaiiue o?iaaiue aaaeiinoe – i?ei?eoao. Iaeaunoee
i?ei?eoao eiaao eeiey cai?ina i?a?uaaiey IRQ0, a iaeiaiueoee – IRQ7, oi
anoue i?ei?eoao oauaaao a ii?yaeea aic?anoaiey iiia?a eeiee. A IBM PC/AT
ainueie eeiee i?a?uaaiey noaei oaea iaaeinoaoi/ii e eo eiee/anoai auei
oaaee/aii aei 15. A ia?auo iiaeaeyo aeey yoiai eniieueciaaeinue
eaneaaeiia aeeth/aiea aeaoo iee?inoai i8259. Iii inouanoaeyeinue iooai
iiaeniaaeeiaiey auoiaea aoi?iai eiio?iea?a ei aoiaeo IRQ2 ia?aiai.
Aaaeii aeey iiieiaiey caeanue neaaeothuaa. Eeiee i?a?uaaiey IRQ8 –
IRQ15 (oi anoue aoiaeu aoi?iai eiio?iea?a) eiatho i?ei?eoao ieaea /ai
IRQ1, ii auoa IRQ3.
A ?aaeeia i?yiiai aeinooia (DMA, Direct Memory Access) ia?eoa?eeiia
ono?ienoai naycaii n iia?aoeaiie iaiyoueth iaiin?aaenoaaiii, a ia /a?ac
aioo?aiiea ?aaeno?u iee?ii?ioeanni?a. Iaeaieaa yooaeoeaiie oaeay
ia?aaea/a aeaiiuo auaaao a neooaoeeyo, eiaaea o?aaoaony aunieay
nei?inoue iaiaia aeey
aieueoiai eiee/anoaa eioi?iaoeee. Aeey eieoeeaeecaoeee i?ioeanna i?yiiai
aeinooia ia nenoaiiie oeia eniieuecothony niioaaonoaothuea neaiaeu.
A eiiiuethoa?ao, niaianoeiuo n IBM ?N e PC/XT, aeey i?aaiecaoeee
i?yiiai aeinooia a iaiyoue eniieuecoaony iaeia 4-eaiaeueiay iee?inoaia
DMA i8237, eaiae 0 eioi?ie i?aaeiacia/ai aeey ?aaaia?aoeee aeeiaie/aneie
iaiyoe. Eaiaeu 2 e 3 neoaeao aeey oi?aaeaiey aunieinei?inoiie ia?aaea/ae
aeaiiuo iaaeaeo aeeneiaiaeaie aeaeeo aeeneia, aei/anoa?ii e iia?aoeaiie
iaiyoueth niioaaonoaaiii.
IBM PC/AT-niaianoeiua eiiiuethoa?u eiatho 7 eaiaeia i?yiiai aeinooia e
iaiyoe. A ia?auo eiiiuethoa?ao yoi aeinoeaaeinue eaneaaeiui aeeth/aieai
aeaoo iee?inoai i8237, eae e a neo/aa eiio?iea?ia i?a?uaaiee.
Iaiyoue eiiiuethoa?a
Ana ia?niiaeueiua eiiiuethoa?u eniieuecotho o?e aeaea iaiyoe:
iia?aoeaioth, iinoiyiioth e aiaoithth (?acee/iua iaeiieoaee).
Iia?aoeaiay iaiyoue i?aaeiacia/aia aeey o?aiaiey ia?aiaiiie eioi?iaoeee,
oae eae iia aeiioneaao eciaiaiea naiaai niaea?aeeiiai a oiaea auiieiaiey
iee?ii?ioeanni?ii
niioaaonoaothueo iia?aoeee. Iineieueeo a ethaie iiiaio a?aiaie aeinooi
iiaeao inouanoaeyoueny e i?iecaieueii aua?aiiie y/aeea, oi yoio aeae
iaiyoe iacuaatho oaeaea iaiyoueth n i?iecaieueiie auai?eie – RAM (Random
Access Memory).
Ana i?ia?aiiu, a oii /enea e ea?iaua, auiieiythony eiaiii a iia?aoeaiie
iaiyoe. Iinoiyiiay iaiyoue iau/ii niaea?aeeo oaeoth eioi?iaoeeth,
eioi?ay ia aeieaeia iaiyoueny a oa/aiea aeeeoaeueiiai a?aiaie.
Iinoiyiiay iaiyoue eiaao nianoaaiiia iacaaiea – ROM (Read Only Memory),
eioi?ia oeacuaaao ia oi, /oi ath iaania/eaathony oieueei ?aaeeiu
n/eouaaiey e o?aiaiey.
Eiae/aneay i?aaiecaoeey iaiyoe
Eae ecaanoii, eniieuecoaiue a IBM ?N, PC/XT iee?ii?ioeanni? i8088 /a?ac
naie 20 aae?aniuo oei i?aaeinoaaeyao aeinooi anaai e 1-Iaaeoiiio
i?ino?ainoao iaiyoe. Ia?aua 640 Eaaeo aae?anoaiiai i?ino?ainoaa a IBM
?N-niaianoeiuo eiiiuethoa?ao iacuaatho iau/ii noaiaea?oiie iaiyoueth
(conventional memory). Inoaaoeany 384 Eaaeoa ca?aca?ae?iaaiu aeey
nenoaiiiai eniieueciaaiey e iinyo iacaaiea iaiyoe a aa?oieo aae?anao
(UMB, Upper Memory Blocks, High DOS Memory eee UM Area – UMA).Yoa
iaeanoue iaiyoe ?aca?ae?oaony iiae ?aciauaiea nenoaiiie ROM BIOS (Read
Only Memory Basic Input Output System), iiae aeaeaiiaiyoue e ROM-iaiyoue
aeiiieieoaeueiuo aaeaioa?ia.
Aeiiieieoaeueiay (expanded) iaiyoue
Ii/oe ia anao ia?niiaeueiuo eiiiuethoa?ao iaeanoue iaiyoe UMB ?aaeei
ieacuaaaony caiieiaiiie iieiinoueth. Ionooao, eae i?aaeei, iaeanoue
?anoe?aiey nenoaiiiai ROM BIOS eee /anoue aeaeaiiaiyoe e iaeanoe iiae
aeiiieieoaeueiua
iiaeoee ROM. Ia yoii e aace?oaony niaoeeoeeaoeey aeiiieieoaeueiie iaiyoe
EMS (Aopanded Memory Specification), aia?aua ?ac?aaioaiiay oe?iaie Lotus
Development, Intel e Microsoft (iiyoiio iacuaaaiay eiiaaea
LIM-cieoeeoeeaoeeae). Yoa niaoeeoeeaoeey iicaieyao eniieueciaaoue
iia?aoeaioth iaiyoue nauoa noaiaea?oiuo 640 Eaaeo aeey i?eeeaaeiuo
i?ia?aii. I?eioeei eniieueciaaiey aeiiieieoaeueiie iaiyoe iniiaai ia
ia?aeeth/aiee aeieia (no?aieoe) iaiyoe. A iaeanoe UMB, iaaeaeo
aeaeaiaooa?ii e nenoaiiui RGM BIOS, auaeaeyaony iacaiyoia 64-Eaaeoiia
“ieii”, eioi?ia ?acaeoi ia no?aieoeu. I?ia?aiiiua e aiia?aoiua n?aaenoaa
iicaieytho ioia?aaeaoue ethaie naaiaio aeiiieieoaeueiie iaiyoe a ethaoth
ec auaeaeaiiuo no?aieoe “ieia(TM). Oioy iee?ii?ioeanni? anaaaea
ia?auaaony e aeaiiui, o?aieiui a “ieia” (aae?an ieaea 1 Iaaeoa), aae?ana
yoeo aeaiiuo iiaoo auoue niauaiu a aeiiieieoaeueiie iaiyoe ioiineoaeueii
“ieia” ia ianeieueei iaaaaaeo (ni. ?en. 1).
A eiiiuethoa?ao ia i?ioeanni?a i8088 aeey ?aaeecaoeee aeiiieieoaeueiie
iaiyoe aeieaeiu i?eiaiyoueny niaoeeaeueiua ieaou n aiia?aoiie
iiaeaea?aeeie “iiaeea/ee” aeieia (no?aieoe) iaiyoe e niioaaonoaothuee
i?ia?aiiiue ae?aeaa?. ?acoiaaony,
ieaou aeiiieieoaeueiie iaiyoe iiaoo onoaiaaeeaaoueny e a eiiiuethoa? ia
aaca i?ioeanni?ia i80286 e auoa.
?anoe?aiiay (extended) iaiyoue
Eiiiuethoa?u, eniieuecothuea i?ioeanni? l80286 n 24-?ac?yaeiuie
aae?aniuie oeiaie, oece/anee iiaoo aae?aniaaoue 16 Iaaeo, a a neo/aa
i?ioeanni?ia i80386/486 – 4 Aaaeoa iaiyoe. Oaeay aiciiaeiinoue eiaaony
oieueei aeey caueuaiiiai ?aaeeia ?aaiou i?ioeanni?a, eioi?ue
iia?aoeeiiiay nenoaia MS-DOS ia iiaeaea?aeeaaao. ?anoe?aiiay iaiyoue
(extended) ?aniieaaaaony auoa iaeanoe aae?ania 1 Iaaeo (ia iaaei iooaoue
1 Iaaeo ICO e 1 Iaaeo aae?aniiai i?ino?ainoaa). Aeey ?aaiou n
?anoe?aiiie iaiyoueth iee?ii?ioeanni? aeieaeai ia?aoiaeeoue ec
?aaeueiiai a caueuaiiue ?aaeei e ia?aoii. A ioee/ea io l80286
iee?ii?ioeanni?u i80386/486 auiieiytho yoo iia?aoeeth aeinoaoi/ii
i?inoi, eiaiii iiyoiio aeey ieo a ninoaaa MS-DOS eiaaony niaoeeaeueiue
ae?aeaa? – iaiaaeaea? iaiyoe AII386 (ni. ?en. 2).
Enoaoe, i?e iaee/ee niioaaonoaothuaai ae?aeaa?a ?anoe?aiioth iaiyoue
iiaeii yioee?iaaoue eae aeiiieieoaeueioth. Aiia?aoioth iiaeaea?aeeo a
yoii neo/aa aeieaeai iaania/eaaoue iee?ii?ioeanni? ia ieaea i80386 eee
aniiiiaaoaeueiue iaai? niaoeeaeueiuo iee?inoai (iai?eia?, iaai?u NEAT
oe?iu Chips and Technologies). Neaaeoao caiaoeoue, /oi iiiaea ieaou
iaiyoe, iiaeaea?aeeaathuea noaiaea?o LIM/EMS, iiaoo eniieueciaaoueny
oaeaea e a ea/anoaa ?anoe?aiiie iaiyoe.
Expanded- iaiyoue
Iaeanoue HMA
Iaeanoue IIA – iaiyoue
1024 K
10000 h
Nenoaiiue ROM BIOS
ROM BIOS
960 K
F000 h
?anoe?aiea ROM BIOS
896 K
E000 h
” Ieii EMS ”
…
…
Hard Disk ROM BIOS
I/O ROM BIOS
C800 h
784 K EGA/VGA ROM BIOS C000 h
Aeaeaiiaiyoue
768 K Aeenieae CGA
ICO
736 K Iiiio?iiiue aeenieae B000 h
Aeenieae EGA/VGA
…
…
… A000 h
Ae?aeaa? AIM.SYS
TSR-i?ia?niiu
DOS
DOS
0 K
?en. 1 Aeiiieieoaeueiay iaiyoue
?en. 2 ?anoe?aiiay iaiyoue
Eyo-iaiyoue
Eyo-iaiyoue i?aaeiacia/aia aeey niaeaniaaiey nei?inoe ?aaiou
n?aaieoaeueii iaaeeaiiuo ono?ienoa, oaeeo, iai?eia? eae aeeiaie/aneay
iaiyoue n auno?ui iee?ii?ioeanni?ii. Eniieueciaaiea eyo-iaiyoe iicaieyao
ecaaaeaoue oeeeeia iaeeaeaiey a aai ?aaioa, eioi?ua nieaeatho
i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue anae nenoaiu.
N iiiiuueth eyo-iaiyoe iau/ii aeaeaaony iiiuoea niaeaniaaoue oaeaea
?aaioo aiaoieo ono?ienoa, iai?eia?, ?acee/iuo iaeiieoaeae, e
iee?ii?ioeanni?a. Niioaaonoaothuee eiio?iea? eyo-iaiyoe aeieaeai
caaioeoueny i oii, /oiau eiiaiaeu e aeaiiua, eioi?ua aoaeoo iaiaoiaeeiu
iee?ii?ioeanni?o a ii?aaeaeaiiue iiiaio a?aiaie, eiaiii e yoiio iiiaioo
ieacuaaeenue a eyo-iaiyoe.
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