O?ainoi?iaoeeiiiay a?aiiaoeea
O?ainoi?iaoeeiiiay a?aiiaoeea – yoi iaeia ec oai?ee iienaiey
anoanoaaiiiai ycuea, iniiaaiiay ia i?aaeiieiaeaiee, /oi aanue aeeaiacii
i?aaeeiaeaiee ethaiai ycuea iiaeao auoue iienai iooai inouanoaeaiey
ii?aaeaeaiiuo eciaiaiee, eee o?ainoi?iaoeee, iaae iaeei iaai?ii aaciauo
i?aaeeiaeaiee. ?ac?aaioaiiay Iaoiii Oiineei (Noam Chomsky) a ia/aea 50-o
aa. e iieo/eaoay naia ?acaeoea a ?aiieo ?aaioao Caeeaa Oa??ena (Zellig
Harris), oai?ey o?ainoi?iaoeeiiiie a?aiiaoeee a ianoiyuaa a?aiy yaeyaony
/ooue ee ia aaeeinoaaiiie oe?iei eco/aaiie e i?eiaiyaiie eeiaaenoe/aneie
iiaeaeueth a NOA. A oi aea a?aiy iaiaoiaeeii ioiaoeoue, /oi, a nayce n
aiciiaeiinoueth ii-?aciiio o?aeoiaaoue aieueoeinoai oeaio?aeueiuo eaeae
aeaiiie oai?ee, aioo?e iaa a ianoiyuee iiiaio nouanoaoao ianeieueei
niia?ie/athueo aa?nee, i?aoaiaeothueo ia “i?aaeeueioth” eioa?i?aoaoeeth
o?ainoi?iaoeeiiiie a?aiiaoeee. Eiiaaea o?ainoi?iaoeeiiioth a?aiiaoeeo
oaeaea iacuaatho aaia?aoeaiie a?aiiaoeeie.
Neioaene/aneea e naiaioe/aneea i?aaeea
Oeaio?aeueiay eaeay o?ainoi?iaoeeiiiie oai?ee ninoieo a oii, /oi
iiaa?oiinoiua oi?iu ethaiai ycuea – aai i?aaeeiaeaiey – yaeythony
?acoeueoaoii acaeiiaeaenoaey iaaeaeo ianeieueeeie iiaeoeueiuie
iiaenenoaiaie. Aieueoeinoai aa?nee o?ainoi?iaoeeiiiie a?aiiaoeee
i?aaeiieaaatho, /oi aeaa aaciaua iiaenenoaiu ec eo iauaai /enea – yoi
iaai? neioaene/aneeo i?aaee (ia?aie/aiee) e iaai? naiaioe/aneeo i?aaee.
Neioaene/aneea i?aaeea ii?aaeaeytho i?aaeeueiia ?aniieiaeaiea neia a
i?aaeeiaeaieyo (iai?eia?, i?aaeeiaeaiea “John will eat the ice cream”
i?aaeeueii, iineieueeo ninoieo ec eiaiiie a?oiiu “John” e neaaeothuae ca
iei aeaaieueiie a?oiiu, eee i?aaeeeaoa, “will eat the ice cream”).
Naiaioe/aneea i?aaeea ioaa/atho ca oi, /oiau i?aaeeueii
eioa?i?aoe?iaaoue eiie?aoiia ?aniieiaeaiea neia a i?aaeeiaeaiee
(iai?eia?, “Will John eat the ice cream” yaeyaony aii?inii).
Neioaene/aneea i?aaeea iiaeii aeaeaa ?acaeaeeoue ia aaciaoth a?aiiaoeeo,
eioi?ay aaia?e?oao iaai? aaciauo i?aaeeiaeaiee, e o?ainoi?iaoeeiiiua
i?aaeea, eioi?ua iicaieytho ia iniiaa aaciauo i?aaeeiaeaiee nicaeaoue
i?iecaiaeiua i?aaeeiaeaiey, eee iiaa?oiinoiua no?oeoo?u. Oaeaea
nouanoaoao aeiiieieoaeueiue iaai? i?aaee, eioi?ua ia iniiaa
iiaa?oiinoiuo no?oeoo? nicaeatho i?ieciineiua auoiaeiua i?aaeeiaeaiey.
O?ainoi?iaoeeiiiua i?aaeea
O?ainoi?iaoeeiiiua i?aaeea i?aaeiacia/aiu aeey iienaiey nenoaiaoe/aneeo
ioiioaiee a i?aaeeiaeaiee, eae oi:
ioee/ey iaaeaeo aeoeaiui e ianneaiui i?aaeeiaeaieai
aeiaaeueiua ioiioaiey a i?aaeeiaeaiee (iai?eia?, naycue iaaeaeo what e
eat a i?aaeeiaeaiee “What will John eat”)
iaiaeiicia/iinoe, i?e/eiie eioi?uo yaeyaony iaeia e oa aea oi?ia
i?aaeeiaeaiey, auaaaeaiiay ec aeaoo ?acee/iuo aaciauo i?aaeeiaeaiee
(iai?eia?, a i?aaeeiaeaiee “They are flying planes” flying iiaeii
?anniao?eaaoue e eae i?eeaaaoaeueiia e eae iniiaiie aeaaie)
Aaciaia i?aaeeiaeaiea “John will eat the ice-cream” iiaeao auoue
naaia?e?iaaii i?inoui iaai?ii neioaene/aneeo i?aaee, a caoai, i?eiaiea e
iaio o?ainoi?iaoeeiiiua i?aaeea, iiaeii iino?ieoue i?iecaiaeiue aii?in
“Will John eat the ice-cream”. N iiiiuueth ae?oaie iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoe
o?ainoi?iaoeeiiiuo i?aaee iiaeii iino?ieoue ianneaiia i?aaeeiaeaiea:
“Will the ice-cream be eaten by John”. A iineaaeiai neo/aa iu aeaeei,
/oi a i?aaeeiaeaiea aeiaaaeeenue iiaua yeaiaiou be e by, a oaeaea
eciaieeenue ianoiiieiaeaiea e oi?ia noa?uo yeaiaioia i?aaeeiaeaiey.
I?aaeea aaciaie a?aiiaoeee
(
Ia auoiaea: aaciaua(aeoaeiiua) no?oeoo?u ( Naiaioe/aneay
eioa?i?aoaoeey (cia/aiea)
(
O?ainoi?iaoeeiiiua i?aaeea
(
Ia auoiaea: iiaa?oiinoiua no?oeoo?u
(
Oiiieiae/aneea i?aaeea
(
Ia auoiaea: caoeiaia i?aaenoaaeaiea
Iaeaieaa iauay noaia o?ainoi?iaoeeiiiie a?aiiaoeee i?aaenoaaeaia ia
?enoiea aaa?oo. A aeaiiii iaci?a iu ?anniio?ei iiae?iaii (e?iia
oiiieiae/aneiai eiiiiiaioa) iaeio ec aa?nee o?ainoi?iaoeeiiiie
a?aiiaoeee, oae iacuaaaioth noaiaea?oioth oai?eth na?aaeeiu 60-o aa.
Aaciaay a?aiiaoeea
Aaciaua neioaene/aneea i?eciaee iienuaathony a?aiiaoeeie
iaiin?aaenoaaiiuo ninoaaeythueo, a i?inoaeoai neo/aa
eiioaenoii-iacaaeneiie a?aiiaoeeie. Aeaiiay a?aiiaoeea eiaao neaaeothuee
iaai? i?aaee:
1) S ( NP Aux VP 2) VP ( Verb NP
3) NP ( Name 4) NP ( Determiner Noun
Auxiliary ( will 6) Verb ( eat
7) Determiner ( the 8) Noun ( ice cream
9) Name ( John
Ia?aia i?aaeei aeaneo, /oi i?aaeeiaeaiea (S) – yoi eiaiiay a?oiia (NP),
ca eioi?ie neaaeoao aniiiiaaoaeueiue aeaaie (Aux) e caoai aeaaieueiay
a?oiia (VP). No?aeeo iiaeii eioa?i?aoe?iaaoue, eae au?aaeaiea “yaeyaony”
eeai eae eiiaiaeo “caiaieoue neiaie S iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoueth NP Aux
VP”. Iiaeiaiui ia?acii, aoi?ia i?aaeei aeaneo, /oi aeaaieueiay a?oiia
ninoieo ec aeaaiea, ca eioi?ui neaaeoao eiaiiay a?oiia. O?aouea e
/aoaa?oia i?aaeei ?anniao?eaatho eiaiioth a?oiio, eae eiy nianoaaiiia
eeai eae nouanoaeoaeueiia n aeaoa?ieiaioii (ii?aaeaeyaiui neiaii).
Iineaaeiea iyoue i?aaee yaeythony eaene/aneeie; iie aaiaeyo ?aaeueiua
neiaa, iai?eia?, “”.
Neiaieu oeia “ice cream” iacuaathony oa?ieiaeueiuie yeaiaioaie, oae eae
iie ieeiaaea ia i?enoonoaotho a eaaie /anoe i?aaee. E iei iaeuecy aeaeaa
i?eiaiyoue ieeaeea i?aaeea; ia ieo eae au caeai/eaathony ana aeaenoaey
i?aaee. Ana inoaeueiua neiaieu, oaeea eae S, NP, VP, Name e ae?oaea,
n/eoathony iaoa?ieiaeueiuie.
Ana i?aaeea yoie a?aiiaoeee iacuaathony eiioaenoii-iacaaeneiuie,
iineieueeo iie iicaieytho naiaiaeii caiauaoue ethaie neiaie neaaa io
no?aeee ethaie iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoueth neiaieia ni?aaa io no?aeee. N
oi?iaeueiie oi/ee c?aiey, eiioaenoii-iacaaeneiua i?aaeea eiatho oieueei
iaeei ia?aceiaeeiue neiaie, eae oi S, NP eee VP, neaaa io no?aeee.
Aeey oiai, /oiau naaia?e?iaaoue aaciaue neioaene/aneee i?eciae,
iaiaoiaeeii i?eiaieoue i?aaeea a?aiiaoeee, ia/eiay n neiaiea S e aei oao
ii?, iiea ieeaeea i?aaeea oaea iaeuecy i?eiaieoue. Yoio i?ioeann
iacuaaaony aea?eaaoeeae, iineieueeo ec neiaiea S auaiaeeony iiaay
oeaii/ea neiaieia. ?acoeueoaoii aea?eaaoeeiiiiai i?ioeanna iiaeao
neoaeeoue neaaeothuay caienue:
Eae i?aaeei, nenoaiu i?aaee, iiaeiaiua auoaiienaiiie, iiaeaa?aathony
?anoe?aieth n oeaeueth eneeth/eoue aiciiaeiinoue aaia?aoeee
aanniuneeoeu, oeia “The ice cream ate” eee “John took”. Aeey yoiai
aaiaeyony oae iacuaaaiua eiioaenoii-caaeneiua i?aaeea, eioi?ua
ii?aaeaeytho eiioaeno, aeathuee i?aai caiaiyoue iaoa?ieiaeueiua neiaieu
ia oa?ieiaeueiua. Iai?eia?, neiaie V iiaeao auoue caiaiai aeaaieii
“took” oieueei a oii neo/aa, anee ni?aaa io iaai iaoiaeeony iauaeo NP.
Aua iaeei i?eia?: aeaaie “eat” iiaeao oiio?aaeyoueny oieueei iinea
iaeooaaeaiiiai nouanoaeoaeueiiai, /oi e aeieaeiu iiae/a?eeaaoue
eiioaenoii-caaeneiua i?aaeea. Iaiaoiaeeii ioiaoeoue, /oi a noaiaea?oiie
o?ainoi?iaoeeiiiie oai?ee 1965 aiaea eiioaenoii-caaeneiua eaene/aneea
i?aaeea yaeyeenue /anoueth neiaa?y, a ia aaciaie a?aiiaoeee. A
aeiiieiaiea e eaene/aneei eiioaenoii-caaeneiui i?aaeeai, neiaa?ue
niaea?aeeo iaai? eiieeeaoeee oeia: “Anee neiai yaeyaony eiaiai /aeiaaea,
oi iii oaeaea yaeyaony iaeooaaeaiiui nouanoaeoaeueiui.”
Neiaa?ue, ninoiyuee ec eaene/aneeo ia?aie/aiee e i?aaee eiieeeaoeee, a
ni/aoaiee n i?aaeeaie aaciaie a?aiiaoeee iicaieyao aaia?e?iaaoue
ii?aaeaeaiiue iaai? aaciauo i?aaeeiaeaiee. ?aiaa iie iacuaaeenue
aeoaeiiuie no?oeoo?aie, iaeiaei iioii oaeay oa?ieiieiaey auea i?eciaia
iaoaea/iie: aeaiiua oi?iu ia yaeythony aeoaeiiuie ie a oii niunea, /oi
iie yaeythony iaeaieaa i?inouie e ia?aceiaeeiuie, ie a oii niunea, /oi
eo cia/aiea yaeyaony aieaa aeoaieei; aneaaenoaea yoiai auei ?aoaii
ioeacaoueny io aeaiiie oa?ieiieiaee.
O?ainoi?iaoeeiiiue eiiiiiaio
A niioaaonoaee n aeie-noaiie, aaciaua no?oeoo?u aeaeaa iinooiatho a
o?ainoi?iaoeeiiiue eiiiiiaio, aaea aeey aaia?aoeee aeiiieieoaeueiuo
i?aaeeiaeaiee iiaoo i?eiaiyoueny io ioey aei ianeieueeeo o?ainoi?iaoeee;
ia auoiaea yoie i?ioeaaeo?u iieo/aaony iiaa?oiinoiay no?oeoo?a, eioi?oth
oaea iiaeii i?ieciineoue, eae iau/iia i?aaeeiaeaiea. Anee ia i?eiaiyaony
ie iaeii ec o?ainoi?iaoeeiiiuo i?aaee, oi iiaa?oiinoiay no?oeoo?a
iieo/aaony oaeie aea, eae e aaciaia i?aaeeiaeaiea. Oaeia iau/ii
i?ienoiaeeo n i?inouie iiaanoaiaaoaeueiuie i?aaeeiaeaieyie, iai?eia?:.
Anee aea o?ainoi?iaoeeiiiua i?aaeea ana aea i?eiaiythony, oi iie
i?iecaiaeyo iiaua neioaene/aneea i?eciaee, iai?eia?: “Will John eat the
ice-cream”.
I?eia?ii o?ainoi?iaoeeiiiiai i?aaeea iiaeao neoaeeoue i?aia?aciaaiea,
nicaeathuaa aii?ineoaeueiia i?aaeeiaeaiea ec neioaene/aneiai i?eciaea,
eioi?ue iiaeii caienaoue eae X wh Y, aaea X e Y – ethaua oeaii/ee
neiaieia a neioaene/aneeo i?eciaeao, a wh – – ethaay o?aca,
ia/eiathuayny n wh, iai?eia?, “who”, “what” eee “what ice cream”. Oeaeue
yoiai o?ainoi?iaoeeiiiiai i?aaeea – ia?aianoeoue yeaiaio wh a ia/aei
i?aaeeiaeaiey. Anee acyoue neioaene/aneee i?eciae, niioaaonoaothuee
i?aaeeiaeaieth “John will eat what”, oi aai /anoue, niioaaonoaothuay
“John will eat” aoaeao ?aaia X, “what” – wh, a ionoay
iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoue – Y. Iiaeii naeaeaoue auaiae, /oi aeaiiay
o?ainoi?iaoeey iiaeao eiaoue ianoi. Ia?aianoea o?aco n wh a ia/aei, iu
iieo/ei “What John will eat”. I?eiaiea e iieo/eaoaiony neioaene/aneiio
i?eciaeo aeiiieieoaeueioth o?ainoi?iaoeeth, a eiaiii eiaa?neth
iiaeeaaeauaa – aniiiiaaoaeueiue aeaaie, iiaeii iieo/eoue aii?in “What
will John eat”. Iaiaoiaeeii ioiaoeoue, /oi o?ainoi?iaoeeiiiua i?aaeea
i?eiaieiu oieueei e oeaeui i?aaeeiaeaieyi.
O?aaeeoeeiiii, no?oeoo?iua iienaiey e no?oeoo?iua eciaiaiey
caienuaathony iooai i?enaiaiey yeaiaioai i?aaeea ii?yaeeiauo iiia?ia e
niioaaonoaothuae caiene. A iaoai neo/aa i?aaeei wh aoaeao caienaii
neaaeothuei ia?acii:
No?oeoo?iia iienaiea: (X,wh,Y)
(1,2,3)
No?oeoo?iia eciaiaiea: (2,3,1)
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