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Взаимодействия с ЭВМ на естественном языке

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Iaania/aiea acaeiiaeaenoaey n YAI ia anoanoaaiiii ycuea (Ass) yaeyaony
aaaeiaeoae caaea/ae enneaaeiaaiee ii eneonnoaaiiiio eioaeeaeoo (EE).
Aacu aeaiiuo, iaeaou i?eeeaaeiuo i?ia?aii e yenia?oiua nenoaiu,
iniiaaiiua ia EE, o?aaotho iniauaiey eo aeaeei eioa?oaenii aeey
iiiai/eneaiiuo iieueciaaoaeae, ia aeaeathueo iauaoueny n eiiiuethoa?ii
ia eneonnoaaiiii ycuea. A oi a?aiy eae iiiaea ooiaeaiaioaeueiua i?iaeaiu
a iaeanoe ia?aaioee Ass (Natural Language Processing, NLP) aua ia
?aoaiu, i?eeeaaeiua nenoaiu iiaoo iniauaoueny eioa?oaenii, iiieiathuai
Ass i?e ii?aaeaeaiiuo ia?aie/aieyo.

Nouanoaotho aeaa aeaea e, neaaeiaaoaeueii, aeaa eiioeaioeee ia?aaioee
anoanoaaiiiai ycuea:

aeey ioaeaeueiuo i?aaeeiaeaiee;

aeey aaaeaiey eioa?aeoeaiiai aeeaeiaa.

I?e?iaea ia?aaioee anoanoaaiiiai ycuea

Ia?aaioea anoanoaaiiiai ycuea – yoi oi?ioee?iaaiea e enneaaeiaaiea
eiiiuethoa?ii-yooaeoeaiuo iaoaieciia aeey iaania/aiey eiiioieeaoeee n
YAI ia Ass. Iauaeoaie enneaaeiaaiee yaeythony:

nianoaaiii anoanoaaiiua ycuee;

eniieueciaaiea Ass eae a eiiioieeaoeee iaaeaeo ethaeueie, oae e a
eiiioieeaoeee /aeiaaea n YAI.

Caaea/a enneaaeiaaiee – nicaeaiea eiiiuethoa?ii-yooaeoeaiuo iiaeaeae
eiiioieeaoeee ia Ass. Eiaiii oaeay iinoaiiaea caaea/e ioee/aao NLP io
caaea/ o?aaeeoeeiiiie eeiaaenoeee e ae?oaeo aeenoeeieei, eco/athueo Ass,
e iicaieyao ioianoe aa e iaeanoe EE. I?iaeaiie NLP caieiathony aeaa
aeenoeeieeiu: eeiaaenoeea e eiaieoeaiay ineoieiaey.

O?aaeeoeeiiii eeiaaenou caieiaeenue nicaeaieai oi?iaeueiuo, iaueo,
no?oeoo?iuo iiaeaeae Ass, e iiyoiio ioaeaaaee i?aaeii/oaiea oai ec ieo,
eioi?ua iicaieyee ecaeaeaoue eae iiaeii aieueoa ycueiauo caeiiiia?iinoae
e aeaeaoue iaiauaiey. I?aeoe/anee ieeaeiai aieiaiey ia oaeaeyeinue
aii?ino i i?eaiaeiinoe iiaeaeae n oi/ee c?aiey eiiiuethoa?iie
yooaeoeaiinoe eo i?eiaiaiey. Oaeei ia?acii, ieacaeinue, /oi
eeiaaenoe/aneea iiaeaee, oa?aeoa?ecoy nianoaaiii ycue, ia ?anniao?eaaee
iaoaieciu aai ii?iaeaeaiey e ?aniiciaaaiey. Oi?ioei i?eia?ii oiio
neoaeeo ii?iaeaeathuay a?aiiaoeea Oiineiai, eioi?ay ieacaeanue
aaniethoii iai?eaiaeiie ia i?aeoeea a ea/anoaa iniiau aeey
eiiiuethoa?iiai ?aniiciaaaiey Ass.

Caaea/ae aea eiaieoeaiie ineoieiaee yaeyaony iiaeaee?iaaiea ia no?oeoo?u
ycuea, a aai eniieueciaaiey. Niaoeeaeenou a yoie iaeanoe oaeaea ia
i?eaeaaaee aieueoiai cia/aiey aii?ino i eiiiuethoa?iie yooaeoeaiinoe.

?acee/athony iauay e i?eeeaaeiay NLP. Caaea/ae iauae NLP yaeyaony
?ac?aaioea iiaeaeae eniieueciaaiey ycuea /aeiaaeii, yaeythueony i?e yoii
eiiiuethoa?ii-yooaeoeaiuie. Iniiaie aeey yoiai yaeyaony iauaa iiieiaiea
oaenoia, eae yoi iiae?acoiaaaaony a ?aaioao *a?iyea, Oaiea, Ea?aiiaeea e
ae?. Ianiiiaiii, iauay NLP o?aaoao ia?iiiuo ciaiee i ?aaeueiii ie?a, e
aieueoay /anoue ?aaio nin?aaeioi/aia ia i?aaenoaaeaiee oaeeo ciaiee e eo
i?eiaiaiee i?e ?aniiciaaaiee iinooiathuaai niiauaiey ia Ass. Ia
naaiaeiyoiee aeaiue EE aua ia aeinoea oiai o?iaiy ?acaeoey, eiaaea aeey
?aoaiey iiaeiaiuo caaea/ a aieueoii iauaia eniieueciaaeenue au ciaiey i
?aaeueiii ie?a, e nouanoaothuea nenoaiu iiaeii iacuaaoue eeoue
yenia?eiaioaeueiuie, iineieueeo iie ?aaioatho n ia?aie/aiiui eiee/anoaii
ouaoaeueii ioia?aiiuo oaaeiiia ia Ass.

I?eeeaaeiay NLP caieiaaony iau/ii ia iiaeaee?iaaieai, a iaiin?aaenoaaiii
aiciiaeiinoueth eiiioieeaoeee /aeiaaea n YAI ia Ass. A yoii neo/aa ia
oae aaaeii, eae aaaaeaiiay o?aca aoaeao iiiyoa n oi/ee c?aiey ciaiee i
?aaeueiii ie?a, a aaaeii ecaea/aiea eioi?iaoeee i oii, /ai e eae YAI
iiaeao auoue iieaciie iieueciaaoaeth (i?eia?ii iiaeao neoaeeoue
eioa?oaen yenia?oiuo nenoai). E?iia iiieiaiey Ass, a oaeeo nenoaiao
aaaeii oaeaea e ?aniiciaaaiea ioeaie e eo ei??aeoeey.

Iniiaiay i?iaeaia ia?aaioee anoanoaaiiiai ycuea

Iniiaiie i?iaeaiie NLP yaeyaony ycueiaay iaiaeiicia/iinoue. Nouanoaotho
?aciua aeaeu iaiaeiicia/iinoe:

Neioaene/aneay (no?oeoo?iay) iaiaeiicia/iinoue: ai o?aca Time flies like
an arrow aeey YAI iaynii, eaeao ee ?a/ue i a?aiaie, eioi?ia eaoeo, eee i
ianaeiiuo, o.a. yaeyaony ee neiai flies aeaaieii eee nouanoaeoaeueiui.

Niuneiaay iaiaeiicia/iinoue: ai o?aca The man went to the bank to get
some money and jumped in neiai bank iiaeao icia/aoue eae aaie, oae e
aa?aa.

Iaaeaaeiay iaiaeiicia/iinoue: i?aaeeia in a i?aaeeiaeaieyo He ran the
mile in four minutes/He ran the mile in the Olympics iaicia/aao eeai
a?aiy, eeai ianoi, o.a. i?aaenoaaeaiu niaa?oaiii ?acee/iua ioiioaiey.

?aoa?aioeeaeueiay iaiaeiicia/iinoue: aeey nenoaiu, ia iaeaaeathuae
ciaieyie i ?aaeueiii ie?a, aoaeao cao?oaeieoaeueii ii?aaeaeeoue, n eaeei
neiaii – table eee cake – niioiineony ianoieiaiea it ai o?aca I took the
cake from the table and ate it.

Eeoa?aoeey (Literalness): a aeeaeiaa Can you open the door? — I feel
cold ie i?inueaa, ie ioaao au?aaeaiu ianoaiaea?oiui niiniaii. A ae?oaeo
ianoiyoaeuenoaao ia aii?in iiaeao auoue iieo/ai i?yiie ioaao yes/no, ii
a aeaiiii neo/aa a aii?ina eiieeoeeoii au?aaeaia i?inueaa ioe?uoue
aeaa?ue.

Oeaio?aeueiay i?iaeaia eae aeey iauae, oae e aeey i?eeeaaeiie NLP –
?ac?aoaiea oaeiai ?iaea iaiaeiicia/iinoae – ?aoaaony n iiiiuueth
ia?aaiaea aiaoiaai i?aaenoaaeaiey ia Ass a iaeoth aioo?aiithth
no?oeoo?o. Aeey iauae NLP oaeia i?aa?auaiea o?aaoao iaai?a ciaiee i
?aaeueiii ie?a. Oae, aeey aiaeeca o?acu Jack took the bread from the
supermarket shelf, paid for it, and left e aeey ei??aeoiiai ioaaoa ia
oaeea aii?inu, eae What did Jack pay for?, What did Jack leave? e Did
Jack have the bread with him when he left? iaiaoiaeeiu ciaiey i
noia?ia?eaoao, i?ioeannao iieoiee e i?iaeaaee e iaeioi?ua ae?oaea.

I?eeeaaeiua nenoaiu NLP eiatho i?aeiouanoai ia?aae iaueie, o.e.
?aaioatho a oceeo i?aaeiaoiuo iaeanoyo. E i?eia?o, nenoaia,
eniieuecoaiie i?iaeaaoeaie a iaaaceiao ii i?iaeaaea eiiiuethoa?ia, ia
ioaeii ”?acaeoiuaaoue” iaae iaiaeiicia/iinoueth neiaa terminals a
aii?ina How many terminals are there in the order?.

Oai ia iaiaa, nicaeaiea nenoai, eiathueo aiciiaeiinoue iauaiey ia Ass a
oe?ieeo iaeanoyo, aiciiaeii, oioy iiea ?acoeueoaou aeaeaee io
oaeiaeaoai?eoaeueiuo.

Oaoiieiaee aiaeeca anoanoaaiiiai ycuea

Iiae oaoiieiaeae aiaeeca Ass iiae?acoiaaaaony ia?aaiae iaeioi?iai
au?aaeaiey ia Ass ai aioo?aiiaa i?aaenoaaeaiea. Oaeoe/anee ana nenoaiu
aiaeeca Ass iiaoo auoue ?ani?aaeaeaiu ia neaaeothuea eaoaai?ee: iiaeai?
oaaeiia (Pattern Matching), neioaene/aneee aiaeec, naiaioe/aneea
a?aiiaoeee, aiaeec n iiiiuueth iaaeaaeiuo o?aeiia, “aeaee e niio?e”
(Wait And See), neiaa?iue yenia?oiue (Word Expert), eiiiaeoeeiienoneee,
“neieuecyuee” (Skimming) aiaeec. Ieaea iieaeao ?a/ue i iaeioi?uo
iaeaieaa ?ani?ino?aiaiiuo iaoiaeao, iienaiiuo a noaouea.

Iiaeai? oaaeiia. Nouiinoue aeaiiiai iiaeoiaea ninoieo a eioa?i?aoaoeee
aaiaea a oeaeii, a ia a eioa?i?aoaoeee niunea e no?oeoo?u aai
ioaeaeueiuo ninoaaeythueo ia aieaa ieceii o?iaia. I?e eniieueciaaiee
yoiai iaoiaea i?ienoiaeeo n?aaiaiea oaea eiathueony a nenoaia
oaaeiiia-ia?acoeia n oaenoii, iinooieaoei ia aoiae. Iau/ii oaaeiiu
i?aaenoaaeaiu a aeaea i?inoiai nienea niioaaonoaee iaaeaeo eeannaie
auneacuaaiee e eioa?i?aoaoeeyie. Eiiaaea iie aeiiieiaiu naiaioe/aneeie
yeaiaioaie eee ae?oaeie eiiiiiaioaie aieaa aunieiai o?iaiy. Ii oaeiio
i?eioeeio ?aaioaao nenoaia Yeeca, eieoe?othuay aeeaeia n
ineoioa?aiaaoii. A aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe nenoaia ie/aai ia iiieiaao, a
eeoue iiaeaea?aeeaaao aeeaeia, n?aaieaay ?aieeee iaoeeaioa n oaaeiiaie e
i?enaiaiiuie ei niioaaonoaothueie ioaaoiuie ?aieeeaie, oaeeie, eae:

X anaaaea Y: Au iiaeaoa i?eaanoe eaeie-ieaoaeue i?eia??

Eiaaea?

Aeaenoaeoaeueii, anaaaea?

X Au Y iaiy: Ii/aio Au aeoiaaoa, /oi y Y Aan?

Aai i?aaeony aeoiaoue, /oi y Y Aan, ia i?aaaea ee?

I?aaenoaaueoa, /oi y Y Aan. *oi Au ia yoii aeoiaaoa?

A ?acoeueoaoa Yeeca niiniaia aanoe oaeie aeeaeia:

Iaoe.: Ethaee anaaaea i?enoaeueii niio?yo ia iaiy. iiaeai? ii 1-io
oaaeiio n o/aoii anaaaea

Ye.: Au iiaeaoa i?eaanoe eaeie-ieaoaeue i?eia?? ia?aue ioaao ii 1-io
oaaeiio

Iaoe.: Iai?eia?, nae/an ou niio?eoue ia iaiy. iiaeai? ii 2-io oaaeiio,
Y=niio?aoue

Ye.: Ii/aio Au aeoiaaoa, /oi y niio?th ia Aan? ia?aue ioaao ii 2-io
oaaeiio

Iaoe.: Iioiio /oi ou iaiaaeaeeoue iaiy. iiaeai? ii 2-io oaaeiio,
Y=iaiaaeaeaoue

Ye.: Aai i?aaeony aeoiaoue, /oi y iaiaaeaeo Aan, ia i?aaaea ee? e o.ae.
aoi?ie ioaao ii 2-io oaaeiio

Neioaene/aneee aiaeec. I?e eniieueciaaiee neioaene/aneiai aiaeeca
i?ienoiaeeo eioa?i?aoaoeey ioaeaeueiuo /anoae auneacuaaiey, a ia anaai
auneacuaaiey a oeaeii. Iau/ii nia/aea i?iecaiaeeony iieiue
neioaene/aneee aiaeec, a caoai no?ieony aioo?aiia i?aaenoaaeaiea
aaaaeaiiiai oaenoa, eeai i?iecaiaeeony eioa?i?aoaoeey.

Aea?aauey aiaeeca e naiaiaeii-eiioaenoiua a?aiiaoeee. Aieueoeinoai
niiniaia neioaene/aneiai aiaeeca ?aaeeciaaii a aeaea aea?aaueaa. Iaeia
ec i?inoaeoeo ?aciiaeaeiinoae – naiaiaeii-eiioaenoiay a?aiiaoeea,
ninoiyuay ec i?aaee oeia S=NP+VP eee VP=V+NP e iieaaathuay, /oi eaaay
/anoue i?aaeea iiaeao auoue caiaiaia ia i?aaoth aac o/aoa eiioaenoa.
Naiaiaeii-eiioaenoiay a?aiiaoeea oe?iei eniieuecoaony a iaoeiiuo ycueao,
e n aa iiiiuueth nicaeaiu aunieiyooaeoeaiua iaoiaeu aiaeeca. Iaaeinoaoie
yoiai iaoiaea – ionoonoaea cai?aoa ia a?aiiaoe/anee iai?aaeeueiua o?acu,
aaea, iai?eia?, iiaeeaaeauaa ia niaeaniaaii ni neacoaiui a /enea. Aeey
?aoaiey yoie i?iaeaiu iaiaoiaeeii iaee/ea aeaoo ioaeaeueiuo,
ia?aeeaeueii ?aaioathueo a?aiiaoee: iaeiie – aeey aaeeinoaaiiiai,
ae?oaie – aeey iiiaeanoaaiiiai /enea. E?iia oiai, iaiaoiaeeia naiy
a?aiiaoeea aeey ianneaiuo i?aaeeiaeaiee e o.ae. Naiaioe/anee
iai?aaeeueiia i?aaeeiaeaiea iiaeao ii?iaeeoue ia?iiiia eiee/anoai
aa?eaioia ?acai?a, ec eioi?uo iaeei aoaeao i?aa?auai a naiaioe/aneoth
caienue. An? yoi aeaeaao eiee/anoai i?aaee ia?iiiui e, a naith
i/a?aaeue, naiaiaeii-eiioaenoiua a?aiiaoeee iai?eaiaeiuie aeey NLP.

O?ainoi?iaoeeiiiay a?aiiaoeea. O?ainoi?iaoeeiiiay a?aiiaoeea auea
nicaeaia n o/aoii oiiiyioouo auoa iaaeinoaoeia e aieaa ?aoeeiiaeueiiai
eniieueciaaiey i?aaee Ass, ii ieacaeanue iai?eaiaeiie aeey NLP.
O?ainoi?iaoeeiiiay a?aiiaoeea nicaeaaaeanue Oiineei eae ii?iaeaeathuay,
/oi, neaaeiaaoaeueii, aeaeaei i/aiue cao?oaeieoaeueiui ia?aoiia
aeaenoaea, o.a. aiaeec.

?anoe?aiiay naoue ia?aoiaeia. ?anoe?aiiay naoue ia?aoiaeia auea
?ac?aaioaia Aia?iaui (Bobrow), O?aeca?ii (Fraser) e ai iiiaii Aoaenii
(Woods) eae i?iaeieaeaiea eaeae neioaene/aneiai aiaeeca e
naiaiaeii-eiioaenoiuo a?aiiaoee a /anoiinoe. Iia i?aaenoaaeyao niaie
oceu e iai?aaeaiiua no?aeee, “?anoe?aiiua” (o.a. aeiiieiaiiua) ?yaeii
oanoia (i?aaee), ia iniiaaiee eioi?uo auae?aaony iooue aeey
aeaeueiaeoaai aiaeeca. I?iiaaeooi/iua ?acoeueoaou caienuaathony a y/aeee
(?aaeno?u). Ieaea i?eaiaeeony i?eia? oaeie naoe, iicaieythuae
aiaeece?iaaoue i?inoua i?aaeeiaeaiey anao oeiia (aeeth/ay iannea),
ninoiyuea ec iiaeeaaeauaai, neacoaiiai e i?yiiai aeiiieiaiey, oaeeo, eae
The rabbit nibbles the carrot (E?ieee a?ucao ii?eiaue). Iaicia/aiey o
no?aeie icia/atho iiia? oanoa, a oaeaea eeai i?eciaee, aiaeiae/iua
i?eiaiyaiui a naiaiaeii-eiioaenoiuo a?aiiaoeeao (NP), eeai eiie?aoiua
neiaa (by). Oanou iaienaiu ia ycuea LISP e i?aaenoaaeytho niaie i?aaeea
oeia anee oneiaea=enoeia, oi i?enaieoue aiaeece?oaiiio neiao i?eciae O e
caienaoue aai a niioaaonoaothuoth y/aeeo.

?acaa?ai aeai?eoi ?aaiou naoe ia auoai?eaaaeaiiii i?eia?a. Aiaeec
ia/eiaaony neaaa, o. a. n ia?aiai neiaa a i?aaeeiaeaiee. Neiaini/aoaiea
the rabbit i?ioiaeeo oano, eioi?ue auyniyao, /oi iii ia yaeyaony
aniiiiaaoaeueiui aeaaieii (Aux, no?aeea 1), ii yaeyaony eiaiiie a?oiiie
(NP, no?aeea 2). Iiyoiio the rabbit eeaaeaony a y/aeeo Subj, e
i?aaeeiaeaiea iieo/aao i?eciae TypeDeclarative, o.a. iiaanoaiaaoaeueiia,
e nenoaia ia?aoiaeeo ei aoi?iio oceo. Caeanue aeiiieieoaeueiue oano ia
o?aaoaony, iineieueeo ii ionoonoaoao a nienea oanoia, caienaiiuo ia
LISP. Neaaeiaaoaeueii, neiai, noiyuaa iinea the rabbit – o. a. nibbles –
aeaaie-neacoaiia (iaicia/aiea V ia no?aeea), e nibbles caienuaaaony a
y/aeeo n eiaiai V. Ia?a/a?eiooue ocae icia/aao, /oi a iai aiaeec
i?aaeeiaeaiey iiaeao a i?eioeeia caeii/eoueny. Ii a iaoai i?eia?a
eiaaony aua e aeiiieiaiea the carrot, oae /oi aiaeec i?iaeieaeaaony ii
no?aeea 6 (auai? iaaeaeo no?aeeaie 5 e 6 inouanoaeyaony niiaa n
iiiiuueth niaoeeaeueiiai oanoa), e neiaini/aoaiea the carrot eeaaeaony a
y/aeeo n eiaiai Obj. Ia yoii aiaeec caeai/eaaaony (iineaaeiee ocae aue
au eniieueciaai a neo/aa aiaeeca oaeiai ianneaiiai i?aaeeiaeaiey, eae
The carrot was nibbled by the rabbit). Oaeei ia?acii, a ?acoeueoaoa
caiieiaiu ?aaeno?u (y/aeee) Subj, Type, V e Obj, eniieuecoy eioi?ua,
iiaeii iieo/eoue eaeia-eeai i?aaenoaaeaiea (iai?eia?, aea?aai).

?anoe?aiiay naoue ia?aoiaeia eiaao naie iaaeinoaoee:

iaiiaeoeueiinoue;

neiaeiinoue i?e iiaeeoeeaoeee, aucuaathuay iai?aaeaeaeaiiua iiai/iua
yooaeou;

o?oieinoue (eiaaea aaeeinoaaiiay iaa?aiiaoe/iinoue a i?aaeeiaeaiee
aeaeaao iaaiciiaeiui aeaeueiaeoee i?aaeeueiue aiaeec);

iayooaeoeaiinoue i?e ia?aai?a n aica?aoaie, o.e. ioeaee ia
i?iiaaeooi/iuo noaaeeyo aiaeeca ia nio?aiythony;

iayooaeoeaiinoue n oi/ee c?aiey niunea, eiaaea n iiiiuueth iieo/aiiiai
neioaene/aneiai i?aaenoaaeaiey ieacuaaaony iaaiciiaeiui nicaeaoue
i?aaeeueiia naiaioe/aneia i?aaenoaaeaiea.

Naiaioe/aneea a?aiiaoeee. Aiaeec Ass, iniiaaiiue ia eniieueciaaiee
naiaioe/aneeo a?aiiaoee, i/aiue iioiae ia neioaene/aneee, n oie
?acieoeae, /oi aianoi neioaene/aneeo eaoaai?ee eniieuecothony
naiaioe/aneea. Anoanoaaiii, naiaioe/aneea a?aiiaoeee ?aaioatho a oceeo
i?aaeiaoiuo iaeanoyo. I?eia?ii neoaeeo nenoaia Ladder, ano?iaiiay a aaco
aeaiiuo aia?eeaineeo noaeia. Aa a?aiiaoeea niaea?aeeo caiene oeia:

S ® the of

® what is|[can you] tell me

® the | class ship

Oaeay a?aiiaoeea iicaieyao aiaeece?iaaoue oaeea cai?inu, eae Can you
tell me the class of the Enterprise? (Enterprise – iacaaiea ei?aaey). A
aeaiiie nenoaia aiaeecaoi? ninoaaeyao ia iniiaa cai?ina iieueciaaoaey
cai?in ia ycuea aacu aeaiiuo.

Iaaeinoaoee naiaioe/aneeo a?aiiaoee ninoiyo a oii, /oi, ai-ia?auo,
iaiaoiaeeia ?ac?aaioea ioaeaeueiie a?aiiaoeee aeey eaaeaeie i?aaeiaoiie
iaeanoe, a ai-aoi?uo, iie i/aiue auno?i oaaee/eaathony a ?acia?ao.
Niiniau eni?aaeaiey yoeo iaaeinoaoeia – eniieueciaaiea neioaene/aneiai
aiaeeca ia?aae naiaioe/aneei, i?eiaiaiea naiaioe/aneeo a?aiiaoee oieueei
a ?aieao ?aeyoeeiiiuo aac aeaiiuo n aano?aae?iaaieai io iauaycueiauo
i?iaeai e eiiaeiaoeey ianeieueeeo iaoiaeia (aeeth/ay nianoaaiii
naiaioe/aneoth a?aiiaoeeo).

Aiaeec n iiiiuueth iaaeaaeiuo o?aeiia. N nicaeaieai iaaeaaeiuo o?aeiia
naycai aieueoie nea/ie a ?acaeoee NLP. Iie i?eia?aee iiioey?iinoue iinea
?aaiou Oeeeii?a “Aeaei i iaaeaaea”. Ia naaiaeiyoiee aeaiue iaaeaaeiua
o?aeiu – iaeei ec iaeaieaa /anoi eniieuecoaiuo iaoiaeia NLP, o.e. ii
yaeyaony iaeaieaa eiiiuethoa?ii-yooaeoeaiui i?e aiaeeca eae nieco aaa?o
(io ninoaaeythueo e oeaeiio), oae e naa?oo aiec (io oeaeiai e
ninoaaeythuei).

Iaaeaaeiue o?aei ninoieo ec caaieiaea e iaai?a ?ieae (iaaeaaeae),
naycaiiuo ii?aaeaeaiiui ia?acii n caaieiaeii. O?aei aeey eiiiuethoa?iiai
aiaeeca ioee/aaony io iau/iiai o?aeia oai, /oi ioiioaiey iaaeaeo
caaieiaeii e ?ieyie ii?aaeaeyaony naiaioe/anee, a ia neioaene/anee, o.e.
a i?eioeeia iaeiiio e oi aea neiai iiaeao i?eienuaaoueny ?aciua ?iee,
iai?eia?, nouanoaeoaeueiia iiaeao auoue eae eino?oiaioii aeaenoaey, oae
e aai iauaeoii.

Iauay no?oeoo?a o?aeia oaeiaa:

[Caaieiai/iue aeaaie

[iaaeaaeiue o?aei

aaaio:

iauaeo:

eino?oiaio:

?aoeeieaio:

iai?aaeaiea:

ianoi:

aaiaoeoeeaio:

eiaaaio:

]]

Iai?eia?, aeey o?acu Eaai aeae iy/ Eaoa iaaeaaeiue o?aei auaeyaeeo oae:

[Aeaaaoue

[iaaeaaeiue o?aei

aaaio: Eaai

iauaeo: iy/

?aoeeieaio: Eaoy]

[a?ai

a?aiy: i?io

caeia: aeo]

]

Nouanoaotho iaycaoaeueiua, iaiaycaoaeueiua e cai?auaiiua iaaeaaee. Oae,
aeey aeaaiea ?acaeoue iaycaoaeueiui aoaeao iaaeaae iauaeo – aac iaai
auneacuaaiea aoaeao iacaeii/aiiui. Ianoi e eiaaaio aoaeoo a aeaiiii
i?eia?a iaiaycaoaeueiuie iaaeaaeaie, a iai?aaeaiea e ?aoeeieaio –
cai?auaiiuie.

*anoi a NLP auaaao iieaciui eniieueciaaoue naiaioe/aneia i?aaenoaaeaiea
a eae iiaeii aieaa eaiiie/aneie oi?ia. Iaeaieaa ecaanoiui niiniaii oaeie
?ai?acaioaoeee yaeythony iaoiae eiioeaiooaeueiuo caaeneiinoae,
?ac?aaioaiiue Oaieii aeey aeaaieia aeaenoaey. Ii caeeth/aaony a oii, /oi
eaaeaeia aeaenoaea i?aaenoaaeaii a aeaea iaeiiai eee aieaa i?inoaeoeo
aeaenoaee.

Iai?eia?, aeey i?aaeeiaeaiee Eaai aeae iy/ Eaoa (1) e Eaoy acyea iy/ o
Eaaia (2), ?acee/athueony neioaene/anee, ii iaa iaicia/athueo aeo
ia?aaea/e, iiaoo auoue iino?iaiu neaaeothuea ?ai?acaioaoeee n
eniieueciaaieai i?inoaeoaai aeaenoaey Atrans, i?eiaiythuaainy a
a?aiiaoeea eiioeaiooaeueiuo caaeneiinoae:

(1) (2)

[Atrans [Atrans

ioi: iaeaaeaiea ioi: iaeaaeaiea

aaaio: Eaai aaaio: Eaoy

iauaeo: iy/ iauaeo: iy/

enoi/iee: Eaai enoi/iee: Eaai

?aoeeieaio: Eaoy] ?aoeeieaio: Eaoy]

N iiiiuueth oaeiai i?aaenoaaeaiey eaaei auyaeythony noiaenoaa e ?acee/ey
o?ac.

Aeey iaeaa/aiey aiaeeca oaeaea eniieuecoaony aeaeaiea ?iee ia
eaene/aneee ia?ea? e caiieieoaeue. Oae, aeey ?iee iauaeo iiaeao auoue
onoaiiaeai ia?ea? i?yiia aeiiieiaiea, aeey ?iee enoi/iee – ia?ea? aeaea
=ec|io|…

A iauai aiaeec oaenoa n iiiiuueth iaaeaaeiuo o?aeiia ninoieo ec
neaaeothueo oaaia:

Eniieuecoy nouanoaothuea o?aeiu, iiaeia?aoue iiaeoiaeyuee aeey
caaieiaea. Anee oaeiai iao, oaeno ia iiaeao auoue i?iaiaeece?iaai.

Aa?iooue a nenoaio iiaeoiaeyuee o?aei n niioaaonoaothuei
caaieiaeii-aeaaieii.

Iiiuoaoueny i?iaanoe aiaeec ii anai iaycaoaeueiui iaaeaaeai. Anee iaeei
eee aieaa iaycaoaeueiuo caiieieoaeae iaaeaaeae ia iaeaeaiu, aa?iooue a
nenoaio eiae ioeaee. Oaeie neo/ae iiaeao icia/aoue iaee/ea yeeeinena,
iaaa?iue auai? o?aeia, iaaa?ii aaaaeaiiue oaeno eee iaaeinoaoie
a?aiiaoeee. Neaaeothuea oaae eniieuecothony oaea aeey aiaeeca e
eni?aaeaiey oaeeo neooaoeee.

I?iaanoe aiaeec ii anai iaiaycaoaeueiui iaaeaaeai.

Anee iinea yoiai ai aaaaeaiiii oaenoa inoaeenue iai?iaiaeece?iaaiiua
yeaiaiou, auaeaoue niiauaiea ia ioeaea, naycaiiie n iai?aaeeueiui
aaiaeii, iaaeinoaoi/iinoueth aeaiiiai aiaeeca eee iaiaoiaeeiinoueth
i?iaanoe ae?oaie, aieaa aeaeee aiaeec.

I?aeiouanoaa eniieueciaaiey iaaeaaeiuo o?aeiia oaeiau:

niaiauaiea aeaoo no?aoaaee aiaeeca (naa?oo aiec e nieco aaa?o);

eiiaeie?iaaiea neioaenena e naiaioeee;

oaeianoai i?e eniieueciaaiee iiaeoeueiuo i?ia?aii.

Onoie/eainoue aiaeeca

Ii?aaeaeaiioth o?oaeiinoue i?e aiaeeca i?aaenoaaeyao aa?eaoeaiinoue
iaeiiai e oiai aea cai?ina. Iai?eia?, ia aoiae nenoaiu, oi?aaeythuae
ca/eneaieai e ia?a?ani?aaeaeaieai o/aueony ia eo?nao ?aciuo
niaoeeaeueiinoae, iiaeao iinooieoue cai?in oeia Ia?aaaaeeoa Iao?iaa,
anee yoi aiciiaeii, n iaoaiaoeee ia, neaaeai, yeiiiieeo.

Iaeaieaa eaaei oaeea o?oaeiinoe i?aiaeieaaathony i?e eniieueciaaiee
iaaeaaeiuo o?aeiia. I?aaeei, noi?ioee?iaaiiia Ea?aiiaeeii e Oaecii,
aeaneo: “Neaaeoao i?iioneaoue iaecaanoiua aaaaeaiiua yeaiaiou aei oao
ii?, iiea ia aoaeao iaeaeai iaaeaaeiue ia?ea?; i?iiouaiiua yeaiaiou
neaaeoao aiaeece?iaaoue n o/aoii iacaiieiaiiuo iaaeaaeae, eniieuecoy
oieueei naiaioeeo”.

Aeeaeia

Ia?yaeo n i?iaeaiie ?aniiciaaaiey oaenoa nouanoaoao e i?iaeaia
iiaeaea?aeaiey eioa?aeoeaiiai aeeaeiaa. I?e yoii aicieeatho
aeiiieieoaeueiua iniaaiiinoe, oa?aeoa?iua aeey aeeaeiaia, a eiaiii:

aiaoi?a (o.a. eniieueciaaiea ianoieiaiee aianoi eo aiaoi?e/aneeo
aioaoeaaeaioia – naiinoiyoaeueiuo /anoae ?a/e);

yeeeinen;

yeno?aa?aiiaoe/aneea i?aaeeiaeaiey (i?iione a?oeeeae, iia/aoee,
oiio?aaeaiey iaaeaeiiaoee e o.i.);

iaoaeeiaaenoe/aneea i?aaeeiaeaiey (o.a. iiiuoea eni?aaeaiey aaaaeaiiiai
?aiaa).

E?iia oiai, iieueciaaoaee nenoai n anoanoaaiii-ycueiaui eioa?oaenii
noa?athony au?aaeaoueny eae iiaeii ei?i/a, /oi a ?yaea neo/aaa oaeaea
cao?oaeiyao aiaeec.

Eniieueciaaiea iaaeaaeiuo o?aeiia, a eiaiii neeyiea oaeouaai o?aeia n
i?aaeuaeouei, iaania/eaaao ainnoaiiaeaiea yeeeinena.

Caeeth/aiea

Oaeei ia?acii, i?ioeann ?ac?aaioee nenoai, iaania/eaathueo iiieiaiea
Ass, o?aaoao nicaeaiea iaoaieciia, ioee/iuo io o?aaeeoeeiiiuo niiniaia
i?aaenoaaeaiee Ass, a nenoaiu n anoanoaaiii-ycueiauie eioa?oaenaie
i?eiaiythony oieueei a oceeo i?aaeiaoiuo iaeanoyo.

Encyclopaedia of Artificial Intelligence. Entry Natural Language
Understanding, pp. 660-677

FILENAME \* MERGEFORMAT NLU.DOC Iiieiaiea anoanoaaiiiai ycuea No?.
PAGE 5 / NUMPAGES \* MERGEFORMAT 5

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